ABACA TANGONGON AS ADDITIVE IN PORTLAND

CEMENT CONCRETE; OUTCOME ON

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented to
The faculty of
College of Engineering
St. Peters College
Iligan City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING

ATILLO, JOHN WARREN A.

LINCUNA, JAN RIEL A.
TECSON, GIO M.

May 2024
 ABSTRACT

Tangongon is a type of abaca plant found in the Philippines, especially in places like
Sta. Cruz, Rogongon, Iligan City, and other parts of Mindanao. People grow it mainly for its
tough, flexible fiber, which comes from the leaves. This fiber is known as Tangongon
abaca fiber. The lignin content is a high 15%. Tangongon abaca fiber from the Philippines
is frequently used in making fabrics, shoes, ropes, and crafts.
Tangongon abaca fibers, cut into 50mm pieces, were added to Portland concrete
cement. Twelve(12) concrete beam samples were created for each additional percentage
of Tangongon abaca fiber (TAF), using a fabricated beam mold made of 1/2-inch marine
plywood. These concrete samples were then cured in a concrete tank for 7 and 14 days in
preparation for the flexural strength test. After each respective curing period, three (3)
concrete samples with Tangongon abaca fiber (TAF) at each additive level were tested to
determine their flexural strength.
At 14 days, the results showed that the average flexural strength of the sample
without Tangongon abaca fiber (0% TAF) was 3.85 MPa. For the samples with Tangongon
abaca fiber, the flexural strength was 3.92 MPa for 0.30% TAF, 4.03 MPa for 0.40% TAF,
and 3.90 MPa for 0.50% TAF. The concrete sample with 0.40% additional TAF achieved
the highest flexural strength, while the sample with the highest additive level had the
lowest flexural strength.
This research illustrates that the use of tangongon abaca fiber as an additive of
Portland concrete cement will influence the flexural strength of concrete. The result
showed that the flexural strength decreases as the percentage of additive with TAF
increases, making it less effective, however in comparison to 0% the formulation increases.

DEDICATION
This work is the outcome of several difficult sacrifices. We, have produced this work and
we gladly and sincerely dedicating to those who have inspired.

To our parents, who have acted as the role models, providing us with ongoing financial
assistance, and moral support appreciation for our efforts.

To our mentors, friends, and classmates who offered their words of wisdom and
encouragement to complete this study.

Finally, we give thanks to our All-Powerful God for the wisdom, power of will, and other
abilities that he lovingly provided us. We are offering him of this accomplishment

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 We want to express our heartfelt gratitude to the individuals who have played a
significant role in completing this thesis. Their expertise, guidance, and unwavering
support have been instrumental in shaping the outcomes of this research endeavor.

First and foremost, we extend our most profound appreciation to our

adviser, Engr. Rogelio B. Cabuga, for her invaluable mentorship and profound
insights throughout this research journey. Her vast knowledge, critical thinking
abilities, and dedication to our intellectual growth have been indispensable. We
are grateful for her patience, constructive feedback, and guidance, which have
consistently pushed us to reach higher standards. Your dedication to excellence,
patience in answering countless queries, and passion for the subject matter have
truly inspired and shaped our academic journey. This thesis stands as a testament
to your influence, and we are proud to acknowledge the significant role you have
played in our academic development.
To the panel experts, headed by the Dean of the College of Engineering,
__________ for all the suggestions, comments, and help in this study. To the
panel members, ___________ the Director of the Department of Research and
Creative Works for all her and _____________for thoroughly correcting, editing,
and polishing our paper.
Additionally, we would like to thank our colleagues, friends, and family
members for their continuous support, understanding, and encouragement. Their
unwavering confidence in our abilities, motivating words, and understanding
during challenging times has been a constant source of inspiration and strength.
Finally, we are deeply indebted to all those mentioned above and anyone
else who has supported us in any capacity as we work on this thesis. Their
contributions, guidance, and encouragement have been invaluable, and we are
privileged to have had the opportunity to work with and learn from them.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………… i
APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………... ii
ABSTRACT………………………………………………. iii
DEDICATION………………………………………….... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………….... v
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………. ix
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………. x

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION

Background of the study ………………. 1

Objective of the study …………………… 2
Scope and limitation of study ………… 2
Significance of the study ……………… 2
Analytical Frame work ………………. 3
Operational Definition of Variables and Terms ……… 4

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Pedestrian Overpass………………… 6
Pedestrian Overpass Guidelines………… 6
DPWH Issues Bridge Vertical Clearance
Guidelines…………………………………. 7
National Structural Code of the Philippines… 8
Cost Estimate ……………………… 9
Material Cost Factors……………………. 9
Sources of Materials……………………. 10
3 METHODOLOGY
Research Design……………… 11
Research Site …………………… 12
Data Gathering Procedure……………. 12
Data Gathering Instruments and Processes……..
…………………………… 13
Concept and Design………………. 13
Structural Size and Components ……… 14
Basis of the Pedestrian Overpass Vertical
Clearance…………………………………… 14
Basis of the Pedestrian Overpass
Span………………………………………..…….. 15
Basis of the Sructural Design………… 15
Structural Design Procedure ………… 15
Tabulation of Gravity Load ………………… 15
Design of Lateral Load ……………………… 15
Design of the Girder …………………………… 15
Design of Diaphragm…………………………. 16
Design of Pedestrian Overpass Deck………. 16
Design of Railings…………………………….. 16
Design of Piles………………………………… 16
Design of Stairs……………………………….. 16
Design of Abutments…………………………. 17
Design of Approach Slab…………………….. 17
Time………………………………………… 17
Production Rates……………………………… 17
Difficulties Encountered in Field of Research…. 17

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Location Site…….…………………………… 18
Results of the Conceptual Design……….… 20
Scheme 1………………………………..……. 20
Scheme 2……………………………………… 21
Scheme 3……………………………………… 23
Result of the Scheme………………………… 24
Structural Design Standardt…………………. 24
Materials Strength……………………………. 24
Loads…………………………………….……. 25
Seismic Loads………………………………… 27
Loading Combination………………………… 27
Analysis and Design Methods………………. 28
Footing Design ………………………………… 28
Column Design…………………………………… 30
Beam Design…………………………………… 31
Structural Plan………………………………….. 32
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary ……………………………………… 38
Conclusion ……………………………………. 40
Recommendation ……………………………... 40

REFERENCES …………………………………………………. 41

APPENDICES Page
A Certification 39-40
B Tools & Equipment Used 41
C Materials Preparation, Processing and Fabrication 42-45
D Concrete Beam Samples 46
E Flexural Test Results 47-54

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1 Normal grades of hand and spindle 6
2 Concrete Proportion 10
3 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate 17
4 Grading Requirement for Coarse Aggregate 18
5 Distribution of Beam Mold Samples for Flexural Strength 22
6 Computation per volume 24
7 flexural strength test result for 0%. 29
8 flexural strength test result for 0.30%. 30
9 flexural strength test result for 0.40%. 31
10 flexural strength test result for 0.50%. 32
11 Flexural strength test results overall sample. 33
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1 Independent and Dependent Variable. 2

2 Map of Brgy Suarez, Iligan City 20

3 Head of testing machine Middle third of span Length 27
4 Head of testing machine Middle third of span Length 28
5 Head of testing machine Middle third of span Length 28
6 Flexural strength test result bar graph 34
7 Gathering samples from the manufacturer of abaca fiber at Bayug 42
Hinaplanon, Iligan City
8 Fabricating beam molder in 6-inch width, and 6-inch height by 21-inch 42
length using 1\2 thick of marine plywood and 2x4 good lumber for
braces

9 Final fabricated beam mold using marine plywood and good lumber 43
10 Gathering materials for mixing cements and abaca fiber 43
11 Pouring cement and Placing Tangongon Abaca Fiber 44
12 The curing process for the molded concrete samples involved 44
subjecting several specimens to two distinct periods of curing, spanning
7 days and 14 days respectively
13 The samples were subjected to a flexural strength test at quality 45
assurance section operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City
14 This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance 47
section 0% for 7 days
15 This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance 48
section 0% for 14 days
16 This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance 49
section 30% for 7 days
17 This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance 50
section 30% for 14 days
18 This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance 51
section 40% for 7 days
19 This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance 52
section 40% for 14 days
20 This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance 53
section 50% for 7 days
21 This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance 54
section 50% for 14 days
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Abaca plant is close relative to the banana plant. (Schlegel, 2010). Abaca
plant is originated in the Philippines and have spread to Malaysia and Indonesia.
(Brink M, 2003) Abaca is a leaf fiber, composed of long slim cells that form part
of the leaf's supporting structure. Lignin content is a high 15% (FAO 2023). In
Philippine abaca fiber is commonly and widely been used as raw material for
fabric, footwear, cordage and craft industries. (FAO, 2018)
Tangongon is a variety of abaca plant native to the Philippines specifically in Sta.
Cruz, Rogongon, Iligan City and other province of Mindanao. It is primarily
cultivated for its strong, durable, and flexible natural fiber, which is extracted from
the leaf sheaths of the abaca plant (PhilFIDA 2023). This fiber is commonly
referred to as Tangongon abaca fiber.
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is one essential method that is being used
around every construction industry. Many constructors are using innovations by
mode of different kinds of fiber reinforcement (Ragavendra S. 2018). This is used
to improve the concrete’s toughness behavior and how much concrete can
sustain under compression. Examples of this are those fibers having short
lengths. These short-length fibers utilized in concretes are referred to as fiber
reinforced concrete (FRC) (Abbasi et al., 2017).

Objectives of the Study

The main problem of this study is to determine the effect of abaca fiber as
an additive for Portland Cement Concrete specifically the study will seek to
answer the following problem:
What is the flexural strength of Portland cement containing with abaca fiber,
0%, 0.30%, 0.40% and 0.50% from a Portland cement concrete without
Tangongon abaca fiber?
 2

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study is limited only to determining the effect of abaca fiber on the
Flexural strength of Portland concrete cement using0%, 0.30%, 0.40%, and
0.50% abaca fiber.

Significance of the Study

The significant concern of this study is to use a Tangongon Abaca Fiber
as a material for concrete mixing by becoming an additive for Portland concrete
cement. This will be beneficial for the following.

Researchers. They will be able to recognize if Abaca Fiber is feasible to

use in terms of construction and this research will also broaden their knowledge
in this particular topic and provide them with valuable experience.

Future Researchers. The Conclusions and findings if this study may be

used as guide in performing or conducting a similar study.

Students. The research provides additional or extra knowledge on the

usage of waste such as abaca fiber as an addition for construction materials
which is used in the field of civil engineering.

Filipino Farmers. It will encourage local farmers to produce more abaca

and recognize them as a source of revenue

Analytical Framework
Figure 1. Independent and Dependent Variable.

Independent Dependent

The effect of tangongon abaca. Flexural strength of

fiber as an additive for Portland Cement with
Portland Cement. Tangongon abaca fiber
 3

Operational Definitions of the Variables and Terms

For the purpose of common understanding some terminologies used in
the study were defined conceptually and or operationally.

ABACA (Musa textilis), plant of the family Musaceae, and its fibre, which is
second in importance among the leaf fibre group. Abaca fibre, unlike most other
leaf fibres, is obtained from the plant leaf stalks (petioles). Although sometimes
known as Manila hemp, Cebu hemp, or Davao hemp, the abaca plant is not
related to true hemp (Petruzzello. 2023)

CEMENT this term is referred to as a fine gray powder that is mixed with water
and other substances to make mortar or concrete. It is a key building material
both residential and commercial construction work. (Cnetwork, 2008).

COARSE AGGREGATE this term is referred to as a typically made up of

crushed stone, gravel, or recycled concrete, and it is used to provide bulk to the
concrete mixture. (Zaed.khan, 2023).

CONCRETE this term is referred to as the most widely used substance on earth,
after water (Watts, 2019). As used in this study, this refers to the construction
materials wherein a fiber is added to reinforce the concrete`s hardness
.
CURING is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from
concrete during cement hydration. It may be either after it has been placed in
position (or during the manufacture of concrete products), thereby providing time
for the hydration of the cement to occur.

DATA ANALYSIS The process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and

modeling data to discover useful information, draw conclusions, and support
decision-making.
 4

FLEXURAL STRENGTH The maximum stress a material can withstand before

breaking under a bending force.

FIBER This is categorized into two, natural fiber and synthetic manmade fibers;
utilized to increase toughness and shrinkage cracks (Panzera et al., 2013). As
used in this study, this refers to Abaca fiber that will be used as a fiber to
reinforce the Portland concrete cement.

SAND this term is referred to a mixture of small grains of rock and granular
materials which is mainly defined by size, being finer than gravel and courser
than silt. (siddiquee, n.d).

TANGONGON this term refers to the type of abaca that will be extracted to
produce abaca fiber in this study. Tangongon is a variety of abaca that can be
found in Rogongon Iligan city (Advance in Environmental biology, n.d).
 5

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This Chapter presents related literature and studies. The first part deals
with literature related to the study. Meanwhile, the second part deals with the
comprehensive review of work carried out by various researchers in the field of
utilizing abaca fiber in the compressive strength.

Abaca Fiber and its properties

Abaca, also known as manila hemp, is derived from the leaf sheath that
surrounds the trunk of the abaca plant (Musa textilis), a closely related species of
banana that is indigenous to the Philippines and widely spread throughout the
humid tropics. Abaca requires labor-intensive harvesting because each stalk
needs to be divided into strips that are scraped to remove the pulp. After that, the
fibers are dried and washed.
Abaca is a leaf fiber, composed of long slim cells that form part of the
leaf's supporting structure. Lignin content is a high 15%. Abaca is prized for its
great mechanical strength, resistance to saltwater damage, and long fiber length
– up to 3 m. The best grades of abaca are fine, lustrous, light beige in color and
very strong.
During the 19th century abaca was widely used for ships' rigging, and
pulped to make sturdy manila envelopes. Today, it is still used to make ropes,
twines, fishing lines and nets, as well as coarse cloth for sacking. There is also a
flourishing niche market for abaca clothing, curtains, screens and furnishings, but
paper-making is currently the main use of the fiber.
 6

Abaca Fiber- Grading and Classification

Table 1- Normal grades of hand and spindle

Grade Description
Extracted Fiber Color Stripping Texture
from strand
Name Alphanumeric size
code mm

Mid EF Inner 0.20 - Light ivory to a Excellent Soft

current leafsheath 0.50 hue of very light
brown to very
light ochre

Frequently
intermixed with
ivory white
S-EF Inner 0.20 - Light ivory or pale Excellent Soft
leafsheath 0.50 brown to a hue of
ivory-white

Frequently
intermixed with
ivory white
Streaky S2 Next to the 0.20 - Ivory white, Excellent Soft
Two outer 0.50 slightly tinged
leafsheath with very light
brown to red or
purple streak

S-S2 Next to the 0.20 Light ivory to very Excellent Soft

outer 0.50 pale brown with
leafsheath very red or very
light purple
streaks
Streaky S3 Outer 0.20 - Predominant color Excellent Soft
Three leafsheath 0.50 – light to dark red
exposed to or purple or a
the sun shade of dull to
dark brown
 7

S-S3 Outer 0.20 Light brown to Excellent Soft

leafsheath 0.50 dark red or light
exposed to purple with
the sun occasional streak
of very light green

Grade Description
Name Alphanumeric Extracted Fiber Color Stripping Texture
code from strand
size
mm
Current I Inner and Very light brown Good Medium
middle 0.51 to to light brown soft
leafsheath 0.99
S-I Inner and Light to very light Good Medium
middle 0.51 to brown soft
leafsheath 0.99
Soft G Next to the 0.51 to Dingy white, light Good Medium
seconds outer 0.99 green and dull soft
leafsheath brown
or similar
leafsheath
source
where S2
is obtained
S-G Same 0.51 to Light brown with Good Medium
leafsheath 0.99 occasional streaks soft
that of very light green
produces
grade S-S2
Soft H Outer 0.51 to Dark brown Good
Brown leafsheath 0.99
S-H Same 0.51 to Brown to dark Good
leafsheath 0.99 brown
that
produces Intermixed with
S-S3 substantial
portion of fiber
with lighter colors

In some, color
approaches black
 8

Seconds JK Inner, Dull brown to Fair

middle 1.00 - dingy light brown
and next to 1.50 or dingly light
outer yellow, frequently
leafsheath streaked with light
green
S-JK Inner, 1.00 - Light dull brown Fair
middle 1.50 to dingy light
and next brown or dingy
to the light yellow with
outer occasional streaks
leafsheath light green

Grade Description
Name Alphanumeri Extracted Fiber Color Stripping Texture
c code from strand
size
mm
Medium M1 Outer 1.00 - Dark brown to Fair
brown leafsheath 1.50 almost black
S-M1 Same 1.00 - Brown or nearly Fair
leafsheath 1.50 black
from
which S-H
is obtained

Properties of M1 tangongon fiber

M1 Tangongon Abaca fiber refers to a specific type of abaca fiber, often
used for various applications due to its unique properties. Abaca is a species of
banana native to the Philippines and is known for its strong and durable fibers.
The specific properties of M1 Tangongon Abaca fiber can vary, but here are
some common characteristics and properties associated with high-quality abaca
fibers, including M1 Tangongon Abaca:
 9

1. High Tensile Strength: Abaca fibers, including M1 Tangongon Abaca,

are known for their exceptional tensile strength. They are stronger than
most other natural fibers, making them suitable for applications that
require strength and durability.
2. Flexibility: Abaca fibers are highly flexible, which makes them suitable
for weaving and other textile applications. They can be woven into fabrics
and ropes with ease.
3. Lightweight: Abaca fibers are relatively lightweight, which can be
advantageous for certain applications where weight is a concern.
4. Low Elasticity: Abaca fibers have low elasticity, meaning they don't
stretch much. This property is useful in applications where minimal
stretching is desired.
5. Resistance to Saltwater: Abaca fibers, including M1 Tangongon Abaca,
have natural resistance to saltwater and are often used in marine
applications like fishing nets and ropes.
6. Biodegradability: Abaca is a natural and biodegradable fiber, which
makes it an environmentally friendly choice for various products.
7. Heat Resistance: Abaca fibers have good heat resistance, which is
useful for applications where exposure to high temperatures may occur.
8. Resistance to Pests: Abaca plants are less susceptible to pests, making
them relatively easy to cultivate and harvest.
9. Versatility: M1 Tangongon Abaca fibers are versatile and can be used in
various applications, including textile and handicraft products,
papermaking, specialty papers, and industrial products.

Concrete Proportion
Concrete mixtures can be weighed or measured in volume for proper
proportioning. By using an empty plastic cement bag or a measuring box for sand
and gravel, the volume method is the most popular and practical way to
calculate. This technique had been used for a long time in all kinds of concrete
construction and had successfully and effectively been demonstrated.
 10

In table 2.1.3.1, the volume of sand and gravel for all classes of mixture is
constant at 0.50 and 1.0 cubic meter respectively. The reason for this is that the
cement paste enters the void of the sand and at the same instance, the
composition of these two materials fill the voids of the gravel and thereafter, form
a solid mass called concrete equivalent to one cubic meter.

Table 2. Concrete Proportion

CEMENT IN BAG
MIXTURE CLASS PROPORTION 40 KG 50 KG SAND GRAVEL
cu.m. cu. m.

AA 1: 1 ½: 12.0 9.5 0.50 1.0

3
A 1: 2: 4 9.0 7.0 0.50 1.0

B 1: 2 ½: 7.5 6.0 0.50 1.0

5
C 1: 3: 6 6.0 5.0 0.50 1.0

Concrete Mix Design Specification

By the DPWH Standard Specification Volume II, 2013 Edition, subsection
311.2 and 405.41, the Contractor shall prepare a design mix for Portland Cement
Concrete Pavement (PCCP) and Structural Concrete for approval of the
 11

Engineer. Strength is the attribute that is often defined in concrete design and
quality control because testing strength is relatively easy. It is usually advised to
test a minimum number of samples of poured concrete to obtain the following:
1. Compressive strength test for structural concrete such as buildings and
bridges.
2. Flexural strength test for horizontal structures such as roads.
Generally, the following ages are used to test the obtained samples in order to
calculate the strength of concrete statistically: For structural concrete, cylinder
samples are tested at age 7. 14. 21, and a maximum of 28 days. Concrete with
age below 28 days may be tested with the Engineer's prior approval. For
horizontal structures, beam samples are tested at 7 and 14 days. Beam samples
below 14-15 days may be tested with the Engineer's prior approval.

Proportioning of Concrete for Structural Concrete

The following recommendations are the proportion of concrete mixtures in
DPWH projects in compliance to DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways,
Bridges, and Airports Volume II, 2013 Edition.

Importance of Concrete
Concrete is a popular material for many construction applications, and it
is widely used because of its strength, durability, reflectivity, and versatility.
These properties make it a sturdy and long-lasting option for numerous domestic
and commercial settings. Concrete is renowned for its high strength. The degree
of strength can be adapted to meet the needs of a specific project by altering the
water, cement and aggregate ratio. Remarkably, concrete strengthens year by
year – this is due to the cement component’s ability to form bonds with
surrounding moisture particles. The unyielding nature of concrete makes it a
durable, long-lasting material choice. It resists erosion, fire, rotting, rusting, and
weathering with relative ease, requiring minimal maintenance and repair. Ergo,
concrete boasts a lifespan that exceeds many other types of building material.
Concrete reflects heat as opposed to absorbing it, like asphalt. This beneficial
heat-reflecting ability helps to cool buildings, reducing the use of air conditioning
 12

systems, and therefore saving energy. Expanding on this, concrete is also useful
for mitigating the effect of urban heat islands – these are defined as urban areas
that are warmer than rural areas due to humans altering the natural land surface.
These islands have negative environmental impact, as they force those dwelling
and working in heat islands to adjust their activities, often leading to the
increased emission of greenhouse gasses. 18 Whatever the application,
concrete has proven its value and flexibility time after time. Its incredible
versatility makes it useful for an array of uses, including: roads, buildings,
driveways, highways, pathways, garages, patios, and much more. Not only that,
it can also be mixed to generate varying degrees of strength, making it useful for
the largest highway to the smallest garden path. Additionally, concrete can also
be cut into varying shapes and sizes to allow for unlimited design possibilities.
Concrete also boasts a number of environmental benefits. Sturdy and robust,
concrete can withstand natural disasters, avoiding the need to use additional
materials for repair. Concrete is often mixed from locally sourced materials, and
therefore requires minimal transport and resources to get it from A to B. And at
the end of its life, concrete can be recycled and reused, further expanding its
natural lifespan.

Importance of Curing
Curing is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss
from concrete during cement hydration. It may be either after it has been placed
in position (or during the manufacture of concrete products), thereby providing
time for the hydration of the cement to occur. Since the hydration of cement does
take time – days, and even weeks rather than hours – curing must be undertaken
for a reasonable period of time if the concrete is to achieve its potential strength
and durability. Curing may also encompass the control of temperature since this
affects the rate at which cement hydrates.
The curing period may depend on the properties required of the concrete, the
purpose for which it is to be used, and the ambient conditions, ie the temperature
and relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere.
Curing is designed primarily to keep the concrete moist, by preventing the loss of
 13

moisture from the concrete during the period in which it is gaining strength.
Curing may be applied in a number of ways and the most appropriate means of
curing may be dictated by the site or the construction method.

Reinforced Concrete Mixture using Abaca fiber

This research study discusses the reinforcement of concrete mix design
using abaca fiber. The process of mixing the abaca fibrous concrete used in this
mixing is the dry mixing method. The addition of abaca fiber to concrete mixture
was done with abaca fiber composition with fiber variation: 0%; 0.15%; 0.20%;
0,25% and variation of fiber length: 25 mm; 37.5 mm; 50 mm. The specimens of
cylindrical material (100mmx200mm) and beam (100mmx100mmx400mm), are
tested after the test object reaches the age of 28 days in the Universal Testing
Machine (UTM) and are evaluated through the ASTM standard in compressive
strength test, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. The addition of fibers
significantly affects the physical properties of the concrete, when the fiber
increases the slump value will be smaller so the mixture becomes more difficult
to mix. The results obtained by the abaca fiber concrete mixture for the
composition (0.15%) and the ideal fiber length (50 mm) by providing an optimum
value increase in the compression test of 12.61%, 72.64% tensile test, 98.98%
flexural test of the normal concrete mixture.

The Effect of Crushed Coconut Shell in the compressive strength of

Portland Cement Concrete
This study aims to determine the effect of crushed coconut shell in the
concrete containing of different percentage (0%, 25%, 50% and 75% crushed
coconut shell). Coconut shell was crushed to substitute as a coarse aggregate
into a concrete but before that, requirement of design mix was applied. The
cylindrical sample of concrete containing 0%, 25%, and 75% coco shell was
cured 7 days, 14 days and 28 days before it breaks by machine.
Moreover, materials used in making of concrete mixture were water,
cement, sand, gravels and coconut shell. This was mixed together to form fresh
concrete mixture. The project design was performed through the following
procedure such design mixture, mixing, molding, curing and testing on hardened
 14

concrete.
In this result, showed that concrete containing of 25%, 50% and 75%
crushed coconut shell could strengthen the conventional concrete. Coconut shell
has a high-water absorption which is observable when it is soaked it potable
water for a few minutes or an hour. Additionally, after curing the coconut shell for
28 days it was observed that compressive strength of concrete is directly
proportional to the number of days of curing. In short, the longer the days of
curing so as the concrete strength increase. Regarding the slump of concrete
contains of coco shell it was also observed that, slump of the concrete increase
as the percentage of coconut shell increase and it decrease in comparison with
conventional concrete.

Related Readings

DPWH Requirements for Portland Cement

The material to be used shall conform to the applicable requirements of
item 700, Hydraulic Cement. Only Type I Portland Cement shall be used unless
otherwise provided for in the Special Provisions. Different brands or the same
brands from different mills shall not be mixed nor shall they be used alternately
unless the mix is 21 approved by the Engineer. However, the use of Portland
Pozzolan Cement Type IP meeting the requirements of AASHTO M 240/ASTMC
695, Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement shall be allowed, provided that
trial mixes shall be done and that the mixes meet the concrete strength
requirements, the AASHTO/ASTM provisions pertinent to the use of Portland
Pozzolan Type IP shall ASTM provisions pertinent to the use of Portland
Pozzolan Type IP shall be adopted. Cement which for any reason, has become
partially set or which contains lumps of caked cement will be rejected. Cement
salvaged from discarded or used bags shall not be used. Samples of Cement
shall be obtained in accordance with AASHTO T 127.

ASTM C78 Flexural Strength of Concrete Beams

ASTM C78 provides guidelines for flexural testing of concrete used in
 15

constructing pavements and slabs using a "third-point" style flexure apparatus.

The testing process involves using a SATEC™ Series 300DX testing system, a
flex fixture, and Partner™ Materials Testing Software. The test is performed on
beam-shaped specimens 6 x 6 inches with a minimum length of 21 inches. To
prepare the specimens, ASTM C31 provides guidelines for sampling and
specimen preparation of fresh concrete in the field. ASTM C42 is for sawed 23
specimens taken from cured material, and ASTM C192 is for specimens made in
the lab. Referring to the ASTM C78 guidelines for loading rates, proper specimen
orientation, and preload application are recommended to ensure "gap free"
contact between the specimen and fixture. The 300DX is a servo-controlled
system that enables the test to perform automatically within a closed loop.
Operators prefer this system over manually controlled systems due to the more
consistent control of the loading rate and less risk of shock to the specimen. The
test aims to calculate the modulus of rupture, and the specimen should fail within
the middle third of the span length in the tension area or underside of the
specimen. The rupture modulus is automatically calculated using Partner
Software based on the test specimen's maximum applied load and average
dimensional values. If failure occurs outside the middle third of the specimen but
at most 5% of the span length, a different formula is used to calculate the
modulus of rupture result. If failure occurs outside the middle third of the
specimen's tension area by more than 5%, then the result cannot be used.
Various testing systems that meet this specification are manufactured, including
the common construction testing industry standard "compression only" style
systems. Reviewing the standard to fully understand the test setup, procedures,
and result requirements is recommended

ASTM C-31: Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
 16

Specimens in the Field

As a basis for standardizing a method of test for the modulus of rupture of
concrete, flexure tests have been carried out on beams of various sizes using
central and third-point loading methods and various loading rates. Tests were
also carried out on small beams sawn from larger ones to isolate the effects of
specimen size. A reduction of approximately 30 percent was observed in the
modulus of rupture when the depth of the beam was increased from 3 in. to 8 in.
for a span-depth ratio of 3, but other effects of size were minor. Increasing the
stress increase rate from 20 to 1,140 lb per sq. in. Per min. They increased by
about IS percent in the modulus of rupture. Central loading gave results about 20
to 25 percent higher than third point loading, but the results were less uniform.
The effects of the size of the specimen have been mainly accounted for by
variations in the quality of the concrete in beams of different sizes together with a
statistical aspect termed the “weakest link” theory and an effect due to changes
in the rate of increase of stress. The effect of the loading method can largely be
explained by the “weakest link” theory and by considerations of the stress
distributions in the comparatively short beams used.

DPWH Requirements for Coarse and Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, stone screenings, or other
inert materials with similar characteristics, or combinations thereof, having hard,
solid, and durable particles. It shall not contain more than three (3) mass percent
of material passing the 0.075mm (No. 200 sieve) by washing nor more than one
(1) mass percent each of clay lumps or shale. If the fine aggregate is subjected
to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test, the weighted loss shall
not exceed ten mass percent. The fine aggregate shall be free from injurious
amounts of organic impurities. It shall be rejected if subjected to the colorimetric
test for organic impurities and color darker than the standard is produced.
However, when tested for the effect of organic impurities on the strength of
mortar by AASHTO T 71, the fine aggregate may be used if the relative strength
at 7 and 28 days is not less than 98 mass percent. The fine aggregate shall be
well-graded from coarse to fine and conform to Table 2.3.4A.
 17

Table 3 A. Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm (3/8 in) 100
9.5 mm (3/8 in) 95 – 100
2.36 mm (No. 8) –
1.18 mm (No. 16) 45 – 80
0.600 mm (No. 30) –
0.300 mm (No. 50) 5 – 30
0.150 mm (No. 100) 0 – 10

For Coarse Aggregate It shall consist of crushed stone, gravel, blast

furnace slag, or other approved inert materials of similar characteristics, or
combinations thereof, having hard, strong, durable pieces and free from any
adherent coatings. It shall contain no more than one (1) mass percent of material
passing the 0.075mm (No. 200) sieve, not more than 0.25 mass percent of clay
lumps, nor more than 3.5 mass percent of soft fragments. If the coarse aggregate
is subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test, the weighted
loss shall not exceed 12 mass percent. Only one grading specification shall be
used from any one source. Refer to Table 2.3.4 B.

Table 4 B. Grading Requirement for Coarse Aggregate

 18

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard Alternate U.S
mm Standard Grading A Grading B Grading C
75.00 3 in. 100 – –
63.00 2 – ½ in 90 – 100 100 100
50.00 2 in. – 90 – 100 95 – 100
37.5 1 – ½ in 25 – 60 35 – 70 –
25.0 1 in – 0 – 15 35 – 70
19.0 ¾ in 0 – 40 – –
12.5 ½ in 0–5 0–5 10 – 30
4.75 No. 4 – – 0–5

IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice

The Water-Cement Ratio for M20 Correspond approximately to the mix
proportion 1:1.5:3 plain cement concrete is 0.50 according to IS 456:2000.

Proportioning, Consistency and Strength of Concrete

The Contractor shall prepare the design mix based on the absolute
volume method as outlined in the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard
211.1, "Recommended Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal and
Heavyweight Concrete". It is the intent of this Specification to require at least 364
kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete to meet the minimum strength
requirements. The Engineer shall determine from laboratory tests of the materials
to be used, the cement content and the proportions of aggregate and water that
will produce workable concrete having a slump of between 40 and 75 mm if not
vibrated or between 10 and 40 mm if vibrated, and a flexural strength of not less
than 3.8 MPa when tested by the third-point method or 4.5 Mpa when tested by
the mid-point method at fourteen (14) days in accordance with AASHTOT 97 and
T 177, respectively; or a compressive strength of 24.1 Mpa for cores taken at
fourteen (14) days and tested in accordance with AASHTOT 24.
 19

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology employed in the study to achieve

the objectives stated. It includes the research design, research site, respondents’
sample and sampling method, data gathering instruments and process, data
analysis method, and research ethics.

Research Design
An experimental research design was used to obtain this study’s research
objective which is to determine the flexural strength of Portland Cement
concrete containing 0%, 0.30%, 0.40%, and 0.50% Tangongon Abaca Fiber
as an additive for Beam Concrete.
The researchers will buy the M1 Tangongon abaca fiber within the
barangay, Tambo Bayug near esplanade, one of the abaca fiber Supplier in
IIigan City. Abaca fiber is then weighed according to the percentage
(.30%, .40%, and .50%) required for the additives in the Beam concrete.
The concrete mixture was then cast in a 6 x 6 x 21-inch-long of Beam
molds, after which they were de-molded 24 hours later.
 20

Research Site
The researcher performed the process from fabricating beam molder to
mixing cement and tangongon abaca fiber at Suarez Iligan city.

Source: Google Map

Figure 2. Map of Brgy Suarez, Iligan City

 21

Data Gathering Method: Instruments and Process

Gathering And Preparation of Materials

Proportioning of Tangongon Fiber

Combination of Materials

Mixing and Molding

Curing

7 days 14 days

Flexural Strength Test

Data Analysis
 22

The primary target of this experimentally designed study is to determine

the effect of the Flexural strength of a 6 x 6 x 21-inch-long of Beam molds
containing 0%, 0.30%, 0.40%, and 0.50%, Abaca Fiber as additive for Beam
concrete.

Table 5. Distribution of Beam Mold Samples for Flexural Strength.

% Tangongon Abaca Fiber Curing Period

(TAF)

7 Days 14 Days TOTAL

0 3 3 6

0.30% 3 3 6

0.40% 3 3 6

0.50% 3 3 6

Total 12 12 24

Preparation of Materials

The following were the material used in the experiment: one bag of locally
available ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Tangongon Abaca Fiber (TAF), 6 x 6
x 21-inch-long of Beam molds using ½ Marine Plywood, sand, gravel, tamping
rod, scoop, shovel, used engine oil, and clean tap water.
 23

Preparation of Fabricated Beam Molds

The following were the steps in making Beam Molding:

1. Cut the ½ Marine Plywood into 6 x 6 x 21-inch length using hacksaw.

2. After cutting the Marine Plywood, use sandpaper to smooth out the
ends of the Plywood so that it is completely straight and level.

3. Combine all the cutting Marine Plywood into 6 x 6 x 21 length and

fabricate it to make a sample of the Beam Molds

4. Stainless steel wire tie to both ends of the cutting Plywood to prevent it
from opening when the concrete is being poured

Preparation of Tangongon Abaca Fiber (TAF)

The following were the steps in producing Tangongon Abaca Fiber (TAF):

1. Gather all the Tangongon Abaca Fiber

2. Place the Tangongon Fiber on a Cutting table.

3. When Tangongon Fiber is being placed in cutting table, start

measuring the Tangongon Fiber to 50mm using measuring tool.

4. Start Cutting the Tangongon Fiber to 50mm.

5. Once it all done cutting, collect all the 50mm Tangongon Fiber.

Putting Tangongon Abaca Fiber in to the beam

1. Put first a slight cement in order to scatter the abaca fiber.

2. When the cement reach 3 inches in the beam that would be the
middle in which be put again a Fiber.

3. The top layer of the cement should be also being put an abaca
fiber.
 24

Table 6. Computation per volume

Amount of
Percent of Amount of Amount of Amount of Tangongon Water
Tangongon Sand Cement gravel Abaca Fiber Content
Abaca (cm3) (cm3) (cm3) (cm3) (L)
Fiber (TAF)

0% 5,309.42 3,539.61 10,618.83 0 2.5

0.30% 5,309.42 3,539.61 10,618.83 10.62 2.5

0.40% 5,309.42 3,539.61 10,618.83 14.16 2.5

0.50% 5,309.42 3,539.61 10,618.83 17.70 2.5

Compute the Normal concrete mix

The Normal concrete mix was computed by volume. The required

volume for each material was determined using the concrete proportions of
mixture class AA from Table 2.1.3.1. The concrete mix was 1:1.5:3: one-part
cement, one and a half parts sand, and three parts of gravel, with a water-
cement ratio of 0.50. A measuring box with a length of 15.24cm and width of
15.24cm and height of 15.24cm was used to measure the volume of materials
during the mixing of concrete.

Calculation

15.24cm x 15.24cm x 15.24cm = 3,539.61cm 3 (volume of

measuring box)

3,539.51cm3 x 1 = 3,539.51cm3 (volume of cement)

3,539.51cm3 x 1.5 = 5,309.42cm3 (volume of sand)

3,539.51cm3 x 3 = 10,618.83cm3 (volume of gravel)

0.30% Additives:
 25

3,539.51cm3 x 0.003 = 10.62cm3 (volume of additive)

10.62cm3 = 15.24cm x 15.24cm x (h) ; h = 0.05cm (height of

additive)

0.40% Additives:

3,539.51cm3 x 0.004 = 14.16cm3 (volume of additive)

14.52cm3 = 15.24cm x 15.24cm x (h) ; h = 0.06cm (height of

additive)

0.50% Additives:

3,539.51cm3 x 0.005 = 17.70cm3 (volume of additive)

17.70cm3 = 15.24cm x 15.24cm x (h) ; h = 0.08cm (height of

additive)

Water Content:

Convert cement vol. to kg:

Cement: 3,539.51cm3 = 0.00354m3

Total kg of cement vol. of the 0.00354m3= 5kg

Water cement ratio = 0.50

0.50 x 5kg = 2.5kg

Water content = 2.5kg ~ 2.5L

Mixing and Molding

1. Gathering all the materials and proportioning of concrete mixtures

2. On a level concrete slab or Plane Sheet, hand mixing must be carried

out with shovels.

3. Mix the Sand, Tangongon Abaca Fiber and the Portland cement until
the color is uniform.

4. Spread the mixture out and form a hole inside.

 26

5. Pour water over the center and mix using shovels.

6. Continue doing so until the appropriate volume of water has been

mixed.

Mixture shall be free from impurities such as dirt and grass.

7. Make sure the mold is clear of any foreign objects by cleaning it.

8. Prepare the mold in place for casting.

9. Pour the concrete mixture into the Beam mold.

10. Place the Beam Concrete aside for drying.

Curing of Beam Concrete

1. Prepare a large basin or tank for the Beam Concrete to occupy and
free it from unwanted particles.

2. Fill the tank with clean water to just enough to submerge the concrete
Beam Concrete.

3. Place the samples in the curing tank according to their respective

percentage and cure it for 7 and 14days.

Flexural Strength Test

After 7 and 14 days of curing, the flexural strength test was carried out on
three samples of each concrete beam containing 0%, 30%, 40%, and 50%
Abaca Fiber. To conduct the test, the concrete beams were removed from the
curing tank and air-dried for approximately 24 hours before testing, following the
procedures 33 outlined in ASTM C-78 (Standard Test Method for Flexural
Strength of Beam Concrete Specimens): 1. All test specimens for a given test
age were broken within the permissible time tolerances. 2. Measure the average
depth of the test specimen. 3. Adjust the test span of the tester to be three (3)
times the average depth of the test specimen.

4. Place the specimen on the support blocks of the tester.

5. Apply the load rapidly, reaching approximately 50 percent of the

 27

expected load continuously between 125 and 175 psi (861 and 1207 KPa) per
minute until rupture occurs. 6. Record the maximum load carried by the
specimen during the test.

Data Analysis Method

If the fracture in the tension surface within the middle third of the span length,
calculate the modulus of rupture as follows.

Figure 3. Head of testing machine Middle third of span Length.

If the fracture initiates in the tension surface within the middle third of the span
length, calculate the modulus of rupture as follows:
PL
R= 2
bd
Where: R = modulus of rupture, or (KPa)
P = maximum applied load, lbf, (or N)
L = span length, in., (or mm)
b = average width of specimen, in., (or mm)
d = average depth of specimen, in., (or mm)

If the fracture occurs in the tension outside of the middle third of the span
length by not more than 5 percent of the span length, calculate the modulus of
rupture as follows:
 28

Figure 4. Head of testing machine Middle third of span Length.

2. If the fracture occurs in the tension outside of the middle third of the span
length by not more than 5 percent of the span length, calculate the modulus
rupture as follows:
3 pa
R= 2
bd

3. Where: a = distance between line of fracture and the nearest support

measured on the tension surface of the beam, in., (or mm)

If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle third of the span
length by more than 5 percent of the span length, discard the results of the test.

Figure 5. Head of testing machine Middle third of span Length

 29

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of the of the data analysis. The
data were collected and processed in response to the objectives posed in the
statement of the main objective in chapter 1.

Flexural Strength Test Result for 0% M1 Abaca Tangongon Fiber in 7 and 14

days of curing.
For the use of 0% of Tangongon Abaca fiber as additives, the
resulting digit after 7 days of curing was 3.40 Mpa. After 14 days of curing the
resulting digit shows 3.85 Mpa.
Table 7. flexural strength test result for 0%.

M1 Abaca Tangongon Flexural Strength (MPa)

Fiber Content
(By Volume)
7 days 14 days
3.24 Mpa 3.79 Mpa
0% 3.45 Mpa 3.83 Mpa

3.52Mpa 3.86 Mpa

Average 3.40 Mpa 3.85 Mpa

Required Minimum 3.8 Mpa 3.8 Mpa

Flexural Strength
 30

Flexural Strength Test Result for 0. 30% M1 Abaca Tangongon Fiber in 7

and 14 days of curing.
For the use of 0.30% of Tangongon Abaca fiber as additives, the
resulting digit after 7 days of curing was 3.61 Mpa. After 14 days of curing the
resulting digit shows 3.92 Mpa.

Table 8. flexural strength test result for 0.30%.

M1 Abaca Tangongon Flexural Strength (MPa)

Fiber Content
(By Volume)
7 days 14 days
3.52 Mpa 3.86 Mpa
0. 30% 3.59 Mpa 3.93 Mpa

3.72 Mpa 3.96 Mpa

Average 3.61 Mpa 3.92 Mpa

Required Minimum 3.8 Mpa 3.8 Mpa

Flexural Strength
 31

Flexural Strength Test Result for 0.40% Abaca Fiber in 7 and 14 days of
curing
For the use of 0.40% of Tangongon Abaca fiber as additives, the
resulting digit after 7 days of curing was 3.29 Mpa. After 14 days of curing the
resulting digit shows 4.03 Mpa.

Table 9. flexural strength test result for 0.40%.

M1 Abaca Tangongon Flexural Strength (MPa)

Fiber Content
(By Volume)
7 days 14 days
3.17 Mpa 4.00 Mpa
0. 40% 3.38 Mpa 4.07 Mpa

3.31 Mpa 4.03 Mpa

Average 3.29 Mpa 4.03 Mpa

Required Minimum 3.8 Mpa 3.8 Mpa

Flexural Strength
 32

Flexural Strength Test Result for 0.50% Abaca Fiber in 7 and 14 days of
curing
For the use of 0.50% of Tangongon Abaca fiber as additives, the
resulting digit after 7 days of curing was 3.61. After 14 days of curing the resulting
digit shows 3.92 Mpa.

Table 10. flexural strength test result for 0.50%.

M1 Abaca Tangongon Flexural Strength (MPa)

Fiber Content
(By Volume)
7 days 14 days
3.66 Mpa 3.86 Mpa
0. 50% 3.52 Mpa 3.93 Mpa

3.72 Mpa 3.90 Mpa

Average 3.63 Mpa 3.90 Mpa

Required Minimum 3.8 Mpa 3.8 Mpa

Flexural Strength
 33

Flexural Strength Test Result for overall samples in 7 and 14 days of

curing.
To complete this research, the results obtained from the four tests for
flexural strength has been compared. The results showed that for samples
containing Tangongon abaca fiber at 0%, 0.30%, and 0.40%, the flexural strength
increased after 14 days. However, in the sample with 0.50% Tangongon abaca
fiber, the flexural strength decreased after 14 days of curing.

Table 11. Flexural strength test results overall sample.

M1 Abaca Tangongon Flexural Strength (MPa)

Fiber Content
(By Volume)
7 Days 14 Days
3.24 3.79
0% 3.45 3.83
3.52 3.86
Average 3.40 3.85
3.52 3.86
0.30% 3.59 3.93
3.72 3.96
Average 3.61 3.92
3.17 4.00
0.40% 3.38 4.07
3.31 4.03
Average 3.29 4.03
3.66 3.86
0.50% 3.52 3.93
3.72 3.90
Average 3.63 3.90
 34

Required Minimum 3.8 Mpa 3.8 Mpa

Flexural Strength

Figure 6. Flexural strength test result bar graph.

This graph shows the percentage of each composition after 14 days of curing,
and shows the comparison of the control sample (0.0%) to samples with TAF
content (0.30%, 0.40%, 0.50%).

4.5 4.03 MPA

3.85 MPA 3.92 MPA 3.85 MPA 3.85 MPA 3.90 MPA
4
3.5
3
2.5

2
1.5

0.5

0
0% 0.30% 0% 0.40% 0% 0.50%

Flexural strength (MPa) 14 days

 35

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, conclusions, and recommendations derived

in the conduct of the research which is to determine the flexural strength of
Portland cement concrete with different percentage of Tangongon Abaca Fiber as
an additive.

Summary
Tangongon abaca is a type of leaf fiber made up of long, slender
cells that are part of the leaf's structural support system. It contains lignin, which
gives the fiber its strength and durability. Tangongon abaca fiber was used as an
additive in Portland cement concrete to determine the flexural strength of
Portland cement concrete containing 0% Tangongon abaca fiber and 0.30%,
0.40% and 0.50% TAF as an additive for Portland concrete cement
Tangongon abaca fibers, each 50mm long, were mixed into
concrete. Twelve concrete beams were made for each amount of abaca fiber
added, using molds made from marine plywood and cured after 24 hours. The
samples were then tested for flexural strength after curing for 7 and 14 days.
Adding Tangongon abaca fiber to Portland cement concrete affects
its flexural strength after fourteen days of curing. Control samples without TAF
(0.0%) had a flexural strength of 3.85 MPa. Adding 0.30% TAF increased it to
3.92 MPa, and 0.40% TAF further raised it to 4.03 MPa, exceeding both 0.30%
and 0.0% TAF samples. However, at 0.50% TAF, flexural strength slightly
decreased to 3.90 MPa but remained higher than the control samples.
 36

Conclusion
The researchers have drawn the following conclusions:
Adding Tangongon abaca fiber to Portland concrete cement has an
effect to the flexural strength of concrete after fourteen days of curing. The
flexural strength of control samples with 0.0% TAF content resulted in 3.85 MPa.
There’s an increase in flexural strength when 0.30% of TAF content was added,
compared to the control sample with 0.0% TAF content, the flexural strength
increased from 3.85 MPa to 3.92 MPa. The samples where 0.40% TAF content
was added resulted in a much greater increase in flexural strength, which is 4.03
MPa compared to samples with 0.30% and 0.0% TAF content. However, when
the TAF content was increased to 0.50%, there was a decrease in flexural
strength to 3.90 MPa, but it is still higher compared to control samples with 0.0%
TAF content.

Recommendation
The following are the recommendations:
1. Civil Engineers may utilize Portland concrete cement with TAF
content for road infrastructure, such as road pavements, as well as
in port development for constructing essential structures like quay
walls, piers, and wharves.
2. Future researchers may use metal mold to attain a better quality of
the sample.
3. Future researchers should consider using a box filled with sand
when transporting beam samples to prevent any potential
disturbances.
4. Future researchers should consider adjusting the cutting length of
abaca fiber to facilitate better result comparison and achieve more
significant outcomes.
 37

REFERENCES

1. Philippine national Standard PNS/BAFS 180:2016

Abaca fiber-Grading and Classification -Hand-stripped and

Spindle/Machine Stripped

https://philfida.da.gov.ph/images/Publications/PNS/

PNSBAFS1802016AbacaFiberHandstrippedandMachineStripped.pdf

2. Marie Ann J.B (City Government Department Head 11 City Agriculturist)

3. Simplified construction Estimate, 2000 Edition”

Max B. Fajardo Jr Year 2000

4. Cuna, J, R, D, (2019). Concrete Mix Design Specification.

In Fundamentals of Concrete Technology: 2nd Edition

5. “why is concrete such a popular construction material?” Easy Mix

Concrete Ltd

Copyrighted 2022 https://www.easymix-concrete.co.uk/news/concrete-

6. Cements Concrete & Aggregates Australia

Remedan Aman

file:///C:/Users/personal/Downloads/Curing_of_Concrete.pdf

7. Reinforced Concrete Mixture using Abaca fiber

R. Tampi , H. Parung, R Djamaluddin and A. Amiruddin

Student of Universitas Hasanuddin, Civil Engineering Doctoral Program,

Indonesia 2Lecturer of Engineering Department of Universitas

Hasanuddin, Indonesia
 38

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/419/1/012060/pdf

8. ASTM C78 Flexural Strength of Concrete Beams

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple

Beam with Third-Point Loading)

https://www.instron.com/en/testingsolutions/astmstandards/astm-c78

9. Wright, P. J. F., & Garwood, F. (2020).

The effect of the method of test on the flexural strength of concrete

https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1952.4.11.67

10. ASTM C-31: Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test

Specimens in the Field

ASTM International (American Society for Testing and Materials)

11. DPWH Requirements for Coarse and Fine Aggregate. In Fundamentals of

Concrete Technology: 2nd Edition. Cuna, J. R. D. (2019).

12. IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice.

IS 456 (2000): Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice

(resource.org)

13. Proportioning, Consistency and Strength of Concrete

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/issuances/

DO_047_S2015.pdf
 39

APPENDIX A
Raw Material Used

Sand & Gravel

Holcim Excel ECOPlant.

 40

Tangongon Abaca Fiber

 41

APPENDIX B
Tools & Equipment Used

Molder

APPENDIX B (Contd.)
Tools and Equipment Used

Flexural Strength Testing Machine.

 42

APPENDIX C
Materials Preparation, Processing and Fabrication

Figure 7. Gathering samples from the manufacturer of abaca fiber at Bayug

Hinaplanon, Iligan City

Figure 8. Fabricating beam molder in 6-inch width, and 6-inch height by 21-inch
length using 1\2 thick of marine plywood and 2x4 good lumber for braces.
 43

APPENDIX C (Contd.)

Figure 9. Final fabricated beam mold using marine plywood and good lumber.

Figure 10. Gathering materials for mixing cements and abaca fiber.
 44

Figure 11. Pouring cement and Placing Tangongon Abaca Fiber.

Figure 12. The curing process for the molded concrete samples involved
subjecting several specimens to two distinct periods of curing, spanning 7 days
and 14 days respectively.
 45

APPENDIX C (Contd.)

Figure 13. The samples were subjected to a flexural strength test at quality
assurance section operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City.
 46

APPENDIX D

Concrete Beam Samples

Bottom layer of mixed cement to place the 50mm tangongon abaca fiber.
 47

Middle layer of mixed cement to place the 50mm tangongon abaca fiber.

Top layer of mixed cement to place the 50mm tangongon abaca fiber.
APPENDIX E
Flexural Test Results

Figure 14. This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance
section 0% for 7 days

Operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City.

 48

APPENDIX E (Contd.)
Flexural Test Results

Figure 15. This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance
section 0% for 14 days
Operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City
 49

APPENDIX E (Contd.)
Flexural Test Results

Figure 16. This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance
section 30% for 7 days
Operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City
 50

APPENDIX E (Contd.)
Flexural Test Results

Figure 17. This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance
section 30% for 14 days
Operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City
 51

APPENDIX E (Contd.)
Flexural Test Results

Figure 18. This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance
section 40% for 7 days
Operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City
 52

APPENDIX E (Contd.)
Flexural Test Results

Figure 19. This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance
section 40% for 14 days
Operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City
 53

APPENDIX E (Contd.)
Flexural Test Results

Figure 20. This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance
section 50% for 7 days
Operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City
 54

APPENDIX E (Contd.)
Flexural Test Results

Figure 21. This is the results that are being processed in the quality assurance
section 50% for 14 days
Operated by the DPWH 2nd DEO in Iligan City
 55

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: John Warren A. Atillo
Address: Zone 4A, Isla Verde Abuno, Iligan City

Age: 26
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s name: Avelino P. Atillo
Mother’s name: Crisanta A. Atillo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College: St. Peters College Iligan
High school: ICNHS Tambacan-Annex
Elementary: Tambacan Elemntary School
 56

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: Jan Riel A. Lincuna
Address: Zone 13, brgy bagong silang Iligan city

Age: 28
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s name: Jose A. Lincuna
Mother’s name: Teresita A. lincuna

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College: St. Peters College Iligan
High school: Iligan City National High School
Elementary: Bagong Silang Elemntary School
 57

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: Gio M. Tecson
Address: Dalipuga Iligan city

Age: 23
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s name: Arnold D. Tecson
Mother’s name: Marlita M. Tecson

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College: St. Peters College Iligan
High school: La Salle Academy
Elementary: La Salle Academy
 58

CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTIC AUTHORSHIP

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and to the best of
our knowledge, it contains no materials previously published or written by another
person, nor material which, to a substantial extent, has been accepted for the
award of any degree or diploma at SPC or any other educational constitution,
except where due acknowledgment is made in the manuscript. Any contribution
made to the research by others, with whom we have worked at St. Peter’s
College or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the manuscript.

We also declare that the intellectual content of this manuscript is the

product of our own work, except for the assistance that we received in this thesis’
design and conception, or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is
acknowledged.

JOHN WARREN A. ATILLO GIO M. TECSON

Researcher Researcher

JAN RIEL A. LINCUNA

Researcher

SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN TO before me this ___5th__ day of

____may_____, 2024, affiant exhibited his/her
_______________________________ issued on ________, at
______________________________.