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HTML

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and is used to define the structure and layout of web pages. The document discusses the basic structure and tags used in HTML, including <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body>. It also covers creating an HTML file and viewing it in a browser.

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HTML

Uploaded by

FATIMAH

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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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What is HTML ?

Before your begin:

Before you begin, it's important that you know Windows or Unix. A working knowledge of Windows
or Unix makes it much easier to learn HTML.

You should be familiar with:

← Basic word processing using any text editor.

← How to create directories and files.

← How to navigate through different directories.

← Basic understaning on internet browsing using a browser like Internet Explorer or Firefox
etc.

Introducing HTML:

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to write Web
Pages. As its name suggests, HTML is a markup language.

← Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together.
When you click a link in a Web page, you are using hypertext.

← Markup Language describes how HTML works. With a markup language, you simply "mark
up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings,
paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers.

All you need to do to use HTML is to learn what type of markup to use to get the results you want.

Creating HTML Document:

Creating an HTML document is easy. To begin coding HTML you need only two things: a simple-text
editor and a web browser. Notepad is the most basic of simple-text editors and you will probably
code a fair amount of HTML with it.

You can use our HTML Online Editor to learn HTML. Here are the simple steps to create a baisc
HTML document:

← Open Notepad or another text editor.

← At the top of the page type <html>.

← On the next line, indent five spaces and now add the opening header tag: <head>.

← On the next line, indent ten spaces and type <title> </title>.
← Go to the next line, indent five spaces from the margin and insert the closing header tag:
</head>.

← Five spaces in from the margin on the next line, type<body>.

← Now drop down another line and type the closing tag right below its mate: </body>.

← Finally, go to the next line and type </html>.

← In the File menu, choose Save As.

← In the Save as Type option box, choose All Files.

← Name the file template.htm.

← Click Save.

You have basic HTML document now, to see some result put the
following code in title and body tags.

<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document description goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

Now you have created one HTML page and you can use a Web Browser to open this HTML file to
see the result. Hope you understood that Web Pages are nothing but they are simple HTML files
with some content which can be rendered using Web Browsers.

Here <html>, <head>,...<p>, <h1> etc. are called HTML tags. HTML tags are building blocks of an
HTML document nd we will learn all the HTML tags in subsequent chapters.

NOTE: One HTML file can have extension as .htm or .html. So you can use either of them based on
your comfort.

HTML Document Structure:

An HTML document starts and ends with <html> and >/html> tags. These tags tell the browser
that the entire document is composed in HTML. Inside these two tags, the document is split into two
sections:

← The <head>...</head> elements, which contain information about the document such as
title of the document, author of the document etc. Information inside this tag does not
display outside.
← The <body>...</body> elements, which contain the real content of the document that you
see on your screen.
HTML Tags and Elements:

HTML language is a markup language and we use many tags to markup text. In the above example
you have seen <html>, <body> etc. are called HTML tags or HTML elements.

Every tag consists of a tag name, sometimes followed by an optional list of tag attributes , all
placed between opening and closing brackets (< and >). The simplest tag is nothing more than a
name appropriately enclosed in brackets, such as <head> and <i>. More complicated tags contain
one or more attributes , which specify or modify the behavior of the tag.

According to the HTML standard, tag and attribute names are not case-sensitive. There's no
difference in effect between <head>, <Head>, <HEAD>, or even <HeaD>; they are all equivalent.
But with XHTML, case is important: all current standard tag and attribute names are in lowercase.

HTML is Forgiving?

A very good quality associated with all the browsers is that they would not give any error if you
have not put any HTML tag or attribute properly. They will just ignore that tag or attribute and will
apply only correct tags and attributes before displaying the result.

We can not say, HTML is forgiving because this is just a markup language and required to format
documents.
HTML Basic Tags

The basic structure for all HTML documents is simple and should include the following minimum
elements or tags:

← <html> - The main container for HTML pages

← <head> - The container for page header information

← <title> - The title of the page

← <body> - The main body of the page

Remember that before an opening <html> tag, an XHTML document can contain the optional XML
declaration, and it should always contain a DOCTYPE declaration indicating which version of XHTML
it uses.

Now we will explain each of these tags one by one. In this tutorial you will find the terms element
and tag are used interchangeably.

The <html> Element:

The <html> element is the containing element for the whole HTML document. Each HTML document
should have one <html> and each document should end with a closing </html> tag.

Following two elements appear as direct children of an <html> element:

← <head>

← <body>
As such, start and end HTML tags enclose all the other HTML tags you use to describe the Web
page.

The <head> Element:

The <head> element is just a container for all other header elements. It should be the first thing to
appear after the opening <html> tag.

Each <head> element should contain a <title> element indicating the title of the document,
although it may also contain any combination of the following elements, in any order:

← The <base> tag is used to areate a "base" url for all links on the page. Check HTML Base
tag.
← The <object> tag is designed to include images, JavaScript objects, Flash animations, MP3
files, QuickTime movies and other components of a page. Check HTML Object tag.

← The <link> tag is used to link to an external file, such as a style sheet or JavaScript file.
Check HTML Link tag.

← The <style> tag is used to include CSS rules inside the document. Check HTML Style tag.

← The <script> tag is used to include JAVAScript or VBScript inside the document. Check
HTML Script tag.

← The <meta> tag includes information about the document such as keywords and a
description, which are particularly helpful for search applications. Check HTML Meta tag.

Example:

Following is the example of head tag.

<head>
<title>HTML Basic tags</title>
<meta name="Keywords" content="HTML, Web Pages" />
<meta name="description" content="HTML Basic Tags" />
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="tp.css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
_uacct = "UA-232293";
urchinTracker();
</script>
</head>

The <title> Element:

You should specify a title for every page that you write inside the <title> element. This element is a
child of the <head> element). It is used in several ways:

← It displays at the very top of a browser window.

← It is used as the default name for a bookmark in browsers such as IE and Netscape.

← Its is used by search engines that use its content to help index pages.
Therefore it is important to use a title that really describes the content of your site. The <title>
element should contain only the text for the title and it may not contain any other elements.

Example:

Here is the example of using title tag.

<head>
<title>HTML Basic tags</title>
</head>

The <body> Element:

The <body> element appears after the <head> element and contains the part of the Web page that
you actually see in the main browser window, which is sometimes referred to as body content.

A <body> element may contain anything from a couple of paragraphs under a heading to more
complicated layouts containing forms and tables.

Most of what you will be learning in this and the following five chapters will be written between the
opening <body> tag and closing </body> tag.

Example:

Here is the example of using body tag.

<body>
<p>This is a paragraph tag.</p>
</body>

Putting all together:

Now if we will put all these tags together, it will constitute a complete
HTML document as follows:

<html>

<body>
<p>This is a paragraph tag.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Meta Tags

HTML lets you specify metadata - information about a document rather than document content -in a
variety of ways. The META element can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of
the HTML document, such as author, Expiry Date, a list of key words, author etc.

The <meta> tag is an empty element and so does not have a closing tag, rather, <meta> tags
carry information within attributes, so you need a forward slash character at the end of the
element.

Metadata provided by using meta tag is a very important part of the web. It can assist search
engines in finding the best match when a user performs a search. Search engines will often look at
any metadata attached to a page - especially keywords - and rank it higher than another page with
less relevant metadata, or with no metadata at all.

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents:

You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags
between the <head> and </head> tags. The can include the following
attributes:

Attribut
Description
e

Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description,
Name
author, revised, generator etc.

content Specifies the property's value.

Specifies a scheme to use to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content
scheme
attribute).

Used for http response message headers. For example http-equiv can be used to
http-
refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires, refresh and
equiv
set-cookie.

NOTE: Core attributes for all the elements are discussed in next chapter.

Meta Tag Examples:

Let's see few important usage of Meta Tags.

Specifying Keywords:

We specify keywords which will be used by the search engine to search

a web page. So using following tag you can specify important
keywords related to your page.

Document Description:

This is again important information and many search engine use this
information as well while searching a web page. So you should give an
appropriate description of the page.

<head>
<meta name="description" content="Learn about Meta Tags." />
</head>
Document Revision date:

This information tells about last time the document was updated.

Document Refreshing:

You can specify a duration after which your web page will keep
refreshing. If you want your page keep refreshing after every 10
seconds then use the following syntax.

Page Redirection:

You can specify a page redirection using Meta Tag. Following is an

example of redirecting current page to another page. You can specify a
duration after which page will be redirected.

If you don't provide a duration then page will be redirected immediately.

Setting Cookies:

You can use Meta Tag to store cookies on client side later information
can be used by then Web Server to track a site visitor.

If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and will
be deleted when the user exits the browser.

Check PHP and Cookies tutorial for a complete detail on Cookies.

Setting Author Name:

You can set an author name in a web page using Meta Tag. See an
example below:

If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and will
be deleted when the user exits the browser.
HTML Attributes

Attributes are another important part of HTML markup. An attribute is used to define the
characteristics of an element and is placed inside the element's opening tag. All attributes are made
up of two parts: a name and a value:

← The name is the property you want to set. For example, the <font> element in the example
carries an attribute whose name is face, which you can use to indicate which typeface you
want the text to appear in.

← The value is what you want the value of the property to be. The first example was supposed
to use the Arial typeface, so the value of the face attribute is Arial.

The value of the attribute should be put in double quotation marks,

and is separated from the name by the equals sign. You can see that a
color for the text has been specified as well as the typeface in this
<font> element:

<font face="arial" color="#CC0000">

Many HTML tags have a unique set of their own attributes. These will be discussed as each tag is
introduced throughout the tutorial. Right now we want to focus on a set of generic attributes that
can be used with just about every HTML Tag in existence.

Core Attributes:
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all) are:

← id
← title
← class
← style

The id Attribute:

The id attribute can be used to uniquely identify any element within a page ( or style sheet ). There
are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element:

← If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier it is possible to identify just that

element and its content.

← If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can
use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, the id
attribute could be used to distinguish between two paragraph
elements, like so:

<p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p>

<p id="css">This para explains what is Casecading Style Sheet</p>

Note that there are some special rules for the value of the id attribute, it must:

← Begin with a letter (A.Z or a.z) and can then be followed by any number of letters, digits
(0.9), hyphens, underscores, colons, and periods.
← Remain unique within that document; no two attributes may have the same value within
that HTML document.

The title Attribute:

The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is
similar as explained for id attribute:

The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often
displayed as a tooltip or while the element is loading.

For example:

<h4 title="Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h4>

Above code will generate following result:

Titled Heading Tag Example

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and see the result.

The class Attribute:

The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of
element. You learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Casecading Style
Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.

The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class

names. For example:

class="className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute:

The style attribute allows you to specify CSS rules within the element.
For example:
<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>

Internationalization Attributes:
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available to most (although not all) XHTML
elements.

← dir
← lang
← xml:lang

The dir Attribute:

attribute allows you to indicate to the browser the direction in

The dir
which the text should flow.The dir attribute can take one of two
values, as you can see in the table that follows:

Value Meaning

ltr Left to right (the default value)

rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)

Example:

<html dir=rtl>
<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>
<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>
</html>

When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented within
the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for just the
content of that tag.

The lang Attribute:

The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this attribute
was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This attribute has
been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.

When included within the <html> tag, the lang attribute specifies the language you've generally
used within the document. When used within other tags, the lang attribute specifies the language
you used within that tag's content. Ideally, the browser will use lang to better render the text for
the user.

The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes.Check HTML
Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.
Example:

<html lang=en>
<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>
</html>

The xml:lang Attribute:

The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of the xml:lang
attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.

Generic Attributes:

Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with
many of HTML's tags.

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML element.

numeric, hexidecimal, RGB

bgcolor Places a background color behind an element
values

backgroun
URL Places an background image behind an element
d

Names an element for use with Cascading Style

id User Defined
Sheets.

Classifies an element for use with Cascading Style

class User Defined
Sheets.

width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table cells.

height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or table cells.

title User Defined "Pop-up" title for your elements.

We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags.
HTML Formatting Tags

If you want people to read what you have written, then structuring your text well is even more
important on the Web than when writing for print. People have trouble reading wide, long,
paragraphs of text on Web sites unless they are broken up well.

This section will teach you basic text formatting elements like heading elements and paragraph
elements.

Whitespace and Flow:

Before you start to mark up your text, it is best to understand what HTML does when it comes
across spaces and how browsers treat long sentences and paragraphs of text.

You might think that if you put several consecutive spaces between two words, the spaces would
appear between those words onscreen, but this is not the case; by default, only one space will be
displayed. This is known as white space collapsing. So you need to use special HTML tags to create
multiple spaces.

Similarly, if you start a new line in your source document, or you have consecutive empty lines,
these will be ignored and simply treated as one space. So you need to use special HTML tags to
create more number of empty lines.

Create Headings - The <hn> Elements:

Any documents starts with a heading. You use different sizes for your headings. HTML also have six
levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While
displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and after that heading.
Example:

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>

This will display following result:

This is heading 1
This is heading 2

This is heading 3

This is heading 4

This is heading 5

This is heading 6

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Create Paragraph - The <p> Element:

The <p> element offers a way to structure your text. Each paragraph
of text should go in between an opening <p> and closing </p> tag as
shown below in the example:

<p>Here is a paragraph of text.</p>

<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>

This will produce following result:

Here is a paragraph of text.

Here is a second paragraph of text.

Here is a third paragraph of text.

You can use align attribute to align your paragraphs.

<p align="left">This is left aligned.</p>

<p align="center">This is center aligned.</p>
<p align="right">This is right aligned.</p>
<p align="justify">This is jutified. This works when you have multiple lines in your paragraph and
you want to justfy all the lines so that they can look more nice.</p>

This will produce following result:

This is left aligned.

This is center aligned.

This is right aligned.

This is jutified. This works when you have multiple lines in your paragraph and you want to justfy
all the lines so that they can look more nice.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Create Line Breaks - The <br /> Element:

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts on the next line. This tag is an
example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing
to go in between them.

Note: The <br /> element has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you
omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the
forward slash character and just use <br> it is not valid XHTML

Example:

Hello<br />
You come most carefully upon your hour.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz

This will produce following result:

Hello

You come most carefully upon your hour.

Thanks

Mahnaz

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Centring Content - The <center> Element:

You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

Example:
<p>This is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This is in the center.</p>
</center>

This will produce following result:

This is not in the center.

This is in the center.

Nonbreaking Spaces:

Suppose you were to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here you would
not want a browser to split the "12" and "Angry" across two lines:

A good example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

In cases where you do not want the client browser to break text, you
should use a nonbreaking space entity ( ) instead of a normal
space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" paragraph, you
would use something similar to the following code:

<p>A good example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."</p>

Soft Hyphens:

Occasionally, you will want to allow a browser to hyphenate long words

to better justify a paragraph. For example, consider the following code
and its resulting output.

<p style="text-align: justify;"> The morbid fear of the number 13, or triskaidekaphobia, has
plagued some important historic figures like Mahamiya and Nanao.</p>

In cases where you want a client browser to be able to hyphenate a

word if necessary, use the soft hyphen entity () to specify where
a word should be hyphenated. So above example should be written as
follows:

<p style="text-align: justify;"> Example for soft hyphen - The morbid fear of the number 13, or
triskaidekaphobia, has plagued some important historic figures like Mahamiya
and Nanao.</p>

This will produce following result:

Example for soft hyphen - The morbid fear of the number 13, or triskaidekaphobia, has plagued
some important historic figures like Mahamiya and Nanao.

NOTE: This may notwork with some web browsers.

Preserve Formatting - The <pre> Element:

Sometimes you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document.
In those cases, you can use the preformatted tag (<pre>).

Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag
will preserve the formatting of the source document.

<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>

This will produce following result:

function testFunction( strText ){

alert (strText)
}

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Horizontal Rules - The <hr /> Element

Horizontal rules are used to visually break up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line
from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly.

For example you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as
follows:

<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>

<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>

This will produce following result:

This is paragraph one and should be on top

This is paragraph two and should be at bottom

Again <hr /> tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing
tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

Note: The <hr /> element has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you
omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the
forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid XHTML

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Presentational Tags:

If you use a word processor, you are familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or
underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in HTML
and XHTML.

Bold Text - The <b> Element:

Anything that appears in a <b>...</b> element is displayed in bold,

like the word bold here:

<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a bold typeface.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Italic Text - The <i> Element:

Anything that appears in a <i>...</i> element is displayed in

italicized, like the word italicized here:

<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a italicized typeface.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Underlined Text - The <u> Element:

Anything that appears in a <u>...</u> element is displayed with
underline, like the word underlined here:

<p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a underlined typeface.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Strike Text - The <strike> Element:

Anything that appears in a <strike>...</strike> element is displayed

with strikethrough, which is a thin line through the text:

<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Monospaced font - The <tt> Element:

The content of a <tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most

fonts are known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of
different widths (for example, the letter m is wider than the letter i).
In a monospaced font, however, each letter is the same width.

<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a monospaced typeface.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Superscript Text - The <sup> Element:

The content of a <sup> element is written in superscript; the font size
used is the same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed
half a character.s height above the other characters.

<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a superscript

typeface.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Subscript Text - The <sub> Element:

The content of a <sub> element is written in subscript; the font size

used is the same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half
a character.s height beneath the other characters.

<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a subscript typeface.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Larger Text - The <big> Element:

The content of the <big> element is displayed one font size larger
than the rest of the text surrounding it.

<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a big typeface.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Smaller Text - The <small> Element:

The content of the <small> element is displayed one font size smaller
than the rest of the text surrounding it.

<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a small typeface.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Grouping - The <div> and <span> Elements :

The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections or
subsections of a page.

For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to
indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then
attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.

The <div> element is used to group block-level elements together:

<div id="menu" align="middle" >

<a href="/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href="/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href="/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>

<div id="content" align="left" bgcolor="white">

<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>

This will produce following result:

HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT

Content Articles

Actual content goes here.....

The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline
elements only. So, if you had a part of a sentence or paragraph you
wanted to group together you could use the <span> element.

<div><p>This is the example of <span style="color:green">span tag</span> and the <span

style="color:purple">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p></div>
This will produce following result:

This is the example of span tag and the div tag alongwith CSS

These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.

HTML Phrase Tags

While some of these phrase elements are displayed in a similar manner to the <b>, <i>, <pre>,
and <tt> elements you have already seen, they are designed for specific purposes. For example,
the <em> and <strong> elements give text emphasis and strong emphasis respectively and there
are several elements for marking up quotes.

We will see all phrase tags in this section with examples.

Emphasized Text - The <em> Element:

The content of an <em> element is intended to be a point of emphasis

in your document, and it is usually displayed in italicized text. The kind
of emphasis intended is on words such as "must" in the following
sentence:

<p>You <em>must</em> remember to close elements in XHTML.</p>

This will produce following result:

You must remember to close elements in XHTML.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Strong Text - The <strong> Element:

The <strong> element is intended to show strong emphasis for its

content; stronger emphasis than the <em> element. As with the
<em> element, the <strong> element should be used only when you
want to add strong emphasis to part of a document.

<p>You <strong>must</strong> remember to close elements in XHTML.</p>

This will produce following result:

You must remember to close elements in XHTML.

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Text Abbreviation - The <abbr> Element :

You can indicate when you are using an abbreviated form by placing
the abbreviation between opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags.

<p>I have a friend called <abbr title="Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>

This will produce following result:

I have a friend called Abhy.

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Using Acronym - The <acronym> Element :

The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between an opening <acronym> and
closing </acronym> element is an acronym.

When possible use a title attribute whose value is the full version of
the acronyms on the <acronym> element, and if the acronym is in a
different language, include an xml:lang attribute in XHTML documents.

<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym title="Extensible Hypertext Markup

Language">XHTML</acronym>.</p>

This will produce following result:

This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.

At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the <acronym>
element.

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Special Terms - The <dfn> Element :

The <dfn> element allows you to specify that you are introducing a special term. Its use is similar
to the words that are in italics in the midst of paragraphs in this book when new key concepts are
introduced.
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you
introduce a key term and only in that instance. Most recent browsers
render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.

<p>This tutorial teaches you how mark up your documents for the web using
<dfn>XHTML</dfn>.</p>

This will produce following result:

This tutorial teaches you how mark up your documents for the web using XHTML.

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Quoting Text - The <blockquote> Element :

When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should use the <blockquote>
element.

Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left

and right edges of the surrounding text, and sometimes uses an
italicized font.

<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>

<blockquote> XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier
work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0. </blockquote>

This will produce following result:

The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:

XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier work on HTML
4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.

attribute on the <blockquote> element to indicate the

You can use the cite
source of the quote.

<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>

<blockquote cite="http://www.w3.org/markup/"> XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation

for XHTML, following on from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.
</blockquote>

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Short Quotations - The <q> Element :

The <q> element is intended to be used when you want to add a
quote within a sentence rather than as an indented block on its own.

<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>He is their at my home. I think I am wrong</q>.</p>

This will produce following result:

Amit is in Spain, He is their at my home. I think I am wrong.

The <q> element can also carry the cite attribute. The value should be a URL pointing to the source
of the quote.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Citations - The <cite> Element :

If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite> tag and
closing </cite> tag

As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite>

element is rendered in italicized text by default.

<p>This HTML Tutorial is derived from <cite>World Wide Web Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>

This will produce following result:

This HTML Tutorial is derived from World Wide Web Standard for HTML.

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Computer Code - The <code> Element :

Any code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside a <code>

element. Usually the content of the <code> element is presented in a
monospaced font, just like the code in most programming books.

<h1> <code>This is inside code element</code></h1>

This will produce following result:

This is inside code element

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Keyboard Text - The <kbd> Element :

When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can use
the <kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.

The content of a <kbd> element is usually represented in a

monospaced font rather like the content of the <code> element.

<h1> <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd></h1>

This will produce following result:

This is inside kbd element

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Programming Variables - The <var> Element :

This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and

<code> elements to indicate that the content of that element is a
variable that can be supplied by a user.

<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>

This will produce following result:

document.write("user-name")

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Program Output - The <samp> Element :

The <samp> element indicates sample output from a program, script,

or the like. Again, it is mainly used when documenting programming
concepts. For example:

<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World</samp></p>

This will produce following result:

Result produced by the program is Hello World

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Addresses - The <address> Element :

The <address> element is used to contain any address. For example:

<address>304, Menna Colony, Hyderabad - INDIA, 500032</address>

This will produce following result:

304, Menna Colony, Hyderabad - INDIA, 500032

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Block and Inline Elements:

We can categories all the elements into two sections:

← Block-level elements - Block-level elements appear on the screen as if they have a

carriage return or line break before and after them. For example the <p>, <h1>, <h2>,
<h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>, and
<address> elements are all block level elements. They all start on their own new line, and
anything that follows them appears on its own new line.

← Inline elements - Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do
not have to appear on a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>,
<sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and
<var> elements are all inline elements.

The elements which we have not discussed till now, will be discussed in subsequent chapters.

HTML Comments

Comments are piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is good practice to comment
your code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a document, and any other
notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others understand your code.

HTML Comment lines are indicated by the special beginning tag  placed at
the beginning and end of EVERY line to be treated as a comment.
Comments do not nest, and the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment
except as part of the closing --> tag. You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-
of-comment string.

For example: Given line is a valid comment in HTML

But following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the
borwser. This is because there is a space between the left angle
bracket and the exclamation mark.

< !-- This is commented out -->

Be careful if you use comments to "comment out" HTML that would otherwise be shown to the user,
since some older browsers will still pay attention to angle brackets inside the comment and close
the comment prematurely -- so that some of the text that was supposed to be inside the comment
mistakenly appears as part of the document.

Multiline Comments:
You have seen how to comment a single line in HTML. You can comment multiple lines by the
special beginning tag  placed before the first line and end of the lastline to
be treated as a comment.

For example:

Conditional Comments :
Conditional comments only work in Explorer on Windows, and are thus excellently suited to give
special instructions meant only for Explorer on Windows. They are supported from Explorer 5
onwards, and it is even possible to distinguish between 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0.

Conditional comments work as follows:

← Their basic structure is the same as an HTML comment (). Therefore all other
browsers will see them as normal comments and will ignore them entirely.
← Explorer Windows, though, has been programmed to recognize the special <!--[if IE]>
syntax, resolves the if and parses the content of the conditional comment as if it were
normal page content.
← Since conditional comments use the HTML comment structure, they can only be included in
HTML files, and not in CSS files.

Using Comment tag

There are few browsers who supports <comment> tag to comment a

part of code.

<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>

Commenting Scripts and Style Sheets:

If you are using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that
script code inside proper HTML Comments to make old browser works properly.

For example:

Similarly if you are using Casecading Style Sheet in your HTML code then it is recommended to put
that style sheet code inside proper HTML Comments to make old browser works properly.

For example:

NOTE: To become familiar with JAVA Script and Cascading Style Sheet you need to refer different
tutorial.

HTML Fonts
Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being used to view your
page. But the <font> tag is used to add style, size, and color to the text on your site. You can use a
<basefont> tag to set all of your text to the same size, face, and color.

The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts.

To change any of the font attributes at any time within your page, simply use the <font> tag. The
text that follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change any or all
of the font attributes at the one time, by including all the required changes within the one <font>
tag.

NOTE: The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a
future version of HTML. So it should not be used. Its is suggested to use css styles to
manipulate your font.

Font Size:
You can set the size of your font with size attribute. The range of accepted values is from
1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.

Example:

<font size="1">Font size="1"</font>

This will produce following result:

Font size="1"
Font size="2"
Font size="3"
Font size="4"
Font size="5"
Font size="6"
Font size="7"
SPECIFY THE RELATIVE FONT SIZE. <font size="+n"> or <font size="-n">:
You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font size should
be.

Example:
<font size="-1">Font size="-1"</font>
<font size="+1">Font size="+1"</font>
<font size="+2">Font size="+2"</font>
<font size="+3">Font size="+3"</font>
<font size="+4">Font size="+4"</font>

This will produce following result:

Font size="-1"
Font size="+1"
Font size="+2"
Font size="+3"
Font size="+4"
Font Face:
You can set any font you like using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page
doesn't have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead they will default to Times New
Roman of your font with size attribute. See below few examples on using different font face

Example:

<font face="Times New Roman" size="5">Times New Roman</font>

<font face="Verdana" size="5">Verdana</font>
<font face="Comic sans MS" size="5">Comic Sans MS</font>
<font face="WildWest" size="5">WildWest</font>
<font face="Bedrock" size="5">Bedrock</font>

This will produce following result:

Times New Roman

Verdana
Comic Sans MS
WildWest
Bedrock
Specify alternate font faces:

A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their computer. So, it is
possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the font face names, separated by a
comma.
Example:

When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face that it has available. If none
of your selections are installed....then it will display the default font face Times New Roman.

Check a complete list of HTML Standard Fonts.

Font Color:
You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you want by
either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color. Check a complete list of HTML Color Name
with Codes.

Example:

<font color="#FF00FF">This text is hexcolor #FF00FF</font>

This will produce following result:

This text is hexcolor #FF00FF

This text is red

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The <basefont> Element:

The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for any parts of
the document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> element. You can then use the
<font> elements to override the <basefont> settings.

The attributes that the <basefont> element takes are exactly the same as for the <font> element.
You can also set the size of fonts relative to the size of the <basefont> by giving them a value of
+1 for a size larger or -2 for two sizes smaller

NOTE: This element is deprecated in HTML 4 and will be removed from HTML, the preferred option
is to use CSS styles. Your browser may not have support for this tag.

Example:
<basefont face="arial, verdana, sans-serif" size="2" color="#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>
<h2>Example of the <basefont> Element</h2>
<p><font size="+2" color="darkgray">Here is some darkgray text
two sizes larger</font></p>
<p><font face="courier" size="-1" color="#000000">Here is a courier
font, a size smaller, in black</font></p>

This will produce following result:

This is the page's default font.

Example of the <basefont> Element

Here is some darkgray text

two sizes larger
Here is a courier
font, a size smaller, in black

As you can see, the default font now takes on the properties specified in the <basefont> element. It
is red, size 2, and uses the Arial typeface.

The paragraph after the <h2> element uses a font size two sizes larger than the default size and is
gray text, whereas the following paragraph uses a font one size smaller than the default font. You
can also see that the color of this font is black (overriding the default).

HTML Marquees
A HTML marquee is a scrolling piece of text displayed either horizontally across or vertically down
your web site page depending on the settings. This is created by using HTML tag <marquees>.

NOTE: The HTML <marquee> is an MSIE extension, but is now supported by NS 7 also. So please
check if your browser supports this tag or not.

Syntax:

A simple syntax to use marquee is as follows:

<marquee attribute_name="attribute_value"....more attributes>

One or more lines or text message or image

</marquee>

Attrubutes:
A HTML marquee can have following attributes:

← width: how wide the marquee is. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.
← height: how tall the marquee is. This will have a value like 10 or 20% etc.

← direction: which direction the marquee should scroll. This will have value either up, down,
left or right.

← behavior: what type of scrolling. This will have value scroll, slid and alternate.

← scrolldelay: how long to delay between each jump. This will have a value like 10 etc.

← scrollamount: how far to jump. This will have a value like 10 etc.

← loop: how many times to loop. The default value is INFINITE, which means that the
marquee loops endlessly.

← bgcolor: background color. This will have any color name or color hex value.

← hspace: horizontal space around the marquee. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.

← vspace: vertical space around the marquee. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.

Examples:
Here are few examples to demonstrate the usage of marquee tag.
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<marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee>

This will produce following result:

<marquee width="50%">This example will take only 50% width</marquee>

This will produce following result:

<marquee direction="right">This text will scroll from left to right</marquee>

This will produce following result:

<marquee direction="up">This text will scroll from bottom to up</marquee>

This will produce following result:

HTML Images

Images are very important to beautify as well as to depicts many concepts on your web page. Its is
true that one single image is worth than thuasands of words. So as a Web Developer you should
have clear understanding on how to use images in your web pages.

Insert Image - The <img> Element:

You will insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag.
Following is the simple syntax to use this tag.

<img src="image URL" attr_name="attr_value"...more attributes />

Image Attributes:
Following are most frequently used attributes for <img> tag.

← width: sets width of the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.
← height: sets height of the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20% etc.

← border: sets a border around the image. This will have a value like 1 or 2 etc.

← src: specifies URL of the image file.

← alt: this is an alternate text which will be displayed if image is missing.

← align: this sets horizontal alignment of the image and takes value either left, right or
center.

← valign: this sets vertical alignment of the image and takes value either top, bottom or
center.

← hspace: horizontal space around the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.

← vspace: vertical space around the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.
← name: name of the image with in the document.

← id: id of the image with in the document.

← style: this will be used if you are using CSS.

← title: specifies a text title. The browser, perhaps flashing the title when the mouse passes
over the link.

← ismap and usemap: These attributes for the <img> tag tell the browser that the image is
a special mouse-selectable visual map of one or more hyperlinks, commonly known as an
image map. We will see how to use these attributes in Image Links chapter.

A Simple Example:
<img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif" alt="HTML Tutorial" />

This will produce following result:

Image Attributes - width, height, title, border and align:

Now let us try to set some more attributes:

This will produce following result:

Remember that all the images will have a border by default. In our examples its not showing
because our global style sheet has set img {border:0px;} which means that no border will be
displayed till it is mentioned explicitly.
You can remove an image border by setting border="0" or through CSS by setting img
{border:0px;}.

To Become more comfortable with other image attributes - Do Online Practice

Wrapping text around images:

Example 1:

<p>This is the first paragraph that appears above the paragraph with the image!</p>

<p><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif" width="75" height="75"

alt="HTML Tutorial" align="right">

The image will appear along the right hand side of the paragraph. As you can see this is very nice
for adding a little eye candy that relates to the specified paragraph.</p>

<p>The left and right image-alignment values tell the browser to place an image against the left
or right margin, respectively, of the current text flow. The browser then renders subsequent
document content in the remaining portion of the flow adjacent to the image. The net result is
that the document content following the image gets wrapped around the image. </p>

This will produce following result:

This is the first paragraph that appears above the paragraph with the image!

The image will appear along the right hand side of the paragraph. As you can see
this is very nice for adding a little eye candy that relates to the specified paragraph.

The left and right image-alignment values tell the browser to place an image against
the left or right margin, respectively, of the current text flow. The browser then
renders subsequent document content in the remaining portion of the flow adjacent
to the image. The net result is that the document content following the image gets wrapped
around the image.

Example 2:

You can use vspace or hspace attributes if you want to keep some
distance between text and image. Let us revise above example:

<p>This is the first paragraph that appears above the paragraph with the image!</p>

<p><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif" vspace="10" hspace="15"

width="75" height="75" alt="HTML Tutorial" align="right">

The image will appear along the right hand side of the paragraph. As you can see this is very nice
for adding a little eye candy that relates to the specified paragraph.</p>

This will produce following result:

This is the first paragraph that appears above the paragraph with the image!

The image will appear along the right hand side of the paragraph. As you can see
this is very nice for adding a little eye candy that relates to the specified
paragraph.

The left and right image-alignment values tell the browser to place an image
against the left or right margin, respectively, of the current text flow. The browser
then renders subsequent document content in the remaining portion of the flow adjacent to the
image. The net result is that the document content following the image gets wrapped around the
image.

For a complete list of image attributes please check reference to HTML Image Tag.

Which image format is suitable for you ?

The images in Graphics Interchange Format - GIF format are best used for banners, clip art, and
buttons. The main reason for this is that gifs can have a transparent background which is priceless
when it comes to web design. On the down side, gifs are usually larger files, not as compressed as a
jpeg, which calls for slow load times and large transfer rates. Gifs are also limited to the 256 color
scheme.

Ths images in Joint Photographic Experts Group - JPEG format have an unlimited color wheel, and
have a high compression rate downsizing your load times and saving hard drive space. JPEGs don't
allow for transparent backgrounds, but their size/quality ratio is outstanding. Its best to use JPEG
format for photo galleries, or artwork to allow the viewer to catch that extra bit of detail. Avoid
Jpegs for graphical design, stick to using them for thumbnails and backgrounds.

The images in Portable Network Graphics - PNG format is an extensible file format for the lossless,
portable, well-compressed storage of raster images. PNG provides a patent-free replacement for
GIF and can also replace many common uses of TIFF. Indexed-color, grayscale, and truecolor
images are supported, plus an optional alpha channel. Sample depths range from 1 to 16 bits. PNG
also compresses better than GIF in almost every case (5% to 25% in typical cases).
HTML Text Links

Web pages can contain links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts of a given
page. These links are known as hyperlinks.

Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and images.
Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on your any web page.

In this tutorial you will learn how to create text links between the different pages of your site, links
within pages of your sites, and how to link to other sites ( or external sites). If you want to know
more about URL then check Understanding URL Tutorial.

Linking Documents - The <a> Element:

A link is specified using the <a> element. This element is called anchor tag as well. Anything
between the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can
click that part to reach to the linked document.

Following is the simple syntax to use this tag.

<a href="Document URL" attr_name="attr_value"...more attributes />

Anchor Attributes:
Following are most frequently used attributes for <a> tag.
← href: specifies the URL of the target of a hyperlink. Its value is any valid document URL,
absolute or relative, including a fragment identifier or a JavaScript code fragment.
← target: specify where to display the contents of a selected hyperlink. If set to "_blank"
then a new window will be opened to display the loaded page, if set to "_top" or "_parent"
then same window will be used to display the loaded document, if set to "_self" then loads
the new page in current window. By default its "_self".

← name & id: attributes places a label within a document. When that label is used in a link to
that document, it is the equivalent of telling the browser to goto that label.

← event: attributes like onClick, onMouseOver etc. are used to trigger any Javascript ot
VBscript code.

← title: attribute lets you specify a title for the document to which you are linking. The value
of the attribute is any string, enclosed in quotation marks. The browser might use it when
displaying the link, perhaps flashing the title when the mouse passes over the link.

← accesskey: attribute attribute provides a keyboard shortcut that can be used to activate a
link. For example, you could make the T key an access key so that when the user presses
either the Alt or Ctrl key on his keyboard (depending on his operating system) along with
the T key, the link gets activated.

A Simple Example:
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" target="_blank" >TP Home</a> |
<a href="http://www.amrood.com/" target="_self" >AMROOD Home</a> |
<a href="http://www.change-images.com/" target="_top" >Change Images Home</a>

This will produce following result, Click and come back to proceed with
rest of the tutorial:

Tutorials Point | AMROOD | Change Images

Base Path for Links:

It is not required to give a complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you will use <base>
tag in your header. This tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser will
concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a complete URL.

For example we have used following base tag in all the pages at
tutorialspoint.com:

<head>

</head>

So now if you will use <a href="/html/index.htm" then it will be considered as <a
href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm".
Linking to a Page Section:
You can create a link to a particular section of a page by using name attribute. Here we will create
three links with-in this page itself.

First create a link to reach to the top of this page. Here is the code we have used for the title
heading HTML Text Links

<h1>HTML Text Links <a name="top"></a></h1>

Now you have a place where you can reach. To reach to this place use
the following code with-in this document anywhere:

<a href="/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>

This will produce following link and you try using this link to reach to
the top of this page:

Go to the Top

NOTE: Here we are using relative path. You can give complete URL and then # and then link name
eg. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/html_text_links.htm#top

You can use this type of URL in any other page to reach directly to a particular section.

Setting Link Colors:

You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links using link, alink and vlink attributes of
<body> tag. But it is recommended to use CSS to set colors of links, visited links and active links.

Following is the example we have used for our web side

tutorialspoint.com

a:link {color:#900B09; background-color:transparent}

a:visited {color:#900B09; background-color:transparent}
a:active {color:#FF0000; background-color:transparent}
a:hover {color:#FF0000; background-color:transparent}

You can refer to Style Sheet Tutorial for a complete understanding on CSS.

Otherwise you can use <body> tag to set link colors. Here is the
syntax.

<body alink="#FF0000" link="#900B09" vlink="#900B09">

.......
</body>
Create Download Links:

You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files
downloadable. This is very simple, you just need to give complete URL
of the downloadable file as follows:

<a href="http://www.example.com/file.pdf">Download File</a>

This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.

Download File

You can not make an image download able until you follow the following procedure.

How To Raise a "File Download" Dialog Box ?

Sometime it is desired that you want to give option where a use will click a link and it will pop up a
"File Download" box to the user in stead of displaying actual content. This is very easy and will be
achived through HTTP header.

This HTTP header will be different from the header mentioned in previous section.

file downloadable from a given link

For example,if you want make a FileName
then its syntax will be as follows.

#!/usr/bin/perl

# HTTP Header
print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name=\"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"FileName\"\r\n\n";

# Actual File Content will go hear.

open( FILE, "<FileName" );
while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100) )
{
print("$buffer");
}

HTML Image Links

Previous chapters has tought you how to create hyper text link using
text and how to use images in your web page. Now we will learn how
to use images to create hyper links. See example below:
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm" target="_self" >
<img src="/images/home.gif" alt="Tutorials Point Home" border="0"/>
</a>

This will create following hyperlink at tutorialspoint.com home.

This was the simpletest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we can
create Mouse-Sensitive Image Links.

Mouse-Sensitive Images:
The HTML and XHTML standards provide a feature that lets you embed many different links inside
the same image. Clicking different areas of the image causes the browser to link to different target
documents. Such mouse-sensitive images known as image maps.

There are two ways to create image maps:

← A server-side image maps: is enabled by the ismap attribute for the <img> tag and
requires access to a server and related image-map processing applications.
← A client-side image maps: is created with the usemap attribute for the <img> tag, along
with corresponding <map> and <area> tags.

Server-Side Image Maps:

You add an image to an anchor simply by placing an <img> tag within the body of the <a> tag.
Make that embedded image into a mouse-sensitive one by adding the ismap attribute to the <img>
tag. This special <img> attribute tells the browser that the image is a special map containing more
than one link.

When the user clicks some place within the image, the browser passes the coordinates of the mouse
pointer along with the URL specified in the <a> tag to the document server. The server uses the
mouse-pointer coordinates to determine which document to deliver back to the browser.

When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL of a server
application like amap file or cgi script etc. to process the incoming request based on the passed
coordinates.

The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left corner of the
image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question mark, are added to the end of
the URL.

For example, if a user clicks 50 pixels over and 30 pixels down from
the upper-left corner of the image displayed from the following link:

<a href="/cgi-bin/logo.map" target="_self" >

<img ismap src="/images/html.gif"
alt="HTML" border="0"/>
</a>
Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the HTTP
server which can be processed by cgi script or map file and you can
link whatever you like to these coordinates:

/cgi-bin/logo.map?50,30

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

NOTE: Converting the coordinates into a specific document is handled by the server side
application, either cgi programme or special map files provided by seb server. For more detail Check
Using HTML ismap.

Client-Side Image Maps:

Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute for the <img /> tag and defined by
special <map> and <area> extension tags.

The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> element as
normal, except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the usemap attribute is the
value of the name attribute on the <map> element, which you are about to meet, preceded by a
pound or hash sign.

The <map> element actually creates the map for the image and usually follows directly after the
<img /> element. It acts as a container for the <area /> elements that actually define the clickable
hotspots. The <map> element carries only one attribute, the name attribute, which is the name
that identifies the map. This is how the <img /> element knows which <map> element to use.

The <area> element specifies the shape and the coordinates that
define the boundaries of each clickable hotspot. Here's an example
from the image map:

<img src=/https/www.scribd.com/images/html.gif alt="HTML Map" border="0" usemap="#html"/>

The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a summary, to be
followed by detailed examples:

rect = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2
x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x 2 and y2 are the
coordinates of the lower right corner. Therefore, a rectangle which goes from 10,5 to 20,25
would have the attribute coords="10,5,20,25". A rectangle which defines the upper-left
quarter of an image might use coords="0,0,50%,50%".
circle = xc , yc , radius
xc and yc are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius. A
circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attribute coords="200,50,25";
one centered at the image's center and having a diameter of half the image would be
defined by coords="50%,50%,25%".
poly = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ... xn , yn
The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn from
one point to the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20 and 40
pixels across at its widest points would have the attribute
coords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40". A "line" is always drawn from the coordinates of the last
point to the coordinates of the first point in order to close the polygon.

All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a related
URL.You can use any image software to know the coordinates of different positions.

HTML Email Links

This is very easy to put an HTML email link on your page. But while doing so, you need to put your
email address on your web page which can cause a spamming problem for your email account.
There are many guys over the internet who can run programs to harvest these types of emails for
spamming. So if you are going to put your email link on a public website then you have be prepared
for anti-spamming as well.
You can have another option to facilitate people to send you emails. This option is to use HTML
forms to take user data and then use CGI script to send an email.

A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using this form and then we
are using one CGI program which is collecting this information and sending email to one given email
ID.

You will learn about HTML Forms in HTML Forms and you can learn about CGI in our another tutorial
PERL & CGI.

HTML Email Tag:

HTML <a> tag provides you facility to specifiy an email address to send an email. While using <a>
attribute.
tag as an email tag then you will use mailto:email address along with href
Following is the syntax of using mailto instead of using http.

<a href= "mailto:[email protected]">Send Email</a>

This code will generate following link:

Send Email

Now if a user will click this link then it will lanuch one Email Client ( like Lotus Notes, Outlook
Express etc. ) installed on your user's computer.

This is another risk to use this procedure because if users do not have email client installed on their
computer then it would not be possible to send you email.

Default Email Subject and Body:

alongwith your email address.

You can specify a default email subject and email body
Following is the example to use default subject and body.

<a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Feedback&body=Message">
Send Feedback
</a>

This code will generate following link:

Send Feedback

HTML Tables

Tables are very useful to arrange in HTML and they are used very frequently by almost all web
developers. Tables are just like spreadsheets and they are made up of rows and columns.
You will create a table in HTML/XHTML by using <table> tag. Inside <table> element the table is
written out row by row. A row is contained inside a <tr> tag . which stands for table row. And each
cell is then written inside the row element using a <td> tag . which stands for table data.

Example:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2

Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2

NOTE: In the above example border is an attribute of <table> and it will put border across all the
cells. If you do not need a border then you cal use border="0". The border attribute and other
attributes also mentione din this session are deprecated and they have been replaced by CSS. So it
is recommended to use CSS instead of using any attribute directly.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Table Heading - The <th> Element:

Table heading can be defined using <th> element. This tag will be put
to replace <td> tag which is used to represent actual data. Normally
you will put your top row as table heading as shown below, otherwise
you can use <th> element at any place:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
This will produce following result. You can see its making heading as a
bold one:

Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

NOTE: Each cell must, however, have either a <td> or a <th> element in order for the table to
display correctly even if that element is empty.

Table Cellpadding and Cellspacing:

which you will use to adjust

There are two attribiutes called cellpadding and cellspacing
the white space in your table cell. Cellspacing defines the width of the
border, while cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders
and the content within. Following is the example:

<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5">

<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

Name Salary

Ramesh Raman 5000

Shabbir Hussein 7000

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes:

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column.
if you want to merge two or more rows.
Similar way you will use rowspan
Following is the example:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using of the following two ways:

← Using bgcolor attribute - You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell.
← Using background attribute - You can set background image for whole table or just for one
cell.

NOTE:You can set border color also using bordercolor attribute.

Here is an example of using bgcolor attribute:

<table border="5" bordercolor="green" bgcolor="gray">

<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td bgcolor="red">Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Here is an example of using background attribute:

<table border="1" background="/images/home.gif">

This will produce following result:

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Table height and width:

attrubutes. You can specify

You can set a table width and height using width and height
table width or height in terms of integer value or in terms of
percentage of available screen area. Following is the example:

<table border="1" width="400" height="150">

<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
This will produce following result:

Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2

Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Using Table Caption:

tags will serve as a title or explanation and show up at the

The caption
top of the table. This tag is depracated in newer version of
HTML/XHTML.

<table border="1">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

This is the caption

row 1, column 1 row 1, columnn 2

Using a Header, Body, and Footer:

Tables can be divided into three portions: a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are
rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for every
page, while the body is the main content of the table.

The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are:

← <thead> - to create a separate table header.

← <tbody> - to indicate the main body of the table.

← <tfoot> - to create a separate table footer.

or groups of data.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages
But it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before
<tbody>

<table border="1" width="100%">

<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

This will produce following result:

This is the head of the table

This is the foot of the table
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4
...more rows here containing four cells...
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4
...more rows here containing four cells...

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Nested Tables:
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags inside
table data tag <td>.

Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a
table cell.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>This is another cell</li>
<li>Using list inside this cell</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

Salary
Name Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000

Row 2, Column 1This is

another cell
Row 2, Column 2
← Using list inside
this cell
HTML Frames

Frames divide a browser window into several pieces or panes, each pane containing a separate
XHTML/HTML document. One of the key advantages that frames offer is that you can then load and
reload single panes without having to reload the entire contents of the browser window. A collection
of frames in the browser window is known as a frameset.

The window is divided up into frames in a similar pattern to the way tables are organized: into rows
and columns. The simplest of framesets might just divide the screen into two rows, while a complex
frameset could use several rows and columns.

There are few drawbacks also you should be aware of with frames are as follows:

← Some browsers do not print well from framesets.

← Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames, often because their screen is not big
enough to be divided up.

← Some time your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to different
screen resolution.

← The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.

← There are still few browsers who do not support farme technology.

To create a frameset document, first you need the <frameset> element, which is used instead of
the <body> element. The frameset defines the rows and columns your page is divided into, which
in turn specify where each individual frame will go. Each frame is then represented by a <frame>
element.

You also need to learn the <noframes> element, which provides a message for users whose
browsers do not support frames.

Now we will discuss these tags in detail one by one.

Creating Frames - The <frameset> Element:

← The <frameset> tag replaces the <body> element in frameset documents.
← The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames.

← Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns. If you define frames by using rows then
horizontal frames are created. If you define frames by using columns then vertical farmes
are created.

← The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column will
occupy.

← Each farme is indicated by <frame> tag and it defines what HTML document to put into the
frame.

Example:

Following is the example to create three horizontal frames:

<html>
<head>
<title>Frames example</title>
</head>
<frameset rows="10%,80%,10%">
<frame src="/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame src="/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

Now create three HTML files called top_frame.htm, main_frame.htm and bottom_frame.htm to be
loaded into three frames with some content.

To become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

The <frameset> Element Attributes:

Following are important attributes of <frameset> and should be known to you to use frameset.

← cols: specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size of each
column. You can specify the width of each column in one of four ways:
← Absolute values in pixels. For example to create three vertical frames, use
cols="100, 500,100".

← A percentage of the browser window. For example to create three vertical frames,
use cols="10%, 80%,10%".

← Using a wildcard symbol. For example to create three vertical frames, use
cols="10%, *,10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the window.
← As relative widths of the browser window. For example to create three vertical
frames, use cols="3*,2*,1*". This is an alternative to percentages. You can use
relative widths of the browser window. Here the window is divided into sixths: the
first column takes up half of the window, the second takes one third, and the third
takes one sixth.

← rows: attribute works just like the cols attribute and can take the same values, but it is
used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example to create two horizontal frames, use
rows="10%, 90%". You can specify the height of each row in the same way as explained
above for columns.

← border: attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels. For example
border="5". A value of zero specifies that no border should be there.

← frameborder: specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be displayed between

frames. This attrubute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). For example frameborder="0"
specifies no border.

← framespacing: specifies the amount of space between frames in a frameset. This can take
any integer value. For example framespacing="10" means there should be 10 pixels
spacing between each frames.

Loading Content - The <frame> Element:

The <frame> element indicates what goes in each frame of the frameset. The <frame> element is
always an empty element, and therefore should not have any content, although each <frame>
element should always carry one attribute, src, to indicate the page that should represent that
frame.

From the above example, lets take small snippet:

<frame src="/html/top_frame.htm" />

The <frame> Element Attributes:

Following are important attributes of and should be known to you to use frames.

← src: indicates the file that should be used in the frame. Its value can be any URL. For
example, src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file avaible in html directory.
← name: attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which frame a
document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you want to create links
in one frame that load pages into a second frame, in which case the second frame needs a
name to identify itself as the target of the link.

← frameborder: attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it
overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> element if one is
given, and the possible values are the same. This can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).

← marginwidth: allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of
the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example
marginwidth="10".
← marginheight: allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and bottom
of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For example
marginheight="10".

← noresize: By default you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders of a
frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being able to resize the frame. For
example noresize="noresize".

← scrolling: controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the frame. This takes
values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling="no" means it should not have
scroll bars.

← longdesc: allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long description of the
contents of the frame. For example longdesc="framedescription.htm"

Browser Support - The <noframes> Element:

If a user is using any old browser or any browser which does not support frames then <noframes>
element should be displayed to the user.

In XHTML you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the
<frameset> element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does not
understand the <frameset> element it should understand what is inside the <body> element
contained in the <noframes> element.

You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example Sorry!! your
browser does not support frames.

Frame's name and target attributes:

One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then load the
pages with the content into a separate frame.

attribute to give
As you have already seen, each <frame> element can carry the name
each frame a name.This name is used in the links to indicate which
frame the new page should load into. Consider this very simple
example, create following content in index.htm file:

<frameset cols="200, *">

There are two columns in this example. The first is 200 pixels wide and will contain the navigation
bar. The second column or frame will contain the main part of the page. The links on the left side
navigation bar will load pages into the right side main page.

Keep some content in main.htm file and the links in the menu.htm file
look like this:

<a href="http://www.google.com" target="main_page">Google</a>

<br /><br />
<a href="http://www.microsoft.com" target="main_page">Microsoft</a>
<br /><br />
<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/" target="main_page">BBC News</a>

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

attribute can also take the attribute values listed in the table
The target
that follows.

Vlaue Description

_self Loads the page into the current frame.

_blank Loads a page into a new browser window.opening a new window.

_paren Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single frameset is the
t main browser window.

_top Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames..

Inline Frames - The <iframe> Element:

You can define an inline frame with the <iframe> tag. The <iframe> tag is not used within a
<frameset> tag. Instead, it appears anywhere in your document. The <iframe> tag defines a
rectangular region within the document in which the browser displays a separate document,
including scrollbars and borders.

Use the src attribute with <iframe> to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline
frame.

All of the other, optional attributes for the <iframe> tag, including name, class, frameborder, id,
longdesc, marginheight, marginwidth, name, scrolling, style, and title behave exactly like the
corresponding attributes for the <frame> tag.

Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe>. This tag is
used along with <body> tag:

<body>
...other document content...
<iframe src="/html/menu.htm" width="75" height="200" align="right">
Your browser does not support inline frames. To view this
<a href="/html/menu.htm">document</a> correctly, you'll need
a copy of Internet Explorer or the latest Netscape Navigator.
</iframe>
...subsequent document content...
</body>

The align attribute lets you control where the frame gets placed in line with the adjacent text or
moved to the edge of the document, allowing text to flow around the frame.
For inline alignment, use top, middle, or bottom as the value of this attribute. The frame is aligned
with the top, middle, or bottom of the adjacent text, respectively. To allow text to flow around the
inline frame, use the left or right values for this attribute. The frame is moved to the left or right
edge of the text flow, respectively, and the remaining content of the document is flowed around the
frame. A value of center places the inline frame in the middle of the display, with text flowing above
and below.

HTML Lists Formatting

You can list out your items, subjects or menu in the form of a list. HTML gives you three different
types of lists.

← <ul> - An unordered list. This will list items using bullets

← <ol> - A ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items

← <dl> - A definition list. This is arrange your items in the same way as they are arranged in
a dictionary.

HTML Unordered Lists:

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. The most
common unordered list you will find on the Web is a collection of hyperlinks to other documents.

This list is created by using <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a butllet. The bullet itself
comes in three flavors: squares, discs, and circles. The default bullet displayed by most web
browsers is the traditional full disc.

One Movie list is given below:

<center>
<h2>Movie List</h2>
</center>
<ul>
<li>Ram Teri Ganga Meli</li>
<li>Mera Naam Jocker</li>
<li>Titanic</li>
<li>Ghost in the ship</li>
</ul>

This will produce following result:

Movie List

← Ram Teri Ganga Meli

← Mera Naam Jocker
← Titanic

← Ghost in the ship

attribute to specify the type of bullet you like. By default

You can use type
its is a disc. Following are the possible way:

<ul type="square"> <ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle">

← Hindi ← Hindi ← Hindi
← English ← English ← English
← Maths ← Maths ← Maths

← Physics ← Physics ← Physics

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HTML Ordered Lists:

The typical browser formats the contents of an ordered list just like an unordered list, except that
the items are numbered instead of bulleted. The numbering starts at one and is incremented by one
for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>

This list is created by using <ol> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a number.

One Movie list is given below:

<center>
<h2>Movie List</h2>
</center>
<ol>
<li>Ram Teri Ganga Meli</li>
<li>Mera Naam Jocker</li>
<li>Titanic</li>
<li>Ghost in the ship</li>
</ol>

This will produce following result:

Movie List

1. Ram Teri Ganga Meli

2. Mera Naam Jocker
3. Titanic

4. Ghost in the ship

attribute to specify the type of numbers you like. By

You can use type
default its is a generic numbers. Following are the other possible way:

<ol type="I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.

<ol type="i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type="a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
<ol type="A"> - Upper-Case Letters.

<ol type="I"> <ol type="i"> <ol type="a"> <ol type="A">

I. Hindi i. Hindi a. Hindi A. Hindi

II. English ii. English b. English B. English
III. Maths iii. Maths c. Maths C. Maths

IV. Physics iv. Physics d. Physics D. Physics

attribute to specify the beginning of any index. By default

You can use start
its is a first number or character. In the following example index starts
from 5:

<center>
<h2>Movie List</h2>
</center>
<ol start="5">
<li>Ram Teri Ganga Meli</li>
<li>Mera Naam Jocker</li>
<li>Titanic</li>
<li>Ghost in the ship</li>
</ol>

This will produce following result:

Movie List

5. Ram Teri Ganga Meli

6. Mera Naam Jocker
7. Titanic

8. Ghost in the ship

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HTML Definition Lists:

HTML and XHTML also support a list style entirely different from the ordered and unordered lists we
have discussed so far - definition lists . Like the entries you find in a dictionary or encyclopedia,
complete with text, pictures, and other multimedia elements, the Definition List is the ideal way to
present a glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list.

Definition List makes use of following three tags.

← <dl> - Defines the start of the list

← <dt> - A term
← <dd> - Term definition
← </dl> - Defines the end of the list

Example:

<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>

This will produce following result:

HTML
This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP
This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

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Appropriate List Usage:

Following are just a suggestion and there is no hard and fast rule to use them:

Use unordered lists for:

← Link collections
← Short, nonsequenced groups of text

← Emphasizing the high points of a presentation

Use ordered lists for:

← Tables of contents
← Sets of sequential sections of text

← Assigning numbers to short phrases that can be referenced elsewhere

Use definition lists for:

← Glossaries
← Custom bullets - make the item after the <dt> tag an icon-sized bullet image)

← Any list of name/value pairs

HTML Page Layouts

Web page layout is very important to give better look to your website. You should design your
webpage layout very carefully.

You may have noticed that there are many websites which have put their content in multiple
columns - they are formatted like a magazine or newspaper. This is easily achieved by using tables
or division or span tags. Sometime you use CSS as well to position various elements or to create
backgrounds or colorful look for the pages.

HTML Layout - Using Tables:

The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These tables are
arranged in columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in whatever way you like.

For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a

table with 3 rows and 2 columns - but the header and footer column
spans both columns using the colspan attribute:

<table width="100%" border="0">

<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#CC99FF;">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="background-color:#FFCCFF;
width:100px;text-align:top;">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td style="background-color:#eeeeee;height:200px;
width:300px;text-align:top;">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#CC99FF;">
<center>
Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

This is Web Page Main title

Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials
HTML
PHP
PERL...

Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com

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Multiuple Columns Layouts - Using Tables

You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep your content
in middle column and you can use left column to use menu and right column can be used to put
advertisement or some other stuff. It will be very similar to our site tutorialspoint.com.

Here is an example to create three column layout:

<table width="100%" border="0">

<tr valign="top">
<td style="background-color:#FFCCFF;width:20%;
text-align:top;">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td style="background-color:#eeeeee;height:200px;
width:60%;text-align:top;">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFCCFF;
width:20%;text-align:top;">
<b>Right Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>
<table>

This will produce following result:

Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials Right Menu

HTML HTML
PHP PHP
PERL... PERL...

HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN

The div element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the div tag is a
block-level element, the HTML span element is used for grouping elements at an inline level.

Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, tables weren't really designed as a
layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.

You can achieve same result whatever you have achieved using
<table> tag in previous example.

<div style="width:100%">
<div style="background-color:#CC99FF;">
<b style="font-size:150%">This is Web Page Main title</b>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#FFCCFF;
height:200px;width:100px;float:left;">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
<div style="background-color:#eeeeee;
height:200px;width:300px;float:left;">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</div>
<div style="background-color:#CC99FF;clear:both">
<center>
Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</div>
</div>

This will produce following result:

This is Web Page Main title

Better layout can be created by using DIV, SPAN and CSS. For more information on CSS, please
refer CSS Tutorial.
HTML Colors

Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify colors on
page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags.

The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors:

← bgcolor: Sets a color for the background of the page.

← text: Sets a color for the body text.

← alink: Sets a color for active links or selected links.

← link: Sets a color for linked text.

← vlink: Sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text that you have already clicked
on.

NOTE: It is recommended to use CSS to set background or text colors.

HTML Color Coding Methods:

There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page:

← Color names: You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.
← Hex codes: A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that make up
the color.

← Color decimal or percentage values: : This value is specified using the rgb( ) property.

Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.

HTML Colors - Color Names:

You can sepecify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16 basic color
names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different color names
supported by Netscape and IE. Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.

W3C Standard 16 Colors:

Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is

recommended to use them.

Black Gray Silver White

Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia

Red Green Blue Purple

Maroon Olive Navy Teal

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HTML Colors - Hex Codes:

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red value,
the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).

A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Jasc Paintshop
Pro or even using Advanced Paint Brush.

Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #.

Following are the examples to use Hexadecimal notation.

Color Color HEX

#000000

#FF0000

#00FF00

#0000FF

#FFFF00

#00FFFF

#FF00FF

#C0C0C0

#FFFFFF

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HTML Colors - RGB Values:
This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one each
for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.

NOTE: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it.

Following is the example to show few colors using RGB values.

Color Color RGB

rgb(0,0,0)

rgb(255,0,0)

rgb(0,255,0)

rgb(0,0,255)

rgb(255,255,0)

rgb(0,255,255)

rgb(255,0,255)

rgb(192,192,192)

rgb(255,255,255)

Building Color Codes:

You can build millions of color codes using our Color Code Builder. Check our HTML Color Code
Builder. To use this tool you would need a Java Enabled Browser.

Browser Safe Colors:

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be most safe and
computer independent colors. These colors very from hexa code
000000 to FFFFFF. These color are safe to use because they ensure
that all computers would display the colors correctly when running a
256 color palette:

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF

006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF

009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF

00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF

00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF

330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF

333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF

336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF

339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF

33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF

33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF

660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF

663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF

666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF

669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF

66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF

66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF

990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF

993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF

996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF

999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF

99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF

99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF

CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF

CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF

CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF

CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF

CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF

CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF

FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF

FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF

FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF

FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF

FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF

FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

HTML Forms Tutorial

HTML Forms are required when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example
registration information: name, email address, credit card, etc.

A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post your back-end application such as CGI,
ASP Script or PHP script etc. Then your back-end application will do required processing on that
data in whatever way you like.

Form elements are like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes,
etc. which are used to take information from the user.

A simple syntax of using <form> is as follows:

<form action="back-end script" method="posting method">

form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>

Most frequently used form attributes are:

← name: This is the name of the form.

← action: Here you will specify any script URL which will receive uploaded data.

← method: Here you will specify method to be used to upload data. It can take various
values but most frequently used are GET and POST.

← target: It specifies the target page where the result of the script will be displayed. It takes
values like _blank, _self, _parent etc.

← enctype: You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the data
before it sends it to the server. Possible values are like:

← application/x-www-form-urlencoded - This is the standard method most forms

use. It converts spaces to the plus sign and non-alphanumeric characters into the
hexadecimal code for that character in ASCII text.

← mutlipart/form-data - This allows the data to be sent in parts, with each

consecutive part corresponding the a form control, in the order they appear in the
form. Each part can have an optional content-type header of its own indicating the
type of data for that form control.

Please refer to PERL & CGI for a detail on data uploading using CGI.

There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data from a visitor to your site.

← Text input controls

← Buttons

← Checkboxes and radio buttons

← Select boxes

← File select boxes

← Hidden controls

← Submit and reset button

HTML Forms - Text Input Controls:

There are actually three types of text input used on forms:

← Single-line text input controls: Used for items that require only one line of user input,
such as search boxes or names. They are created using the <input> element.
← Password input controls: Single-line text input that mask the characters a user enters.

← Multi-line text input controls: Used when the user is required to give details that may be
longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created with the <textarea>
element.

Single-line text input controls:

Single-line text input controls are created using an <input> element whose type attribute has a
value of text.

Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first

name and last name:

<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">

First name:
<input type="text" name="first_name" />
<br>
Last name:
<input type="text" name="last_name" />
<input type="submit" value="submit" />
</form>

This will produce following result:

First name:

Last name:

Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag.

← type: Indicates the type of input control you want to create. This element is also used to
create other form controls such as radio buttons and checkboxes.
← name: Used to give the name part of the name/value pair that is sent to the server,
representing each form control and the value the user entered.

← value: Provides an initial value for the text input control that the user will see when the
form loads.

← size: Allows you to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

← maxlength: Allows you to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter
into the text box.

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Password input controls::

This is also a form of single-line text input controls are created using an <input> element whose
type attribute has a value of password.

Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take

user password:

<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">

Login :
<input type="text" name="login" />
<br>
Password:
<input type="text" name="password" />
<input type="submit" value="submit" />
</form>

This will produce following result:

Password :

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Multiple-Line Text Input Controls:

If you want to allow a visitor to your site to enter more than one line of text, you should create a
multiple-line text input control using the <textarea> element.

Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item

description:

<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">

Description : <br />
<textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
<input type="submit" value="submit" />
</form>

This will produce following result:

Description :

Following is the detail of above used attributes for <textarea> tag.

← name: The name of the control. This is used in the name/value pair that is sent to the
server.
← rows: Indicates the number of rows of text area box.

← cols: Indicates the number of columns of text area box.

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HTML Forms - Creating Button:

There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can create clickable button using
<input> tag.

When you use the <input> element to create a button, the type of button you create is specified
using the type attribute. The type attribute can take the following values:

← submit: This creates a button that automatically submits a form.

← reset: This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their initial values.

← button: This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when the user
clicks that button.

Here is the example:

<form action="http://www.example.com/test.asp" method="get">

<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="Submit" />
<br /><br />
<input type="reset" value="Reset" />
<input type="button" value="Button" />
</form>
This will produce following result:

You can use an image to create a button. Here is the syntax:

<form action="http://www.example.com/test.asp" method="get">

Here src attribiute specifies a location of the image on your webserver.

You can use <button> element to create various buttons. Here is the
syntax:

<form action="http://www.example.com/test.asp" method="get">

<button type="submit">Submit</button>
<br /><br />
<button type="reset"> Reset </button>
<button type="button"> Button </button>
</form>

This will produce following result:

Submit

ResetButton

HTML Forms - Checkboxes Control:

Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are created using
<input> tag as shown below.

Here is example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes

<form action="/cgi-bin/checkbox.cgi" method="get">

<input type="checkbox" name="maths" value="on"> Maths
<input type="checkbox" name="physics" value="on"> Physics
<input type="submit" value="Select Subject" />
</form>

The result of this code is the following form

Maths Physics

Following is the list of important checkbox attributes:

← type: Indicates that you want to create a checkbox.

← name: Name of the control.

← value: The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected. More than one checkbox
should share the same name only if you want to allow users to select several items from
the same list.

← checked: Indicates that when the page loads, the checkbox should be selected.

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HTML Forms - Raidobox Control:

Radio Buttons are used when only one option is required to be selected. They are created using
<input> tag as shown below:

Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio button:

<form action="/cgi-bin/radiobutton.cgi" method="post">

<input type="radio" name="subject" value="maths" /> Maths
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="physics" /> Physics
<input type="submit" value="Select Subject" />
</form>

The result of this code is the following form

Maths Physics

Following is the list of important radiobox attributes:

← type: Indicates that you want to create a radiobox.

← name: Name of the control.

← value: Used to indicate the value that will be sent to the server if this option is selected.

← checked: Indicates that this option should be selected by default when the page loads.

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HTML Forms - Select box Control:

Drop Down Box is used when we have many options available to be selected but only one or two
will be selected..
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box

<form action="/cgi-bin/dropdown.cgi" method="post">

<select name="dropdown">
<option value="Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value="Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

The result of this code is the following form

Following is the list of important attributes of <select>:

← name: This is the name for the control.

← size: This can be used to present a scrolling list box.

← multiple: If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from the menu.

Following is the list of important attributes of <option>:

← value: The value that is sent to the server if this option is selected.
← selected: Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when the page
loads.

← label: An alternative way of labeling options.

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HTML Forms - File Select Boxes:

If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site from his computer, you will need to use
a file upload box, also known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input> element.

Here is example HTML code for a form with one file select box

<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="post"

name="fileupload" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="file" name="fileupload" accept="image/*" />
</form>

The result of this code is the following form

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HTML Forms - Hidden Controls:
If you will want to pass information between pages without the user seeing it. Hidden form controls
remain part of any form, but the user cannot see them in the Web browser. They should not be
used for any sensitive information you do not want the user to see because the user could see this
data if she looked in the source of the page.

Following hidden form is being used to keep current page number.

When a user will click next page then the value of hidden form will be
sent to the back-end application and it will decide which page has be
displayed next.

This will produce following result:

This is page 10

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HTML Forms - Submit and Reset Button:

These are special buttons which can be created using <input> When submit button is clicked then
Forms data is submitted to the back-end application. When reset button is clicked then all the forms
control are reset to default state.

You already have seen submit button above, we will give one reset
example here:

<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">

First name:
<input type="text" name="first_name" />
<br>
Last name:
<input type="text" name="last_name" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" value="Reset" />
</form>
This will produce following result. Type something and click reset
button.

First name:

Last name:

HTML Backgrounds

There are two ways to decorate your web page background.

← Background Colors
← Background Images

Background Colors:
attribute is used to control the background of an HTML
The bgcolor
elmement, specifically page body and table backgrounds. Following is
the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with any HTML tag.

This color_value can be given in any of the form.

Example:

Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag.

<table bgcolor="yellow" width="100%" >
<tr><td>
This background is yellow
</td></tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor="#6666FF" width="100%" >
<tr><td>
This background is sky blue
</td></tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,255)" width="100%" >
<tr><td>
This background is blue
</td></tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

This background is yellow

This background is sky blue
This background is blue

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Background Images:
The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML elmement,
specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set background of your
HMTL page or table. Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML tag.

is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet

The background
for background setting.

<tagname background="Image URL"...>

Example:

Here are the examples to set background images of a table.

<table background="/images/html.gif" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>

<table background="/images/home.gif" width="100%" height="100">

<tr><td>
This background is filled up with home image.
</td></tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

This background is filled up with HTML image.

This background is filled up with home image.

Note that when your HTML element is larger than the dimensions of your picture, the image simply
begins to repeat itself.

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Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds:

You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This simply
can be achieved by using patterend image or transparent image in the background.

It is suggested that when creating patterns or transparent gifs, use the smallest dimensions
possible even as small as 1x1 if you can. Larger files load slow and inhibit the load time of your
sites.

Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table.

<table background="/images/pattern1.gif" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>

<table background="/images/pattern2.gif" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

This background is filled up with a pattern image.

HTML Embed Multimedia - Movie, Music

You can add music or video into your web page. The easiest way to add video or sound to your web
site is to include the special HTML tag called <embed>. This tag causes the browser itself to include
controls for the multimedia automatically. You do not need to have any ActiveX, Java VM, VBscript
or JavaScript to support this <embed> tag.

t's also a good idea to include the <noembed> tag to support browsers which don't recognize the
<embed> tag. You could, for example, use <embed> to display a movie of your choice, and
<noembed> to display a single JPG image.

Here is a simple example to play embed a midi file:

<embed src="/html/yourfile.mid" width="100%" height="60" >

This will produce following result:

You can put any media file in src attribute. You can try it yourself by giving various files.

Attributes:
Following is the list of important attributes for <embed> element.

← align - Determines how to align the object. It takes either center, left or right.
← autostart - Indicates if the media should start automatically. Netscape default is true,
Internet Explorer is false.

← loop - Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to true), a certain
number of times (a positive value) or not at all (false). This is supported by Netscape only.

← playcount - Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternat option for
loop if you are usiong IE.

← hidden - Defines if the object shows on the page. A false value means no and true means
yes.

← height - Height of the object in pixels or en.

← width - Width of the object in pixels or en.

← pluginspage - Specifies the URL to get the plugin software.

← name - A name used to reference the object.

← src - URL of the object to be embedded. This can be any recognizable by the user's
browser. It could be .mid, .wav, .mp3, .avi and so on).
← volume - Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full volume). This
attribute is supported by Netscape only.

HTML - Video Media Types

Flash movies (.swf), AVI's (.avi), and MOV's (.mov) file types are supported by the embed tag.

← .swf files - are the file types created by Macromedia's Flash program.
← .wmv files - are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types.
← .mov files - are Apple's Quick Time Movie format.
← .mpeg files - are movie files created by the Moving Pictures Expert Group.

Here is a simple example to play a flash file.

<embed src="/html/yourfile.swf" width="100%" height="250" >

This will produce following result. Select a picture and paint it using
virtual bursh.

To become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Background Audio - The <bgsound> Element:

You can use the <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background. This tag is for Internet
Explorer documents only. Other browsers ignore the tag. It downloads and plays an audio file when
the host document is first downloaded by the user and displayed. The background sound file also
will replay whenever the user refreshes the browser display.

This tag is having only two attributes loop and src. Both these attributes have same meaning as
explained above.

Here is a simple example to play a small midi file:

<bgsound src="/html/yourfile.mid" >

This will produce blank screen. This tag does not display any
component and remains hidden.
Currently, Internet Explorer can handle three different sound format files: wav, the native format
for PCs; au, the native format for most Unix workstations; and MIDI, a universal music-encoding
scheme.

HTML Object tag:

HTML 4 introduces the <object> element, which offers an all-purpose solution to generic object
inclusion. The <object> element allows HTML authors to specify everything required by an object
for its presentation by a user agent

Here are few example:

You can embed a HTML document in an HTML document itself as

follows:

<object data="data/test.htm" type="text/html"

width="300" height="200">
alt : <a href="data/test.htm">test.htm</a>
</object>

Here alt attribute will come into picture if browser does not support object tag.

You can embed a PDF document in an HTML document as follows:

<object data="data/test.htm" type="application/pdf"

width="300" height="200">
alt : <a href="data/test.pdf">test.pdf</a>
</object>

You can specify some parameters related to the document with the
param tag. IE sometimes needs a src parameter to understand the
location. Here is an exmaple to embed a wav file:

<object type="audio/x-wav" data="data/test.wav"

width="200" height="20">
<param name="src" value="data/test.wav">
<param name="autoplay" value="false">
<param name="autoStart" value="0">
alt : <a href="data/test.wav">test.wav</a>
</object>
You can add a flash document as follows:

You can add a java applet into HTML document as follows:

The classid attribute identifies which version of Java Plug-in to use. You can use the optional
codebase attribute to specify if and how to download the JRE.

For a complete list of attributes of this object please check HTML Object Tag.

Referencing Audio, Video, and Images:

You can reference any external document, regardless of type or format, via a conventional anchor
tag:

Here is an example to reference an audio file. Similar way you can

refer any world document, PDF file, zip file etc.

If you want to listen music then

<a href="/html/yourfile.mid" target="_blank" > Click Here </a>

This will produce following result:

If you want to listen music then Click Here

Just like any referenced document, the server delivers the desired multimedia object to the browser
when the user selects the link. If the browser finds that the document is not HTML or XHTML but
rather some other format, it automatically invokes an appropriate rendering tool to display or
otherwise convey the contents of the object to the user.

Browsers identify and specially handle multimedia files from one of two different hints: either from
the file's Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) type, provided by the server, or from a
special suffix in the file's name. The browser prefers MIME because of its richer description of the
file and its contents, but it will infer the file's contents (type and format) from the file suffix: .gif
or .jpg, for GIF and JPEG encoded images, for example, or .au for a special sound file.
HTML Styles

Style sheets describe how documents are presented on screens, in print, or perhaps how they are
pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style sheets on the Web since the Consortium
was founded in 1994.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet mechanism that has been specifically developed to
meet the needs of Web designers and users.

With CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for a given
HTML element. Each property has a name and a value, separated by a
colon (:). Each property declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;).

<p style="color:red;font-size:24px;">Using Style Sheet Rules</p>

This will produce following result:

Using Style Sheet Rules

There are three ways of using a style sheet in an HTML document:

External Style Sheet:

If you have to give same look and feel to many pages then it is a good
idea to keep all the style sheet rules in a single style sheet file and
include this file in all the HTML pages. You can incluse a style sheet file
into HTML document using <link> element. Below is an example:

Internal Style Sheet:

If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only then
you can include those rules into that document only. Below is an
example:

<head>
<style type="text/css">
body{background-color: pink;}
p{color:blue; 20px;font-size:24px;}
</style>
</head>

To become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Inline Style Sheet:

You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element. This
should be done only when you are interested to make a particular
change in any HTML element only. To use inline styles you use the
style attribute in the relevant tag. Below is an example:

<p style="color:red;font-size:24px;">Using Style Sheet Rules</p>

This will produce following result:

Using Style Sheet Rules

HTML Scripts

A script is a small piece of program that can add interactivity to your website. For example, a script
could generate a pop-up alert box message, or provide a dropdown menu. This script could be
Javascript or VBScript.

You can write your Event Handlers using any of the scripting language and then you can trigger
those functions using HTML attributes.

There are two ways of using a style sheet in an HTML document:

External Script:

If you have to use a single script functionality among many HTML

pages then it is a good idea to keep that function in a single script file
and then include this file in all the HTML pages. You can incluse a style
sheet file into HTML document using <script> element. Below is an
example:

Internal Script:
You can write your script code directly into your HTML document. Usually we keep script code in
header of the document using <script> tag, otherwise there is no restriction and you can put your
source code anywhere in the document. You can specify whether to make a script run automatically
(as soon as the page loads), or after the user has done something (like click on a link). Below is an
example this would write a Hello Javascript! message as soon as the page loads.:

<head>
<title>Internal Script</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello Javascript!")
</script>
</body>

This will produce following result:

Hello Javascript!

To become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Writing Event Handler:

It is very easy to write an event handler. Following example explains how to write an event handler.
in the header of the document. We will call
Let's write one simple function myAlert
this function when any user will bring mouse over a paragraph written
in the example.

<head>
<title>Event Handler Example t</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function myAlert()
{
alert("I am an event handler....");
return;
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<span onmouseover="myAlert();">
Bring your mouse here to see an alert
</span>

</body>

Now this will produce following result. Bring your mouse over this line
and see the result:

Bring your mouse here to see an alert

To become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Hide Scripts from Older Browsers

Athough most (if not all) browsers these days support scripts, some
older browsers don't. If a browser doesn't support JavaScript, instead
of running your script, it would display the code to the user. To
prevent this from happening, you can simply place HTML comments
around the script. Older browsers will ignore the script, while newer
browsers will run it.

JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/javascript">

</script>

VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">

</script>

The <noscript> Element:

You can also provide alternative info for users whose browsers don't support scripts and for users
who have disabled scripts. You do this using the <noscript> tag.

JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/javascript">

</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support Javascript!</noscript>
VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">

</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>

Default Scripting Language

tags to use. This saves

You can specify a default scripting language for all your script
you from having to specify the language everytime you use a script
tag within the page. Below is the example:

<meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/JavaScript" />

Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within the script tag.

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