Science 10 Review Answers

Chemistry Review
1. Protons, neutrons and, electrons are the three particles that make up the atom. Protons and
neutrons make up 99.9% of the mass equally, electrons make up very little of the mass. Protons
and neutron are found in the nucleus and electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels. Protons have
a positive charge, neutrons have no charges and, electrons have a negative charge.
2. Name the:
a. Element with 8 protons - Oxygen
b. Element with 10 electrons - Neon
c. Element with 3 electron shells (energy levels) and 5 electrons in the valence energy
level - Phosphorous
d. Ion with a 2+ charge containing 10 electrons - Magnesium
e. Ion with a 2- charge containing 18 electrons - Sulfur
f. Ion with 38 protons and 36 electrons – strontium ion
3. Multi-valent elements or multi-valent metals.
4. Provide the symbol or name for the following:
a. Cu – copper atom
b. Cu2+ - copper (II) ion
c. O – oxygen atom
d. O2- - oxide ion
e. SO42- - sulfate ion
f. hydroxide ion - OH-
g. zinc atom – Zn(s)
h. sulfur atom – S8(s)
i. calcium ion – Ca2+
j. iodide ion - I-
5. Ionic bonds require the transfer of electron and the attraction between a positive and negative ion.
A covalent bond is where two atoms share electrons. Ionic bonds are stronger.
6. Name the following:
a. NaF(s) –sodium fluoride
b. BaCl2(s) –barium chloride
c. CCl4(l) – carbon tetrachloride
d. CaSO4(s) –calcium sulfate
e. O2(g) -oxygen
f. SO2(g) –sulfur dioxide
g. Cu(OH)2(s) –copper (II) hydroxide
h. Al(NO2)3(s) –aluminum nitrate
i. Pb(OH)4(s) –lead (IV) hydroxide
j. H2(g) -hydrogen
k. K2S(s) –potassium sulfide
l. S8(s) –sulfur or ocatsulfur
m. H3PO4(aq) – phosphoric acid
n. HBr(aq) – hydrobromic acid
o. HClO2(aq) – chlorous acid
p. NH3(g) - ammonia
q. C6H12O6(s) - glucose
r. H2S(g)_- hydrogen sulfide
7. Write the formulae for the following :
a. copper (I) oxide –Cu(OH)(s)
b. sodium iodide – NaI(s)
c. zinc nitrate –Zn(NO3)2(s)
 d. dicarbon tetraoxide – C2O4
e. phosphorous molecule -P4(s)
f. iron (II) hydroxide –Fe(OH)2(s)
g. iodine molecule –I2(s)
h. trinitrogen pentasulfide – N3S5
i. sulfuric acid – H2SO4(aq)
j. hydrochloric acid – HCl(aq)
k. methanol – CH3OH(l)
l. sucrose – C12H22O12(s)
m. hydrogen peroxide – H2O2(l)
8. Acids have a pH lower than 7, taste sour, do not feel slippery, conducts electricity. Blue litmus
changes to red in the presence of an acid and red litmus stays red in the presence of an acid.
Phenolphthalein stays clear in the presence of an acid and bromothymol blue turns yellow in the
presence of an acid
Bases have a pH greater than 7, do not react with metals, taste bitter, feel slippery
and conducts electricity. Blue litmus stays blue in the presence of a base and red
litmus turns blue in the presence of a base. Phenolphthalein turns pink in the
presence of a base and bromothymol blue stays blue in the presence of a base.
9. An isotope has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
10. 5 pieces of evidence that indicate that a chemical reaction has taken place are:
1. Produce a new substance
2. Energy flow has occurred
3. A change of state may occur
4. The law of conservation of mass has been proven
5. It can be very difficult to reverse
11. An endothermic absorbs energy and an exothermic reaction releases energy.
12. Classify the reaction type AND balance the following equations:
a. N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g) -Formation
b. 2 C20H42(s) + 61 O2(g)  40 CO2(g) + 42 H2O(g) –Hydrocarbon Combustion
c. ZnCl2 (aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2 AgCl(aq) – Double Replacement
d. Na2S(aq) + Cu(s)  2 Na(s) + CuS(aq) -Single Replacement
e. 2 HCl(aq)  H2(g) + Cl2(g) -Decomposition
13.
a. Sulfuric acid reacts with solid calcium phosphate
3 H2SO4(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s) → 3 CaSO4(s) + 2 H3PO4(aq)
b. Kerosene, C14H30(l), is burned as a fuel.
2 C14H30(l) + 43 O2(g) → 28 CO2(g) + 30 H2O(g)
c. Phosphoric acid is neutralized eith a calcium hydroxide solution.
2 H3PO4(aq) + 3 Ca(OH)2(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 H2O(l)
d. Aquesous ammonia and nitric acid react to form the ferilizer ammonium nitrate.
NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) → NH4NO3(aq)
e. Carbon disulfide liquid burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide
CS2(l) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 SO2(g)
f. Sodium metal reacts with water. (Think of water as HOH).
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
g. A sodium carbonate solution reacts with aqueous lead (II) nitrate to recover and
dispose of an environmentally hazardous substance.
Na2CO3(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + PbCO3(s)
h. Aluminum and oxygen react to form a protective oxide coating.
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Al2O3(s)
 i. Aqueous chlorine reacts with aqueous potassium iodide.
Cl2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + I2(s)
14. The Law of Conservation of Mass the mass of the products should equal the mass of the
reactants.
15. Use your solubility table to predict the solubility of the following compounds:
a. NaNO3(aq)
b. Ag2SO4(s)
c. KOH(aq)
d. CaCO3(s)
16. A mole is a unit of measure used in chemistry. 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles
17. Molar Mass is the average mass of one mole of all the naturally occurring isotopes of that
element
18. Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds
a) Zn(NO3)2(aq) = 189.41 g/mol
b) CaCO3 = 100.09 g/mol
c) sulfur = S8 = 256.56 g/mol
d) Ag2SO4 = 311.81 g/mol
19. How many grams are in 2.50 mol of copper (II) sulfate, and calcium carbonate?
mass copper (II) sulfate = 399 g mass calcium carbonate = 250 g
20. How many moles are in 5.64 g of magnesium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide?
moles magnesium hydroxide = 0.0967 mol moles potassium hydroxide = 0.101 mol

Biology Review
1. The nucleus is known as the control center of the cell.
2. Protein is synthesized in the ribosomes.
3. The mitochondria is where energy is converted.
4. Golgi bodies package cell products to prepare them to move out of the cell.
5. The vacuole and vesicles are used for storage.
6. A plant has a cell wall to provide the rigid structure.
7. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.
8. The lysosomes are where old cell parts are digested.
9. The cell membrane holds the cell together and controls the transport in and out of the cell.
10. Animals do not have chloroplasts because they do not produce their own energy.
11. Bacteria do not have a nucleus and they are called prokaryotic.
12. A cell is limited in size because they have to be able to get the nutrients and gases needed
across the cell membrane that are required to survive. Larger cells require more nutrients and
gases and cannot get enough of these in a given amount of time to support itself.
13. A cell wants a high surface area to volume ratio.
14. Active transport requires energy to be added to transport molecules, passive transport does not
require extra energy.
15. I) Diffusion –movement of molecules along a concentration gradient. II) Osmosis –movement
of water along a concentration gradient. III) Facilitated diffusion –protein channels are used to
help transport molecules but no extra energy is required.
16. It will swell and possibly burst because the hypotonic solution has more water than the cell so
the water will enter the cell.
17. The solution is hypertonic, water will move out of the plant cells and salt moves into the plant
killing the plant.
18. No net movement would occur if the plant is in a isotonic solution because the concentration
of water and solutes is equal.
19. The membrane is semi-permeable.
20. I) Sugar will move toward the left side, water will move to the right side until the sugar is at
equilibrium with a concentration of 5%. Starch will not move because it is too large to cross
the membrane.
II) Starch will not move but water will move to the left side to make the solutions isotonic.
III) Sugar will move to the left side and water will move to the right side until there is 2.5%
sugar and 97.5% water on both sides of the membrane.
21. Hydrophilic is water-soluble or water “loving” in the cell membrane the phosphate heads are
hydrophilic. Hydrophobic is not soluble in water or water “hating” in the cell membrane the
lipid bilayer is hydrophobic. Therefore, water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the lipid
bilayer without help.
22. Cells are the smallest unit of life, Tissues are cells grouped together to perform the same
function. Organs are tissues grouped together to perform similar functions. Organ systems are
groups of organs that perform similar functions.
23. The root system is located under the ground and the shoot system is located above ground.
24. The dermal tissue is responsible for the exchange of matter and gases into and out of the
plant.
25. Cuticle is a waxy substance that is secreted by the cells in the stems and leaves that protects
the plant from micro-organisms and from water loss.
26. Xylem and Phloem act as transport in plants.
27. Xylem moves mater and minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves. Phloem transports
the sugars from the leaves to the roots and other parts of the cells.
28. Sieve tube cells are continuous ducts in the phloem that have no nucleus and allow transport
to occur. Companion cells are found by the sieve tube cells and direct activity in themselves
and the sieve cells.
29. Stomata and guard cells act in gas exchange in plants.
30. Photosynthesis
sunlight energy
6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)  C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)

Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + Energy
31. Transpiration is the process by which water leaves the leaf through the stomata.
32. See page 328-330 in textbook.
33. Palisade tissue is responsible for photosynthesis.
34. Spongy is responsible for gas exchange by diffusion throughout the leaf.
35. Cohesion is the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules. Adhesion is the
attraction of water molecules to molecules of a different substance.
36. See page 334-336
37. Tropisms are important control systems needed for survival.
38. Plant growth in response to light, is called phototropism. When the shoot system grows
towards the light it is termed positive phototropism. The root system displays negative
phototropism because it grows away from the light.It is believed that a chemical substance is
responsible for communicating the stimulus information to the tip of seedlings, and are the
reason that positive phototropism occurs.
39. Gravitropism is when plants respond to the Earth’s gravitational force. Positive
gravitropism refers to when the parts of the plant grow toward this gravitational force (roots).
Negative gravitropism refers to when parts of the plant grow against gravity (stems).
Geotropism is another term for gravitropism. Scientists believe that heavy starch molecules
in the plant shift when the plant moves, indicating which way gravity is pushing.
 Physics Review
1.

Distance-Time
Distance (m)

Time (s)

Speed-Time
Speed (m/s)

Time (s)

2. The average constant speed.

Distance-Time
Distance (m)

Time (s)
3.

Speed-Time
Speed (m/s)

Time (s)
4. a) It is traveling in uniform motion because the boat is traveling the same amount of distance in
evey second.
b) 10 m/s [N]
5. 0.23 m/s
6. 17 km
7. 83.3 h
8. 19800 km/h2
9. a) 7.7 km
b) - 3.1 km or 3.1 [W]

c) 3.15 km/h
d) 1.27 km/h [W]
10. 5.8 m/s [E]
11. 3.9 s
12. -8.8 m/s or 8.8 m/s down the hill
13. a) The bicycle is not traveling in uniform motion you know this because the velocity is increasing
in each time interval.
b) 3.3 m/s2
14. Force is that which tends to change the state of motion of an object.
15. In order for work to be done on an object a force must be applied, it must move a distance and
they must be in the same direction.
16. There is no work done on the watermelon because it has not moved.
Work is done on the muscles because they have moved a distance while holding the watermelon.
17. No work is done because the car does not move.
18. 32 500 J
19. Potential Energy is stored energy.
Kinetic Energy is energy that is used.
20.Kinetic Energy: Chemical, Electrical, Thermal, Nuclear, Magnetic
Potential energy: Gravitational, Elastic, Electrical, Chemical, Solar
21. a)Chemical Potential/Electrical Kinetic
b) elastic potential
c) mechanical energy
d) thermal and light
e) chemical
22.6.3 x 105 J
23.1.7 x 104 J
24.Potential energy must be converted into kinetic energy to become useful.
25. 1st Law of thermodynamics: The amount of energy within a system does not change it only
changes form.
2nd Law of thermodynamics: Thermal energy moves from hot to cold never from cold to hot.
26. Open system exchanges matter and energy with its environment.
Closed system exchanges only energy with its environment.
Isolated systems do not exchange energy or matter with its environment.
27. For a refrigerator the input is electricity, the converter is thermal coils in the fridge and the output
is cold air.

Climate Review
1. The biosphere is a relatively thin layer of Earth that has conditions suitable for supporting life as
we know it. It is composed of all living things on Earth and physical environment that supports them.
2. The biosphere is made up of three interacting components:
 a. The atmosphere- rises 500 km over Earth’s surface, made up mainly of gases (78.08 %
nitrogen, 20.95 % oxygen 0.97% other gases) and small solids suspended in air called
atmospheric dust.
b. The lithosphere- the solid portion of the Earth, home to living organisms, extends 100 km
below the Earth’s surface, and warmed by the incoming energy from the sun.
c. The hydrosphere- accounts for all water on Earth, about 97 % of water on Earth is salt water in
Earth’s oceans, the 3 % fresh water is found in lakes, streams, snow and glaciers.
3. The atmosphere is made up of different layers:
o Troposphere
♦ found 0 km to 10 km above the Earth’s surface with an average temperature of
15 C.
♦ 80 % of atmospheric gases are found in this layer
♦ It is the only layer of the atmosphere where the temperature range and amount
of oxygen present can support life.
o Stratosphere
♦ Found above the troposphere from 10 km to 50 km above the Earth’s surface.
♦ Temperature ranges from 0 C to –60 C.
♦ The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere.
o Mesosphere
♦ Found above the stratosphere.
♦ Temperature ranges from 0 C to –100 C.
o Thermosphere
♦ Farthest layer form earth.
♦ Temperature ranges from -100 C to 1500 C.
♦ Little gas is found here.
4. Net radiation budget is the difference between the incoming reaction and of outgoing radiation re-
emitted from Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
Albedo – the percent of solar radiation that a surface reflects. Light shiny surfaces have higher
albedos than dark surfaces.
Insolation is the amount of solar energy received by a region of Earth’s surface. Dependent on
latitude and characteristics of the region.
Greenhouse effect is the absorption of thermal energy by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
which can be increased with the release of more greenhouse gases by humans.
5. See pg 346 figure D1.6 and pg 383 figure D2.27 The hydrologic cycle.
6. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the
substance by 1C. For water it is 4.19 J/gC.
Surface tension a property of liquids arising from unbalanced molecular cohesive forces at or near
the surface, as a result of which the surface tends to contract. The surface tension of water allows
things to float on the water that normally would not.
Melting point the point at which ice melts to liquid water, usually at 0C
Boiling point the point at which liquid water becomes steam, usually at 100C.
Density is the mass per volume of a substance water is most dense at 4C which means the less
dense ice will float at the surface.
7. 8.4 x 102 J
8. Water is polar because it has a positive and negative pole.
9. Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules to hold them together.
10. Condensation is when the gaseous water becomes liquid within a cloud. Evaporation is when the
liquid water in rivers, lakes etc changes into gaseous water in the air and clouds. Precipitation is when
the liquid water falls from the clouds to earth. Transpiration is when water evaporates from plants.
11. 66.7 kJ
12. 4.99 mol
13. The earth is an open system.
14. The earth is made up of the hydrosphere, biosphere and the atmosphere.
15.
Biome Characteristics
Tundra  Precipitation > 20 cm/year (mostly
snow)
 Average Temperature -15C to 5C
 Very short summer seasons
 Found in the arctic regions of North
America and Asia.
 Lowest insolation of all biomes.
 Since ice and snow cover the tundra
almost year-round it also has a high
albedo.
 The low insolation and high albedo
maintain a very cold temperature in the
tundra.
 Little precipitation means that little plant
and animal life inhabit this biome.
 Plants and animals that do live there
need to adapt greatly to the conditions of
the environment that they live in.
Taiga  Precipitation 40 to 100 cm/year (much as
snow)
 Average Temperature 4C to 14C
 Cool summer, cold winter
 Found in a broad belt around the Earth
just south of the tundra biome.
 Dominated by evergreen conifer trees.
 Referred to as the Boreal Forest.
 Has more precipitation and higher
temperatures than the tundra on average.
 Has a longer growing season due to
insolation.
 Many plants and animals have adapted to
living in the taiga region by having
needle shaped leaves, changing color
with the seasons and migration.
 Much of Alberta is covered in taiga.

Deciduous Forest  Precipitation 75 to 150 cm/year

 Average Temperature 14C to 27C
 Well-defined summer and winter seasons
  Distinguished by trees that lose their
leaves each fall.
 Found in parts of North and South
America, Asia Japan and Australia.
 Has a moderate climate and a longer
growing season than taiga.

Grassland  Precipitation 25 to 57 cm/year

 Average Temperature 4C to 30C
 Grassy regions with few or no trees.
 Occur on all continents but may be
known by other names.
 In North America they tend to be
referred to as prairie.
 Africa, Central America and Australia
refer to them as savannas.
 The temperature does not vary much but
the seasonal differences are
distinguished by the amount of
precipitation (dry and wet season).
Rain Forest  Precipitation > 200 cm/year Average
Temperature 25C to 30C
 may have short dry season
 Contain the richest diversity of plants
and animals of all biomes.
 Have over 200 cm of rain a year.
 Has a wet warm climate year-round.
 Because there are so many plants in the
rain forest they have adapted to
maximize their exposure to light.
Desert  Precipitation < 25 cm/year
 Average Temperature 12C to 27C
 Days hot, nights cold
 Little plant life is found in the desert.
 Receive high levels of insolation.
16. See textbook pages 404 to 405