UNIT III

ME22251 - Technical Drawing

(Common to AD, CS, IT)

PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS (Simple cases).

AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS – FV, TV and Side View

A. Kumaraswamy
 UNIT – III : PROJECTION OF SOLIDS 9

 Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone when the
axis is inclined to one of the principal planes and parallel to the other by
rotating object method.

A. KUMARASWAMY
 Drawing Practice:

 Maintain 100% cleanliness.

 Fix mini drafter properly and use it effectively – save more time.
 Show perfect distinction between thick and thin lines.
 Encircle Question Number with instrument (Ex: Pro-circle)
 Write question statement in both notebook and drawing sheet using lettering practice
 Practice in Drawing notebook using basic instruments and reproduce in the drawing sheet
 Do not draw directly on the drawing sheet with out containing correct solution in the notebook.
 Practice all problems given in the tutorial book in the notebook.
 Draw only required number of problems on the drawing sheet prescribed by the instructor.
(interested students may submit all problems – imparts more practice)
 Draw proper dimensioning lines (maintain far distance from object line)
 Draw 1:3 type arrow head only.
 Do not erase thins lines anywhere.
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 Basic building blocks

Φ Components have different shapes.

Φ Any component will be formed of a single solid or combination of solids of
different shapes.
Φ The most common geometrical solids are prisms, cylinders, cones, spheres,
pyramids.
Φ Thus, drawing of components like machine parts require a thorough knowledge
of projections basic solids.

A. KUMARASWAMY
 Projection of Solids

θ A solid has three dimensions- length, breadth and thickness.

θ At least two orthographic views are necessary to represent a solid.
θ Sometimes, additional views projected on auxiliary planes become
necessary to make the complete description of a solid.

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 Types of Solids

1. Polyhedra

2. Solids of Revolution

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 Polyhedra:

α A polyhedron is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces.

α When all the faces are equal and regular, the polyhedron is said to be regular.
α Seven regular polyhedra :
β Tetrahedron
β Cube or hexahedron
β Octahedron
β Dodecahedron
β Icosahedron
β Prism
β Pyramid

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 Tetrahedron: Cube or hexahedron

• It has four equal faces, each an • It has six faces, all equal squares.
equilateral triangle.

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 Octahedron

• It has eight equal equilateral triangles as faces.

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 Dodecahedron :

• It has twelve equal and regular pentagons as faces.

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 Icosahedron :

• It has twenty faces, all equal equilateral triangles.

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 Prism

• This is a polyhedron having two equal and similar faces called its ends or
bases, parallel to each other and joined by other faces which are
parallelograms.
• The imaginary line joining the centres of the bases is called the axis.
• A right and regular prism has its axis perpendicular to the bases.
• All its faces are equal rectangles.

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 Triangular Prism

Vertices (points)

6
Edges (lines)

9
Faces (planes)

5
The base has 3 sides.
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 Rectangular Prism

The base has 4 sides. Vertices (points)

8
Edges (lines)

12
Faces (planes)

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 Pentagonal Prism

The base has 5 sides. Vertices (points)

10
Edges (lines)
15

Faces (planes)

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 Hexagonal Prism

The base has 6 sides. Vertices (points)

12

Edges (lines)

18

Faces (planes)

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 Octagonal Prism

The base has 8 sides.

Vertices (points)

16

Edges (lines)

24

Faces (planes)

10

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 Pyramid:

• This is a polyhedron having a plane figure as a base and a number of triangular

faces meeting at a point called the vertex or apex.
• The imaginary line joining the apex with the centre of the base is its axis.
• A right and regular pyramid has its axis perpendicular to the base which is a
regular plane figure.
• Its faces are all equal isosceles triangles.

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 Triangular Pyramid

The base has 3 sides.

Vertices (points)

4
Apex or vertex
Edges (lines)

Slant Faces (planes)

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 Rectangular Pyramid

The base has 4 sides.

Vertices (points)

5
Apex or vertex

Edges (lines)

Slant Faces (planes)

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 Pentagonal Pyramid

The base has 5 sides.

Vertices (points)

6
Apex or vertex

Edges (lines)

10

Slant Faces (planes)

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 Hexagonal Pyramid

The base has 6 sides.

Vertices (points)
Apex or vertex
7

Edges (lines)

12

Slant Faces (planes)

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 Features of a Solid

Axis
Invisible Edge Corner/Vertex
Base Edge

Axis

Lateral Face

Faces Invisible Edge

Base
Base edge

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 Features of a Solid

Axis
Apex or Vertex • Oblique prisms and pyramids
have their axes inclined to their
Slant Edge
bases. (Not in syllabus)
Slant Face
• Prisms and pyramids are named
according to the shape of their
bases, as triangular, square,
pentagonal, hexagonal etc.
Base
Base edge

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 Solids of revolution:

• Cylinder
• Cone
• Sphere

Cylinder :
• A right circular cylinder is a solid generated by the revolution of a rectangle about
one of its sides which remains fixed.
• It has two equal circular bases.
• The line joining the centres of the bases is the axis. It is perpendicular to the bases.

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 Cylinder :

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 Cone :

• A right circular cone is a solid generated by the revolution of a right-angled

triangle about one of its perpendicular sides which is fixed.
• It has one circular base.
• Its axis joins the apex with the centre of the base to which it is perpendicular.
• Straight lines drawn from the apex to the circumference of the base-circle are all
equal and are called generators of the cone.
• The length of the generator is the slant height of the cone.

***Oblique cylinders and cones have their axes inclined to their bases.

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 Cone :

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 Sphere :

• A sphere is a solid generated by the revolution of a semi-circle about its diameter

as the axis.
• The mid-point of the diameter is the centre of the sphere.
• All points on the surface of the sphere are equidistant from its centre.

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 Frustum

• When a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to its base, Thus removing the
top portion, the remaining portion is called its frustum

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 Truncated Solids

• When a solid is cut by a plane inclined to the base it is said to be truncated.

• ***In our syllabus, mostly right and regular solids are prescribed. Hence, when a
solid is named without any qualification, it should be understood as being right
and regular.

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 Projections of Solids - Positions

A solid position may be defined by its axis position. Hence,

1. Solid axis perpendicular to the HP and parallel to VP.

PLATE VI
2. Solid axis perpendicular to the VP and parallel to HP.

3. Solid axis parallel to both the HP and the VP.

4. Solid axis inclined to the VP and parallel to the HP. PLATE VII

5. Solid axis inclined to the HP and parallel to the VP.

6. Solid axis inclined to both HP and VP. Not in

syllabus

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 Steps

1. Start the projection that shows the true shape and size of the base.
2. Identify the axis which is perpendicular to the any one reference plane.
3. On that reference plane draw the true shape.
4. When the axis is parallel to both the reference planes, the true shape of the base
can be seen from its side view where an auxiliary plane perpendicular to both
the reference planes can be used.
5. When the axis is inclined to any one reference plane, assume the axis is
perpendicular to that plane and draw the initial step, then proceed to inclined
position.

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 Draw the projections of a triangular prism, base 40 mm
Axis perpendicular to the H.P.
side and axis 50 mm long, resting on one of its bases on the
Parallel to VP: H.P. with a vertical face perpendicular to the V.P.
c’
a’,(b’)

50

C
B

d’,(e’) f’ VP
X HP Y
A b,(e)

F
c,(f)
E

40
D
a,(d)
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 1
a’ d’ b’ c’

40

Draw the projections of the Cube

of side 40 mm resting on its base 1’ 4’ 2’ 3’ VP
X HP Y
on the HP and one of its vertical d,(4) 35°

faces inclined at 35° to the VP.

c,(3)

a,(1)

40

b,(2)
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 2
o’

60
A Tetrahedron with a 60 mm
edge is resting on HP on one of
a’ c’ b’ VP
its face in such a way that one of X HP Y
45°
its face edges is inclined at 45° to
c

the VP. Draw is projections.

a 60
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 3 a’ b’ e’ c’ d’

A Pentagonal prism of base side 60

35 mm and axis length 60 mm

1’ 5’ 3’ 4’ VP
rests on the HP with it is base in 2’
X HP Y
30°
such a way that one of its base e,(5)

edge is inclined at 30° to the VP. d,(4)

a,(1)
Draw its projections.

35

c,(3)
b,(2)

A. KUMARASWAMY
 o’
4

60
A Hexagonal pyramid of base side 30
mm and axis length 60 mm rests on
VP
the HP on its base. Draw its
X a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’ HP Y
projections when one of the base
f e
edge is parallel to VP and the solid
axis is perpendicular to HP.
a d
o

b c
30
A. KUMARASWAMY
 5
o’

A Pentagonal pyramid of base side

55
30 mm and axis length 55 mm rests
on the HP on its base, in such a way
VP
that one of its base edges is inclined X a’ b’ e’ c’ d’ HP Y
30°

at 30° to VP and the solid axis is

e
perpendicular to HP. Draw its
d
projections a

30
c
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b
 6 Axis perpendicular to the VP & Parallel to HP: d’,(4’)

40

a’,(1’)
A Cube of side 40 mm is resting on
the HP on one of its edges. Draw its c’,(3’)

projections when one of its faces

VP
containing the resting edge is X b’,(2’) HP Y

inclined at 40° to the HP, and the 1 2 4 3

solid axis is perpendicular to VP.

40

a b d c
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 7 d’
e’

A Pentagonal pyramid of base side 30

30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests
o’
c’
on the HP on one of its base corner, a’

in such a way that one of the base a e d c VP

X b,b’ HP Y
edges containing the resting corner
makes 40° to the HP. Draw its
projections when the axis is 60

perpendicular to the VP and the

base is touching the VP.
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o
 φ30
8
o’
a’ b’
A right Circular cone of base
diameter 30 mm and axis length 50
mm is resting on the HP on one of VP
X HP Y
o
its base circumferential point and
has its axis perpendicular to VP.
Draw its projections when its apex is 50

nearer to VP.

a b
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 9 f’,(6’) e’,(5’)

25

a’,(1’) d’,(4’)
A Hexagonal prism of base side
25 mm and axis length 55 mm
VP
lies on the ground on one of its X b’,(2’) c’,(3’) HP Y
15
1 6,(2) 5,(3) 4
rectangular faces with its axis
perpendicular to VP. Draw its
projections when one of its end
55
faces is 15 mm infront of VP.

a f,(b) e,(c) d
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10 Axis Parallel to HP & VP : X1

55
25

a’’(1”)
A Pentagonal prism of base a’ 1’ b’’(2”)
b’ 2’
side 25 mm and axis length 55
mm lies on the HP on one of e’ 5’
c’ 3’ e’’(5”) c’’(3”)
its longer lateral edges with its 30°
d’ 4’ VP
axis parallel to both HP and d’’(4”) HP Y
X 5
e
VP. Draw its projections when
a 1
one of its rectangular faces
d 4
containing the resting edge is
inclined at 30° to the HP. b 2
c 3

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 X1
11
f’ 30 f’’

e’,(a’)
e’’
A hexagonal pyramid of base a’’
o’
side 30 mm and axis length
o’’
60 mm lies on the HP on one d’,(b’)
d’’
b’’ 30°
of its corners of the base with c’ VP
its axis parallel to both HP X c’’ HP Y
a,(b)
and VP. One of the base edges
containing the resting corner
o f,(c)
is inclined at an angle of 30°
to HP. Draw its plan and
elevation. e,(d)
60

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 X1
12
a’ a’’
b’’
b’
A pentagonal pyramid of base 30

side 30 mm and axis length o’ e’

o’’
60 mm lies on the HP on one e’’
c’ c’’ 30°
of its corners of the base with d’ VP
X e d’’ HP Y
its axis parallel to both HP
and VP. One of the base edges a
o d
containing the resting corner
is inclined at an angle of 30° b
to HP. Draw its plan and c

60
elevation.

A. KUMARASWAMY Y1
 TEXT BOOK:

• Bhatt N.D. and Panchal V.M., “Engineering

Drawing”, Charotar Publishing House, 50th

Edition, 2010.

A. KUMARASWAMY