15.

2 Vector Fields and Line Integrals: Work, Circulation, and Flux 947

EXERCISES 15.2
Vector Fields
Find the gradient fields of the functions in Exercises 1–4.
15. ∫C x 2 + y 2 dy, where C is given in the accompanying figure
−1 2
1. f ( x , y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
y
2. f ( x , y, z ) = ln x 2 + y 2 + z 2
3. g ( x , y, z ) = e z − ln x 2 + y 2 (3, 3)

4. g ( x , y, z ) = xy + yz + xz C

5. Give a formula F = M ( x , y ) i + N ( x , y ) j for the vector field in x

(0, 0) (3, 0)
the plane that has the property that F points toward the origin with
magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance
from ( x , y ) to the origin. (The field is not defined at ( 0, 0 ).)
6. Give a formula F = M ( x , y ) i + N ( x , y ) j for the vector field in
16. ∫C x + y dx, where C is given in the accompanying figure
the plane that has the properties that F = 0 at ( 0, 0 ) and that at any
other point ( a, b ), F is tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2 y
and points in the clockwise direction with magnitude
C
F = a2 + b2. (0, 3) (1, 3)

Line Integrals of Vector Fields y 3x

In Exercises 7–12, find the line integrals of F from ( 0, 0, 0 ) to (1, 1, 1)
over each of the following paths in the accompanying figure. x
(0, 0)
a. The straight-line path C1: r (t ) = t i + t j + t k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
b. The curved path C 2 : r (t ) = ti + t 2 j + t 4 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
17. Along the curve r (t ) = t i − j + t 2 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, evaluate each
c. The path C 3 ∪ C 4 consisting of the line segment from ( 0, 0, 0 ) of the following integrals.
to (1, 1, 0 ) followed by the segment from (1,1, 0 ) to (1,1,1)
7. F = 3 yi + 2 xj + 4 zk 8. F = [ 1 x 2 + 1 ] j
a. ∫C x + y − z dx b. ∫C x + y − z dy

9. F = z i − 2 xj + yk 10. F = xyi + yzj + xzk

11. F = 3x 2 − 3 x i + 3z j + k
c. ∫C x + y − z dz

12. F = y + z i + z + x j + x + y k 18. Along the curve r(t ) = ( cos t ) i + ( sin t ) j − ( cos t ) k, 0 ≤ t ≤ π,

evaluate each of the following integrals.
z a. ∫C xz dx b. ∫C xz dy
(0, 0, 0) C1 (1, 1, 1)
c. ∫C xyz dz

Work
C2
C4 y In Exercises 19–22, find the work done by F over the curve in the
C3 direction of increasing t.
19. F = xyi + yj − yzk
x
(1, 1, 0) r (t ) = t i + t 2 j + t k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
20. F = 2 yi + 3 x j + x + y k
Line Integrals with Respect to x, y, and z r (t ) = ( cos t ) i + ( sin t ) j + ( t 6 ) k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
In Exercises 13–16, find the line integrals along the given path C. 21. F = zi + x j + yk
r (t ) = ( sin t ) i + ( cos t ) j + t k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
13. ∫C x − y dx, where C: x = t , y = 2t + 1, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 3
22. F = 6 zi + y 2 j + 12 x k
x
14. ∫C y
dy, where C: x = t, y = t 2 , for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2 r (t ) = ( sin t ) i + ( cos t ) j + ( t 6 ) k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
948 Chapter 15 Integrals and Vector Fields

Line Integrals in the Plane by the vector field F = δ v, where v = xi + y 2 j is a velocity

23. Evaluate ∫C xy dx + x + y dy along the curve y = x 2 from field measured in meters per second. Find the flux of F across the
(−1, 1) to ( 2, 4 ). curve r(t ).
24. Evaluate ∫C x − y dx + x + y dy counterclockwise around 38. The flow of a gas with a density of δ = 0.3 kg m 2 over the
the triangle with vertices ( 0, 0 ), (1, 0 ), and ( 0,1). closed curve r(t ) = ( cos t ) i + ( sin t ) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, is given
by the vector field F = δ v, where v = x 2 i − yj is a velocity
25. Evaluate ∫C F ⋅ T ds for the vector field F = x 2 i − yj along the
field measured in meters per second. Find the flux of F across the
curve x = y 2 from ( 4, 2 ) to (1, −1).
curve r(t ).
26. Evaluate ∫C F ⋅ d r for the vector field F = yi − xj counter-
39. Find the flow of the velocity field F = y 2 i + 2 xy j along each of
clockwise along the unit circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 from (1, 0 ) to
the following paths from ( 0, 0 ) to ( 2, 4 ).
( 0, 1).
a. y b. y
Work, Circulation, and Flux in the Plane (2, 4) (2, 4)
27. Work Find the work done by the force F = xyi + y − x j
over the straight line from (1,1) to ( 2, 3 ). y 2x y x2
2
28. Work Find the work done by the gradient of f ( x , y ) = x + y
counterclockwise around the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 from ( 2, 0 ) to
itself. x x
(0, 0) 2 (0, 0) 2
29. Circulation and flux Find the circulation and flux of the
fields c. Use any path from ( 0, 0 ) to ( 2, 4 ) different from parts (a)
and (b).
F1 = xi + yj and F2 = −y i + x j 40. Find the circulation of the field F = yi + x + 2 y j around
each of the following closed paths.
around and across each of the following curves.
a. The circle r (t ) = ( cos t ) i + ( sin t ) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π a. y
( 1, 1) (1, 1)
b. The ellipse r(t ) = ( cos t ) i + ( 4 sin t ) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
30. Flux across a circle Find the flux of the fields
x
F1 = 2 x i − 3 y j and F2 = 2 xi + x − y j
( 1, 1) (1, 1)
across the circle

r(t ) = ( a cos t ) i + ( a sin t ) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. b. y x 2 + y2 4

In Exercises 31–34, find the circulation and flux of the field F around
and across the closed semicircular path that consists of the semicircu- x
lar arch r1 (t ) = ( a cos t ) i + ( a sin t ) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ π , followed by the
line segment r2 (t ) = t i, −a ≤ t ≤ a.
31. F = xi + yj 32. F = x 2 i + y 2 j
33. F = −y i + x j 34. F = −y 2 i + x 2 j c. Use any closed path different from parts (a) and (b).
35. Flow integrals Find the flow of the velocity field F = 41. Find the work done by the force F = y 2 i + x 3 j, where force
x + y i − x 2 + y 2 j along each of the following paths from is measured in newtons, in moving an object over the curve
(1, 0 ) to (−1, 0 ) in the xy-plane. r (t ) = 2t i + t 2 j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2, where distance is measured in
meters.
a. The upper half of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1
42. Find the work done by the force F = e y i + ( ln x ) j + 3zk ,
b. The line segment from (1, 0 ) to (−1, 0 )
where force is measured in newtons, in moving an object over the
c. The line segment from (1, 0 ) to ( 0, −1) followed by the line curve r (t ) = e t i + ( ln t ) j + t 2 k, 1 ≤ t ≤ e, where distance is
segment from ( 0, −1) to (−1, 0 ) measured in meters.
36. Flux across a triangle Find the f lux of the field F in x y
43. Find the flow of the velocity field F = i+ j,
Exercise 35 outward across the triangle with vertices (1, 0 ), y+1 x +1
( 0, 1), ( −1, 0 ). where velocity is measured in meters per second, over the curve
r (t ) = t 2 i + t j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
37. The flow of a gas with a density of δ = 0.001 kg m 2 over the
closed curve r(t ) = (− sin t ) i + ( cos t ) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 π, is given
 15.2 Vector Fields and Line Integrals: Work, Circulation, and Flux 949

44. Find the flow of the velocity field F = y + z i + xj − yk, 53. Work and area Suppose that f (t ) is differentiable and positive
where velocity is measured in meters per second, over the curve for a ≤ t ≤ b. Let C be the path r (t ) = t i + f (t ) j, a ≤ t ≤ b,
r(t ) = e t i − e 2 t j + e −t k, 0 ≤ t ≤ ln 2. and F = yi. Is there any relation between the value of the work
45. Salt water with a density of δ = 0.25 g cm 2 flows over the integral
curve r(t ) = t i + t j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4, according to the vector field
F = δ v, where v = xyi + y − x j is a velocity field measured
∫C F ⋅ d r
in centimeters per second. Find the flow of F over the curve r(t ).
and the area of the region bounded by the t-axis, the graph of f ,
46. Propyl alcohol with a density of δ = 0.2 g cm 2 flows over the and the lines t = a and t = b? Give reasons for your answer.
closed curve r (t ) = ( sin t ) i − ( cos t ) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 π, accord-
54. Work done by a radial force with constant magnitude A par-
ing to the vector field F = δ v, where v = x − y i + x 2 j is a
ticle moves along the smooth curve y = f ( x ) from ( a, f (a) ) to
velocity field measured in centimeters per second. Find the circu-
( b, f (b) ). The force moving the particle has constant magnitude k
lation of F around the curve r(t ).
and always points away from the origin. Show that the work done
by the force is
Vector Fields in the Plane
12 12
47. Spin field Draw the spin field ∫C F ⋅ T ds = k  b 2 + ( f (b) ) 2 − a 2 + ( f ( a) ) 2 .
 
y x
F = − i+ j Flow Integrals in Space
x2 + y2 x 2 + y2
In Exercises 55–58, F is the velocity field of a fluid flowing through
a region in space. Find the flow along the given curve in the direction
(see Figure 15.13) along with its horizontal and vertical com-
of increasing t.
ponents at a representative assortment of points on the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 4. 55. F = −4 xyi + 8 yj + 2k
48. Radial field Draw the radial field r ( t ) = t i + t 2 j + k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
56. F = x 2 i + yzj + y 2k
F = x i + yj r (t ) = 3t j + 4 t k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
57. F = x − z i + xk
(see Figure 15.12) along with its horizontal and vertical com-
ponents at a representative assortment of points on the circle r (t ) = ( cos t ) i + ( sin t ) k, 0 ≤ t ≤ π
x 2 + y 2 = 1. 58. F = − yi + xj + 2k
49. A field of tangent vectors r (t ) = (−2 cos t ) i + ( 2 sin t ) j + 2t k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
a. Find a field G = P ( x , y ) i + Q ( x , y ) j in the xy-plane 59. Circulation Find the circulation of F = 2 xi + 2z j + 2 y k
with the property that at any point ( a, b ) ≠ ( 0, 0 ), G is around the closed path consisting of the following three curves
a vector of magnitude a 2 + b 2 tangent to the circle traversed in the direction of increasing t.
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2 and pointing in the counterclockwise
direction. (The field is undefined at ( 0, 0 ).) C1: r( t ) = ( cos t ) i + ( sin t ) j + t k , 0 ≤ t ≤ π 2
b. How is G related to the spin field F in Figure 15.13? C 2 : r (t ) = j + ( π 2 ) 1 − t k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
50. A field of tangent vectors C 3 : r(t ) = t i + 1 − t j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
a. Find a field G = P ( x , y ) i + Q ( x , y ) j in the xy-plane with
the property that at any point ( a, b ) ≠ ( 0, 0 ), G is a unit vec- z p
a0, 1, b
tor tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2 and pointing in 2
the clockwise direction.
C1
b. How is G related to the spin field F in Figure 15.13? C2
51. Unit vectors pointing toward the origin Find a field
(1, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0)
F = M ( x , y ) i + N ( x , y ) j in the xy-plane with the property that
C3
at each point ( x , y ) ≠ ( 0, 0 ), F is a unit vector pointing toward y
x
the origin. (The field is undefined at ( 0, 0 ).)
52. Two “central” fields Find a field F = M ( x , y ) i + N ( x , y ) j in 60. Zero circulation Let C be the ellipse in which the plane
the xy-plane with the property that at each point ( x , y ) ≠ ( 0, 0 ), 2 x + 3 y − z = 0 meets the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 12. Show,
F points toward the origin and F is (a) the distance from ( x , y ) to without evaluating either line integral directly, that the circulation
the origin, (b) inversely proportional to the distance from ( x , y ) to of the field F = xi + yj + z k around C in either direction is
the origin. (The field is undefined at ( 0, 0 ).) zero.
950 Chapter 15 Integrals and Vector Fields

61. Flow along a curve The field F = xy i + yj − yzk is the a. Find dr for the path r(t ) = g(t )i + h( t) j + k (t )k.
velocity field of a flow in space. Find the flow from ( 0, 0, 0 ) to b. Evaluate the force F along the path.
(1, 1, 1) along the curve of intersection of the cylinder y = x 2 and
c. Evaluate ∫ F ⋅ d r.
the plane z = x. (Hint: Use t = x as the parameter.) C

z 63. F = xy 6 i + 3 x xy 5 + 2 j; r (t ) = ( 2 cos t ) i + ( sin t ) j,

0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
3 2
64. F = i+ j; r(t ) = ( cos t ) i + ( sin t ) j,
1 + x2 1 + y2
z x (1, 1, 1)
0 ≤ t ≤ π

y
65. F = ( y + yz cos xyz ) i + ( x 2 + xz cos xyz ) j +
( z + xy cos xyz ) k; r (t ) = ( 2 cos t ) i + ( 3 sin t ) j + k ,
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
y x2 66. F = 2 xyi − y 2 j + ze x k; r ( t) = −ti + t j + 3tk ,
x 1≤ t ≤ 4
62. Flow of a gradient field Find the flow of the field 67. F = ( 2 y + sin x ) i + ( z 2 + (1 3 ) cos y ) j + x 4 k;
F = ∇( xy 2 z 3 ): r (t ) = ( sin t ) i + ( cos t ) j + ( sin 2t ) k, −π 2 ≤ t ≤ π 2
a. Once around the curve C in Exercise 58, clockwise as viewed 1 3
68. F = x 2 y i + x j + xy k; r (t ) = ( cos t ) i + ( sin t ) j +
from above; 3
b. Along the line segment from (1, 1, 1) to ( 2, 1, −1). ( 2 sin t − 1) k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
2

COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS
In Exercises 63–68, use a CAS to perform the following steps for find-
ing the work done by force F over the given path:

15.3 Path Independence, Conservative Fields, and Potential Functions

A gravitational field G is a vector field that represents the effect of gravity at a point in
space due to the presence of a massive object. The gravitational force on a body of mass m
placed in the field is given by F = mG. Similarly, an electric field E is a vector field in
space that represents the effect of electric forces on a charged particle placed within it. The
force on a body of charge q placed in the field is given by F = q E. In gravitational and
electric fields, the amount of work it takes to move a mass or charge from one point to
another depends on the initial and final positions of the object—not on which path is taken
between these positions. In this section we study vector fields with this independence-of-
path property and the calculation of work integrals associated with them.

Path Independence
If A and B are two points in an open region D in space, the line integral of F along C
from A to B for a field F defined on D usually depends on the path C taken, as we saw in
Section 15.1. For some special fields, however, the integral’s value is the same for all
paths from A to B.

DEFINITIONS Let F be a vector field defined on an open region D in space,

and suppose that for any two points A and B in D, the line integral ∫ C F ⋅ dr along
a path C from A to B in D is the same over all paths from A to B. Then the integral
∫C F ⋅ d r is path independent in D and the field F is conservative on D.

The word conservative comes from physics, where it refers to fields in which the prin-
ciple of conservation of energy holds. When a line integral is independent of the path C from
B
point A to point B, we sometimes represent the integral by the symbol ∫ A rather than the
usual line integral symbol ∫C . This substitution helps us remember the path-independence