IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol.

10, Issue 6, 2022 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Scrap Reduction in TMT Reinforced Bar Production

Chetan Joshi1 Prof. Ravindra Karwande2 Mohammad Irfan3
1
PG Scholar 2Professor
1,2,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1,2,3
MSS’s CET Jalna, Maharashtra, India
Abstract— In this work, we studied a manufacturing of in hot rolling mills to heat the steel stock (Billets, Blooms or
random rods at a leading manufacturing company of Thermo Slabs) to the rolling temperaturesof around 1200 deg C which
Mechanically Treated (TMT) reinforced bars to reduce the is suitable for plastic deformation of steel and hence for
several types of scrap like Head and End cut, Cobbles, rolling in the mill. The heating process in a reheating furnace
Random rods, Melting rods and chopping. The hot billet is a continuous process where the steel stock is charged at the
coming from the extrusion machine is sent to the rolling mill furnace entrance, heated in the furnace, and discharged at the
where the TMT bars are produced; this consists of seven furnace exit. Heat is transferred to the steel stock during its
stages – scrap handling, Induction furnace, Continuous traverse through the furnace mainly by means of convection
casting machine, Reheating Furnace, Rolling mill which and radiation from burner gases and furnace walls. The
contain 18 stands in which 6- Roughing, 6- Intermediate and charging temperature of steel stock can range from ambient
6- Finishing ,shear cutting and programming logical temperature to 800 deg C. The target exit temperature of the
controller. During the shear cut operation performed on the steel stock is governed by the requirement of the process of
billet, a large amount of scrap was being generated. To reduce rolling which is dependent on the rolling speed, stock
this scrap and the non-value-added activities, techniques have dimension and steel composition. Steel quality aspects put
been applied. Also, the size of the billet was changed to constraints on temperature gradient and surface temperature.
produce maximum production. With this, the scrap rate at the Fuel used in these furnaces can be solid, liquid, or gaseous
rolling mill has significantly decreased leading to a notable fuel. Rolling is the process of plastically deforming steel by
reduction in the cost of production. passing it between rolls. Rolling is defined as the reduction of
Keywords: TMT Bars, Shear Cut Operation, Scrap Reduction the crosssectional area of the steel piece being rolled, or the
general shaping of the steel products, through the use of the
I. INTRODUCTION rotating rolls. Rolling of steel is one of the most important
manufacturing processes for steel. It is usually first step in
Induction furnace is a type of furnace for steelmaking which the processing of steel after it is made and cast either in
uses electrical energy for its operation. Induction furnace (IF) Ingot or continuous cast product in a steel melting shop.
steelmaking is one of the two electrical steelmaking The initial rolling of steel is done in a hot rolling mill where
processes. The other process for electrical steelmaking uses billet and slabs are rolled down to various rolled products
an electric arc furnace (EAF). Though IFs are being used such as plate, sheet, strip, coil, billet, structures, rails, bars and
since a long time, the production of mild steel by the IF is rods. Many of these rolled products such as rails and
relatively not very old phenomenon. The principle of melting reinforcement bars etc. are directly used by the consumers
in IFis that a high voltage electrical source from a primary while the other rolled products are starting raw materials for
coil induces a low voltage, high current in the metal or subsequent manufacturing operations such as forging, sheet
secondary coil. IF uses the heat produced by the eddy currents metal working, wire drawing, extrusion, machining, and
generated by a high frequency alternating field. The fabrication industry. The width of a rolled product can vary
alternating magnetic field produced by the high frequency from a few millimetres to several meters while the thickness
current induces powerful eddy currents in the charge resulting can vary from 0.1 mm to more than 200 mm. The rolled
in very fast heating. After tapping of steel from a primary section can be square, rectangular, round or shaped sections.
steelmaking furnace such as IF, BOF, EAF or EOF, molten Pomini Quenching System (PQS) for multi- slit operation
steel for high quality or specialty applications is subjected to from Primetal Technologies. The quenching system produces
further refining in a number of alternative processes the required material properties largely without the need for
collectively known as ladle metallurgy. expensive alloying elements. Pomini Quenching Systems
Continuous casting machine (CCM) is a process of (PQS) installed between the last stand of the finishing mill
producing an infinite solid strand from liquid steel by and the hot dividing shear ahead of the cooling bed. The PQS
continuously solidifying it as it moves through a CCM. It is enables rebar’s to be produced with increased yield strength
the predominant process route in a modern steel plant which and good weldability properties. This means that expensive
links steelmaking with hot rolling of steel. In the CCM, the alloying elements, such as niobium and vanadium, can be
liquid steel is solidified into a semi- finished steel product for largely eliminated from the steel production. Bars treated in
subsequent rolling in the hot rolling mill. The basic operation this way have a fine-grain perlitic core and a hard martensitic
of the CCM is to convertliquid steel of a given composition surface.
into a strand of desired shape and size through a group of A rolling mill cooling bed is used for the uniform air
operations. Continuous casting is distinguished from other cooling of the rolled materials (bars) and transports it in a
solidification processes by its ‘steady state’ appearance. That phased manner from the entry side of the cooling bed to its
is, the liquid steel freezes against the mould walls and is discharge side. It transfers the bars one by one to the roller
withdrawn from the bottom of the mould at a rate which keeps table, on which they are transported to the finishing section.
the solid / liquid interface at a constant position with time, A cooling bed carefully moves and cools the hot steel rolled
relative to an outside observer. Reheating furnaces are used

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 Scrap Reduction in TMT Reinforced Bar Production
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bars after hot rolling process. Cooling beds are to be steel, low alloy steel, and tool steel etc. Shears which are used
specifically designed considering the smallest and maximum in rolling mills before the cooling bed are called hot shears
size of bars being rolled in a particular rolling mill. They are while the shears which are used after the cooling bed are cold
designed for receiving, transferring, and cooling of the rolled shears. Hot shears cut desired length and as well as cut front
material. They are sized so that the product cools within a and tail ends of the rolling stock. These shears also cut the bar
particular cycle time. The length of the cooling bed is being rolled in case of cobble in the rolling mill. Hot shears
determined by the maximum run-out bar length, optimized by are designed to cut the rolling stock at the rolling temperature.
the selling lengths to minimize crop losses. The width of a Cold shears are used to cut the rolled product in to desired
cooling bed is determined on the basis of mill productivity saleable lengths. The type of shears normally used in rolling
(tons/hour) and the time required for cooling. Cooling beds mills are (i) crop and cobble shear, (ii) cooling bed dividing
normally have natural air cooling. However, for achieving shear, The crop and cobble shear is used in hot rolling mills
faster cooling of the bars, blowers can be installed for is to crop front end, tail end, as well as to segment cutting in
blowing air from the bottom of the hot bars. The rolled bars case of eventualities. These shears are usually of start/stop
after their rolling in the rolling mill are generally above 700 type and are driven either with flywheel mounted pneumatic
deg C and are to be cooled to below 150 deg C for subsequent clutch/brake or with direct DC (direct current) Motor driven.
finishing process. The cooling bed is located in the rolling These shears are controlled through PLC (programmable
mill after the rolling of steel material is completed. It logic control) system and provide very close tolerance of the
supports and permits hot rolled bars from last stand of the cut length. The cooling bed dividing shear is used to cut
mill to cool. In acooling bed the temperature of the entire cooling bed lengths. This shear is usually designed for low
length of the bar is to be cooled at the same time. If not, it surface temperatures. This shear is generally installed before
develops stresses in the bar. After the last stand of the rolling entry to cooling bed. The cooling bed shear is generally
mill, a shear arrangement is used to cut the bar which is stop/start and continuous operating type and is driven by the
moving to the cooling bed. This shear is normally a dual direct DC motor drive. Hot shears are usually flying shears.
ratio crop and dividing shear. The lengths cut are to suit the Flying shears are those shears which cur the material while it
length of the cooling bed and is based on the multiples of the is moving in the rolling mill at the rolling speed. Flying shears
finished saleable lengths. The cut length optimization are used for cutting applications, where endless material to be
software adjusts the primary cut lengths to the cooling bed to cut to length, cannot be stopped during the cutting process
minimize yield losses. The bar delivery system to the cooling and the cut is required to be effected ‘on the fly’. The
bed is to enable the bars to be transported onto the cooling mechanical construction provides a shear system mounted on
bed at a speed matching with the speed of the rolling in the a carriage, which follows the material with synchronous
rolling mill. There need to have a soft braking system for the speed whilecutting is in progress, and then returns to a home
bars so that the surface of the bars remains in a perfect position to wait for the next cut. The system is generally
condition despite the high delivery speed. The mechanical designed for the special requirements of flying shears under
type of cooling bed is used in which rake type cooling bed consideration of maximum efficiency and accuracy at
has a saw tooth pattern which is why it is also known as a minimum stress for all mechanical parts. Cold shear are for
rake type cooling bed. The purpose of the cooling bed of a cutting of cooling bed lengths into saleable lengths. They are
movable rake design is to uniformly air-cool rolled bars. The installed downstream of the cooling bed exit roller table after
rolled bar as it enters the cooling bed slides onto the first the straightener.
notch on the rakes. The initial notches provide continuous
support for the bar on a casting called a grid casting. Long II. LITERATURE REVIEW
plates with notches set at some distance apart, support the bar Sabiya. K, M. Shilpa, S. Appaiah, Scrap Reduction in TMT
after it moves beyond the grid castings. The bar moves across Reinforced Bar Production by the Application of Lean
the cooling bed by the movement of alternative plates moving Techniques, (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-2,
in a cycle of lift, move, and retract, by the action of eccentric July 2019, During the shear cut operation performed on the
cams. Repeating of this cycle moves the bars as they are billet, a large amount of scrap was being generated. The
delivered from the mill. A fixed number of cooled rolled bars overall scrap generation was 6% which is more than any
are sent for final length cutting by cold shear for subsequent industry. Eliminating this non value adding activity the rate
bundling or piling. Cooling beds can also use a chain transfer of scrap production was reduced. Based on this concept the
as the traversing method. Shearing is a simple process used overall percentage of scrap production was reduced to 4%
for the cutting of metals. It is basically a metal fabrication which is important for any leading company in the steel
process and is being used in rolling mills at several places for sector. This concept of wastage elimination is the MUDA
hot cutting of the steel material. Shears can be used to cut concept of lean technique.
steel and other materials of any size or shape. The shearing Tejas Chaudhari and Niyati Raut, Waste Elimination
force is appliedby two blades, one above and the other below by Lean Manufacturing, (IJISET) Vol. 4 Issue 5, May 2017
the material (upper blade and lower blade). These blades are ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968, This Paper details the use of lean
positioned at an angle relative to each other. These two blades manufacturing Techniques in reducing waste in Nut Bolt
are forced past each other with the space between them Manufacturing Company. The reduction in Through-Put
determined by a required offset. Normally, one of the blades Time is achieved to increases the productivity. This Case
remains stationary. The shearing blades used in the shearing Study addresses the application of lean manufacturing
process typically have a square edge rather than a knife-edge
and are available in different materials, such as high carbon

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 Scrap Reduction in TMT Reinforced Bar Production
(IJSRD/Vol. 10/Issue 6/2022/019)

conceptsto the continuous production sector with a focus on of elimination of waste in the form of under-utilized potential
the Pump manufacturing industry. of employees.
Jorge Madias, Split Ends during Long Products Sanjay Kumar, Dr. S.S. Mantha and Dr. Arun
Rolling: Billet Quality or Rolling Process, during the Kumar, Scarp Reduction by using Total Quality
continuous process in rolling mill, in the long products end Management Tools, International Journal of Industrial
splitting (alligatoring defect) and central bursting occurs, Engineering, 16(4), 364-369 2009. This case study was
which effect on quality and productivity of the product and carried out in one of the leading Indian industries
the different aspects of defects are represented. manufacturing pre-stressed concrete steel strands (PC wire).
Alberto Simboli, Raffaella Taddeo and Anna It has major applications in bridges and construction industry.
Morgante, Value and Wastes in Manufacturing. An Overview During study, lot of scrap was observed. Reasons for scrap
and a New Perspective Based on Eco-Efficiency, ISSN 2076- were found out by using total quality management tools
3387, Adm. Sci. 2014, 4, 173–191; (TQM).
doi:10.3390/admsci4030173, Various studies have been
carried out to encourage companies in including the III. PROCESS DESCRIPTION:
environment in their strategic and operational decisions TMT bar production process involves Induction furnace,
making. This study presents an overview on the evolutionary Continuous casting machine, Reheating furnace, roughing
dynamics of manufacturing in the industrial age, and offers a mill operation, intermediate mill operation, finishing mill
discussion about the potential synergies in integrating IE operation, Quenching process, cooling bed and Cutting
approaches and tools in Lean Manufacturing, by introducing operation, the flow chart for TMT bar production is shown in
the environmental load as a further type of Muda; the figure 1. In the roughing mill, the billet size is increased from
systematic actions to reduce this waste can build up the basis 130*130 sq.mm Cross-sections to 150*150 sq.mm. This is
for improving competitiveness through the eco-efficiency. conducted by passing the billet through rollers in 6 stands.
Agnieszka Grzelczak and Karolina Werner- After this intermediate mill is carried out, in which shear cut
Lewandowska, Eliminating Muda (Waste) in Lean operation is performed. Here, the rod will be cut at its head
Management by Working Time Standardization, Arabian J and tail ends to eliminate the alligatoring defect. In the
Bus Manag Review 2016 and 6:3 DOI: 10.4172/2223- intermediate mill, the cross- section of 150*150 sq.mm rod
5833.1000216, The authors focused on just the last type of diameter is reduced to sizes of 6,8, 10, 12,16,20,25 and 32,
waste that is on the under-utilization of the potential of 36, 40 mm, according to requirements are sent to Pomini
employees. However, according to the author’s Quenching Process where it is quenched in water. These rods
interpretation, thinking of “muda” is not using the available are now quenched in water medium and their length is
working time of employees. In the opinion of the authors, this reduced to 60-Meter after the finishing mill. After this, the
loss is due to a lack of standardization of working time of rods are sending to the cooling bed, where they are cooled to
employees In order to eliminate wasted time at the workplace, atmospheric temperature. After this, depending on customer
the authors suggest using the techniques of work analysis and requirements the rod length is reduced to 12-Meter. These
standardization. The purpose of this article is to present the TMT bars are sent to bundling and ready to use.
methods mentioned and focus on the possibility of their
inclusion in the concept of Lean Management, in the context

Fig. 1: Production Process

all the billets in the sample, an excess length of 6 - 12 inches
IV. PROBLEMS BACKGROUND was cut at both the ends. Due to excess cut, the scrap of
During shear cut operation, the billet is cut at its head and tail 450ton/month is generated, which is very high. Also, the
ends to eliminate alligatoring defect. For this, a length of 10 required number of bars is not being produced. After
inches has been specified to be cut at both the end of the billet. finishing mill operation, a sample of 1 meter TMT re-bar is
When a sample of 30 rods was measured, it was found that in checked for its weight, which should adhere to BIS, as shown
in the below table 1.

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 Scrap Reduction in TMT Reinforced Bar Production
(IJSRD/Vol. 10/Issue 6/2022/019)

Sr.No. Size (mm) Minimum Standard (BIS) Maximum Tolerance (BIS)

1 6 0.210 0.220 0.225 ±7%
2 8 0.367 0.395 0.422 ±7%
3 10 0.574 0.617 0.660 ±7%
4 12 0.844 0.888 0.932 ±5%
5 16 1.500 1.579 1.658 ±5%
6 20 2.393 2.467 2.541 ±3%
7 25 3.739 3.855 3.971 ±3%
8 32 6.126 6.316 6.505 ±3%
9 36 7.756 7.996 8.236 ±3%
10 40 9.576 9.872 10.168 ±3%
Table 1: The weight of 1-meter TMT bar as per BIS
The billets size is 130*130 sq.mm & 9 meter long in will come to an abrupt halt although the steel behind is still
length. Amongst these different section sizes from 6mm to being pushed through the working rollers at speeds which can
40mm diameter bars are not manufactured at required billet be reach up to 30 mph. The third type of scarp is random rods
size. This can be traced to the wrong selection of billet size are produce while the TMT bars are not aligned at cooling
which happens initially. The excess cut that happens during bed, due to excess billet length and due to variation in cutting
shear cut operation coupled with the selection of wrong billet operation. This issue in TMT production of 10 and 12 mm
size, which becomes visible during finishing mill, leads to the diameter rods was due to two main reasons: Shear cut at
generation of random bars. During the cutting operation, the random lengths and Mis-calculation of billet length. For shear
60-Meter length of bars are converted into bars of 12-Meter cut at random length problem a sample of 30 rods was
each. If the length of the bar is exceeding or falling short of checked for the length of alligatoring defect occurred and it
60-Meter, it would result in small bars of 2-8 meters. These was found that on an average the alligatoring defect was 6
barsare called random (scrap) rods/bars. These bars cannot be inches at both the ends of the rod, but shear cut was made at
used for construction purpose and hence is treated as scrap. 11inches, leading to extra cut of about 7inches. To avoid
The total scarp production during the TMT bar production on these changes were made in the PLC setting and ensured 4
an average 5.5 % per month. inches cut in the case of alligatoring defect. To avoid the
miscalculation of billet size 10mm dia bars are considered,
V. OBJECTIVE due to wrong calculation of billet size. The scrap percentage
1) Reduce the scrap generated during the TMT re-bar in random rods is 430-500 ton/month. The fourth type of
production. scarp is melting bars formed due to increase in length of bars
2) Determine the right size billet selection, to minimize the at cooling bed above60 meters, this can be controlled by PLC
scrap during the cutting operation. setting and pinch rolls setting, the scarp percentage in melting
bars is 200-225 ton/month. The fifth type of scarp is chopping
formed if the emergency situation occurs in process. Total
VI. METHODOLOGY
scarp generated is 5.5 %.
The data regarding scrap generation was collected it was The scarp reduction in TMT reinforced bar is
noted that five types of scrapget produced: reduced by changing billet size from 130*130 sq.mm Cross-
1) Heads and Ends cuts (formed during shear cut operation) sections to150*150 sq.mm. Due to change in billet cross
2) Cobbles (formed during intermediate mill or finishing section area, as we increased cross section areaof billet the
mill) rate of production is also increased & rate of scarp is
3) Random rods (formed during cutting operation) decreased.
4) Melting Bars (formed due to increase in length above 60
meter) A. Billet length calculation for 130*130 sq.mm cross section
5) Chopping (formed if emergency situation occur in area & for 10mm diameter bar:
process) Length = 9.210 meter, Weight of billet = 1221.84 kg
The five types of scrap were analyzed for possible Weight /1mt length as per BIS for 10mm from table 1 =0.574
causes in which we can reduce Scrap Reduction in TMT weightWe would need length of 60 meter = weight * length
Reinforced Bar Production. The first type of scrap is head and (60) = 0.574 * 60Weight for 10mm = 34.44 kg
end cuts formed while cutting off the split ends of the billets. Number of rods in 1 billet = 1221.84/34.44 = 35.47
This was attributed to the wrong PLC settings on the shear Where, 35 are the number of bars obtained and
cutting machine. This has been setright by programming the 0.47% is the random rod generated.
correct cutting length into the PLC with this, the scrap
B. Billet length calculation for 150*150 sq.mm cross section
percentage in shear cuts operation 450 ton/month. The second
area & for 10mm diameter bar:
type of scarp is cobbles formed due to various reasons during
intermediate mill and finishing mill operation are analyzed Length = 9.010 meter, Weight of billet = 1591.39 kg
and the scrap due to cobbles is about 255 ton/month. Cobbles Weight /1mt length as per BIS for 10mm from table 1 =0.574
will occur when there is a roller malfunction, the line of steel weightWe would need length of 60 meter = weight * length
deviates from the roller path or as, mentioned above, the end (60) = 0.574 * 60Weight for 10mm = 34.44 kg
of the steel splits. All of sudden the continuous roll of steel Number of rods in 1 billet = 1591.39/34.44 = 46.20

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 Scrap Reduction in TMT Reinforced Bar Production
(IJSRD/Vol. 10/Issue 6/2022/019)

Where, 46 are the number of bars obtained and 0.20% is the Weight /1mt length as per BIS for 12mm from table 1 =0.844
random rod generated. weight We would need length of 60 meter = weight * length
(60) = 0.844 * 60Weight for 12mm = 50.64 kg
C. Billet length calculation for 130*130 sq.mm cross section
Number of rods in 1 billet = 1587.85 /50.64 = 31.35
area & for 12mm diameter bar:
Where, 31 are the number of bars obtained and
Length = 9.150 meter, Weight of billet = 1213.88 kg 0.35% is the random rod generated.
Weight /1mt length as per BIS for 12mm from table 1 =0.844 Where, 46 are the number of bars obtained and
weightWe would need length of 60 meter = weight * length 0.20% is the random rod generated. With the revised
(60) = 0.844 * 60Weight for 12mm = 50.64 kg calculation,the % of random rods is reduced from 0.47% to
Number of rods in 1 billet = 1213.88/50.64 = 23.97 0.20% (for 10mm) & 31 are the number of bars obtained and
Where, 23 are the number of bars obtained and 0.35% is the random rod generated. With the revised
0.97% is the random rod generated. calculation,the % of random rods is reduced from 0.97% to
D. Billet length calculation for 150*150 sq.mm cross section 0.35% (for 12mm). The rectified billet calculation for 10mm
area & for 12mm diameter bar: and12mm is shown in table 2.
Length = 8.990 meter, Weight of billet = 1587.85 kg
TMT Bar Billet length in meter No. of Rods Billet length in meter for No. of Rods
Sr.no. Diameter in for cross section produced in 1 cross section 150*150 produced in 1
MM 130*130 billet (rectified) billet
1. 10 9.210 35 9.010 46
2. 12 9.150 23 8.990 31
Table 2: Rectified billet calculation for 10 and 12 mm diameter

VII. RESULT: REFERENCES:

Based on the above experimentation, it is clear that the rate [1] Sabiya. K, M. Shilpa, S. Appaiah, Scrap Reduction in
of scrap production was reduced and another alternate TMT Reinforced Bar Production by the Application of
solution was provided to decrease the scrap production using Lean Techniques, (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8
the different techniques such as changes in PLC setting, Issue-2, July 2019.
changes in billet length and changes in billet cross-section [2] Tejas Chaudhari and Niyati Raut, Waste Elimination by
area. The overall scarp produced from different operations is Lean Manufacturing, (IJISET) Vol. 4 Issue 5, May 2017
reduced from 5.5% to 3.41%. The scrap reduced at different ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968.
stages is shown in table 3. [3] Split Ends During Long Products Rolling: Billet Quality
Name of % of scrap % of scrap or Rolling Process? Jorge Madiasmetallon 423, 9 de
Sr.no
Operation (prior) (after) Julio street, San Nicolas, Buenos Aires B2900HGJ,
Heads and Ends Argentina.
1. 1.5 0.82 [4] Alberto Simboli, Raffaella Taddeo and Anna Morgante,
cuts
2. Cobbles 0.85 0.71 Value and Wastes in Manufacturing. An Overview and a
3. Random rods 1.65 0.78 New Perspective Based on Eco-Efficiency, ISSN 2076-
4. Melting Bars 0.75 0.6 3387, Adm. Sci. 2014, 4, 173–191;
5. Chopping 0.75 0.5 doi:10.3390/admsci4030173.
Total 5.5 3.41 [5] Agnieszka Grzelczak and Karolina Werner-
Table 3: Scrap reduction at different stages Lewandowska, Eliminating Muda (Waste) in Lean
Management by Working Time Standardization, Arabian
VIII. CONCLUSION: J Bus Manag Review 2016 and 6:3 DOI: 10.4172/2223-
5833.1000216.
The different types of scrap produced in the TMT bar [6] Sanjay Kumar, Dr. S.S. Mantha and Dr. Arun Kumar,
production were affecting productivity which leads to Scarp Reduction by using Total Quality Management
increase in cost production of TMT. Accordingly, the work Tools, International Journal of Industrial Engineering,
had been carried out by collecting the data and analyzing it, 16(4), 364-369 2009.
different methodology is used for different scrap generation. [7] Chetan Joshi, Prof. Ravindra Karwande, Mohammad
The overall scrap generation was 5.5% which is more than Irfan, Review Paper for Scarp Reduction in TMT
any industry. Eliminating this non value adding activity the Reniforced Bar, International Research Journal of
rate of scrap production was reduced. Based on this concept Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science,
the overall percentage of scrap production was reduced to e-ISSN: 2582-5208, Volume:04/Issue:08/August-2022.
3.41% which is important for any leading company in the [8] www.wikipideai.com
steel sector.

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