BEKP 2453
Electromagnetics Theory
Chapter 3 Magnetostatics
Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz 1
Introduction
• Stationary charges produce static electric fields, and steady (i.e.,
non–time-varying or constant velocity) currents produce static
magnetic fields.
• Static magnetic charges (magnetic poles) also produce static
magnetic fields.
• The parallelism that exists between these magnetostatic
quantities and their electrostatic counterparts is given in the
table.
• There are similarities and dissimilarities between electric and
magnetic fields. As E and D are related according to D = E for
linear, isotropic material space, H and B are related according to B
= H.
• There are two major laws governing magnetostatic fields: (1)
Biot–Savart’s law,3 and (2) Ampère’s circuit law.
• Like Coulomb’s law, Biot–Savart’s law is the general law of
magnetostatics.
• Just as Gauss’s law is a special case of Coulomb’s law, Ampère’s
law is a special case of Biot–Savart’s law and is easily applied in
problems involving symmetrical current distribution. Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz 2
Bio-Savart’s Law
Biot–Savart’s law : For surface current density, 𝐉𝐬 (A/m)
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝛼 𝐼 𝑑𝐥 = 𝐉𝐬 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝐻 =
4 𝜋 𝑅2
𝐉𝐬 𝑑𝑠 × 𝐑
or in vector form, 𝐇=න
4 𝜋 𝑅2
𝐼 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐑
𝑑𝐇 = For volume current density, 𝐉 (A/m2)
4 𝜋 𝑅2
𝐉𝑑𝑣 × 𝐑
𝐼 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐑 𝐴 𝐇=න
𝐇=න ( ) 4 𝜋 𝑅2
4 𝜋 𝑅2 𝑚
Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz 3
Bio-Savart’s Law – Line Current
• The Biot–Savart law states that the differential magnetic 𝐼
field dH generated by a steady current I flowing through a 𝐇=
cos 𝛼2 − cos 𝛼1 𝛟
4𝜋𝑟
differential length vector dl is
where
𝐼 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐑 = 𝑑𝐥መ × 𝐫ො
𝛟
𝑑𝐇 =
4𝜋𝑅 2
=
𝐼 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐑 𝑑𝐥መ is a unit vector along the line current and ar is a
4𝜋𝑅 3 unit vector along the perpendicular line from the line
• From the figure, 𝑑𝐥 = 𝑑𝑧 𝐳ො , 𝐑 = r 𝐫ො − 𝑧 𝐳ො, current to the field point
𝑑𝐥 × 𝐑 = 𝑑𝑧 𝐳ො × 𝐫ො − 𝑧 𝐳ො = 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝛟
𝐼 𝑟 𝑑𝑧
𝐇=න
𝛟𝑟
4𝜋𝑅 3
• Letting 𝑧 = 𝑟 cot 𝛼 , 𝑑𝑧 = −𝑟 cosec 2 𝛼 𝑑𝛼, and r 𝑟
tan =
𝑅 = 𝑟 cosec 𝛼, 𝑧
𝑟
𝛼2 𝑟 𝑧= = 𝑟 cot 𝛼
𝐼 𝑟 2 cosec 2 𝛼 𝑑𝛼
R
sin 𝛼 = tan
𝐇=− න
𝛟 𝑅
4𝜋 𝑟 3 cosec 3 𝛼
z
𝑟 𝑑
𝑅= = 𝑟 cosec 𝛼 cot 𝛼 = −cosec 2 𝛼
𝛼1
sin 𝛼 𝑑𝛼
𝛼2
𝐼 r 𝑑𝑧
𝐇=−
න sin 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 𝛟 = −𝑟cosec 2 𝛼
𝑑𝛼
4𝜋𝑟 Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz 4
𝛼1
Bio-Savart’s Law – Infinite Line Current
𝐼
𝐇=
cos 𝛼2 − cos 𝛼1 𝛟
4𝜋𝑟
𝑧
𝛼2 = 0°
𝑅2 = 𝑑 𝐥መ × 𝐫ො
𝛟
𝑟
𝐄
𝛼1 = 180°
cos 𝛼1 = cos 0° =1
cos 𝛼2 = cos 180° = −1
𝑅1
𝐼
𝐇=
1 − (−1) 𝛟
𝐴 𝑦 4𝜋𝑟
𝐼
𝑥 =
𝛟
2𝜋𝑟
−
= 𝐳ො × 𝐫ො = 𝛟
𝛟
Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz 5
Example 1: Bio-Savart’s Law – Line Current
Given a current-carrying conductor of I = 1 A flows steadily from A to B. Solve for H at the observation point, P if:
a) A(0, 0, 0), B(0, 0, ), P(3, 4, 0) 𝐼
𝐇=
cos 𝛼2 − cos 𝛼1 𝛟
b) A(0, 0, -), B(0, 0, 0), P(3, 4, 0) 4𝜋𝑟
c) A(0, 0, -), B(0, 0, ), P(3, 4, 0) = 𝑑 𝐥መ × 𝐫ො
𝛟
d) A(0, 0, -2), B(0, 0, 6), P(3, 4, 8)
z
e) A(0, 0, -2), B(0, 0, 6), P(3, 4, 6)
f) A(0, 0, -2), B(0, 0, 6), P(3, 4, 4)
g) A(0, 0, -2), B(0, 0, 6), P(3, 4, 2)
h) A(0, 0, -2), B(0, 0, 6), P(3, 4, 0)
i) A(0, 0, -2), B(0, 0, 6), P(3, 4, -2) y
4
j) A(0, 0, -2), B(0, 0, 6), P(3, 4, -4) 3 x
x
Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz 6
Example 2: Bio-Savart’s Law – Line Current
The conducting triangular loop in figure below carries a current of 10 A. Find H at (0, 0, 5) due to:
𝒚 mA/m
a) side 1 of the loop, Ans: - 59.1ෝ
b) side 2 of the loop, Ans: 30.63(−ෝ ෝ) mA/m
𝒙+𝒚
c) side 3 of the loop
Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz 7
Assignment 2
The conducting triangular loop in figure below carries a current
of 20 A. Find H at (m+2, 2, 4) due to:
a) side A of the loop
b) side B of the loop
c) side C of the loop
Where m is from your matrix number, B01xxxxxxm
4
C
B
A y
2 4
X (m+2, 2, 4)
m+2
x
Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz 8
