3.

WAP and 3G mobile services 16/20 Mks

3.3 IMT-2000 Global Standards : specifications.

3.4 W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 ,QoS in 3G network.
3.5 UMTS technology/Standard :Features, Architecture, data
rates, spectrum,/Specifications, applications, advantages
3.6 Features of 4G and 4G LTE, VoLTE, 4.5 G, 5G.
4G architecture, applications of 4G.
 Need for 3G and 4G Technology.
3G
• 3G is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It is the upgrade for 2.5
G and 2.5G GPRS networks, for faster data transfer. This is based on a set of standards used for
mobile devices and mobile telecommunications user services and networks that comply with the
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union ITU.
• 3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least
144 Kbits/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75 G, also provide mobile broadband access
of several Mbits/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. This ensures it can be
applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls
and mobile TV technologies.
• 3G finds application in - wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet
access, video calls and mobile TV, business applications, personal applications.
• Adv- 1. Multi-megabit internet connection
2. Voice activated calls
3.”Always on” access
4. Un-parallel network capacity
5.Communication using VoIP .
3.3 IMT-2000 Global Standards : Vision, Compatibility, Service and Spectrum Requirements
IMT-2000 (FPLMTS-future public land mobile telecommunications system) is the term used by the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for a set of globally harmonized standards for third generation
(3G) mobile telecoms services and equipment.
Vision.
One of the main purposes of IMT-2000 is to provide global roaming services. In order to offer worldwide
communication services that include access to fixed networks and the Internet, IMT- 2000 is designed to
connect not only land mobile networks but also fixed networks and satellite mobile networks.
Features
• IMT-2000 Stands for International Mobile Telecommunications-2000.
• An initiative of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to create a global standard for wireless data
networks.
• The goal of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) is to support data transmission rates
of up to 2 Mbps for fixed stations and 384 Kbps for mobile stations.
• The term “2000” in the “International Mobile Telecommunications-2000” refers to the transmission speed
(approximately 2000 Kbps), not the deployment date (which might be several years beyond the year 2000).
• The European proposal for IMT-2000 prepared by ETSI is called as Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System(UMTS)
Service
1.Worldwide usage,-integration of satellite and terrestrial systems to provide global coverage;
2. Used for all radio environments, (LAN, cordless, cellular, satellite);
3. Wide range of telecommunications services,(voice, data, multimedia, internet);
4. Support both packet-switched (PS) and circuit-switched (CS) data transmission;
5.Offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps,
• 144 kbps for high mobility,
• 384 kbps with restricted mobility and,
• 2 Mbps in an indoor office environment;
6. Offer high spectrum efficiency;
Applications
It is used for all radio environments.
It supports both packet switched and circuit switched data transmission.
It offers high spectrum efficiency.
It support wide range of telecommunication services like voice , data, multimedia and internet
Spectrum
• The frequency bands 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz were identified for IMT-2000 by the ITU in 1992.
Terrestrial IMT-2000 networks will operate in the following bands:
• 1920 - 1980 MHz paired with 2110 - 2170 MHz, FDD with mobile stations transmitting in the lower sub-band.
• 1885 - 1920 MHz and 2010 - 2025 MHz, unpaired for TDD operation.
• In Europe is the TDD band from 1885-1900 MHz not available for licenses use of IMT-2000, this is used by
cordless telephony (DECT).
• In addition to this core-band the frequency band 2500 to 2690 MHz was identified in 2000, of which the edges,
ranging from 2500-2520 and 2670-2690 MHz, are at first identified for satellite communications. Existing second
generation bands (including GSM bands) 806 to 960 MHz, 1429 to 1501 MHz and 1710 to 1885 MHz are also
identified for IMT-2000 in the long term.
Family members-For the terrestrial mobile network, there are six family members identified as being IMT-2000
compatible,the ITU standardize 5 group of 3G for radio access technology.
• IMT Direct Spread (IMT-DS; also known as UMTS/UTRA-FDD);
• IMT Multicarrier (IMT-MC; also known as CDMA2000);
• IMT Time Code (IMT-TC; also known as UMTS/UTRA-TDD, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA “narrowband TDD”);
• IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC; also known as UWC-136 or EDGE);
• IMT Frequency Time (IMT-FT; also known as DECT).
• IMT OFDMA TDD WMAN (also known as mobile WiMAX)-Oct 2007
 IMT-MC:
1.It uses Multi Carrier Technology.
IMT-DS: 2.CDMA is multi carrier technology and it is part of
1.It is used the direct spread technology. 3GPP2.
2.It is also called Wideband CDMA. IMT-SC:
3.It is part of Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP) 1.It uses Single Carrier Technology.
IMT-TC: 2.It is enhancement of US TDMA System.
1.It uses Time Code Technology. IMT-FT:
2.It further divided into 2 standards TDD and TD-SCDMA. 1.It uses Frequency Time Technology.
2.It is enhancement version of the digital cordless
telephone standards DECT
Architecture

Compatibility-IMT-2000 offers the capability of providing value-added services

and applications on the basis of a single standard. The system envisages a platform for distributing
fixed, mobile, voice, data, Internet and multimedia services.
FDMA TDMA CDMA
3.5 UMTS (3G) Standard : Features, data rates, Architecture, spectrum, applications, advantages.
UMTS-(3G-WCDMA) -Architecture ( Universal Mobile Tele-communications System ) by ETSI
UMTS system uses the same core network as the GPRS and uses entirely new radio interface. The mobile terminal in UMTS is called User
Equipment (UE). The UE is connected to Node-B over high speed Uu (up to 2 Mbps) Interface. The Node-B are the equivalent of BTS in
GSM and typically serve a cell site. The UMTS network architecture is partly based on existing 2G network components and some
new 3G network components It inherits the basic functional elements from the GSM architecture on the core network (CN) side. The MS
of GSM is referred as user equipment (UE) in UMTS. CN
3 parts UE UTRAN
1. UE
2. UTRAN-UMTS terrestrial radio access network-
(brain of UMTS)
3. CN- Core network
Spectrum-UMTS uses Wideband CDMA - WCDMA - as the radio transmission standard. It
employs a 5 MHz channel bandwidth. Using this bandwidth it has the capacity to carry over 100
simultaneous voice calls, or it is able to carry data at speeds up to 2 Mbps in its original format.
UMTS Air-Interface Specifications-
Sr no Parameters Specifications

1 Uplink,1920MHz-1980MHz,
Frequency spectrum downlink,2110MHz-2170MHz

2 Channel bandwidth 5 Mhz

3 Chip rate/data rate 3.84 Mbps
4 Duplexing technique FDD and TDD modes
5 Multiple access scheme CDMA
6 Downlink RF channel structure Direct spread

7 Data modulation QPSK(downlink)

BPSK (uplink)
8 Channel coding Convolution and turbo codes
Features
S.NO 3G TECHNOLOGY 4G TECHNOLOGY

It stands for 3rd generation

1. technology. W hile it stands for 4th generation technology.

Maximum upload rate of 3G W hile the maximum upload rate of 4G technology is 500

2. technology is 5 Mbps. Mbps.

Maximum download rate of W hile the maximum download rate of 4G technology is 1

3. 3G technology is 21 Mbps. Gbps.

It uses packet switching W hile it uses packet switching technique as well as

4. technique. message switching technique.

The frequency range of 3G

technology is from 1.8 GHz

5. to 2.5 GHz. W hile it’s frequency range is from 2 GHz to 8 GHz.

6. It lenient horizontally. W hile it lenient horizontally as well as vertically.

It is a wide area cell W hile it is the integration of Wireless LAN as well as

7. based network architecture. Wide Area cell based network architecture.

There is turbo codes are

used for error correction in 4G technology uses concatenated codes for error

8. 3G technology. correction.
 3.4 WCDMA and CDMA 2000 : QoS in 3G network
Since both WCDMA and CDMA2000 have been simultaneously adapted for the 3G standard,
 Base station timing synchronization in CDMA2000 can provide decreas ed latency and a reduced
harmonization of these
chancetwo systems
of dropping calls becomes necessary to make IMT-2000 deployment successful.
during soft handoff.

To create a single integrated

Since both WCDMA and CDMA2000 have been simultaneous ly adapted for the 3G standard,
3G CDMA specification and process the separate W-CDMA and CDMA
harmonization of these two systems becomes necessary to make IMT-2000 deployment successful.
proposals being developed
 To create aby 3GPP
single and3G3GPP2.
integrated CDMA specification and process the separate W -CDMA and CDMA
proposals being developed by 3GPP and 3GPP2.

Fig. 3.
WCDMA-3G 3.9.1
mobileComparison
network-employs
of cdma2000the Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
and WCDMA
(DS-WCDMA) channel
Cdma2000 is aaccess method
3G technology andIS -95
evolved from theCDMA
Frequency
tech Division Duplexing (FDD) method to
provide high-speed and high capacity service.
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) : Separately users by employing both codes as well as
frequencies. One frequency is used for the uplink, while other is used for downlink.
Time Division Duplex (TDD) : Separates users by employing codes, frequencies and time
wherein the same frequency is used for both uplink and downlink.
 CDMA 2000 WCDMA
Core network ANSI-41 MAP GSM MAP
Channel bandwidth 1.25 MHz (1X), 3.75 MHz (3X) 5.0 MHz
Channelization codes 4-128 (1X), 4-256 (3X) 4-256
Chip rate
1.2288 Mcps (1X), 3.6864 Mcps (3X) 4.096 Mcps (DOCOMO),
3.84 Mcps (UMTS)
Synchronized base station Yes No; but synchronized BS is Optional

Frame length 5 ms (signaling), 20, 40, 80 ms physical layer 10 ms for physical layer, 10, 20,
40, and 80 ms for transport, Layer
frames

Multi-carrier spreading option No (direct spread)

Yes, but in cdma2000 1X (direct spread)

Modulation QPSK (both links)

QPSK(forward link),BPSK (reverse link)

Modes of operation FDD FDD and TDD

Source identification code for Sector One PN code (32, 768 chips), 512 unique 512 unique scrambling codes, each
offsets are generated, using PN offsets identifying a sector, (38, 400 chips)

Source identification code for One long PN code (242242) chips, unique Unique scrambling codes, assigned by
Mobile offsets are generated, based on ESN, not sector
assigned, by sector
• CDMA 2000-is a mobile digital radio technology where channels are defined with codes (PN
Sequences).
• CDMA permits many simultaneous transmitters on the same frequency channel. Since more
phones can be served by fewer cell sites, CDMA –based standards have a significant
economic advantage over TDMA or FDMA-based standards.
• This standard is being developed by Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) of US
and is standardized by 3GPP2.
• The main CDMA 2000 standards are : CDMA 2000 1xRTT, CDMA 2000 1xEV and CDMA
2000 EV-DV.
• CDMA 2000 1xRTT :
• RTT stands for Radio Transmission Technology and the designation “1x” meaning “1 times
Radio Transmission Technology”, indicates the same RF bandwidth as IS-95. The main
features of CDMA 2000 1X are as follows :
• 1.Supports an instantaneous data rate up to 307 Kbps for a user in packet mode and a typical
throughput rates of144 Kbps per user, depending on the number of user, the velocity of user
and the propagating conditions.
• 2.Supports up to twice as many voice users at the 2G CDMA Standard.
• 3.Provides the subscriber unit with up to two times the standby time for longer lasting
battery life.
• CDMA 2000 EV :This is an evolutionary advancement of CDMA with the following characteristics :
• 1.Provides CDMA carriers with the options of installing radio channels with data only (CDMA 2000
EV- DO) and with data and voice (CDMA 2000 EV-DV)
• 2.The CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO supports greater than 2.4 Mbps of instantaneous high speed packet
throughput per user on a CDMA channel, although the user data rates are much lower and highly dependent on other
factors.
• 3.CDMA 2000 EV-DV can offer data rates up to 144 Kbps with about twice as many voice channels as IS-95B.
CDMA 2000 3x :
• 1.It is (also known as EV-DO Rev B) is a multi-carrier evolution.
• 2.It has higher rates per carrier (up to 4.9 Mbps on the downlink per carrier). Typical deployments are expected to
include 3 Carriers for a peak rate of 14.7 Mbps. Higher rates are possible by bundling multiple channels together.
It enhances the user experience and enables new services such as high definition video streaming.
• 3.Uses statistical multiplexing across channels to further reduce latency, enhancing the experience for latency-sensitive
services such as gaming, video telephony, remote console sessions and web browsing.
• 4.It provides increased talk-time and standby time.
• 5.The interference from the adjacent sectors is reduced by hybrid frequency reuse and improves the rates that can be
offered, especially to users at the edge of the cell.
• 6.It has efficient support for services that have asymmetric download and upload requirements (i.e. different data rates
required in each direction) such as file transfers, web browsing, and broadband multimedia content delivery.
• CDMA2000 standard is based on CDMAone system and allows to access internet by using wireless carrier with
high data speed. In the year 2002 the first CDMA2000 system was offered and
• standardized by 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2). It is especially used in North America and South
America and South Korea. It shares its infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standards. To improve the performance of
existing system, the CDMA2000 does not use any extra equipment. It just only changed the software or hardware
of the existing system.
• The CDMA2000 is more advanced than the CDMAone as it serves the twice number of users than
• CDMAone and the battery life of mobile station is twice as compared to CDMAone. It also provides high speed
data access by using packet data transport. CDMA2000 is seamless and less expensive as compared to W-CDMA.
CDMA2000 also known as IMT-CDMA. Multi-carrier is a CDMA version of the IMT-2000 standard developed
by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
• The CDMA2000 family reuses the existing IS-95 service standards such as those that define speech services,
Short Message Services, with significant enhancement in voice capacity, data speed rate and network features.
QoS in 3G network -
1.Network Services are considered end-to-end, this means from a Terminal Equipment (TE)
to another TE. An End-to-End Service may have a certain Quality of Service (QoS) which is
provided for the user of a network service.
2.It is the user that decides whether he is satisfied with the provided QoS or not. To realize a
certain network QoS a Bearer Service with clearly defined characteristics and functionality is to be
set up from the source to the destination of a service.
3.A bearer service includes all aspects to enable the provision of a contracted QoS. These aspects are
among others the control signaling, user plane transport and QoS management functionality.
4.A UMTS bearer service layered architecture is depicted below, each bearer service on a specific
layer offers it’s individual services using services provided by the layers below.
There are four different QoS classes :
1.conversational class
2.streaming class
3.interactive class
4.background class.
 Conversatinoal Streaming class Real Interactive class Background class
Traffic class class Best effort
time Best effort
Real time
Fundamental  Preservetime  Preservetime  Request  Destination is not
characteristics relation (variation) relation (variation) response expecting the data
between between pattern within a certain
information information  Preserve time
entities of the entities of the payload  Preserve
stream stream content payload
 Conversation content
pattern (stringent
and
low delay)

Example of the  Voice  Streaming video  Web browsing  Telemetry,

application emails
3.6 Features of 4G and 4G LTE, VoLTE, 4.5 G, 5G. 4G architecture, applications of 4G.
• The progress of mobile data, from 1G to 4G internet speeds this converted our cellular devices
into Smartphones.
• Mobile internet allowed the users to perform tasks other than just messaging and calling, but
then the speed used to come into play. 2G wasn’t fast enough to perform tasks and limited the
use of a smartphone. When 3G arrived it was fast enough to perform several tasks of a
smartphone but as new technology arrived such as HD video streaming, HD video calls and much
more, it demanded for a faster connection. To cater to these growing demands 4G was
launched, it promised speeds that were better than your home broadband connection. •
4G (2013) is a high speed data rate plus voice system. The 4G mobile communications will
have transmission rates up to 20Mbps higher than that of 3G.
• 4G technology is expected to provide very smooth global roaming universally with lower cost.
Theoretically 4G is set to deliver 100 Mbps to a roaming mobile device globally and up to 1Gpbs
to a stationary device.
• 4G will bring almost perfect real world wireless internetworking called WWW (Worldwide
Wireless Web).
• With the expected features in mind 4G allows for video conferencing, streaming picture perfect
video (e.g. tele-medicine and tele-geo processing application) and much more.
• 4G uses variable spreading factor-orthogonal frequency and code Division Multiplexing (VSF-
OFCDM) and variable spreading factor code-Division Multiple Access (VSF-CDMA).
• 4G Features :
4G technology is basically the extension in the 3G technology with more
bandwidth and services offered in the 3G features of 4G are :
1. 4G support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, internet and
other broadband services.
2. 4G is IP based mobile system.
3. 4G has high speed, high capacity and low cost per bit.
4. 4G has global access, service portability and scalable mobile services.
5. 4G has seamless switching and a variety of Quality of service driven services.
6. 4G has better scheduling and call admission control techniques.
cellular evolution from 1G to 4G cellular systems
Technology Various Generations
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Design began 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000
Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2012-2015
Service Analogue voice Digital voice High-capacity High-capacity Higher capacity,
completely IP,
packets, MMS broadband data Multimedia

Multiple Access FDMA TDMA, CDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA OFDMA

Standards AMPS, TACS, CDMA, GSM, GPRS, EDGE WCDMA, Single

NMT PDC CDMA 2000 standard

Bandwidth 1.9 Kbps 14.4 Kbps 384 Kbps 2Mbps 200 Mbps
Core Network PSTN PSTN PSTN, Packet Internet
Packet
network network
Features of 4G
• VoLTE- Features : Voice over Long Term evolution
1. Set up of the transmission path between the terminal and IMS.
2. Security features for user authentication providing.
3. Providing the core functionality for the establishment and termination of the call(via SIP).
4. Support to call forwarding, caller ID presentation and restriction, call waiting and multiparty conference.
• Designed for both voice and data traffic.
• Advantages of VoLTE :
1. It delivers all voice and data services over same network. Hence it does not require to maintain legacy infrastructure.
2. VoLTE make calls much faster compare to 2G/3G voice calls.
3. It offers better security and QOS (Quality of service) compare to legacy 2G/3G networks.
4. Delivers an unusually clear calling experience.
5. Provides rapid call establishment time.
• Disadvantages of VoLTE :
1. It requires investment in network wide IMS. Hence this will not be available everywhere and hence roaming could be
challenge for sometime.
2. If there is no data connection or 4G signaling in the area, user will neither be able to call nor able to use internet using
handset.
• VoLTE should be supported by handsets in order to obtain VoLTE services. The VoLTE feature is not available in all mobile
handsets.
 4.5 G-LTE advanced pro
4.5 G offers average download speed of 2 to 3
times that of 4G. This suggests download speeds on
LTE Advanced could be 14-21Mbps vs. 7-12 Mbps
over early LTE/4G. 4.5G to its higher speeds, far
greater spectrum efficiency and use of
heterogeneous network, can boost network capacity
by 3 to 5 times in comparison to 4G.

4.5G further increases data rates for better user

experience and expands applications in vertical
India's ace carrier Bharti Airtel has though commercially
industries. This helps operators create new business
deployed 4.5G based on Massive MIMO technology on
applications in vertical industries which further
2300 Mhz band spectrum in select regions including
helps operators create new business opportunities
Bengaluru and Kolkata together with Chinese vendor
and gain a competitive edge in the next few years.
Huawei while Vodafone Idea Limited (VIL) and Reliance
Jio are conducting pilots to commercially launch 4.5G.
Heterogeneous network-In computer networking,
a heterogeneous network is a network connecting
computers and other devices where the operating
systems and protocols have significant differences.
 5G-The rapidly increasing number of mobile devices, voluminous data and higher data rate are
pushing to rethink the current generation of the cellular mobile communication. The next or
fifth generation 5G cellular networks are expected to meet high end requirements.

• Features of 5G :
1. The 5G technology is providing up to 25Mbps connectivity speed.
2. 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi-directional large
3. bandwidth shaping.
4. 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
5. The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and effective.
6. The high quality services of 5G technology based on policy to avoid error.
7. The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.
7 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit .
8 The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.
9 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
10. Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast solution.
11. The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about the world.
 4G architecture, applications of 4G

MME : Mobility Management Entity-It is

used for Paging, Authentication, Handover
and Selection of Serving Gateway .
SGW : Serving gateway-It is used to
Routing and
Forwarding user data packet.
PDN : GW Packet Data Network Gateway-
It is
used for user equipment (UE) IP allocation
HSS : Home Subscriber Server-It is a user
Database used for service subscriber, user
identification and addressing
4G Architecture :
PCRF : Policy and Charging Rule Function-
1. 4G stands for fourth generation cellular system.
It provide quality of service and charging
2. 4G is evaluation of 3G to meet the forecasted rising demand.
eNode B-evolved Node B-It is used as
3. It is an integration of various technologies including GSM,
radio resources management and radio
CDMA, GPRS, IMT-2000, Wireless LAN.
bearer control.
4. Data rate in 4G system will range from 20 to 100 Mbps.
4G Architecture :
Figure shows Generic Mobile Communication architecture.4G network is an integration of all
heterogeneous wireless access networks such as Ad-hoc, cellular, hotspot and satellite radio component.
Technologies used in 4G are smart antennas for multiple input and multiple output (MIMO), IPv6, VoIP, OFDM and
Software defined radio (SDR) System.
Smart Antennas :
1. Smart Antennas are Transmitting and receiving antennas.
2. It does not require increase power and additional frequency.
IPV6 Technology :
1. 4G uses IPV6 Technology in order to support a large number of wireless enable devices.
2. It enables a number of application with better multicast, security and route optimization capabilities.
VoIP :
1. It stands for Voice over IP.
2. It allows only packet to be transferred eliminating complexity of 2 protocols over the same circuit.
OFDM :
1. OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
2. It is currently used as WiMax and WiFi.
SDR :
1. SDR stands for Software Defined Radio.
2. It is the form of open wireless architecture.
• Advantages :
Applications of 4G
1. It provides better spectral efficiency.
2. It has high speed, high capacity and low cost per
bit.
• Disadvantage :
1. Battery usage is more.
2. Hard to implement.
• Features
1. Fully IP based Mobile System.
2. It supports interactive multimedia, voice, streaming
video, internet and other broadband service.
3. It has better spectrum efficiency.
4. It supports Ad-hoc and multi hop network