CND 201: Advanced Analog
Circuits
Lecture 5
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CND copyright
Content
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© CND CND201: Advanced Analog Circuits
Signal-Flow Diagram
• In a well-designed negative-feedback system, the error term is minimized, thereby
making the output of G(s) an accurate “copy” of the input and hence the output of
the system a faithful (scaled) replica of the input
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The Closed-Loop Gain
• For the feedback to be negative, the loop gain Aβ must be
positive; that is, the feedback signal xf should have the same
sign as xs.
• If, as is the case in many circuits, the loop gain Aβ is large,
Aβ >>1
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The Closed-Loop Gain
• The overall gain will have very little dependence on the gain
of the basic amplifier, A, a desirable property because the
gain A is usually a function of many manufacturing and
application parameters, some of which might have wide
tolerances.
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General Considerations
• Figure shows a negative feedback system, where H(s) and
G(s) are called the feedforward and the feedback networks,
respectively.
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General Considerations
• the accuracy of the closed-loop gain improves by maximizing
β A. Note that as β increases, the closed loop gain, Y/X ≈ 1/β,
decreases, suggesting a trade-off between precision and the
closed-loop gain.
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Properties of feedback circuits: Gain Desensitization
both gm1 and r vary with process and temperature
O1
If gm1rO1 is sufficiently large, the 1/(gm1rO1)
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Gain Desensitization
• the percentage change in Af (due to variations in some circuit
parameters) is smaller than the percentage change in A by a
factor equal to the amount of feedback.
• Such variations can arise from different sources: process,
temperature, frequency, and loading.
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Bandwidth Modification.
• The next example illustrates the effect of negative feedback on the
bandwidth. Suppose the feedforward amplifier has a one-pole transfer
function:
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Bandwidth Modification.
• The increase in the bandwidth fundamentally
originates from the gain desensitization property of
feedback.
• A varies with frequency rather than process or
temperature, but negative feedback still suppresses the
effect of this variation.
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Bandwidth Modification.
• Placing two of these amplifiers in a cascade [Fig. 8.11(b)], we obtain a
much faster response with an overall gain of 100. Of course, the
cascade consumes twice as much power, but it would be quite difficult
to achieve this performance with the original amplifier even if its
power dissipation were doubled.
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Nonlinearity Reduction
• An important property of negative feedback is the
reduction of nonlinearity in analog circuits.
• We predict that, even though the gain of an open-loop
amplifier varies from A1 to A2, a closed-loop feedback
system incorporating such an amplifier exhibits less
gain variation and hence a higher linearity.
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Types of Amplifiers
• circuits sensing a voltage must exhibit a high input impedance (a
voltmeter measures a voltage with minimal loading) whereas those
sensing a current must provide a low input impedance (a current meter
inserted in a wire must negligibly disturb the current)
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Types of Amplifiers
• circuits generating a voltage must exhibit a low output
impedance (as a voltage source) while those generating a
current must provide a high output impedance (as a current
source).
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Types of Amplifiers
a) common-source stage senses and produces Voltages.
b) A common-gate circuit serves as a transimpedance amplifier, converting the
source current to a voltage at the drain.
The gain is Vo/Iin, units: ohms, if the input current changes by 1mA and the gain R0
is 1K, this means Vo changes by 1V.
→ suffer from a relatively high output impedance.
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Types of Amplifiers
• Solve the high output impedance
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Types of Amplifiers
• a common-source transistor operates as a transconductance
amplifier (also called a V/I converter), generating an output
current in response to an input voltage,
• a common-gate device senses and produces currents.
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Types of Amplifiers
• Increase the gain
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Return Mechanisms
• The addition of the feedback signal and the input signal can be
performed in the voltage domain or current domain. To add two
quantities, we place them in series if they are voltages and in parallel if
they are currents
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Return Mechanisms
• we consider a number of practical implementations. A voltage can be
sensed by a resistive (or capacitive) divider.
• current by placing a small resistor in series with the wire and sensing
the voltage across it
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Return Mechanisms
• To subtract two voltages, a differential pair can be used.
• Alternatively, a single transistor can perform voltage
subtraction because ID1 is a function of Vin − VF .
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Return Mechanisms
• Subtraction of currents can be accomplished as depicted in
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Voltage-Voltage Feedback
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Voltage-Voltage Feedback
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Voltage-Voltage Feedback
• the output impedance is lowered by
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Effect of Feedback on Noise
• the input-referred noise of the closed-loop circuit may not be
equal to that of the open-loop circuit even if the feedback
network is noiseless.
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