LAPORAN REKAYASA IDE

MATA KULIAH – BAHASA INGGRIS

DISUSUN OLEH

RIZKY RAMADHAN SIBARANI 4223250028

ADHEVTA JIBRAN MUZAKKI KHAN 4223250026
FIKRI ABDI AZZAKI GINTING 4223250018
NURRA NIANDA 4222550008
SITI ANANDA NASUTION 4222550010

DOSEN PENGAMPU
ANDREA ARIFSYAH NASUTION

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA ILMU PENGETAHUAN
PRODI ILMU KOMPUTER
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER I........................................................................................................3

(Introduction)........................................................................................................3

CHAPTER II.......................................................................................................4

Sources of air pollution include:...........................................................................5

Types of air pollutants..........................................................................................5

CHAPTER III.....................................................................................................7

(Research Methods)..............................................................................................7

CHAPTER IV.....................................................................................................8

(Discussion)..........................................................................................................8

CHAPTER V.......................................................................................................9

(Conclusion).........................................................................................................9

(References)........................................................................................................10
 CHAPTER I
(Introduction)

Air pollution is the entry or mixing of harmful elements into the atmosphere which
can result in environmental damage so as to reduce environmental quality. According to the
Encyclopaedia Britannica, air pollution is the release of various gases, finely split solids or
liquid aerosols into the dispersed atmosphere at a rate exceeding the natural capacity of the
environment to discharge, dissolve or absorb them Air pollution can be atmospheric
conditions in which certain substances are present in concentrations that can produce harmful
effects on humans and their environment.
Air Pollution is abal health hazard with serious public health implications, especially
for children and the elderly. Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere
in the form of gases or particulates and particles of biological origin. The demographic and
epidemiological character of the population in a way that tends to influence susceptibility to
air pollution. The increasing number of vehicles, engines, factories, and other oxides makes
the environment more polluted.
Severe outdoor air pollution problems exist in developing countries, especially in
major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Bombay, Karachi, Cairo, Sao Paulo and Mexico City.
It is a fact that developed countries make more air pollution than developing countries.
Developed countries are economically strong and lifestyles are different from developing
countries and below developing countries thus, the exploitation of resources is more.

In the East Asia and Pacific region, Indonesia ranks second in terms of deaths from
household air pollution caused by burning solid fuels. Pollutants produced by the fuel have a
high concentration due to an incomplete combustion process. This situation will have an
impact on low air quality if the condition of the house in the form of physical and ventilation
is not qualified and inadequate and does not have a kitchen chimney. Human susceptibility to
adverse health effects of exposure to air pollution can be attributed to a genetic profile; race
and ethnicity; lifestyle, behavior; socioeconomic position; and the location of residences or
daily activities. Urban air quality is very important and improves the lives of living things.
Recent studies in various places around the world have shown elevated levels of ozone (O3)
and particulates (PM), leading to more casualties with respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases. Outdoor air pollution results from the chemical reactions of various pollutants from
various sources. It's like a huge smog that causes a lot of health problems.
One of the main impacts of air pollution directly is the impact on health. Air pollution
will affect the respiratory tract of humans as well as animals. So it can cause various
complaints, such as lung diseases and upper tract respiratory diseases. Meanwhile, not only
the respiratory system is disturbed. In humans who inhale carbon monoxide substances, the
work of hemoglobin will be disturbed.
As a result, oxygen will not circulate in the body smoothly. This condition can lead to
death due to CO poisoning. Data from WHO once recorded, there are about 3.2 million cases
of death due to air pollution in the world. Meanwhile, the latest data from WHO states that
the number of deaths due to air pollution has increased to 7 million people per year. This is
because more than 90% of people on earth breathe air with a fairly high level of pollutants.
Most cases of deaths due to this air pollution occur in low- and middle-income countries.
Jakarta as the capital of the country and is the largest city in Indonesia experiences air
pollution reaching the Threshold Value (NAB) of PM2.5 concentration which is 65 μg / m3.
Below that value which is between 15-65 μg/m3 is air pollution being at MODERATE levels.
The main reason behind such air pollution is due to the burning of fossil fuels, which are used
for energy generation and transportation. Most developing countries use more fuel produced
by increased industrial emissions where air pollution levels in those countries are also
increasing. The increasing population as in Jakarta is another major reason for pollution and
overcrowded cities.
 CHAPTER II
(Theoretical Runway)

A. Air

Air refers to a mixture of gases found on the earth's surface. The air is not visible to
the eyes, has no smell, and there is no taste. The presence of air can only be seen from the
presence of wind moving objects. Air is one type of natural resource because it has many
functions for living things. Air is vital for the survival of living things. Without air, living
things will not be able to survive for a long time, even just a few minutes. This is because the
air on earth contains many gases that are needed, especially for the purpose of breathing,
namely oxygen gas. Because this oxygen is needed for breathing, therefore this air is
considered a component that is needed at all times.
Not just any air can be consumed by living things. Living things need a clean and
healthy air state to meet their daily needs, especially for breathing. Many parties need this
clean and healthy air condition, especially humans. Humans need clean air to breathe which
the lungs breathe. When the air inhaled by humans is not in a clean state, it can endanger the
health of the human lungs.

B. Clean Air

Clean air is air that contains many benefits for humans. Clean air is free from all kinds
of things that are not needed by humans, be it in the form of substances or solid particles such
as dust, dirt, and others or in the form of gases that are not needed because of their
detrimental properties, such as carbon dioxide, monoxide, and other harmful gases. This
clean and healthy air has special characteristics that distinguish it from air that tends to be bad
or tends to be polluted. Some of the characteristics of clean and healthy air include:
a. Odorless
b. Feels cool
c. Not mixed with foreign objects
d. Feels fresh when inhaled

C. Air Pollution

Air pollution is the presence of one or more physical, chemical, or biological

substances in the atmosphere in quantities that can harm human, animal, and plant health,
interfere with aesthetics and comfort, or damage property. Air pollution can be caused by
natural sources as well as human activities. Air quality in Indonesia has again received a red
report card from the IQAir 2021 World Air Quality report, Tuesday (22/3/2022). Indonesia is
ranked 17th as the most air polluted country in the world with the highest PM2.5
concentration of 34.3 μg/m3.

Air pollutants are divided into two, namely, primary pollutants and secondary
polluters. Primary pollutants are polluting substances that are generated directly from the
source of air pollution. Carbon monoxide is an example of a primary air pollutant because it
is the result of combustion. A secondary pollutant is a polluting substance formed from the
reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere. The formation of ozone in photochemical
smog is an example of secondary air pollution. Recently there has been growing concern
about the effects of air pollution emissions in the global context and its relation to global
warming that affects.
Sources of air pollution include:
Human activity
 Transportation
 Industry
 Power plant
 Combustion (fireplaces, stoves, furnaces, incinerators with various types of fuel)
including traditional combustion of biomass
 Factory exhaust gases that produce harmful gases such as CFCs

Natural sources
 Volcano
 Swamps
 Forest fires
 Denitrifikasi
 Under certain conditions, vegetation can produce significant volatile organic
compounds capable of reacting with anthropogenic pollutants to form secondary
pollutants

Other sources
 Transportation
  Gas tank leakage
 Methane gas from landfills
 Vapors of organic solvents

Types of air pollutants

 carbon monoxide
 nitrogen oxides
 sulfur oxide
 CFC
 Hydrocarbon
 volatile organic compounds
 Particulate
 Free radicals

D. Air Quality Conditions in Indonesia

Indonesia with Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( DKI Jakarta) as the capital of the
country and is the largest city in Indonesia. Covering an area of 661.5 km2, Jakarta is
inhabited by a population of 10,817,856 people. As a business, political, and cultural center,
Jakarta is the place where the headquarters of state-owned enterprises, private companies, and
foreign companies are established. The city is also the seat of government institutions and
asean secretariat offices. This has caused Jakarta to become a city prone to air pollution in
Indonesia. BMKG (Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency) noted that since
June 15, 2022, PM2.5 concentrations have increased and reached a peak at the level of 148
μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic meter). The decline in air quality in Jakarta and its
surroundings is caused by a combination of emission sources from air pollution contributors
and meteorological factors that are conducive to causing accumulation of PM2.5
concentrations.

PM2.5 is one of the air pollutants in the form of particles with a very small size,
which is no more than 2.5 μm (micrometer). With this very small size, PM2.5 can easily enter
the respiratory system, and can cause respiratory tract infections and disorders of the lungs in
the long term. In addition, PM2.5 can penetrate the circulatory tissue and be carried by the
blood throughout the body. This can lead to the occurrence of cardiovascular disorders such
as coronary heart disease.
The results of monitoring the PM2.5 concentration at BMKG Kemayoran Jakarta
show that throughout June 2022, the average PM2.5 concentration is at the level of 41 μg/m3
in the MEDIUM category. PM2.5 concentrations show a diurnal pattern indicating a pattern
difference between day and night. PM2.5 concentrations tend to increase in the early morning
to morning hours and decrease in the afternoon to evening. Especially in the last few days
PM2.5 has experienced a surge in increased concentration and the highest is at the level of
148 μg/m3 on June 15, 2022. PM2.5 with this concentration can be categorized in the
category of UNHEALTHY air quality. The high concentration of PM2.5, compared to the
previous day, can also be seen when the air conditions in Jakarta are visible to the naked eye.
On June 16-17, PM2.5 concentrations tended to decrease compared to June 15 when there
was a fairly high concentration. However, there was an increase in PM2.5 concentration on
June 18 to reach 147.5 μg/m3. On this day, June 20, 2022, PM2.5 concentrations are again
above 100 μg/m3.
Please note that the Threshold Value (NAV) of PM2.5 concentration is 65 μg/m3.
Under these values, namely between 15-65 μg/m3 air pollution is at a MODERATE level and
a concentration value at 0-15 μg/m3 is in the GOOD category. Above the NAV, when it is at
a concentration of 66-150 μg/m3 in the UNHEALTHY category, when it is at a value of 151-
250 μg/m3 the category is VERY UNHEALTHY, and when more than 250 μg/m3 is in the
DANGEROUS category.
 CHAPTER III
(Research Methods)

This research used a new method that takes many views, but focuses on the
occurrence of air pollution in Indonesia's capital, Jakarta, the negative impacts of pollution,
as well as pollution causative factors such as population density, age, and quality of health
facilities. This study used secondary data from the BMKG (Meteorology, Climatology, and
Geophysics Agency) in 2022. BMKG is an Indonesian Non-Ministerial Government
Institution (LPNK) that has the task of carrying out government duties in the fields of
meteorology, climatology, and geophysics.
The dependent variables in this study are the impact and level of air pollution that
occurs in the capital city. This variable is taken from BMKG's latest data on air quality
recorded since June 15, 2022, PM2.5 concentrations have increased and reached a peak at the
level of 148 μg / m3 (micrograms per cubic meter).

BMKG said in a Press Release dated June 17, 2022, several factors affecting PM2.5
concentrations continue to contribute to the decline in air quality in the Jakarta area and its
surroundings, including:
1. PM2.5 in Jakarta is influenced by various sources of emissions both from local
sources, such as transportation and residential, as well as from regional sources from
industrial estates close to Jakarta. These emissions under certain conditions affected
by meteorological parameters can accumulate and cause a measurable increase in
concentration in the PM2.5 concentration measurement monitoring tool;

2. The process of movement of air pollutants such as PM2.5 is influenced by wind

patterns moving from one location to another. Winds carrying PM2.5 from emission
sources can move towards other locations, causing a potential increase in PM2.5
concentrations. The surface layer wind pattern shows the movement of air masses
from the east and northeast towards Jakarta, and has an impact on the accumulation of
PM2.5 concentrations in this region;

3. An increase in PM2.5 concentration has a positive correlation or relationship that is

directly proportional to the water vapor content in the air expressed by the relative air
humidity parameter. In recent days, the high relative humidity of the air has led to an
increase in the adsorption process, which in technical terms refers to the change of
form from a gas to a particle. This process causes an increase in PM2.5 concentrations
facilitated by water content in the air;
 CHAPTER IV
(Discussion)

Reporting from NASA's official website, air pollution is caused by solid and liquid
particles and certain gases suspended in the air. Solid and liquid particles suspended in the air
are called aerosols. Such particles can come from many sources. Many aerosols enter the
atmosphere when burning activities of fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal and wood. Some
aerosol particles and gases come directly from these sources. But there are also those that are
formed through chemical reactions in the air. Aerosols can also come from other places such
as erupting volcanic ash, dust, pollen from plants, vehicle exhaust, factories to forest fires.
Aerosols can affect the way light hits the earth. Some aerosols reflect sunlight while others
absorb sunlight, depending on the color of the particles.
Here are the things that refer to this discussion of air pollution.
· Can air pollution threaten human existence?
· How can air pollution harm humans?
· How can we reduce air pollution?
· How come few humans feel that air pollution is dangerous?
· Who is responsible for air pollution?

The impact of air pollution from vehicles, cigarette smoke and others can trigger
respiratory disorders and Global Warming. Some argue that air pollution is okay and others
argue that air pollution must be prevented and reduced so that we can breathe fresh air every
day.
The steps we can take to prevent and reduce air pollution are
1. Reducing Motor Vehicle Use
2. Energy Saving
3. Buying Recycled Products
4. Using Sustainable Products
5. Planting Trees
6. Walking, Cycling or Taking Advantage of Public Transportation
7. Eat Local and Organic Products
8. Eating Less Meat
9. Reducing Wildfires
10. Quit
11. Avoid burning trash
12. Avoiding the use of plastic bags
 CHAPTER V
(Conclusion)

Air is a mixture of gases found in the layers surrounding the earth. Air refers to a
mixture of gases found on the earth's surface. The air is not visible to the eyes, has no smell,
and there is no taste. The presence of air can only be seen from the presence of wind moving
objects. Air pollution is the presence of one or more physical, chemical, or biological
substances in the atmosphere in quantities that can harm human, animal, and plant health,
interfere with aesthetics and comfort, or damage property. Air pollution can be caused by
natural sources as well as human activities.
The impact of air pollution from vehicle smoke, factory smoke, cigarette smoke, and
others can trigger respiratory problems, such as asthma, ARI, and lung cancer. So we must
reduce the impact of such air pollution such as reducing the number of vehicles, machines,
factories, and other oxides that can create air pollution. We can conclude that developed
countries make more air pollution than developing countries.
Indonesia ranks second in terms of deaths from home air pollution caused by the
combustion of solid fuel and the fuel contains high concentrations that cause an incomplete
combustion process. So we have to reduce those things to reduce the impact of the burning.
One of the main impacts of air pollution directly is the impact on health. Air pollution will
affect the breathing of humans and animals. The impact of animal poisoning is that animals
can be endangered due to air poisoning/CO.
In addition to some of the factors previously outlined, another cause that contributes
to the deterioration of air quality in Jakarta and its surroundings is the stagnation of air
movements which causes air pollutants that have accumulated in this region to not move and
have an impact on conditions that tend to last a long time. Air stagnation conditions are
characterized by low wind speeds that not only impact the accumulation of PM2.5, but can
also trigger the production of other air pollutants such as surface ozone (O3), the presence of
which can be indicated from a decrease in visibility.
The increase in PM2.5 concentration, which has an impact on reducing air quality in
Jakarta, has a negative influence on individuals who have a history of respiratory and
cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, people are urged to be able to reduce outdoor activities
and use personal protection such as appropriate masks to reduce the level of exposure to air
pollutants.
 CHAPTER VI
(References)

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 https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_udara
 https://www.bmkg.go.id/press-release/?p=bmkg-update-perkembangan-terkini-
kondisi-kualitas-udara-di-wilayah-jakarta-dan-sekitarnya
 https://regional.inews.id/berita/kota-terpadat-di-indonesia-jumlah-penduduk-dan-luas-
wilayah
 https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Meteorologi,_Klimatologi,_dan_Geofisika
 http://repository.usm.ac.id/files/skripsi/C41A/2014/C.431.14.0026/C.431.14.0026-05-
BAB-II-20190213102135.pdf