THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Matina, Davao City
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for
BCE223L (5867) – Construction Materials and Testing
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Submitted by:
Submitted to:
Engr. Roumel Salvador Alvarez
May 2024
For intro:
The lack of natural aggregates, which are necessary building materials like sand, gravel, and
crushed stone, is becoming a bigger problem for the Philippines (Lagman, 2018). Certainly, part of
the problem is the country’s growing urbanization throughout that period. Statistical data
underscore this concerning trend, revealing a significant decline in available aggregate reserves
due to continuous urban expansion. With urban centers experiencing rapid growth, the demand for
construction materials has surged, leading to extensive extraction of natural aggregates (Bren
d’Amour et al., 2016). Demand for these resources exceeds their rates of natural replenishment as
cities expand and infrastructure projects grow, potentially resulting in shortages and environmental
harm from unsustainable extraction methods (Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
2018).
Research points to a number of viable substitutes for natural aggregates. Studies have shown that
waste materials such as crushed glass may be successfully incorporated up to 100% in fine
aggregate applications, making this a viable alternative to sand (Sustainability, 2022). Additionally,
studies have shown that using recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is a another way to preserve the
strength of concrete, especially when it comes to coarse materials (Huang et al., 2017). By
lowering dependency on natural resources, these substitutes provide a sustainable method of
handling waste streams.
When added to fresh concrete mixes as supplemental cementitious material (SCM), recycled
concrete can be a useful resource. Recycled concrete powder can partially replace Portland
cement, which is a key contributor to the carbon footprint of the construction industry, when it is
pulverised finely (Aquino-Rocha & Filho, 2023). Research has indicated that the utilization of
recycled concrete as a stabilized cement mix can not only minimize the requirement for natural
cement but also enhance some characteristics of the concrete, such as workability and long-term
strength (Cyr et al., 2019). This strategy encourages a more eco-friendly concrete sector while
providing a long-term solution for handling building debris.
Material
Parameters Remarks References
Application
Methodology:
Comparison of current natural aggregate characterization and recycled concrete aggregates:
Concrete design calculation:
Conclusion
References:
D’Amour, C. B., Reitsma, F., Baiocchi, G., Barthel, S., Güneralp, B., Erb, K., Haberl, H., Creutzig,
F., & Seto, K. C. (2016). Future urban land expansion and implications for global croplands.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(34), 8939–
8944. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606036114
Lagman, A. (2018, January 10). DOST bares challenges in construction sector. Philippine
Information Agency. [PIA] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/hard-hats-harder-challenges-hurdles-
faced-construction-consultancy-aeosc
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2018, August 29). DENR Administrative
Order 2018-11: Guidelines for the Granting of Permits for Gathering of Sand, Gravel and Quarry
Materials. [DENR AO 2018-11] https://eia.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DAO-2022-
11.pdf
Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Current Sustainable Trends of Using Waste Materials in Concrete—
A Decade Review (MDPI, 2022) [This reference can be found on a platform like MDPI
(multidisciplinary digital publishing institute)]
Huang, B., Shu, X., & Li, S. (2017). Mechanical properties of pavement concrete with recycled
asphalt pavement aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 156, 1203-1212.
Aquino-Rocha, J. H. & Filho, R. D. T. (2023). The utilization of recycled concrete powder as
supplementary cementitious material in cement-based materials: a systematic literature
review .https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352710223014997
M. Cyr, C. Diliberto, A. Lecomte, & L. Izoret (2019). Recycled concrete as cement main constituent
(CMC) or supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). In Recycled concrete (pp. 131-152).
Taylor & Francis
