Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY527

An Review: On Nutritive Activity and Ayurvedic

Property of Piper Betel(Paan)
1
Sankpal Pooja Mansing; 2Ratnaparkhi Pranali Prashant
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Late. Adv Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy
Malwadi Masur, Karad

Abstract:- Piper betel L.comes in family Piperaceae and boils, ringworm, gum swelling, injnuries, cuts, rheumatism,
called Paan leaves in india . Piper betel or Betel vine deep abrasions, otorrhoea, mastoiditis, hysteria, mastitis, etc.This
heart shaped .This betel leaf widely shown in Sri Lanka, plant is attached with host tree or support by root and which
India, Thailand, Taiwan and other Southeast Asian arises from each node. In this both male and female plants
countries. The oil of paan may be used as an industrial are different so term is called as dioecious. The piper betel
raw material for manufacturing medicines, perfumes, plant trives in warm and humid conditions its leaves are
mouth fresheners, tonics, food additives etc. The betel characterized by simplicity , alteration ,ovate shape with a
leaves are shows nutritive property as well as carcinogenic heartshapeed baes ,pointes tips, smooth edeges,and vibranr
property which is very usefull for manufacturing of blood green colour.in indian culture piper betel known as betel leaf
cancer drug which is greatest advantage of betel leaf. or a paan has been historically significant since around
Their leaves have been used as a traditional medicine to 400BC.The practice of chewing betel leaf (BL) after meals
treat various health conditions. This paan is highly became prevalent between 75 AD and 300 AD , as
abundant and inexpenxsive, therefore it promotes the documented ancient ayurvedic likes charaka , shushruta
further research and industrialization development, ,samhitas , and kashyapa bhojanakalpa. By the 13th century,
including in the food and pharmacuitical industries. P. European traveler marco polo noted that betel chewing was
betle leaves displayed high efficiency on Gram-negative common among indian kings and nobles. This leaves
bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas improves appepite, milk secretion, wound healing, treatment
aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria such as for lousey smell, stop bleeding.
Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Piper betel
is mostly use to chew with sliced areca nut, slaked lime, Their extract plays a vital role in many aspects in
coriander, aniseed, clove, cardamom, sweetener, coconut pharmacuiticals sciences. As a mixture containing betel leaf
scrapings etc, but less used remedy. This paan can cure areca nut, slaked lime and often tobacco, wrapped together
many diseases and reduce the oral cancer which actually and chwewd. this combination releases various alkaloids
happens due to sliced areca nut, slaked lime not because and other compounds upon chewing , leading to
of betel leaves.It contains high amount of nutrient like psychoactive effects and potential health risks used as an
water,protein , energy , fats , fibres ,calcium etc. y. It is excellent mouth freshener and mild vitalize,routinely served
cultivated in hotter and damper part incountry following on the social, cultural and religious occasions like marriage,
the traditional methods in India on about 55,000 hectare religious, festivals, sraddha ceremony. Betel leaves ar
with an annual production worth about Rs 9000 million. It cultivated by various traditional methods like Boroj in india
shows antimicrobial activity, antidiabetic ,Gastroprotective spans approximately 55,000 hectares, yielding an annusl
, platelet inhibition activity ,Antifertility like other onens production valued at around Rs 9000 million on average ,
properties ,also they shows the antioxidant , antiallergic , anti about 66% of this production is concentrated inwest Bengal
coagulant , anti inflammatory , radioprotective , anticancer ,where is grown across approximately 20,000 hectares ,
potential like activities . involving approximately 4-5 lakh Boroj plants and
employing a similar number of agricultural families.
Keywords:- Intro to Piper Betel, Chemical Constituents,
there Effect on Indian System , Nutritive Value , Therapeutic This leaves rich in the moisture, protein, fats, minerals,
Importance, Pharmacological Activity , Health Effect of vitamins .additionally they contain phytochemical that
Betel Leaves , Antimicrobial Activity , Antihistaminic convert into antioxidents, whih are beneficial compounds
Activity Etc . that help fight oxidative stress in the body. This betel leaf
exhibit monoecious reproductive structures, characterized
I. INTRODUCTION by presence of both male and female spikes. This Male
spikes densly packed and cylindrical in shape whereas
The piper betel is heart shaped deep green leaf as female spikes are pendulums. The betel plant roots sprout
associated with piperaceae family with more than 2000 from every node, helping it cling to its host tree. The pepper
species. This leaves are glossy in nature along with catkin betels colors ranges from yellowish green to dark green
inflorescence .this substance this are used in the treatment boasting a glossy upper surface and a pleasant distinctive
has demonstrated efficacy in treatment of range of odor. betel leaves are aromatic with tastes, varying from
conditions such as halitosis,itches, constipation ,hedache, sweet to pungent due to of essential oils . various

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY527

experiments using betel leaf extract suggest no harmfull  Wound healing properties .
effects when consumed alone. Bhide et al.elucidated the  Potential for alleviating constipation.
impact of aqueous Betel leaf (BL) extract on carcinogenesis.
Their study revealed that the administration of arneca nut  Side Effects of Betel Leaf:
extract in swiss and C17 mice led to development of various The constipation of betel leaf in combination with
types of cancre, whereas both the control group that mice tobacco , lime, arneca nuts can lead to the following
supplemented with aq BL extract exhibited no tumor physiological effects.;
formation. In this study Swiss micewerw administrated
aqueous extracts of Betel Quid and its constituents via  The substance dependence potential.
gavage. Mice receiving BL extracts alone exhibited tumor  Induction of euphornia.
rates similar to control group. Subsequently , Syrian golden  Increased perspiration.
hamsters were topically treated with aq extracts of tobacco,  Stimulation of salivation.
areca nut or BL. and tumor development rate were
compared .
 Taxonomical Classification:[1]
Animals treated with tobacco and arneca nut showed  Kingdom : Plantae
tumor development rates of 15 and 10%, respectively, while  Division : Magnoliophyta
untreated animals, those treated with BL alone, and those
 Class : Magnolipsida
treated with vehicle did not develop any tumors. Hence ,  Order : Piperales
these betel leaf extract gives a beneficial result to the carry  Family : Piperaceae
experiments on animals. Hence, betel leaves give better  Genus : Piper
activity against the tumor. Also betel leaf or piper betel
 Species : Betel
introduced as per Ayurveda. So, these leaves are full of
water content(moisture content) and in low calories.they’re
 Vernacular names:[2]
also low in fat and have moderate protein levels .
 Sanskrit : Tamboolavalli, tamboola, Tamboola vallika
Plus, they are rich in iodine, potassium, vitamin A,
 English : Betel leaf plant
vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and nicotinic acid. Ayurveda
 Hindi : Pan
suggest they have medicinal properties too.
 Malayalam : Vetta ,vettila
 Bengali :Paan
 In Scientific Terms, Ayurvedic Properties can be
Explained as Follows:
 Pharmacognostic Study of Piper Betel Reveals the
Following Characteristics :
 Rasa (taste)–bitter, pungent
 Vipaka (post digestive effect)–pungent  The Morphology of Piper Betel has been Studied:
 Virya (potency)–hot
 Guna (qualities)–alkaline  Colour: Deep green/yellowish green
 Shape: Heart shape/cordate
 Length: 15-18 cm long
 Size: length ranging form 15 to 18 cm, width
approximately 10cm.
 Odour: Aromatic
 Margin: Entire
 Apex: Acute
 Base: Symmetric base

 Varieties of Piper Betel Leaf :

Some numerous species of betel leaves in India but the
most popular species are as follows: The piper betel vine, a
tropical perennial evergreen ,thrives in shaded environments
, it encompasses varieties such as magadhi , kauri , banarasi
Fig 1 (Betel leaves/plant) ,calcutta , salem ,ghanagete,mysore ,venmony with
different attributes denoted by numbers 11 to 13.
 Betel Leaves Purportedly Exhibit the Following
Properties:

 Anticarcinogenic potential .
 Antioxidant activity .
 Antifungal properties .
 Antiallergic effect .

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY527

Fig 2 Banarasi Paan Fig 5 Kumbakonam

II. MICROSCOPICAL STUDY

The microscopic analysis entailed a through

investigation of drug facilitating the discernment of
organizational structure the study of piper betel leaf
primarily concentrated on leaf constants or diagnostic leaf
features. Hence , that study involves the

 Vein islet numbers= In a given area of 1 sq mm , there

were 32 total veinlet counts observed.
 Vein termination = The vein termination observed
within 1 sq mm amounted to 123.
 Stomatal numbers= there were 32 stomata in a 1 sq mm
area of leaf.
 Stomatal index
 Stomata
Fig 3 Calcuta Paan  Trichomes
 Powder microscopy etc.

This test are used to evaluation of microscopical

characteristics study of a betel leaf.

 Chemical Constituents:
The preliminary phytochemical analysis of aqueous
and methanol extract of piper betel leaves reveals the
presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, phenols ,
glycosides, saponins , terpenoids. In these main chemical
constituents is caryophyllene, codinene, gamma lactone,
allyl catechol , p –cymene amd eugenolmethyl ether . And it
also examined anf found to contain phenols, flavonoids ,
glycosides, alkaloids, saponins , steroids , terpenoids . The
scientist sre used techhniques like nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR)spectroscopy and Gas chromatography –
mass spectrometry(GC-MS) to confirm and categorize these
compounds into two main groups : monoterpine and
Fig 4 Kammar Paan sesquiterpenes , which are types of organic molecules found
in plants.

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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 Structures :  Fresh Betel Leaves are Found in Green Color which

Includes:

Table 1 Fresh Betel Leaves are Found in Green Color

Sr. no Constituents Percentage
1) Chlorophyll 0.01-0.25 %
2) Moisture 85–90%
3) Carbohydrate 0.5–10 %
4) Fiber 2.3 %
5) Vitamin C 0.005-0.01 %
6) Minerals 2.3 -3.3%
7) Fat 0.4-1.0 %
8) Protein 3–3.5 %
9) Phosphorus 0.05-0.6 %
10) Thiamine 10–70 μg/100 g
Fig 6 Caryophyllene 11) Iodine 100mg
12) Calcium 0.2-0.5 %
13) Iron 0.007 %
14) Riboflavin 1.9–30 mg/100 g
15) Vitamin A 1.9–2.9 μg/100 g
16) Potassium 1.1–4.6 %

 Therapeutic Importance or Applications of Betel Leaves:

Piper betel leaves are also used for medicinal purposes,
including to treat gastrointestinal disorders, ease flatulence,
and improve digestion . Betel leaf exhibits potential health
benefits its due to tis antioxident , anti-inflammatory and
anti-microbial properties. It has been traditionally used to
alleviate conditions such as gastrointestinal disorders , oral
Fig 7 Cadinene infections and respiratory issues.

 Uses of Piper Betel Leaf as an Ayurvedic Property :

 Oliguria or Urinary Retention:

The betel leaf is acknowledged for its diuretic properties due to
its ability tofacilitate the excretion of sodium and water from the
body . when combined with diluted milk and slight sweetening, its
aids in promoting urine flow.

Fig 8 Eugenol Methyl Ether  Neuropathy or Neurasthenia:

Piper betel leaves exhibit therapeutic potential in managing
nervous disorders . a concoction comprising the juice of several betel
leaves combined with a teaspoon of honey acts an effective tonics.
Consumption of teaspoon of this blends twice daily is recommended
for its beneficial effects.

 Headaches/Cephalalgia:
This possesses analgesic and cooling properties beneficial for
alleviating severe hedaches. The topical application of bêtel leaf
extract can provide relief from intense hedaches.
Fig 9 p-cymene
 Respiratory Aliments:
 Nutritive Composition of Betel Leaf: Their leaves possesses medicinal properties beneficial for
Betel leaves exihibit significant nutritional value, treating pulmonary afflictions experienced during childhood and old
containing abundant vitamins, minerals,essential amino acids age. When socked in mustaed oil and heated,they can applied
like arginine, lysine and histidine , etc. enzymes like catalase topically to the chest to alleviate coughing or repiratory difficulties.
. these ar high number nutrition shows in the amino acids .this
bioactive substances are used to treat the many disease like
heart, liver ,brain disease.these betel leaf major role play in
the cancers.

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 Constipation: III. IMPORTANCE OF BETEL LEAF

In the suppository composed of betel leaf stalk infused with
castor oil can be inserted into rectum to promptly alleviate  Consuming betel leaf regularly singnificance due to its
constipation in children. rich content of phytochemicals which can booster
immunity by inhibiying proliferation cancer call ,
 Sore Throats: mitigating DNA damage and preventing various
Using leaves for local applications is efficacious in treating diseases.
pharyngitis . Mashing the fruit or berry and combining it with honey  Piper betel leaves are beneficial for alleviating nerve
recommended for alleviating a dry cough. pains, relieving nerve exhaustion and combating debility.
 Tambula enhances physical aesthetics, prosperity,
 Oral Health: happiness and augments libido. Ethanolic extract from
These leaves contain many antimicrobial properties that betel leaf exhibit potent antimicrobial efficacy against
provide relief from bad breath, yellowing of the teeth, plaque and both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias/
tooth decay. Chewing a small amount of paste made from betel pathogens .
leaves after meals benefits oral health. It also provides relief from  The anti-bacterial efficacy stems from its polyphenolic
toothache, gum pain, swelling, and oral infection. Celebrity content, which disrupts the metabolic processes of
nutritionist Shweta Shah says that betel leaves have natural antiseptic spoilage causing microoraganism there by increasing
properties that help prevent the growth of bacteria in the mouth and shelf life of food.
improve oral hygiene.  Hence, piper betel serves as rich reservoir of natural
antioxidents, presenting promising prospects for
 Optimum Health : integration into pharmaceutical formulations. these
By maintaining the optimum PH they give a good bowel antioxidant exhibit potential activity in medicinal and
movements every day. Extended mastication of food and food applications , augmenting the therapeutic efficacy
consumption of nutrients meals during hunger periods promote of consumable products .
gastrointestinal health. Additionally avoidance of dairy products,  Betel leaves possesses pharmacological properties that
onions, garlic, meat, dried seafood can mitigate oral malodor. confer physiological benefits to the body, and they also
Ayurvedic principle state the consumption of hot or warm water it recognized to modulate appetite regulation.
facilitate the digestion.  It exert potential therapeutic effect on diabetes
management due to their high antioxidant content, which
 Wound Healing: attenuates oxidative stress in individuals with diabetes
Betel leaves possesses potential wound –healing properties , as mellitus.
indicated by studies on male albino rats which suggested that betel  The substance which decrease glycemia levels, thereby
leaf extract could expedite wound healing and enhance the repair serving as an anti-diabetic agent
mechanism. Applications of betel leaves to wounds followed by  Betel leaves enhance wound healing by augmenting
bandaging a betel leaf it led to complete healing within two days in protein content and accelerating wound contraction rate.
some cases. This effect is attributed to the promotion of They also mitigate oxidative stress, expediting the haling
epithelialization by betel leaves. process of wounds, particularly burn the injuries.
 Eugenol found in betel leaves inhibits hepatic synthesis
 Saliva : and intestinal absorpation of cholesterol consequently
Saliva plays a crucial role in maintaining adequate level of reducing levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL)
ascorbic acid in the human body. Ascorbic acid present in saliva , is cholesterol through facilitation of its catabolic process.
believed to contribute to the carcinogenesis in oral activity .however  Therefore, betel leaves mitigate the risk of heart diseases
the worths nothing that the detrimental effects of chewing quid or and strokes as well as prevent asthma attacks through
tobacco may persist in other areas of body despite the presence of their anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory properties
salivary ascorbic acid . which facilitate unobstructed airflow in bronchitis,
consequently reducing the asthma attaks.
The Problem of Breast Milk Secretions : The application of
oil-smeares leaves is purported to stimulate lactation when applied to
the breasts.

 Pharmacological Activity:
Natural products are extensively utilized a traditional medicine
across multiple nations for treating various animals. This betel are
comes to piperaceae family with over 2000 species. This plant is
indigenous to India. Piper betel leaves are shown to be efficacy
against numerous human pathogen oa bacterias. The extract derived
from betel leaves have been employed for age in treating diverse
conditions due to their essential properties such as antioxidant,
anticancer , antiallergic , lactation promoting effects .

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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 Anticarcinogenic Activity :
Piper betel leaf extract act against prostate cancer ,
cervical cancer Leaf extract of this betel leaf plays vital role
in thyroid function.

IV. CONCLUSION

According to their aperence it's nomenclature 'Green

gold of India' . Piper betel is globally recognized and widely
consumed as mouth freshner .it has a long history of
traditional medicinal use dating back to ancient
times.therefore , its continued utilization for therapeutic
purpose like a anti- cancer, antidiabetic , antioxidant ,
antihistaminic , antibacterial , antiulcer etc.

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