Toe Slab

Heel slab
Stem

Design of Retaining Wall

Parameter
For M25 Concrete and Fe500 c=σcbc
t=σst
m=280/(3*σcbc)
Kc
Jc=1-Kc/3
Rc=0.5*J*K*C
1 Given
Height of retaining wall above ground
Depth of foundation
Assume foundation depth
Cohesion
Total depth
Water table height from foundation level
Height of wall above the water table
Angle of shearing resistance
Inclination of backfill
Coefficent of friction
Soil bearing capacity
Grade of concrete
Grade of steel
Surcharge pressure
Unit weight of concrete
Unit weight of water
Submerge unit weight of soil
Dry unit weight of soil
Equivalent height of earth as surcharge
Total equivalent height
2 Earth pressure coefficents
Active earth pressure coefficent
Passive earth pressue coefficent
3 Priliminary proportions
Overall depth of retaining wall
Width of footing
Width of heel
Thickness of footing base slab
Thickness stem at base
Thickness stem at top
Height of steam
Lenth of toe of wall
 Extra height due to inclination
Point where pressure because zero due to earth
Net depth where active pressure lies

4 Stability against overturning

Force due to active pressure (per meter)
Due to Water
Due to surcharge
Due to backfill
Toatal active pressure
Horizontal component
Vertical component
Overturnig moment
Stabilising moment (about toe) per meter
Distance of resultant vertical force from heel

Fs ,overturning
5 Soil pressure at footing base
Resultand vertical reaction
Distance of R form toe
Ecentricity

(Qmax should less than Soil bearing pressure),

6 Stability against sliding

Sliding force
Passive earth pressure
Resisting force
Lets neglect Passive Earth Pressure,
Fs,sliding

Required passive pressure

Provide a shear key of size

For computing the passive pressure below the toe the over

Fs,sliding
Down ward Pressure
At toe side
At hill side
7 Design of toe slab
Pressure due to self weight of toe slab+( or tank and backfill)
Assume clear cover
Diameter of bars
Effective depth of toe
Range of pressure variation
At joint of toe wall and stem
At toe side
Shear force
Moment
Nominal shear stress
From Table 19 of IS456:200, For M20 and τc
R
Pt,req
Area required
Spacing required
Development length
8 Design of heel slab
Load calculation
Overburden+surcharge
Self Weight
Total
Range of pressure variation
Design share force at rare face of stem varies from
At heel
Shear force
Moment
Nominal shear stress
From Table 19 of IS456:200, For M20 and τv
R
Pt,req
Area required
Spacing required
Development length
9 Design of vertical stem
Height of cantilever above base
Assumw clear cover
Diameter of bars
Efffective depth at base
Force due to active pressure (per meter)
Horizontal component
Maximum design moent
R
Pt,req
 Areq
Spacing required
Development length

10 Check for shear at base of stem

Critical section is at
distance from the top of stem
Shear force at critical section
Horizontal component

Nominal shear stress

τc for given reinforcement percentage 0.1

Temperature and Shinkage reinforcement

Ast
 Areq Spacing Req Development length Bar dia
708.90 283.63 752.00 16.00
1122.69 179.09 752.00 use 1.3 Ld 16.00
1710.99 183.61 940 20.00

Design of Retaining Wall

Symbol Value Unit
8.50 N/mm2
275.00 N/mm2
10.98
0.25
0.92
0.99

h1 3.77 m
0.62 m
h2 0.40 m
C 15.00 kN/m2 19.81
h 4.17 m
1.60 m
2.57 m
ϕ 30.00 Degree
θ 0.00 Degree
µ 0.40
qn 100.00 kN/m2 0.5 0.000
fck 20.00 Mpa
fy 500.00 MPa
ws 17.00 kN/m2
γc 25.00 kN/m3
γw 9.81 kN/m3 4.17
γsub 12.50 kN/m 3

γdry 18.00 kN/m3 3.670

hs 0.94 m
H 5.11 m 0.5
0.5 0.5
Ca 0.33 0.1
Cp 3.00 0.0024

h 4.17 m
B 2.35 m
0.10 m
500.00 m
500.00 mm
500.00 mm Generallly 300mm
3670.00 mm
1.75 m With Toe
 H' 0.00 m
(2c√k)/(γk) 2.89 m
1.28

Pa1 12.56
Pa2 23.61 kN
Pa3 16.13 kN in H height of inclined portion considered
Pa 52.29 kN
Pacosθ 52.29 kN
Pasinθ 0.00 kN
Mo 77.69 kNm
Mr 158.76 kNm Mr=∑M
xw 1.65 m X=∑M/∑W

0.9Mr/Mo 1.84 Which is all right FOS should >1.4

R 95.93 kN
LR 0.85 m ∑Mo-Mr/∑W
e 0.33 m e= B/2-LR
b/6= 0.39 Which is all right
6e/B 0.84
qmax 75.21 kN/m2 Which is all right
qmin 6.43 kN/m 2
Which is all right

Pacosθ 52.29 kN
Pp 14.72 kN
F 53.09 kN µ∑W
Which is all right
0.9F/Pa 0.91 Not Ok FOS should >1.4
Shear key need to be provided
Pp,r 25.42 kN
200 1.95 m distance from toe
300
ve pressure below the toe the overburden of 300mm is usually neglected
h1 0.10
h2 1.43 m
Pp 54.62 kN
0.9F/Pa 1.85 Which is all right FOS should >1.4

270.00 kN/m2
92.06 kN/m2
 20.00 kN/m2
75.00 mm
16.00 mm
d 417.00 mm

3.99 kN/m2
55.21 kN/m2
Vu 59.19 kN/m
M 87.60 kNm
τv 0.14 Mpa
0.32 pt 0.17
Mu/bd 2
0.50 MPa
0.12 %
Areq 708.90 mm2/m =
283.63 mm
Ld 752.00 mm

66.06 kN/m2
12.50 kN/m2
w 78.56 kN/m2

42.93 kN/m2
45.86 kN/m2
Vu 6.66 kN/m for fck
M 0.34 kNm Ast
τv 0.02 Mpa 0.25
0.37 pt 0.27 0.27
Mu/bd 2
0.00 MPa 0.5
0.00 % SP 16 Table 2
Areq 1122.69 mm2/m
179.09 mm
Ld 752.00 mm

h 3.67 m
50.00 mm
20.00 mm
440.00 mm
Pa 60.61 kN/m
Pacosθ 60.61 kN/m
Mu 74.15 kNm
Mu/bd2 0.38 Mpa
0.09 % SP 16 Table 2
 396.34 mm2/m
792.65 mm
Ld 940.00 mm

d 0.44 m
Zs 3.23 m
46.95 kN/m
cosθ 46.95 kN/m

τv 0.11
0.32 Which is All right,

600.00
for fck 20.00 kN/m2
Ast τv
0.25 0.36
0.17 0.32
0.5 0.49

20.00 kN/m2
τv
0.36
0.37
0.49
 0.5H to 0.7H i.e 2.56 3.58
0.5B 1.18
H/12 0.43
0.1H or H/12 0.51 0.43

height of water table= 1.60

Height of Dry soil= 2.57

Lateral Earth Pressure Lateral Earth Pressure Stem

Rankine Active Earth Presure Theory σa= Y*H*Ka-(2*C*(sqrt(Ka)))
Ka=Tan^2(45-Phi/2) σa= -1.91
ka= 0.33
Zc= Y*H*Ka-(2*C*(sqrt(Ka)))
σa= Y*H*Ka-(2*C*(sqrt(Ka))) Zc= 2.89
σa= -1.91 Kpa

Zc= 2*C/(Y*(root(Ka)))
2.89 m

Latera Earth Pressure Water Layer Latera Earth Pressur

Ysub= Ysat-Yw Water table height at stem onl
Ysub= 12.50 Kn/m^2 Ysub=
σa=
Phi= 30° Degree σa=

Rankine Active Earth Presure Theory σtop=

Ka=Tan^2(45-Phi/2) σbottom=
ka= 0.33

σa= Y*H*Ka-(2*C*(sqrt(Ka)))
σa= -10.65 Kpa

Q(overburden)= Habove x Yabove

Q(overburden)= 46.26 Kpa
Ka*Q(overburden)= 15.40 Kpa

σtop= 15.40 Kpa

σbottom= 4.75 Kpa
Force= 16.13 Kn/m

Lateral Water Pressure

σw= Yw*Hw
σw= 15.70 Kpa
F 12.56 Kn/m

Lateral Surcharge Pressure

Rankine Active Earth Presure Theory
Ka=Tan^2(45-Phi/2)
Ka= 0.333

σsur= Ka*qsur
σsur= 5.66 Kpa
F= 23.61 Kn/m

Lateral Earth Pressure (Passive)

Rankine Active Earth Presure Theory
Ka=Tan^2(45-Phi/2)
Ka= 0.33 Kp= 3.00

σp= Y*H*Ka+(2*C*(sqrt(Ka)))
σp= 73.61 Kpa
Force= 14.721829 Kn/m

Type Forces Distance Moment

Back fill Pressure 16.13 0.66 10.63
Surcharge Pressure 23.61 2.55722222222222 60.37
Water pressure 12.56 0.53 6.70
Total 52.29 77.69

Seperator thickness 0.15

Tank width 2.1 Height 1.2
Tank base thickness 0.3 thickness 0.15
Calculate Forces and Moment Acting on the Wall
Type Force (kN) Distance fr Moment (kNm)
Footing (w 29.375 1.175 34.516
Rectangle p 45.875 2.000 91.750
Triangular 0.000 1.750 0.000
Weight of b 8.31 2.300 19.10
Water tank 4.50 0.70 3.15
Water tank 7.88 1.30 10.24
Weigth of i 0.000 2.283 0.00
W 95.931 Total 158.76
kN/m2
 sinθ 0
sinϕ 0.5
cosϕ 0.8660254
cosθ 1
tanθ 0
tanϕ 0.5773503

Earth Pressure Stem Only

Y*H*Ka-(2*C*(sqrt(Ka)))
Kpa

Y*H*Ka-(2*C*(sqrt(Ka)))
m

Latera Earth Pressure Water Layer Stem Only

Water table height at stem only= 1.1
12.50 Kn/m^3
Y*H*Ka-(2*C*(sqrt(Ka)))
-12.73 Kpa

15.40 Kpa
2.67 Kpa
Moment (kNm)
 Areq
Toe Slab 1108.12
Heel slab 584.23
Stem 1710.99

Design of Retaining Wall

Parameter Symbol
1 Given
Height of retaining wall above ground h1
Depth of foundation
Assume foundation depth h2
Cohesion C
Total depth h
Water table height from foundation level
Height of wall above the water table
Angle of shearing resistance ϕ
Inclination of backfill θ
Coefficent of friction µ
Soil bearing capacity qn
Grade of concrete fck
Grade of steel fy
Surcharge pressure ws
Unit weight of concrete γc
Unit weight of water γw
Submerge unit weight of soil γsub
Dry unit weight of soil γdry
Equivalent height of earth as surcharge hs
Total equivalent height H
2 Earth pressure coefficents
Active earth pressure coefficent Ca
Passive earth pressue coefficent Cp
3 Priliminary proportions
Overall depth of retaining wall h
Width of footing B
Width of heel
Thickness of footing base slab
Thickness stem at base
Thickness stem at top
Height of steam
Lenth of toe of wall
Extra height due to inclination H'
 Point where pressure because zero due to earth (2c√k)/(γk)
Net depth where active pressure lies
4 Stability against overturning
Force due to active pressure (per meter)
Due to surcharge Pa1
Due to backfill Pa2
Toatal active pressure Pa
Horizontal component Pacosθ
Vertical component Pasinθ
Overturnig moment Mo
Stabilising moment (about toe) per meter Mr
Distance of resultant vertical force from heel xw

Fs ,overturning 0.9Mr/Mo
5 Soil pressure at footing base
Resultand vertical reaction R
Distance of R form toe LR
Ecentricity e

6e/B
(Qmax should less than Soil bearing pressure), qmax
qmin
6 Stability against sliding
Sliding force Pacosθ
Passive earth pressure Pp
Resisting force F
Let's neglect Passive Earth Pressure,
Fs,sliding 0.9F/Pa

Required passive pressure Pp,r

Provide a shear key of size200
300
For computing the passive pressure below the toe the overburden of 30
h1
h2
Pp
Fs,sliding 0.9F/Pa
Down ward Pressure
At toe side
 At hill side

7 Design of toe slab

Pressure due to self weight of toe slab+( or tank and backfill)
Assume clear cover
Diameter of bars
Effective depth of toe d
Range of pressure variation
At joint of toe wall and stem
At toe side
Shear force Vu
Moment M
Nominal shear stress τv
From Table 19 of IS456:200, For M20 and τc 0.32
R Mu/bd2
Pt,req
Area required Areq
Spacing required
Development length Ld
8 Design of heel slab
Load calculation
Overburden+surcharge
Self Weight
Total w
Range of pressure variation
Design share force at rare face of stem varies from
At heel
Shear force Vu
Moment M
Nominal shear stress τv
From Table 19 of IS456:200, For M20 and τv 0.37
R Mu/bd2
Pt,req
Area required Areq
Spacing required
Development length Ld
9 Design of vertical stem
Height of cantilever above base h
Assumw clear cover
 Diameter of bars
Efffective depth at base
Force due to active pressure (per meter) Pa
Horizontal component Pacosθ
Maximum design moent Mu
R Mu/bd2
Pt,req
Areq
Spacing required
Development length Ld

10 Check for shear at base of stem

Critical section is at d
distance from the top of stem Zs
Shear force at critical section
Horizontal component cosθ

Nominal shear stress τv

τc for given reinforcement percentage 0.39

Temperature and Shinkage reinforcement

Ast
 Spacing Req Development length Bar dia
181.44 752.00 16.00
344.15 752.00 use 1.3 Ld 16.00
183.61 940 20.00

taining Wall
Value Unit

3.77 m
0.62 m
0.40 m
15.00 kN/m2
4.17 m
1.60 m
2.57 m
30.00 Degree
0.00 Degree
0.40
100.00 kN/m2 200
20.00 Mpa
500.00 MPa
5.00 kN/m2
25.00 kN/m3
9.81 kN/m3
12.50 kN/m3
18.00 kN/m3 3870.000
0.28 m
4.45 m 300

0.33 150.000
3.00
2300.000
4.17 m
2.30 m 0.5H to 0.7H i.e 2.22
0.15 m 0.5B 1.15
300.00 m H/12 0.38
300.00 mm 0.1H or H/12 0.44
200.00 mm Generallly 300mm
3870.00 mm
1.85 m With Toe
0.00 m
 2.89 m
1.28

6.95 kN
17.89 kN in H height of inclined portion considered
24.84 kN
24.84 kN
0.00 kN
24.03 kNm
131.80 kNm Mr=∑M
1.37 m X=∑M/∑W

4.94 Which is all right FOS should >1.4

95.93 kN
1.12 m ∑Mo-Mr/∑W
0.03 m e= B/2-LR
Which is all right
0.07
44.59 kN/m2 Which is all right
38.82 kN/m 2
Which is all right

24.84 kN
4.32 kN
38.37 kN µ∑W
Which is all right
1.39 Not Ok FOS should >1.4
Shear key need to be provided
0.24 kN
1.85 m distance from toe

below the toe the overburden of 300mm is usually neglected

0.10
1.37 m
50.27 kN
3.21 Which is all right FOS should >1.4

270.00 kN/m2
 80.06 kN/m2

7.50 kN/m2
75.00 mm 24.84
16.00 mm
217.00 mm 7.50

32.45 kN/m2
37.09 kN/m2
85.17 kN/m
91.24 kNm 1.85 0.3
0.39 Mpa 39.95
pt 0.17 44.59 39.20
1.94 MPa
0.51 % -14.36
1108.12 mm2/m
181.44 mm 32.45
752.00 mm 37.09

69.66 kN/m2
7.50 kN/m2
77.16 kN/m2

-14.36 kN/m2
-13.98 kN/m2
-3.19 kN/m
-0.24 kNm
-0.01 Mpa
pt 0.27
-0.01 MPa
0.00 % SP 16 Table 2
584.23 mm2/m
344.15 mm
752.00 mm

3.87 m
50.00 mm
 20.00 mm
240.00 mm
67.40 kN/m
67.40 kN/m
86.94 kNm
1.51 Mpa
0.38 % SP 16 Table 2
921.22 mm2/m
341.02 mm
940.00 mm

0.24 m
3.63 m
59.30 kN/m
59.30 kN/m

0.25
0.32 Which is All right,

360.00
 sinθ 0
sinϕ 0.5
cosϕ 0.8660254038
cosθ 1
tanθ 0
tanϕ 0.5773502692

0.000

300

3.11

0.38
Pressure calculation
Type Force (kN) Distance from toe (m) Moment (kNm)
Due to soil upto water table
Triangular portion 0.00 1.49 0.00
 Rectangle portion 0.00 0.80 0.00
Due to submerge soil 5.33 0.53 2.84
Due to water 12.56 0.53 6.70

Total 17.89 9.54

n considered
Height 1.3

Calculate Forces and Moment Acting on the Wall

Type Force (kN) Distance from toe (m)Moment (kNm)
Footing (w1) 17.250 1.150 19.838
Rectangle portion of wall (w2) 19.350 1.950 37.733
Triangular portion of wall (w3) 4.838 1.917 9.272
Weight of backfill soil (w4) 11.20 2.225 24.92
Load due to weight of passive so 43.29 0.93 40.04
Weigth of inclined slope (w5) 0.000 2.200 0.00
W 95.927 Total 131.80
0.15 for fck 20.00 kN/m2
38.82 Ast τv
0.25 0.36
0.17 0.32
-13.98 0.5 0.49
=

for fck 20.00 kN/m2

Ast τv
0.25 0.36
0.27 0.37
0.5 0.49