American Research Journal of Agriculture

Volume 6, Issue 1, 1-9

+
Review Article | Open Access
ISSN (Online)- 2378-9018

Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and

Fats Research. A Review
Rania I.M. Almoselhy*

Oils and Fats Research Department, Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

Abstract
This review is designed to be a comprehensive review in a new way to help you to understand the principle and theory of Thermal Analysis
with special emphasis on Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) as a new fast-growing and important technique used for authentication,
characterization and detecting adulterations of oils and fats. DSC is a powerful instrument that measures the energy absorbed or released as a
function of time or a controlled temperature profile. The sensor of the DSC is the heat flux plate which is designed to give superior performance
and rugged reliability. The heat flux plate is capable of measuring small energy changes over the entire temperature range. Examples of
measurements with DSC are Oxidative Stability, Melting Enthalpy, Glass Transition, Heat of Crystallization, Purity Determination and Heat
Capacity. DSC can be used as a rapid method for assessment of oxidative stability, prediction of shelf life and evaluation of the quality of edible
oils during refining. DSC holds a potential to be used as the reliable and reproducible technique for the detection of adulteration of animal body
fat added in ghee individually and in combination of vegetable oil. DSC method is faster, require less sample size and no chemicals or solvents
compared to other conventional, modern oxidative stability methods and conventional shelf life estimation.

Keywords: Oils, Fats, Thermal Analysis, DSC

Introduction dealt with in greater depth within the chapters of this book,
and the principles involved extend to many other materials that
Thermal analysis is one of the oldest analytical techniques. may not be mentioned specifically. It is in fact a fascinating
Throughout history, people have used simple heat tests to technique and the purpose of this introduction is to provide
determine whether materials were genuine or fake. The year an insight into this method of measurement, to provide the
1887 is looked upon as the dawn of present-day thermal necessary practical guidance a new user will need to go about
analysis. It was then that Henri Le Chatelier, the famous French making measurements, and to give understanding about the
scientist, carried out his first thermometric measurements information that can be obtained and how to interpret the data
on clays. Just a few years later in 1899, the British scientist [2].
Roberts-Austen performed the first differential temperature
measurements and so initiated the development of DTA. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is a fundamental
Commercial instruments did not however appear until the tool in thermal analysis. It can be used in many industries –
1960s. Since then, thermal analysis has undergone fifty years from pharmaceuticals and polymers, to nanomaterials and food
of intense development. As a result, the use of thermal analysis products. The information these instruments generate is used
has expanded into many new research and application fields to understand amorphous and crystalline behavior, polymorph
in different industries. In many cases, the thermal analysis and eutectic transitions, curing and degree of cure, and many
techniques employed to analyze new materials require specific other material properties used to design, manufacture, and
accessories and measurement parameters as well as special test products. The biggest advantage of DSC is the ease and
sample preparation [1]. speed with which it can be used to see transitions in materials.
If you work with polymeric materials of any type, the glass
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the most widely transition is important to understanding your material. In
used of the thermal techniques available to the analyst and liquid crystals, metals, pharmaceuticals, and pure organics,
provides a fast and easy to use method of obtaining a wealth of you can see phase changes or polymorphs and study the
information about a material, whatever the end use envisaged. degree of purity in materials. If you are processing or distilling
It has found use in many wide ranging applications including materials, knowledge of a material’s heat capacity and heat
polymers and plastics, foods and pharmaceuticals, glasses and content change (called enthalpy) can be used to estimate how
ceramics, proteins and life science materials; in fact virtually efficiently your process is operating. For these reasons, DSC is
any material, allowing the analyst to quickly measure the basic the most common thermal analysis technique and is found in
properties of the material. Many of the application areas are many analytical, process control, quality assurance, and R&D

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 Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and Fats Research. A Review

laboratories [3]. responsive to pressure and running DSC under pressure allows
you to study that process. For boiling points, pressure DSC
In Edible oils research, Oxidative Stability, or the Oxidative also allows you to calculate the vapor pressure of the sample.
Induction Time (OIT), test is often studied in both DSC and
TGA. This is normally done by heating a material to a set Kinetic studies on the DSC can be done using scanning
temperature under an inert gas and switching to air or oxygen methods, where the sample is either heated through a
once it has equilibrated. The time needed for the material temperature ramp, or isothermally, where the sample is held
to begin to burn is then recorded. Normally, in a power at a set temperature. In the latter case, the ramp rate to that
compensated DSC, a flow-thru cover is used to remove the temperature should be as fast as possible to minimize the
smoke from the DSC as quickly as possible. effect of the ramp. Data from these methods can be exported
to TIBCO Spotfire®, Excel® or another program for analysis
High Pressure (HP) DSC is used for several reasons: first, or run through several commercially available programs. The
an oxidative stability test may take too long at atmospheric advantage of using DSC for kinetic studies is it tends to be
pressures to be convenient. An example would be looking at faster and more straightforward than other methods.
an antioxidant package in motor oil. Secondly, some reactions
from water or methanol as a byproduct, leading to foaming Choosing the thermal analysis technique
in the sample. Higher pressure suppresses this. Thirdly, some The thermal analysis technique that can be used to measure
reaction kinetics are affected by pressure and running the a particular property depends on the effect or property you
reaction under controlled pressure is needed to study this want to measure. The following table gives an overview of the
effect. Finally, transitions, like the Tg and boiling point, are best ( ) and alternative ( ) techniques [1].

Table 1: Overview of the Best ( ) and Alternative ( ) Thermal Analysis Techniques

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 Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and Fats Research. A Review

Principle of Thermal Analysis • Data Recording Unit: Records the signals of sensor and
The definition of Thermal Analysis: “A group of techniques sample temperature, and analyzes them.
in which a property of the sample is monitored against time
or temperature while the temperature of the sample, in a Temperature control, data recording and analysis are all
specified atmosphere, is programmed” [4]. computer-controlled. The combination of the furnace and sensor
enables the various types of the measurement techniques. This
Figure 1 shows the configuration of Thermal Analysis computer can be connected to the several instruments which
instrument includes the followings: has the other types of measurement techniques, enables the
simultaneous measurement and analysis.
• Detection Unit: Furnace, sample and reference holder, and
sensor, heat and cool the sample in the furnace, and detects the Table 2. shows the measurement techniques for each
sample temperature and property. property in Thermal Analysis (TA). Each technique is called
DTA, DSC, TG, TMA and DMA.
• Temperature Control Unit: Controls the furnace
temperature.

Figure 1: Block diagram of Thermal Analysis instrument

Table 2: The measurement techniques for each property in Thermal Analysis

Abbrev. TA Measurement Technique Property Unit

DTA Differential Thermal Analysis Difference temperature °C or µV*

DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry Enthalpy W = J/sec

TG Thermogravimerty Mass gram

TMA Thermomechanical Analysis Deformation meter

DMA Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Elasticity Pa = N/m2

*Thermocouple electromotive force.

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 Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and Fats Research. A Review

Table 3: The effects and properties found in various materials are measured in each TA technique.

Technique
Phenomenon/Property
DSC TG TMA DMA

Melting ⚪ — Δ Δ

Glass transition ⚪ — ⚪ ⚪

Crystallization ⚪ — Δ ⚪

Reaction (Curing / Polymerization) ⚪ Δ ⚪ ⚪

Sublimation / Evaporation / Dehydration Δ ⚪ — —

Thermal decomposition Δ ⚪ — —

Thermal expansion / Thermal shrinkage — — ⚪ —

Thermal history ⚪ — ⚪ ⚪

Specific heat capacity ⚪ — — —

⚪ : Measurement Object
Δ : Some compatible

— : Not measured
Table 3. shows which effects and properties found in time is measured as a function of the temperature to equalize
various materials are measured in each technique. their temperature, while temperature of the sample unit,
formed by the sample and reference material, is varied in a
The main application areas of DSC concern the specified program.
determination of the melting, the glass transition, the
crystallization, the chemical reactions, the thermal history, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
and the specific heat capacity. Though the sublimation, the Description of DSC
evaporation, and the thermal decomposition can also be
measured, this technique is not usually used because of the DSC is a commercially available instrument which has
mass change by the decomposition and the corrosion of the two (2) types: Heat Flux Type and Power Compensation
sensor by the decomposed gas. Type. Figures 2, 4 show the block and schematic diagrams
of Heat Flux DSC as an example, whereas, Figure 3 shows
This is definition of DSC by JIS (Japanese Industrial block diagram of DSC furnace. Heat Flux DSC comprises the
Standard). DSC is the generic term for the following two sample and reference holder, the heat resistor, the heat sink,
measurement methods: and the heater. Heat of heater is supplied into the sample and
the reference through heat sink and heat resistor. Heat flow is
• Heat Flux DSC proportional to the heat difference of heat sink and holders.
Heat sink has the enough heat capacity compared to the
A technique in which the temperature of the sample unit,
sample. In case the sample occurs endothermic or exothermic
formed by a sample and reference material, is varied in a
phenomena such as transition and reaction, this endothermic or
specified program, and the temperature difference between the
exothermic phenomena is compensated by heat sink. Thus the
sample and the reference material is measured as a function of
temperature difference between the sample and the reference
temperature.
is kept constant. The difference the amount of heat supplied to
• Power Compensation DSC the sample and the reference is proportional to the temperature
difference of both holders. By calibrating the standard material,
A technique in which difference of thermal energy that is the unknown sample quantitative measurement is achievable.
applied to the sample and the reference material per unit of

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 Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and Fats Research. A Review

Figure 2: Block Diagram of Heat Flux DSC

Figure 3: Block Diagram of DSC Furnace

Figure 4: Schematic Diagram of Heat Flux DSC

DSC Measuring Principles * Aluminium pans are the most commonly used DSC pans.
Figure 5 shows DSC Measuring Principles as following: * Important to ensure that the contact between the sample
and the pan is very good.
a) Power compensation DSC: The electric heating power
required to compensate the difference in heat flow is measured * Large contact area is desirable, in order to have uniform
heat transfer.
b) Heat flux DSC: The temperature difference caused by
the difference in the heat flow of the sample and reference is * Usually, the reference is an empty pan covered with a
measured. sealed lid.

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 Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and Fats Research. A Review

Figure 5: DSC Measuring Principles

Endothermic and Exothermic Heat Flow as a sample is heated, cooled or held isothermally, together
Figure 6 shows DSC Thermogram as following: with the temperature at which these changes occur. The energy
changes enable the user to find and measure the transitions that
• Endothermic event: heat (energy) absorbed by sample occur in the sample quantitatively, and to note the temperature
where they occur, and so to characterize a material for melting
• Exothermic event: heat (energy) released by sample
processes, measurement of glass transitions and a range of
• Glass transition: Endothermic more complex events. One of the big advantages of DSC is
that samples are very easily encapsulated, usually with little
• Melting: Endothermic or no preparation, ready to be placed in the DSC, so that
• Crystalisation: Exothermic measurements can be quickly and easily made.

• Vaporization: Endothermic Heat flow measurements

• Chemical reactions: Exothermic The main property that is measured by DSC is heat flow,
• Oxidation: Exothermic the flow of energy into or out of the sample as a function of
temperature or time, and usually shown in units of mW on
• Degradation: Exothermic the y-axis. Since a mW is a mJ/s this is literally the flow of
energy in unit time. The actual value of heat flow measured
Principles of DSC and types of measurements depends upon the effect of the reference and is not absolute.
made What matters is that a stable instrumental response or baseline
A definition of DSC is produced against which any changes can be measured. The
starting point of the curve on the y-axis may be chosen as one
A DSC analyzer measures the energy changes that occur of the starting parameters, and it should be set at or close to

Figure 6: DSC Thermogram

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 Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and Fats Research. A Review

zero. Two different conventions exist for the display of the heat give extremely accurate data [2].
flow curve: one shows endotherms in the downward direction,
the other upward. Traditionally, with heat flux systems A similar principle is employed in stepwise heating methods
endotherms are shown as going down, since endothermic where the temperature may be raised by only a fraction of a
transitions result in a negative temperature differential, whilst degree between a series of isotherms. This is reported to give
with power compensation systems they are shown as going a very accurate value for Cp because of the series of short
up since with this principle endothermic transitions result in temperature intervals.
an increase in power supplied to the sample. The value of
measuring energy flow is that it enables the analyst to identify Specific heat data can be of value in its own right since this
the range of different transitions that may occur in the sample information is required by chemists and chemical engineers
as it is heated or cooled. when scaling up reactions or production processes, it provides
information for mathematical models, and is required for
Specific heat (Cp) accurate kinetic and other advanced calculations. It can also
help with curve interpretation since the slope of the curve
The specific heat (heat capacity, Cp) of a material can be is fixed and absolute, and small exothermic or endothermic
determined quantitatively using DSC and is designated Cp events identified. Overall, it gives more information than the
since values are obtained at constant pressure. Traditionally, heat flow trace because values are absolute, but it does take
this is done by subtracting a baseline from the heat flow curve more time, something often in short supply in industry [2].
in the manner described below, but values may also be obtained Enthalpy
using modulated temperature technique. The subtracted curve
referenced against a standard gives a quantitative value of Cp. The enthalpy of a material is energy required to heat the
The accuracy that can be obtained depends upon the instrument material to a given temperature and is obtained by integrating
and method in use. the heat capacity curve. Again many software packages provide
for the integration of the Cp curve to provide an enthalpy
In practice the traditional standard test method provides curve. Enthalpy curves are sometimes used for calculations,
a fairly rapid method for determination of Cp and many for example when calculating fictive temperature, and can help
manufacturers provide software specifically designed to in understanding why transitions have the shape they do. In
comply with this. Three runs are required, each consisting of the cases where amorphous and crystalline polymer materials
an isothermal period, temperature ramp and final isotherm. exhibit significantly different enthalpies, the measurement of
This method is applied identically to the succeeding runs: enthalpy can allow an estimate of crystallinity over a range of
temperatures as the polymer is heated [2].
1. First run: a baseline with uncrimped empty pans placed
in the furnace.
Derivative curves
Derivative curves are easily obtained from the heat flow
2. Second run: as above but adding a reference (typically curve via a mathematical algorithm and aid with interpretation
sapphire) to the sample pan. of the data. Typically they can help define calculation limits,
and can aid with the resolution of data, particularly where
3. Third run: replace the reference with your sample. overlapping peaks are concerned. The first derivative curve
is useful for examining stepwise transitions such as the glass
The three curves are brought up on the screen, isothermals transition. The second derivative of a peak is more easily
matched, data subtracted and referenced against the standard. interpreted than the first derivative. In this case the data are
Most software packages will do this automatically, and if the inverted, but any shoulders in the original data will resolve
differing weight and heat capacity of sample pans are taken into separate peaks in the second derivative curve. It is
into account then the baseline and reference runs may be used particularly useful for examining melting processes to help
for subsequent samples, provided the DSC is stable. In fact, identify shoulders in the peak shape due to multiple events.
because the procedure is based on a subtraction technique
between measurements made at different times, any drift will Applications of DSC in Oils and Fats Research
cause error. The DSC must be very stable and in practice it is Two kinds of fats were investigated in this study: palm oil
best not to use an instrument at the extremes of its temperature and cocoa butter. Cocoa butter is one of the most precious
range where stability may be compromised. The standard most and useful vegetable fat obtained from the cocoa beans. Palm
often used is sapphire, and the mass used should be similar oil is an edible vegetable oil high in saturated fats and free of
to the sample; in any event the sample should not be a great trans fats. A lot of methods for determining oxidative stability
deal larger or errors will be increased. This method relies on are known. Differential Scanning Calorimetry is in the group
the measurement of the heat flow of the sample compared to of thermoanalytical methods and allows the determination
that of an empty pan. Whilst there may be a number of factors of oxidation parameters without the need for chemicals
which dictate the scan rate of choice it should be noted that substances. With the use of DSC, polythermal and isothermal
faster scan rates result in increased values of heat flow giving research can be carried out. The aim of this research was to
increased accuracy of measurement, and this also minimizes analyse the oxidative stability of cocoa butter and palm oil. The
the time of the run and potential drift of the analyser. It has kinetics parameters: activation energy (Ea), preexponential
been reported that fast scan rates used by fast scan DSC can

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 Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and Fats Research. A Review

factor Z were investigated with used differential scanning to SBO appeared to be less stable. TON values were higher
calorimetry (DSC). The initial temperature (onset) and for soybean oil samples without the addition of herbal plant
maximum temperature (final) of oxidation process, and melting extracts and also when they were enriched with marjoram,
characteristic for both lipids were determined by DSC. The thyme, and oregano extracts in comparison with sunflower
kinetics parameters, temperatures (onset and maximum) were oil samples. The calculated activation energy values for
investigated at oxygen atmosphere. The melting characteristic the oxidation reaction of tested oil samples showed that the
was investigated at nitrogen atmosphere. Calibration was done effectiveness of used herbal plant extracts varied with the type
with indium standards. The averages from measurements of of herbal plant extract added to oil samples and with their
Ton and Tmax for each lipid at a given temperature were concentration. Oregano extract at concentration of 0.07% was
determined as the intersection of the extrapolated baseline and effective for protection of SFO against oxidation and thyme
the tangent line (leading edge) of the recorded exotherm. The extract at concentration of 0.07% improved the oxidative
range of temperatures during determine melting characteristic stability of SBO. Therefore, these herbal plant extracts can
were –80 to 80°C. If the heating rate of the system was constant be recommended as a potent source of natural antioxidants
for the test conditions, then the temperatures obtained: Ton replacing synthetic antioxidants for protection of edible oils
and Tmax were characteristic of the system and could be used against oxidation [8].
as parameters differentiating the resistance (stability) of fats
and oils to thermal decomposition. Palm oil was characterized Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was for the first
by a lower activation energy at onset temperature than cocoa time applied to evaluate cooling and heating curves and related
butter, it may be due to the fact that palm oil was unrefined [5]. thermal properties of olive oil during refining process steps
starting from two series of samples at different initial peroxide
The oxidative stability of vegetable oils mainly depends values (low, 15 meq O2/kg and high, 30 meq O2/kg). Thermal
on their fatty acid composition, their degree of unsaturation, properties were statistically correlated by means of principal
and the presence of compounds with antioxidant activity. A component analysis (PCA) to those substance classes (products
research article reports on the effects of the process of roasting deriving from oxidation, polymerization and hydrolysis of
oil seeds, prior to pressing them, on the basic characteristics of triacylglycerols (TAG)) that could exert adverse effects on
the oils produced and their oxidative stability. The differential consumer health and a negative contribution to the shelf‐life
scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was used to study the of the refined oil. A concomitant significant increase of K270
process of oxidation of the oil samples in an oxygen-flow cell. and polymerized TAG, as a general decrease of oxidation
Chromatographic analysis revealed that roasting the seeds level was exhibited by oils during bleaching. Crystallization
increased the levels of chlorophyll and β-carotene in all the significantly shifted towards lower temperatures as well as
cold-pressed oils. Similar results were observed for the oil’s onset temperature of heating, enlarging transition range,
antioxidant activity, measured by the scavenging 2,2-diphenyl- starting from bleaching and at both oxidation levels. PCA
1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method. Results also was performed to tentatively discriminate among samples
indicated that roasting seeds prior to pressing them for oil according to different refining steps and/or initial level of
had a positive effect on the oil’s stability, as determined by oxidation correlating thermal properties and chemical results.
the DSC method. This manifested in both the extension of The first principal component clearly clustered samples
oxidation induction time and the final oxidation time. Most according to different refining steps and this differentiation
researchers publishing in the subject of DSC oils oxidation was possible on the basis of the relation of thermal parameters
consider only induction time parameter. However, significant with polymerized TAG conjugated dienes and trienes (K232
differences were also observed in the part of the DSC curve and K270, respectively). This preliminary goal should lead to
after the induction time [6]. deepen the study of DSC application in the evaluation of the
quality of olive and other vegetable oils during refining [9].
27 market and edible cold-pressed oils from 10 different
oilseeds were analyzed. Oxidative stability and chemical DSC was used to detect adulteration of pure ghee with
composition of oils were evaluated. The oils were investigated caprine body fat when added singly (at 5, 10 and 15%) and
for their primary quality, fatty acid composition, total phenolic in combination with groundnut oil (GNO) (at 5, 10 and 15%).
content and antioxidant activity. Rancimat and pressure Samples were analyzed for transition behavior in terms of
differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) were used to assess crystallizing and melting curves. When compared to pure
oils oxidative stability. Principal component analysis (PCA) ghee, adulterated ghee samples showed a shift in the midrange
was conducted to determinate impact of selected chemical temperature of thermal curves, indicating the presence of foreign
characteristics on tested oils’ oxidative stability in accelerated fats. The results revealed that the detection of adulteration was
modes. According to the statistical analyses, oils were divided possible at the lowest level of the study (5%), irrespective of
into 4 groups, which depend on the method of oxidative the nature of the adulterants. Differential scanning calorimetry
stability evaluation did not differ [7]. is a fingerprinting technique that can be efficiently used for the
detection of adulteration of milk fat by cheaper oils and fats,
With the use of DSC method, the assessment of oxidative based on the rise in midrange temperature of crystallisation
stability of sunflower and soybean oils, and also efficiencies and melting peaks. It can be concluded that CBF when added
of used herbal plant extracts were performed. SFO containing individually and in combination with GNO in PCG and PBG
a slightly higher level of unsaturated fatty acids compared

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 Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and Fats Research. A Review

could be detected even at the lowest level of study (5%). Also, CONCLUSIONS
the change in shape of the melting curve in adulterated samples
further provided a clear indication of adulteration. Thus, DSC Advances of DSC technique have led to new applications
holds a potential to be used as the reliable and reproducible for authentication, characterization and detecting adulteration
technique for the detection of adulteration of animal body fat of oils and fats. DSC can be used as a rapid method for
added in ghee individually and in combination of vegetable oil. assessment of oxidative stability, prediction of shelf life of
However, further strengthening of the technique is required in oils and fats and evaluation of the quality of edible oils during
field conditions [10]. refining. The DSC method is faster, require less sample size
and no chemicals or solvents compared to other conventional
The use of differential scanning calorimetric heating and modern oxidative stability methods and conventional
thermograms was investigated to detect the presence of lard, shelf life estimation.
beef tallow, and chicken fat as contaminants in sunflower oil.
Sunflower oil samples spiked separately with lard, beef tallow, References
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to obtain their heating profiles. The results showed that
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Calorimetry (United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)
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Beginner’s Guide. 940 Winter Street Waltham, MA 02451 USA, https://
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chicken fat contamination in sunflower oil did not show any
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it was also possible to make a distinction between lard and Butter. Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych, nr 596, 45–54
beef tallow contaminations in sunflower oil. The DSC melting 6. Różańska M.B., Kowalczewski P.L., Tomaszewska-Gras J., Dwiecki
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fats. While the changes caused by BT in thermal profiles could 7. Symoniuk, E., Ratusz, K., Ostrowska-Ligęza, E., Krygier, K. (2018).
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Differential Scanning Calorimetry Method. Food Anal. Methods, 11:
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Chemical Papers, 72: 2607–2615.
The applicability of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
9. Caponio, F., Chiavaro, E.,, Paradiso, V.M., Paciulli, M.,, Summo, C.,
for the detection of water content in butter was evaluated. High Cerretani, L., Gomes, T. (2013). Chemical and thermal evaluation of olive
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content for seven tested kinds of butter, and the results were adulteration by caprine body fat and mixtures of caprine body fat and
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Detection of Animal Fat Contaminations in Sunflower Oil By Differential
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12. Tomaszewska-Gras, J. (2011). Detection of butter adulteration with water
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Citation: Rania I.M. Almoselhy “Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in Oils and Fats Research. A Review”.
American Research Journal of Agriculture, vol 6, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1-9.

Copyright © 2020 Rania I.M. Almoselhy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
work is properly cited.

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