Chapter2Graphics&Java2D

Introduction; GraphicsContextsandGraphicsObjects& ColorControl; FontControl; DrawingLines,Rectangles&Ovals; DrawingArcs.

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Introduction
http://java.comsci.us/tutorial/index.html Javasgraphicscapabilities:Drawing2Dshapes, Controllingcolorsandfonts; Java2DAPI(Moregraphicscapabilities):Drawingcustom 2Dshapes, Fillingshapes withcolors& patterns.

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Javascoordinatesystem Schemeforidentifyingallpointsonscreen; Upperleftcornerhascoordinates(0,0); Coordinatepointcomposedofxcoordinate&y coordinate; Javacoordinatesystem:Unitsaremeasuredinpixels:

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Graphics Contexts & Graphics Objects

Graphicscontext Enablesdrawingonscreen Graphicsobjectmanagesgraphicscontext Controlshowinformationisdrawn ClassGraphicsisabstract Cannotbeinstantiated ContributestoJavasportability ClassComponentmethodpainttakesGraphicsobject publicvoid paint(Graphicsg) Calledthroughmethodrepaint; Class Color: Defines methods & constants to manipulate colors; Colors are created from R, G & B components (RGB values). Oct 11
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Color constants & their RGB values

Color constant public final static Color ORANGE public final static Color PINK public final static Color CYAN public final static Color MAGENTA public final static Color YELLOW public final static Color BLACK public final static Color WHITE public final static Color GRAY public final static Color LIGHT_GRAY public final static Color DARK_GRAY public final static Color RED public final static Color GREEN public final static Color BLUE
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Color

RGB value

orange pink cyan magenta yellow black white gray light gray dark gray red green blue

255, 200, 0 255, 175, 175 0, 255, 255 255, 0, 255 255, 255, 0 0, 0, 0 255, 255, 255 128, 128, 128 192, 192, 192 64, 64, 64 255, 0, 0 0, 255, 0 0, 0, 255
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Color methods & color-related Graphics methods

Method Description

Color constructors and methods

public Color( int r, int g, int b )

Creates a color based on red, green and blue components expressed as integers from 0 to 255.
public Color( float r, float g, float b )

Creates a color based on red, green and blue components expressed as floating-point values from 0.0 to 1.0.
public int getRed()

Returns a value between 0 and 255 representing the red content.

public int getGreen()

Returns a value between 0 and 255 representing the green content.

public int getBlue()

Returns a value between 0 and 255 representing the blue content.

Graphics m ethods for manipulating Color s
public Color getColor()

Returns a Color object representing the current color for the graphics context.
public void setColor( Color c )

Sets the current color for drawing with the graphics context.
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1//TrytheCode:ShowColors.java 2//ThatDemonstratesColors. 3import java.awt.*;//Containsalloftheclassesforcreating //userinterfacesandforpaintinggraphicsandimages 4import javax.swing.*;/*Providesasetof"lightweight"(all Javalanguage)componentsthat,tothemaximumdegree possible,workthesameonallplatforms.*/ 6public class ShowColors extends JFrame { 8 //constructorsetswindow'stitlebarstring&dimensions 9 public ShowColors() 10 { 11 super("Usingcolors" ); 12 13 setSize(400,130 ); 14 setVisible(true );
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} //drawrectanglesandStringsindifferentcolors public void paint(Graphicsg) { //callsuperclass's paintmethod super.paint(g); //setnewdrawingcolorusingintegers g.setColor(new Color(255,0,0 )); g.fillRect(25,25,100,20 ); g.drawString("CurrentRGB:" +g.getColor(),130,40 );

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28 //setnewdrawingcolorusingfloats 29 g.setColor(new Color(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f )); 30 g.fillRect(25,50,100,20 ); 31 g.drawString("CurrentRGB:" +g.getColor(),130,65 ); 32 33 //setnewdrawingcolorusingstaticColorobjects 34 g.setColor(Color.BLUE ); 35 g.fillRect(25,75,100,20 ); 36 g.drawString("CurrentRGB:" +g.getColor(),130,90 ); 37 38 //displayindividualRGBvalues 39 Colorcolor =Color.MAGENTA; 40 g.setColor(color); 41 g.fillRect(25,100,100,20 );
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42 g.drawString("RGBvalues:" +color.getRed()+"," + 43 color.getGreen()+"," +color.getBlue(),130,115 ); 44 45 }//endmethodpaint 46 47 //executeapplication 48 public static void main(Stringargs[]) 49 { 50 ShowColors application=new ShowColors(); 51 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 52 } }//endclassShowColors

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1//TrytheCode:ShowColors2.java 2//ThatChoosescolorswithJColorChooser. 3import java.awt.*; 4import java.awt.event.*;/* Providesinterfacesandclassesfor dealingwithdifferenttypesofeventsfiredbyAWTcomponents/* 5import javax.swing.*; 6 7public class ShowColors2extends JFrame { 8 private JButton changeColorButton; 9 private Colorcolor =Color.LIGHT_GRAY; 10 private Containercontainer; 11 12 //setupGUI 13 public ShowColors2() 14 {
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super("UsingJColorChooser" ); container=getContentPane(); container.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); //setupchangeColorButton &registeritseventhandler changeColorButton =new JButton("ChangeColor" ); changeColorButton.addActionListener( new ActionListener(){//anonymousinnerclass //displayJColorChooser whenuserclicksbutton public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
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color=JColorChooser.showDialog( ShowColors2.this,"Chooseacolor",color); //setdefaultcolor,ifnocolorisreturned if (color==null ) color=Color.LIGHT_GRAY; //changecontentpane'sbackgroundcolor container.setBackground(color); } }//endanonymousinnerclass );//endcalltoaddActionListener

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43 44 container.add(changeColorButton ); 45 46 setSize(400,130 ); 47 setVisible(true ); 48 49 }//endShowColor2constructor 50 51 //executeapplication 52 public static void main(Stringargs[]) 53 { 54 ShowColors2application=new ShowColors2(); 55 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 56 } }//endclassShowColors2
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HSB & RGB tabs of the JColorChooser dialog

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FontControl
Class Font: Represents fonts that are used to render text in a visible way. A font provides the information needed to map sequences of characters to sequences of glyphs (a shape used to render a character/a sequence of characters) & to render sequences of glyphs on. Graphics and Component objects. Contains methods & constants for font control Fontconstructortakes3 arguments: Fontname:Monospaced, SansSerif,Serif,Calibri,etc. Fontstyle:Font.PLAIN, Font.ITALIC &Font.BOLD Fontsize:Measuredinpoints(1/72ofinch) Oct 11
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Method or constant

Fontrelatedmethods&constants
Description

Font constants, constructors and methods for drawing polygons

public final static int PLAIN

A constant representing a plain font style.

public final static int BOLD

A constant representing a bold font style.

public final static int ITALIC

A constant representing an italic font style.

public Font( String name, int style, int size )

Creates a Font object with the specified font, style and size.
public int getStyle()

Returns an integer value indicating the current font style.

public int getSize()

Returns an integer value indicating the current font size.

public String getName()

Returns the current font name as a string.

public String getFamily()

Returns the fonts family name as a string.

public boolean isPlain()

Tests a font for a plain font style. Returns true if the font is plain.
public boolean isBold()

Tests a font for a bold font style. Returns true if the font is bold.
public boolean isItalic()

Tests a font for an italic font style. Returns true if the font is italic. Graphics methods for manipulating Fonts
Font getFont() Returns a Font object reference representing the current font. void setFont( Font f ) Sets the current font to the font, style and size specified by the Font object refere

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1//TrytheCode:Fonts.java 2//ThatUsesfonts. 3import java.awt.*; 4import javax.swing.*; 5 6public class Fontsextends JFrame{ 7 8 //setwindow'stitlebaranddimensions 9 public Fonts() 10 { 11 super("Usingfonts" ); 12 13 setSize(420,125 ); 14 setVisible(true ); 15 }
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16 17 //displayStringsindifferentfontsandcolors 18 public void paint(Graphicsg) 19 { 20 //callsuperclass's paintmethod 21 super.paint(g); 22 23 //setfonttoSerif(Times),bold,12ptanddrawastring 24 g.setFont(new Font("Serif",Font.BOLD,12 )); 25 g.drawString("Serif12pointbold.",20,50 ); 26 27//setfonttoMonospaced (Courier),italic,24pt&drawastring 28 g.setFont(new Font("Monospaced",Font.ITALIC,24 )); 29 g.drawString("Monospaced 24pointitalic.",20,70 ); 30
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31//setfonttoSansSerif(Helvetica),plain,14pt&drawastring 32 g.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.PLAIN,14 )); 33 g.drawString("SansSerif14pointplain.",20,90 ); 34 35 //setfonttoSerif(Times),bold/italic,18pt& drawastring 36 g.setColor(Color.RED ); 37 g.setFont(new Font("Serif",Font.BOLD +Font.ITALIC,18 ) ); 38 g.drawString(g.getFont().getName()+"" + g.getFont().getSize()+ 39 "pointbolditalic.",20,110 ); 40 41 }//endmethodpaint 42
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43 //executeapplication 44 public static void main(Stringargs[]) 45 { 46 Fontsapplication=new Fonts(); 47 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 48 } 49 50}//endclassFonts

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Font metrics
Fontmetrics Height Descent (amountcharacterdipsbelowbaseline) Ascent (amountcharacterrisesabovebaseline) Leading (differencebetweendescentandascent)

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FontMetrics & Graphics methods for obtaining font metrics

Method Description

FontMetrics methods
public int getAscent()

Returns a value representing the ascent of a font in points.

public int getDescent()

Returns a value representing the descent of a font in points.

public int getLeading()

Returns a value representing the leading of a font in points.

public int getHeight()

Returns a value representing the height of a font in points.

Graphics methods for getting a Fonts FontMetrics
public FontMetrics getFontMetrics()

Returns the FontMetrics object for the current drawing Font.

public FontMetrics getFontMetrics( Font f )

Returns the FontMetrics object for the specified Font argument.

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1//TrytheCode:Metrics.java 2 //FontMetrics&Graphicsmethodsusefulforobtainingfontmetrics. 3import java.awt.*; 4import javax.swing.*; 5 6public class Metricsextends JFrame{ 7 8 //setwindow'stitlebarStringanddimensions 9 public Metrics() 10 { 11 super("DemonstratingFontMetrics" ); 12 13 setSize(510,210 ); 14 setVisible(true );
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} //displayfontmetrics public void paint(Graphicsg) { super.paint(g);//callsuperclass'spaintmethod g.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.BOLD,12 )); FontMetricsmetrics=g.getFontMetrics(); g.drawString("Currentfont:" +g.getFont(),10,40 );

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25g.drawString("Ascent:" +metrics.getAscent(),10,55 ); 26g.drawString("Descent:" +metrics.getDescent(),10,70 ); 27g.drawString("Height:" +metrics.getHeight(),10,85 ); 28g.drawString("Leading:" +metrics.getLeading(),10,100 ); 29 30Fontfont =new Font("Serif",Font.ITALIC,14 ); 31metrics=g.getFontMetrics(font); 32 g.setFont(font);

33g.drawString("Currentfont:" +font,10,130 ); 34 g.drawString("Ascent:" +metrics.getAscent(),10,145 ); 35g.drawString("Descent:" +metrics.getDescent(),10,160 ); 36 g.drawString("Height:" +metrics.getHeight(),10,175 ); 37 g.drawString("Leading:" +metrics.getLeading(),10,190 );
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38 39 }//endmethodpaint 40 41 //executeapplication 42 public static void main(Stringargs[]) 43 { 44 Metricsapplication=new Metrics(); 45 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 46 }}//endclassMetrics

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Drawing Lines, Rectangles & Ovals

Class Graphics: Provides methods for drawing lines, rectangles and ovals; All drawing methods require width & height parameters Things to keep in mind: 1. Allthedrawingforanapplet/applicationisdoneinside ofthe'public voidpaint(Graphicsg)' method. 2. Beforedrawinganything,call 'super.paint(g)',thisclears thegraphicsobjectformoredrawing['g'isthegraphics object]. 3. Point(0,0)isthelefttopofthegraphicsobjectg. 4. Use'g.setColor(Colorcolor)'beforedrawingashapeto changeitscolor. 5. Use'setFont(Fontfont)'beforedrawingastringto changeitsfont.
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 With that here are the predefined shapes that Java provides (lines, squares and circles) under the graphics object: Drawsa line,usingthecurrentcolor,betweenthepoints (x1,y1)&(x2,y2)inthisgraphicscontext'scoordinate system. drawLine(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2) Drawstheoutlineofan oval.Setheightandwidthtothe samevaluefora circle. drawOval(int x,int y,int width,int height) Drawstheoutlineofthespecified rectangle. drawRect(int x,int y,int width,int height) Drawsthe text givenbythespecifiedstring,usingthis graphicscontext'scurrentfontandcolor. drawString(Stringstr,int x,int y)
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Graphics methods that draw lines, rectangles & ovals

M ethod D escription public v oid dr awLine ( int x1, int y1, i nt x2, int y2 )

D raws a line between the point ( x1 , y1 ) and the point ( x2 , y2 ).

public v oid dr awRect ( int x, int y, int width , int height )

D raws a rectangle o f the specified width and height . The top-left corner of the rectangle has the coordinates ( x , y ).
public v oid fi llRect ( int x, int y, int width , int height )

D raws a solid rectangle with the specified width and height . The top-left corner of the rectangle has the coordinate ( x , y ).
public v oid cl earRec t( in t x, int y, in t widt h, in t height )

D raws a solid rectangle with the specified width and height in the current background color. The top-left corner of the rectangle has the coordinate ( x , y ).
public v oid dr awRoun dRect ( int x, int y , int width , int he ight, int a rcWidt h, int arcH eight )

D raws a rectangle with rounded corners in the current color with the specified width and height . The arcWi d th and arcHeight determ ine the rounding of the corners (see Fig. 12.15).
public v oid fi llRoun dRect ( int x, int y , int width , int he ight, int a rcWidt h, int arcH eight )

D raws a solid rectangle with rounded corners in the current color with the specified width and height . The arcWidth and arcHeig ht determ ine the rounding of the corners (see Fig. 12.15).

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Method Description public void draw3DRect( int x, int y, int width, int height, boolean b )

Draws a three-dimensional rectangle in the current color with the specified width and height. The top-left corner of the rectangle has the coordinates (x, y). The rectangle appears raised when b is true and lowered when b is false.
public void fill3DRect( int x, int y, int width, int height, boolean b )

Draws a filled three-dimensional rectangle in the current color with the specified width and height. The top-left corner of the rectangle has the coordinates (x, y). The rectangle appears raised when b is true and lowered when b is false.
public void drawOval( int x, int y, int width, int height )

Draws an oval in the current color with the specified width and height. The bounding rectangles top-left corner is at the coordinates (x, y). The oval touches all four sides of the bounding rectangle at the center of each side
public void fillOval( int x, int y, int width, int height )

Draws a filled oval in the current color with the specified width and height. The bounding rectangles top-left corner is at the coordinates (x, y). The oval touches all four sides of the bounding rectangle at the center of each side

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1//TrytheCode:LinesRectsOvals.java 2//ThatDrawslines,rectanglesandovals. 3import java.awt.*; 4import javax.swing.*; 5 6public class LinesRectsOvals extends JFrame { 7 8 //setwindow'stitlebarStringanddimensions 9 public LinesRectsOvals() 10 { 11 super("Drawinglines,rectanglesandovals" ); 12 13 setSize(400,165 ); 14 setVisible(true ); 15 }
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16 17 //displayvariouslines,rectanglesandovals 18 public void paint(Graphicsg) 19 { 20 super.paint(g);//callsuperclass's paintmethod 21 22 g.setColor(Color.RED ); 23 g.drawLine(5,30,350,30 ); 24 25 g.setColor(Color.BLUE ); 26 g.drawRect(5,40,90,55 ); 27 g.fillRect(100,40,90,55 ); 28 29 g.setColor(Color.CYAN );
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g.fillRoundRect(195,40,90,55,50,50 ); g.drawRoundRect(290,40,90,55,20,20 );

33 g.setColor(Color.YELLOW ); 34 g.draw3DRect(5,100,90,55,true ); 35 g.fill3DRect(100,100,90,55,false ); 36 37 g.setColor(Color.MAGENTA ); 38 g.drawOval(195,100,90,55 ); 39 g.fillOval(290,100,90,55 ); 40 41 }//endmethodpaint 42

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43 //executeapplication 44 public static void main(Stringargs[]) 45 { 46 LinesRectsOvalsapplication=new LinesRectsOvals(); 47 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 48 }}//endclassLinesRectsOvals

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Arcwidthandarcheightfor roundedrectangles

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Ovalboundedbyarectangle

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DrawingArcs
Arc:Portionofanovalmeasuredindegrees; Sweeps thenumberofdegreesinarcangle Sweepstartsatstartingangle: Counterclockwise sweepismeasureinpositive degrees Clockwise sweepismeasureinnegativedegrees
Positiveangles 90 Negativeangles 90 0

180

180

270
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Graphics methods for drawing arcs

Method Description public void drawArc( int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle )

Draws an arc relative to the bounding rectangles top-left coordinates (x, y) with the specified width and height. The arc segment is drawn starting at startAngle and sweeps arcAngle degrees.
public void fillArc( int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle )

Draws a solid arc (i.e., a sector) relative to the bounding rectangles top-left coordinates (x, y) with the specified width and height. The arc segment is drawn starting at startAngle and sweeps arcAngle degrees.

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1//TrytheCode:DrawArcs.java 2//ThatDrawsarcs 3import java.awt.*; 4import javax.swing.*; 5 6public class DrawArcsextends JFrame{ 7 8 //setwindow'stitlebarStringanddimensions 9 public DrawArcs() 10 { 11 super("DrawingArcs" ); 12 13 setSize(300,170 ); 14 setVisible(true ); 15 }
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16 17 //drawrectanglesandarcs 18 public void paint(Graphicsg) 19 { 20 super.paint(g);//callsuperclass's paintmethod 21 22 //startat0andsweep360degrees 23 g.setColor(Color.YELLOW ); 24 g.drawRect(15,35,80,80 ); 25 g.setColor(Color.BLACK ); 26 g.drawArc(15,35,80,80,0,360 ); 27 28 //startat0andsweep110degrees 29 g.setColor(Color.YELLOW );
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g.drawRect(100,35,80,80 ); g.setColor(Color.BLACK ); g.drawArc(100,35,80,80,0,110 ); //startat0andsweep270degrees g.setColor(Color.YELLOW ); g.drawRect(185,35,80,80 ); g.setColor(Color.BLACK ); g.drawArc(185,35,80,80,0,270 ); //startat0andsweep360degrees g.fillArc(15,120,80,40,0,360 ); //startat270andsweep90degrees
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44 g.fillArc(100,120,80,40,270,90 ); 45 46 //startat0andsweep270degrees 47 g.fillArc(185,120,80,40,0,270 ); 48 49 }//endmethodpaint 50

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51 //executeapplication 52 public static void main(Stringargs[]) 53 { 54 DrawArcs application=new DrawArcs(); 55 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 56 }}//endclassDrawArcs

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DrawingPolygonsandPolylines
Class Polygon Polygons: Multisided shapes; Polylines: Series of connected points; Java also provides drawing capabilities for polygons and polylines. Both are defined by a set of points (stored in parallel arrays of x and y coordinates). In both cases, each point is connected to the point after it, but in a polygon, last point is connected to the first The Polygon class provides two constructors: a default constructor an initializer constructor that takes arrays of coordinates (integers) and the logical size of those arrays: public Polygon(int[] xValues, int[] yValues, int numPoints) The Polygon class modifier addPoint() allows us to add a point by passing two arguments, the x and y coordinates, respectively. Consider an example to specify a triangle using default constructor: Polygon triangle; triangle = new Polygon(); triangle.addPoint(50, 100); triangle.addPoint(50, 400); triangle.addPoint(200, 400);
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Graphicsmethodstodrawpolygons&class Polygonmethods
Method Description

Graphics methods for drawing polygons

public void drawPolygon( int xPoints[], int yPoints[], int points )

Draws a polygon. The x-coordinate of each point is specified in the xPoints array and the y-coordinate of each point is specified in the yPoints array. The last argument specifies the number of points. This method draws a closed polygon. If the last point is different from the first point, the polygon is closed by a line that connects the last point to the first point.
public void drawPolyline( int xPoints[], int yPoints[], int points )

Draws a sequence of connected lines. The x-coordinate of each point is specified in the xPoints array and the y-coordinate of each point is specified in the yPoints array. The last argument specifies the number of points. If the last point is different from the first point, the polyline is not closed.
public void drawPolygon( Polygon p )

Draws the specified polygon.

public void fillPolygon( int xPoints[], int yPoints[], int points )

Draws a solid polygon. The x-coordinate of each point is specified in the xPoints array and the y-coordinate of each point is specified in the yPoints array. The last argument specifies the number of points. This method draws a closed polygon. If the last point is different from the first point, the polygon is closed by a line that connects the last point to the first point.
public void fillPolygon( Polygon p )

Draws the specified solid polygon. The polygon is closed.

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Polygon constructors and methods

public Polygon()

Constructs a new polygon object. The polygon does not contain any points.
public Polygon( int xValues[], int yValues[], int numberOfPoints ) Constructs a new polygon object. The polygon has numberOfPoints sides, with each point consisting of an x-coordinate from xValues and a y-coordinate from yValues. public void addPoint( int x, int y )

Adds pairs of x- and y-coordinates to the Polygon.

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1//TrytheCode:DrawPolygons.java 2//ThatDrawspolygons. 3import java.awt.*; 4import javax.swing.*; 5 6public class DrawPolygonsextends JFrame{ 7 8 //setwindow'stitlebarStringanddimensions 9 public DrawPolygons() 10 { 11 super("DrawingPolygons" ); 12 13 setSize(275,230 ); 14 setVisible(true ); 15 }
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16 17 //drawpolygonsandpolylines 18 public void paint(Graphicsg) 19 { 20 super.paint(g);//callsuperclass's paintmethod 21 22 int xValues[]={20,40,50,30,20,15 }; 23 int yValues[]={50,50,60,80,80,60 }; 24 Polygonpolygon1=new Polygon(xValues,yValues,6 ); 25 26 g.drawPolygon(polygon1); 27 28 29
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int xValues2[]={70,90,100,80,70,65,60 }; int yValues2[]={100,100,110,110,130,110,90 }

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g.drawPolyline(xValues2,yValues2,7 ); int xValues3[]={120,140,150,190 }; int yValues3[]={40,70,80,60 }; g.fillPolygon(xValues3,yValues3,4 ); Polygonpolygon2=new Polygon(); polygon2.addPoint(165,135 ); polygon2.addPoint(175,150 ); polygon2.addPoint(270,200 ); polygon2.addPoint(200,220 ); polygon2.addPoint(130,180 );
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44 45 g.fillPolygon(polygon2); 46 47 }//endmethodpaint 48 49 //executeapplication 50 public static void main(Stringargs[]) 51 { 52 DrawPolygons application=new DrawPolygons(); 53 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 54 }}//endclassDrawPolygons

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1. Develop an interactive Java application that allows a user to draw various geometric shapes in Java 2D with different colors, including rectangles, round rectangles, ellipses, arcs, lines, quadratic curves, cubic curves, and polygons (Opposite Figure). A menu is used to select drawing shapes, and the user draws a particular shape on the screen by dragging the mouse. The drawings are persistent (they will not disappear when the window is repainted. 2. Develop an interactive Java 2D applet that draws a spinning sphere as demonstrated in the opposite figure? Note: S u b m i s s i o n i n c l u d e s : Hardcopy: Source Code, UML Documentation & Run for all options Softcopy: Source Code, UML Documentation & Run for all options CG_0702461 Ch02 Oct_11 52 Oct 11

PAIRSAssignment(15 Oct.2011)

th