Structural Design for Fire

Prof S R Satish Kumar

Department of civil Enginering,
IIT Madras
Madras, Chennai 600 036
[email protected]

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 1

 The Fire Risk in India
• The risk of ‘Fire’ has been ranked fifth, up by
three positions from last year’s ranking.
• According to NCRB, a total of 18,450 cases of
fire accidents were reported p in India in
2015, with 1,193 persons injured and 17,700
killed.
• 42.1% of deaths were due to fire accidents in
residential buildings.buildings
• Maharashtra accounted for 22% of all the fire
incidents reported
FICCI
© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT–Madras
India risk survey 2017 2
 Fire Prevention and Control

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 3

 Structural Fire Safety Concept
1. Structural Concept – Compartmentation and
fire resistant structural design
2. Monitoring and Extinguishing to avoid
flashover

Monitoring – smoke detectors, fire alarms,

Extinguishing – hand
extinguishers, sprinklers, fire water
system, fire engines and brigades

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 4

 Fire resistance criteria
for partition elements
• Load bearing criteria to ensure stability
• Insulation
I l ti criteria
it i – heat
h t conduction
d ti b barrier
i
• Integrity criteria – flame/smoke barrier

• ISO 834 Standard

fire curve

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 5

 IS Codes on Fire Safety of Builds.
• IS 1641 – Grading & Classification
• IS 1642 – Details
D t il off Construction
C t ti
• IS1643 – Exposure Hazard
• IS 1644 – Exit Requirements & personal hazard
• IS1646 – Electrical Installations
• IS3809 – Fire resistance testing
• IS12777 – Flame spread of products

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 6

 THE FIRE LOAD
Fire Load = amount of heat in kcal per sqm.
Examplesof
ples of fire
fireloadinvariousstructures
load in various structures
2
Type of steel structure Kg wood / m
School 15
Hospital 20
Hotel 25
Office 35
p ental store
Departm 35
Textile mill showroom >200

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 7

 Fire Resistance Level

• The ability of a component or structure

structure, to full
fill for a stated period of time the required
stability integrity,
integrity thermal insulation and or
other expected duty specified in the standard
fire resistance test

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 8

 IS1642: Table 1 Fire Resistance Ratings
N Structural Element Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
o
1 Exterior Walls
Fire Bearing 4 2 2 1
separan.<3.7m
Non‐bear
Non bear 2 1.5
1 5 1 1
3.7< separan <9m Bearing 4 2 2 1
Non‐bear 1.5 1 1 1
2 Fire wall/doors 4 2 2 2
3 Floors and Walls 3 1.5 1 1

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 9

 IS1642: Table 2 Wall thickness for Fire Resistance

Wall material Load bearing Non‐load

bearing
1 2 4 1 2 4
RC Wallll 120 160 240
Brick wall
Without Finish 90 100 170 75 100 170
With 13 mm Gypsum plaster 90 90 100 75 90 100

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 10

 Fire ratings of RC
Columns and Beams
• Table 8 RC Columns
• Table 9 RC Beams
• Table
bl 10 0 & 11 RC
C Floors
l
• Table 12 Encased Steel Columns
• Table 13 Encased Steel Beams
9 Smoke and Fire Venting
10 Service Ducts
13 SStaircases
i and
d Lif
Lifts
© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 11
 Positive points of steel as a
construction material under fire
• Damage to strength of steel due to fire is
reversible in most of the cases
• Using the principle “ if the member is straight
after the fire ‐ the steel is O.K
O K” many of the
members could be salvaged.
• Up to about 2150C steel retains its strength
• In the case of concrete, at 2350C turns pink;
5900C turns red and irreversible damage after
6000C
• Steel exposed
p p to 6000C could be straightened
up g
and reused.
© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 12
 SECTION 16 FIRE RESISTANCE
16.1 Requirements

16 2
16.2 D fi iti
Definitions

16.3 Fire Resistance Level

16.4 Period of Structural Adequacy (PSA)

16.5 Variation of Mechanical Properties of Steel with Temp.

16 6
16.6 Li iti Steel
Limiting St l Temperature
T t

16.7 Temperature Increase with Time in Protected Members

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 13

 Section Factor P/A Concept
• The ratio of the surface area
exposed to fire to the mass of steel

ksm= As/ms

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 14

 Fire resistance level
• The fire resistance grading period for
an element or system in minutes
which is required to be attained in a
standard fire test.
• Designated by FRL

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 15

 Period of Structural Adequacy (PSA)
• The time ‘t’ in minutes for the member to
q y
reach the limit state of structural inadequacy
in the standard fire test

• The period of structural adequacy (PSA) shall

b d
be determined d using one off the
h following
f ll
methods:
(a) By calculation (b) by test
((c)) Byy rational method
© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 16
 Fire Protection Criteria

• period of structural adequacy (PSA) to be

greater than or equal to the required
fi
fire‐resistance
it l l (FRL) in
level i minutes
i t
attained in the standard fire test
• FRL shall be prescribed by other
standards depending on the use of the
structure and the time required to
evacuate.
evacuate
© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 17
 16.5 Variation of Mechanical Properties with T
1.2

( ) Yield
(a) Yi ld stress fy(T)/fy(20)
1
E(T)/E(20)

f y (T ) 905  T 0.8


f y ( 20 ) 690 0.6

(b) Modulus of 0.4

elasticity 0.2

 
  0
E (T ) T
 1.0    0 200 400 600 800 1000
E (20)    T   T (oC)
2000 ln 1100  

     0C  T  600C
 T 
690 1  
 1000  600C  T  1000C

T  53 .5
© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 18
 16.6 Limiting Steel Temperature
limiting steel temperature (Tl) in degree Celsius shall be calculated as
Tl= 905‐690 rf
where
rf rf = ratio of the design action on the member under fire to the design capacity
of the member (Rd = Ru/m) at room temperature
Rd,
d R Rd , Ru = design and ultimate strength of the member at room temperature
m = partial safety factor for strength

The design
Th d i action
ti underd fire
fi shall
h ll consider
id
a) The reduced bond likely under fire.
b) The effects of restraint to expansion of the elements during fire.

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19

 Temperature Increase with Time
Protected Members
16.7.1 The time (t) at which the limiting temperature (Tl) is attained
shall be determined by calculation on the basis of either
a suitable series of fire tests and regression analysis in accordance
with 16.7.2 or from the results of a single test in accordance with
16.7.3.
Unprotected Members
calculate using the following equations.
a) Three‐sided fire exposure condition
t  5.2  0.0221T  (0.433T / k sm )
b) Four‐sided fire exposure condition
where t  4.7  0.0263T  (0.213T / k sm )
t = time from the start of the test, in minutes
T = steel temperature, in degrees Celsius, 500oC  T  750C
ratio 2103 mm2/kg  ksm  35
ksm = exposed surface area to mass ratio,
103 mm2/kg
© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 20
 Typical fire loads and behaviour of steel under fire
T 0C
Furnace temperature

1000

Unprotected
p steel

500
Fire protected steel
temperature
0
30 60 90
Time (Minutes)

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 21

 Fire Engineering of steel structures‐
very wellll developed
d l d in
i the
th literature
lit t

D Hp =2D+B t Hp =2D+3B‐2t

Hp =2D+2B Hp =2D+4B‐2t
High Hp / A Low Hp / A
Value Value

The section factor Some typical values of HP for

concept fire protected steel sections

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 22

 Fire Engineering Design

• Tension members:
Ty = A fy; Ty = A fy = A  fy where  = fy/fy
Memberb willll ffaill at cr
 at which
h h ff< fy ;  = cr
• Compression members: cr =  (P/Pcd)
correction factor  = 1.2
• Beams: assuming a non uniform heating,
heating
 = 0.7

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 23

 16.6 Limiting Steel Temperature
The limiting steel temperature (Tl) in degree Celsius
shall be calculated as
Tl= 905‐690 rf
where
rf = ratio of the design action on the member under fire
to the design capacity of the member (Rd = Ru/m) at
room temperature
Rd , Ru = design and ultimate strength of the member at
room temperature
m = partial safety factor for strength

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 24

 Fire Resistance nomograms

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 25

 Methods of fire protection
• Spray protection
• Board protection
• Intumescent coatings
• C
Concrete
t encasementt

For each case, thickness of protection needs

q
to be worked out for a required PSA and
are available in product brochures.

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 26

 Summary

• Fundamentals of fire engineering were

introduced and method of ensuring FRL > PSA
were covered
covered.

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 27

 References

• Fire p
protection for structural steel in buildings,
g , Ed. Byy W D
Woolley, ASFP‐SCI reprint by INSDAG, 2000.

• Guide Book on Fire Protection of Steel Structures, INSDAG

Pub. No. INS/PUB/70, 2004.

THANK YOU

© Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 28