CA - 240429

CBD

The Convention on Biological Diversity, the first global agreement on the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity.

The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources.

The Convention establishes three main goals:

 The conservation of biological diversity,
 The sustainable use of its components,
 The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources.

Mechanisms in CBD –
 The Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA).
o Committee of experts scientific and technical issues.
 The Clearing House Mechanism. This Internet-based network promotes technical and
scientific cooperation and the exchange of information.
 The Secretariat. Based in Montreal, it is linked to the United Nations Environment
Programme.
 Financial support - the Global Environment Facility (GEF).

The Biosafety Protocol – Cartagena, 2000

 Subsidiary agreement to the Convention to address the potential risks posed by cross-
border trade and accidental releases of LMOs.
 Adopted in January 2000, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
 LMOs - regulated by AIA mechanism via a Biosafety Clearing House
 LMOs are to be clearly labelled as such when being exported
 Stricter Advanced Informed Agreement (AIA) procedures will apply to –
 Seeds, live fish, and other LMOs that are to be intentionally introduced into the
environment.

The Nagoya Protocol 2010/2014

 On Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits(ABS)
 It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation ABS
 It incentivise conservation of BD by ABS and recognizes Traditional knowledge

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

Four long-term goals for 2050 related to the 2050 Vision for biodiversity.
GOAL A - The maintain, integrate and restore natural ecosystems by 2050
Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted by 2050,
The genetic diversity maintain and safeguard
GOAL B: Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed
GOAL C: The monetary and non-monetary benefits from the utilization of BD resources

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GOAL D: Adequate means of implementation, including financial resources, capacity-building,
technical and scientific cooperation

Global BD framework fund - Under GEF to support Kunming declaration

Biodiversity Credit alliance
 BY : With support from UNDP, UNEP - Finance Initiative and the Swedish International
Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)
 BCA was launched during the CBD COP 15 as a voluntary international alliance that brings
together diverse stakeholders to support the realization of the Global Biodiversity
Framework

Other BD related Funds

1. Intergovernmental Science - Policy platform on Bio Diversity and Eco System services
o Busan outcome - 2010 highlighted the need of an independent science policy
platform on Ecosystem and Biodiversity
o IPBES - created 2012
o HQ - Bonn, Secretariat by UNEP
o All state members of UN are members of IPBES too
o India - Member ~ Since its inception

2. BIOFIN
o UNDP and the European Commission
o Now present in 40 countries, BIOFIN is working with governments, civil -
society, vulnerable communities, and the private sector to catalyse investments
in nature.

3. Nature Facility
The Nature Facility is a Multi-Partner Trust Fund that will direct high-impact
investments into the world's most at-risk ecosystems
o The Nature Facility will be implemented by UNDP, UNESCO and UNCDF

The Global Tiger Initiative (GTI)

 Alliance of governments, international organisations, civil society, conservation and
scientific communities, and the private sector.
 2008 by the World Bank, UN GEF, Smithsonian Institution, Save the Tiger Fund, and
International Tiger Coalition.
 It is led by the 13 Tiger Rande Countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India,
Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Global Tiger Recovery Program 2010

Tiger range countries adopted St. Petersburg Declaration
 It’s implementation mechanism, called the Global Tiger Recovery Program.
 Their overarching goal was to double the number of wild tigers across their geographical
areas

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Tiger recovery Program 2.0 launched  2022-34

Tiger Program or integrated Tiger habitat conservation program – 2014 under IUCN
 It’s a funding mechanism to support Tiger recovery Program

International Big cat Alliance – 2023 by India

 Support for 7 big cats for 5 Years with 800Cr funding

'Project Tiger' in 1973

The tiger reserves are constituted under Project tiger based on a core/buffer strategy:
 The core areas have the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary with an exclusive tiger
habitat.
 The buffer areas managed as a multiple-use area with an inclusive people-oriented agenda.
The State Government shall, on recommendation of the National Tiger Conservation
Authority, notify an area as a tiger reserve.

Core and Buffer Approach

a) Core zone
 Critical tiger habitat based on scientific and objective criteria.
 Inviolate for the purposes of tiger conservation (rights of the Scheduled Tribes or such
forest dweller not to be affected)
 These areas are notified by the State Government

b) Buffer zone

Note: No alteration in the boundaries of a tiger reserve shall be made except on a

recommendation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority and the approval of the National
Board for Wild Life.

National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

NTCA is a statutory body of MoEFCC

The activities of NTCA include:

 Provide central assistance to States under the ongoing Centrally Sponsored Scheme of
Project Tiger.
 The activities include protection, habitat related, day-to-day monitoring, eco-development
for local people in buffer areas, voluntary relocation of people from core/ critical tiger
habitats and addressing human-wildlife conflicts
 Conduct, every four years, assessment of the status of the tiger, co-predators, prey, and
habitat, using the refined methodology approved by the Tiger Task Force.
 Provide protection

What is M-STrIPES
'Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status

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This system includes field protocols and customised software for analysis, mapping, and inference.
It has been jointly developed by NTCA, Wildlife Institute of India, WWF, and Zoological Society of
London.

Total 3682 tigers, reflecting a commendable annual growth rate of 6.1% per annum.
The largest tiger population of 785 is in Madhya Pradesh, followed by Karnataka (563) &
Uttarakhand (560), and Maharashtra (444).
The tiger abundance within the Tiger Reserve is highest in Corbett (260), followed by Bandipur
(150), Nagarhole (141), Bandhavgarh (135)

Project cheetah
 Implementation – NTCA
 Aim – to introduce 50 Cheetah in Next 5 years
 African Cheeta – vulnerable

Project Elephant 1992

It is included in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and in Appendix I of CITES.
It is a flagship conservation project that aims to conserve the elephant and its habitat:
 Protect elephants, their habitats, and corridors
 Address issues of man-elephant conflict
 Ensure the welfare of captive elephants

What is the Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE)

Mandated by CITES, 2003
Main objectives:
 Measure levels and trends in the illegal hunting of elephants
 Determine changes in these trends over time
 Determine the factors causing or associated with such changes

Project RE-HAB

Reducing Human Attacks using Honey Bees

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 By Khadi and Village Industries Commission - Under MSME min.
 “Bee-fences” are created by setting up bee boxes in the passage ways of elephants to
block their entrance to human territories.

Snow Leopard
Snow leopard habitat across the trans-Himalayan region, including UTs of Ladakh and J & K, and
states such as Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh

The Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI) Program is the first-ever scientific exercise
that reports Snow leopard population of 718 individuals in India.

IUCN - VU
WPA - SCH 1
CITES I
CMS I

Global Protocol for Population Assessment of World’s Snow leopards (PAWS) Is under Global Snow
Leopard Ecosystem Protection Program

Project Snow Leopard 2009

 Aim - knowledge based and Adaptive Conservation of SL
 Conservation through partnerships

Secure Himalayas Project -

MoEFCC + UNDP
Conserve SL + improve ecology of himalayas and Lives of people
 Strengthening of protected area network
 Landscape approach
 Curb poaching and illegal trade
 Mitigation of Man Animal conflicts
 Management of Tourism

What are the species-specific conservation programmes?

The three crocodiles of India, Saltwater Crocodile, Mugger Crocodile and Gharial, are listed as Least
Concern, Vulnerable and Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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 Saltwater Mugger Common Names:
The saltwater crocodile is found The mugger crocodile is India's Gharial, Indian Gharial, Fish
in the eastern states of Odisha, most common species. Eating Crocodile, Indian
West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh Gavial, Gavial, Long Nosed
and Tamil Nadu as well as the They are not as long as Crocodile
Nicobar and Andaman Islands. saltwater crocodiles.
Major populations occur in
Saltwater crocodiles live in the in India, it is reported to be three tributaries of the
mangroves of Bhittarkanika and present in 15 of India's states Ganga River: the Chambal
Sunderbans, Mahanadi Delta, and including much of the Ganga and the Girwa Rivers in India
in the swamplands in Odisha and River drainage. Significant and the Rapti-Naryani River
West Bengal (including rivers) populations occur in middle in Nepal.
Ganga (Bihar and Jharkand),
Chambal River (Rajastan and The Gharial reserves of India
Madhya Pradesh) and in are located in three States –
Gujarat. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Gharial:
Gharial is a crocodile species, which is Critically Endangered and listed in Schedule Wildlife
Protection Act (WPA, 1972).

The largest remaining populations are found in just four locations in India, along the Son,
Katerniaghat, Girwa, and Chambal rivers.

India's only currently known breeding populations are in the National Chambal Sanctuary,
Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, and Corbett Tiger Reserve.

Freshwater turtle:
Of the 28 species of tortoise and freshwater turtle, 21 species are globally threatened.

Project Kachuga
An initiative undertaken by the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust in collaboration with Turtle Survival
Alliance, has been launched to conserve freshwater turtles in India.

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Five turtle priority areas have been identified for the development and implementation of effective
conservation plans.

Marine turtle: Five of the seven species of sea turtles found worldwide are reported to occur in the
Indian sub-continent, including the Olive Ridley, Green, Leatherback, Hawksbill, and Loggerhead.
Except for the loggerhead, the remaining four species nest along the Indian coastline.
 Olive Ridleys nest along both the east and west coasts of India, with globally important
nesting sites at Gahirmatha and Rushikulya in Odisha. There are three mass nesting grounds
of Olive Ridley turtles at Gahirmatha, Rushikulya, and Devi in the State of Odisha, where
more than hundred thousand turtles nest each year.
 Leatherbacks are restricted to the Great and Little Nicobar Islands and Little Andaman
Island.
 Green turtles nest in Guiarat, Lakshadweep, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. There
are also critical foraging grounds for Green turtles in the Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep
Islands, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

All five species of sea turtles that occur in Indian coastal waters are protected under Schedule lof
the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and listed in Appendix I of CITES

Dugong:
Listed as Vulnerable and protected under Schedule I of the WA, 1972, dugong (a marine mammal)
occurs in the Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Gulf of Kachchh, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The MoEFCC plans to increase dugong numbers and prevent degradation of the species' habitat.

The government signed an MoU with UNEP in April 2008 to conserve and manage the dugong and
its habitats throughout its range to strengthen its status in Indian waters.

A vulture conservation programme

 Was started in partnership with national and international NGOs (such as WWF, Bombay
Natural History Society, and Birdlife International).
 The main features of vulture conservation are:
o Conservation breeding in centres
o Set up vulture-safe zones
o Create awareness
o Implement a ban on toxic drugs
o Conduct research on other threats to vultures.

The efforts are bearing fruit. In 2012, the vulture population increased for the first time in 20 years.
In early 2021, several vultures bred in the care centres were released in the wild.

Current – recently banned Aceclofenac and Ketoprofen drugs

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Asiatic Lion:
 In February 2019, three months after at least 20 lions in Gujarat succumbed to a virus, the
Centre and the Gujarat government announced a 798 crore Asiatic Lion Conservation
Project.
 A key outcome is to have a dedicated veterinary institute, 'lion ambulances', and backup
stocks of vaccines that may be required.

Global declaration on River dolphins by 2030 : By Colombia

India – a member
All dolphins – Endangered

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