Practical tasks.

1. Translate the following sentences. Pick out homonyms and define their type.
1. A) Well, it’s not the first time a man has loved the human race so much he’s left
his own family to starve. – Що ж, це не перший випадок, коли людина так сильно
любить рід людський, що залишає власну сім'ю голодувати.
B) He was breathing as if he had just run a race. – Він дихав так, ніби щойно
пробіг перегони.
homonym – race : in sentence A: “the human race” – людство, in sentence B: “run a
race” – гонка
type – homograph (same spelling but different meanings)
2. A) Could you give me a box of matches? – Можеш дати мені коробку
сірників?
B) These matches demonstrated a change in football ratings. – Ці матчі
продемонстрували зміну футбольних рейтингів.
homonym – matches : in sentence A: “box of matches” – сірники, in sentence B: “These
matches” – матчі
type – homograph (same spelling but different meanings)
3. A) Beside the iron bridge, three poplars stood up like frozen brooms. – Біля
залізного мосту три тополі піднялися, як застиглі віники.
B) He played golf, tennis and bridge. – Він грав у гольф, теніс і бридж.
homonym – bridge : in sentence A: “iron bridge” – міст, in sentence B: “played bridge”
– бридж
type – homograph (same spelling but different meanings)

2. Translate the following sentences. Find homonyms to the italicized words.

1. He was wearing a new butterfly bow, red with white spots. – На ньому був новий
бант-метелик, червоний з білими плямами.
homonyms: new – knew (past tense of “know”) – type: homophone (same pronunciation,
different spelling and meaning),
bow – bow (to bend forward at the waist) – type: homograph (same spelling, different
pronunciation and meaning),
red – read (past tense of “read”) – type: homograph (same spelling, different
pronunciation and meaning)
2. What made you come here? – Що змусило вас приїхати сюди?
made – maid (a female domestic servant) – type: homophone (same pronunciation,
different spelling and meaning),
here – hear (to perceive sound) – type: homophone (same pronunciation, different
spelling and meaning)
3. To their great joy the found a tolerably good fire in the grate. – На їхню велику
радість, вони виявили в решітці стерпний вогонь.
found (past tense of “find”) – fount (a source of something) – type: homograph (same
spelling, different meaning) / homophone (similar pronunciation, different spelling and
meaning)
grate – grate (to shred into small pieces) – type: homograph (same spelling, different
meaning)
3. Find words homophonous with the following
Fare – fair, flour – flower, hair – hare, heel – heal, here – hear, eye – I, night – knight,
peace – piece, reign – rain/rein, plain – plane, write – right, sum – some, week – weak.

4. Comment on the phenomenon of paronymy. Make distinction between the

following paronyms:
Bear [a large mammal (noun) or to carry/withstand (verb)] The bear roamed the forest/
She could not bear the pain – beer [an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grains]
He ordered a pint of beer, company [a business organization or a group of people] She
works for a tech company/I enjoy her company – campaign [an organized course of
action to achieve a goal, typically in politics, business, or military] The election
campaign was intense, context [the circumstances or setting surrounding an event or
idea] The meaning of the word depends on the context – contest [a competition or
struggle to win] She won the singing contest, human [relating to or characteristic of
people] Human rights are essential – humane [showing compassion or benevolence] She
is known for her humane treatment of animals, lay [to place something down (requires a
direct object)] Lay the book on the table – lie [to recline or be in a resting position (does
not require a direct object)] I need to lie down, model [a representation or example of
something, or a person who poses for artists or advertisers] The architect showed us a
model of the building." / "She works as a fashion model – modal [relating to mode or
form; in grammar, it refers to auxiliary verbs that express necessity or possibility (e.g.,
can, could, should)] Modal verbs are used to indicate likelihood, suit [a set of clothes
typically worn for formal occasions; also, a lawsuit] He wore a black suit to the
meeting." / "They filed a suit against the company – suite [a set of connected rooms,
typically in a hotel or a set of related software programs] They booked a luxury suite for
their vacation." / "The office uses a suite of productivity tools.

5. Comment on the phenomenon of synonymic dominant. In the following groups of

synonyms find the synonymic dominant. Give your reasons for the choice.
1. Able, capable, clever, competent, fitted, powerful qualified, skillful, vigorous –
synonymic dominant – competent [“Competent” is a broad term that encompasses
the ability to do something efficiently and effectively. It implies proficiency and
suitability for a task or role. While the other words in the group have similar
meanings related to ability, “competent” is often the most commonly used and
understood in various contexts]
2. Admirable, attractive, beautiful, delicate, elegant, excellent exquisite, fine,
handsome, keen, nice, splendid – synonymic dominant – beautiful [“Beautiful” is
a widely used and versatile word that describes something that pleases the senses
or evokes admiration. It encompasses qualities such as attractiveness, elegance,
and excellence. While other words in the group may highlight specific aspects of
beauty, “beautiful” is the most commonly used term to express general
appreciation for aesthetics]
3. Add, broaden, enlarge, expand, extend, increase, heighten, lengthen, spread,
widen – synonymic dominant – expand [“Expand” is the most versatile term in the
group, indicating the act of making something larger or more extensive. While
 other words may imply specific methods or aspects of expansion (e.g., add,
broaden, increase), “expand” is the broadest and most commonly used term to
convey the general idea of growth or extension]
4. Achieve, acquire, attain, earn, gain, get, obtain, procure, receive, win – synonymic
dominant – achieve [“Achieve” is the most encompassing term in the group,
referring to successfully reaching a desired goal or outcome. While other words
may emphasize specific means of obtaining something (e.g., acquire, earn, gain),
“achieve” is the most commonly used and broadly applicable term for expressing
accomplishment or success]
5. Hardy, headstrong, persevering, persistent, stubborn, willful – synonymic
dominant – persistent [“Persistent” describes the quality of continuing firmly or
obstinately in a course of action despite difficulties or opposition. It encompasses
traits such as perseverance, determination, and resilience. While other words in
the group may highlight specific aspects of tenacity (e.g., headstrong, stubborn),
“persistent” is the most commonly used term to convey the general idea of
steadfastness in pursuit of a goal]

6. Suggest synonyms to the italicized words

1. He returned [came back] to his lodging [accommodation] where Piero was
waiting for him
2. It was astonishing [amazing] how amusing life can be if you exercised a little
ingenuity
3. They had always been very alike [similar]. A strong [sturdy] family resemblance
[similarity].

7. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Pick out antonyms and
define their types
1. Fortune, good or ill, as I take it, does not change men and women. It but develops
their character. – Удача, добра чи погана, як я розумію, не змінює чоловіків і
жінок. Вона лише розвиває їхній характер.
antonyms – good/ill [type – gradable antonyms], change/develop [type – complementary
antonyms]
2. She was not with him in his despair and his delight. – Вона не була з ним у його
відчаї та радості.
antonym – despair/delight
type – gradable antonyms
3. He was always eager to welcome and unwilling to lose his friends. – Він завжди
був радий вітати друзів і не хотів їх втрачати.
antonym – eager/unwilling
type – complementary antonyms

8. Fill in the blanks with words antonymous to those in italics

1. Why do you reject my offer and accept his?
2. He may be dexterous at football, but he is very clumsy on the dance floor.
3. I enjoy the climate that is rigorous in winter and mild in summer.
4. I’m afraid the sweet cream will get sour if you keep it in the warm.