Resonant Converters:

ZCS M type, ZVS,

Load resonant converter
Module 6_Part2

Anju James
Assistant Professor
Electrical and Electronics
GECI
 M type ZCS Converter

Circuit schematic of a buck converter with the controlled switch replaced with an M type zero current switch.

• L & C near the dc source Vs form a resonant circuit and L1 & C1 near the load constitute a filter circuit.
• Assumptions :
• Filter inductance L1 is sufficiently large so that the current io through the inductance L1 is assumed to be constant at Io.(Switching
frequency also will be very high)
• Initially, switch S is open, iL=0; vC=Vs; load current Io freewheels through the diode D.
• Since the filter inductor current is continuous and ripple free (io = Io), the load circuit including filter L1 and C1 can be replaced by a
constant current source Io.
• The circuit operation is divided into 5 modes of operation
 M type ZCS Converter : Mode 1 & 2
 Initially before switch is turned ON, Io is freewheeling through
diode D; vD=0; vC=Vs; iL =0.
 Mode 1 : ( 0 ≤ t ≤ t1 ) :
• At t=0, switch S is turned ON, iL begins to flow through Vs, L
and D. iL is linearly increasing.
• iD=Io-iL is linearly decreasing.
• At t=t1, iL=Io and iD=0. Diode is turned OFF.(similar to L type)
 Mode 2 : (t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 ) :
• When diode is turned OFF, current flows through LC circuit.( C
& L forms the tank circuit)
• IC increases sinusoidally from zero, reaches maximum Im and
then decreases to zero.
• Voltage across the capacitor decreases from +Vs to –Vs.
• iL=iC+Io.
 M type ZCS Converter : Mode 3 ,4,5
 Mode 3 : (t2 ≤ t ≤ t3 ) :
• Now, iC reverses direction; vC decreases from –Vs,iL=Io-iC.
• When iC=Io, iL=0, switch is turned OFF (zero current
switching).
 Mode 4: (t3≤ t ≤ t4 ) :
• When switch is turned OFF, iC=Io, voltage decreases to zero
and then increases to +Vs linearly.
 Mode 5: (t4≤ t ≤ t5 ) :
• When vC=+Vs, reverse voltage across diode D disappears;
load current Io freewheels through diode D. iC=0.
M type ZCS Converter : Waveforms
 ZVS Converter

Circuit schematic of a buck converter with the controlled switch replaced with a zero voltage switch.

• The switches of a ZVS resonant converter turn on and off at zero voltage.
• L & C near the dc source Vs form a resonant circuit and L1 & C1 near the load constitute a filter circuit.
• Assumptions :
• Filter inductance L1 is sufficiently large so that the current io through the inductance L1 is assumed to be constant at Io.(Switching
frequency also will be very high)
• Since the filter inductor current is continuous and ripple free (io = Io), the load circuit including filter L1 and C1 can be replaced by a
constant current source Io.
• The circuit operation is divided into 6 modes of operation
 ZVS Converter : Mode 1 & 2
 Initially, S is ON, Dw is reverse biased; iL=Io; vc=0.
 Mode 1 : ( 0 ≤ t ≤ t1 ) :
• At t=0, S is turned OFF. Switch current is diverted through capacitor.
ic=Io.
• Capacitor is linearly charging from zero to Vs.
• Since Io is constant, vL=0.
 Mode 2 : (t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 ) :
• At t=t1; vc=Vs; reverse voltage across Dw is removed. Dw starts
conducting.
• Current through the diode Dw starts increasing from zero. Now,
resonant current (decreasing from Io) flows through Vs, C, L and Dw.
• vC increases beyond Vs sinusoidally reaches maximum Vs+Vm when
iL=0.
• Now, iL reverses direction and reaches maximum value –Io at t=t2.
• At t=t2, vc=Vs and IDw=2Io.

Simulation example : Vdc =20V, Io= 1 A

 ZVS Converter : Mode 3 ,4
 Mode 3 : (t2 ≤ t ≤ t3 ) :
• At t=t2, iL=-Io and vc=Vs. When t>t2, iL decreases from –Io
and vc decreases to zero.
• iDw decreases from 2Io.
 Mode 4: (t3≤ t ≤ t4 ) :
• At t3, vC=0 and iL is negative. D is forward biased. Current iL
flows through diode D.
• At t=t4, iL=0.
• S is turned ON.
• iDw decreases to Io at the end of Mode 4.

Simulation example : Vdc =20V, Io= 1 A

 ZVS Converter : Mode 5,6
 Mode 5: (t4≤ t ≤ t5 ) :
• When S is turned ON, iL increases linearly from zero.
• Current through Diode Dw decreases linearly to zero.
 Mode 6: (t5≤ t ≤ t6 ) :
• At t=t5, iL=Io. Diode Dw is turned OFF. Io flows through Vs, S
and L

Simulation example : Vdc =20V, Io= 1 A

ZVS Converter : Waveforms
 Comparison of ZVS and ZCS topologies

• In the ZCS, the switch is required to conduct a peak current that is higher than the load current Io by an amount Vs/Zo whereas in
ZVS, the switch is required to withstand a forward voltage that is higher than Vs by an amount ZoIo.
• ZCS :For natural turn-off of the switch at zero current, the load current Io must not exceed Vs/Zo. Therefore, there is a limit on how
low the load resistance can become.
• ZVS: If the output load current Io varies in a wide range, it will result in a very large voltage rating of the switch. Therefore, this
technique is limited to an essentially constant load application
 Load Resonant Converter
• Load-resonant converters use the load as part of the resonant circuit. The resonant components are formed by R-L-C.
• In load resonant converters, an LC resonant circuit is used which results in oscillating load voltage and current and thus provides
zero voltage and/or zero current switching.
• Due to the soft commutation of the switches, no turn-off loss or stress is present. These LRCs are especially well-suited for high-
power applications because they allow high-frequency operation for equipment size/weight reduction, without sacrificing
conversion efficiency and imposing extra stress on the switches
• Three types of resonant converters are :
1. Series-loaded resonant converters
2. Parallel-loaded resonant converters
3. Series-parallel-loaded resonant converters
 Series Load Resonant Converter
• The Series Load Resonant converter is a DC/DC converter based on a resonant circuit which allows soft-switching operation.
• In a soft-switching converter, switching occurs when voltage and/or current values are zero, thus significantly improving converter's
efficiency. A switch is said to have zero-voltage switching (ZVS) / zero-current switching (ZCS) when the voltage/current is zero as the
switch changes state.
• The converter consists of a full-bridge MOSFET bridge, a resonant tank represented by the Lr inductor and Cr capacitor block, a
full-bridge rectifier and an output filter (Co). The resonant frequency of the tank is given by:
1
wr= = 2*pi*fr
𝐿𝑟𝐶𝑟

• The switching frequency (fs) controls the impedance of the resonant components connected between the inverter and the load.
This in-turn controls the power flow from the input to the output and, therefore, the output voltage.
• The switching frequency fs range determines the three possible operating modes of the SLR converter:
 Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM), where fs < fr/2, leading to a ZVS and ZCS at turn-off and a ZCS at turn-on.
 Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM1) where fr/2 < fs < fr, leading to a ZVS and ZCS at turn-off.
 Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM2) where fs > fr, leading to a ZVS at turn-on.

Refer Mathworks for simulation example:

https://in.mathworks.com/help/physmod/sps/examples/series-load-resonant-slr-converter.html
 Series Load Resonant Converter

• Series resonant converters (SRCs) have their load connected in series with the resonant tank circuit, which is formed by Lr and Cr. The half-
bridge configuration is used as inverter which produces output ±Vdc/2.
• The AC current is rectified by a full wave rectifier so that the current iL flows through the load.
• The capacitor of the output filter is large so that the output voltage is considered as constant with negligible ripple.
• The polarities of vAB and vB’B are dependent on the direction of current through the inductance.
• The voltage vAB may be +Vdc/2 if T1 or D1 is conducting and –Vdc/2 if T2 or D2 is conducting. vB’B is +VO if iL is positive and vB’B is –Vo if iL is
negative.
• The current iL may be continuous or discontinuous. The mode of operation depends on the ratio of the resonant frequency fr and the operating
frequency of the switches fs. Refer Mathworks for simulation example:
https://in.mathworks.com/help/physmod/sps/examples/series-load-resonant-slr-converter.html
 Undamped Series Resonant circuit
• For an undamped series resonant circuit with zero initial inductor current and initial
capacitor voltage Vc0,

• L
𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡
+
1
𝐶
𝑖𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 − 𝑉𝑐𝑜

• Taking laplace,
1 𝑉𝑑𝑐 −𝑉𝑐𝑜
sL I(s) + I(s) =
𝑠𝐶 𝑆

𝑽𝒅𝒄 −𝑽𝒄𝒐
I(s) =c 𝟏
𝑳𝑪(𝑺𝟐 + )
𝑳𝑪

I(s) = 𝑽𝒅𝒄 −𝑽𝒄𝒐

∗ 𝑳𝑪  i(t) =𝑽𝒅𝒄𝒁𝒐−𝑽𝒄𝒐sinwot where wo is the angular
𝟐 𝟏
𝑳 𝑺 + resonant frequency and Zo is the characteristic
𝑳𝑪
𝑪
impedance
i(t) =𝑽𝒅𝒄𝒁𝒐−𝑽𝒄𝒐sinwot where wo is the angular resonant frequency and Zo
is the characteristic impedance
 wo = 𝟏
𝑳𝑪
and Zo =
𝑳
𝑪

 Vc(t)= Vdc-(Vdc-Vc0) cos wot

 wo = 𝟏
𝑳𝑪
and Zo =
𝑳
𝑪

Vc(t) =𝐶1 𝑖𝑑𝑡 + 𝑉𝑐𝑜 ⇒ 𝑽𝒄 𝒕 =

𝟏
𝑪
𝑽𝒅𝒄 −𝑽𝒄𝒐
𝒁𝒐
sinwot 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽𝒄𝒐

Vc(t) =𝑪𝟏*𝑽𝒅𝒄𝒁𝒐−𝑽𝒄𝒐 *[−cosw wot] + Vc0 ; Zowo= 1/c

o
 Vc(t)= Vdc-(Vdc-Vc0) cos wot
Undamped Series Resonant circuit- Simulation
 Undamped Series Resonant circuit- Different cases
• Vc(t)= Applied V-(Applied V- Vc0) cos wot
• Case 1:
• For the undamped series resonant circuit shown with initial
inductor current iL0=0 and initial capacitor voltage VC0=-2Vo,
capacitor voltage is maximum at ωt=180°.
• Maximum value of capacitor voltage will be
Vc(t)= (0.5Vdc-V0)-(0.5Vdc-V0 –(-2V0)) cos Π = Vdc

• Case 2:
• For the undamped series resonant circuit shown with initial
inductor current iL0=0 and initial capacitor voltage VC0=Vdc,
capacitor voltage is maximum at ωt=180°.
• Maximum value of capacitor voltage will be
Vc(t)= (0.5Vdc+V0)-(0.5Vdc+V0 –(Vdc)) cos Π = 2 Vo
Series Load Resonant Converter : Discontinuous conduction Mode : ωs< 0.5ω0
 Mode 1: (w0t0≤ wt ≤ w0t1 ) :
• At ω0t0, T1 is turned ON. Inductor current builds up from its zero value. iL is maximum
positive at 90° .The capacitor voltage builds up from its initial negative value VC0=-
2VO. At ω0t1, capacitor voltage reaches the maximum value
 Mode 2: (w0t1≤ wt ≤ w0t2 ) :
• At ω0t1, inductor current reverses and it will flow through D1 since T2 is not turned
ON. iL is maximum negative at 270°. The capacitor voltage decreases since the
current is negative. At ω0t2, capacitor voltage reaches VC0=+2Vo and inductor current
reaches zero.
 Mode 3: (w0t2≤ wt ≤ w0t3 ) :
• During this mode, inductor current is zero and the capacitor voltage remains at +2V0.
None of the devices are conducting.
*One half cycle of the switching/operating frequency exceeds
• Mode 4,5,6 : Similar to Mode 1,2,3 (Devices T2 and D2, Opposite polarity)
3600 of the resonance frequency f0
Thank You