MUGHAL

EMPIRE
Key Features of the Akbar’s reign

• Main source of income available to Mughal rulers was tax on

the produce of the peasantry.
• In most places, peasants paid taxes through the rural elites,
that is, headman or local chieftain.
• Mughals used one term – zamindars – to describe all
Zabt and
intermediaries, local headmen of villages or powerful
Zamindars
chieftains.
• Akbar’s revenue minister, Todar Mal, carried out a careful
survey of crop yields, prices and areas cultivated for a 10-year
period, 1570- 1580 (Dahsala system).
• On basis of this data, tax was fixed on each crop in cash.
Key Features of the Akbar’s reign

• Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own
schedule of revenue rates for individual crops.
• Revenue system was known as zabt.
• Prevalent in those areas where Mughal administrators could
Zabt and survey land and keep very careful accounts.
Zamindars • Not possible in provinces such as Gujarat and Bengal.
• *Dasturs: Schedules containing money revenue rates for different
localities applicable year after year.
• *Taccavi: An advance money in form of a loan to peasants in times
of need, to be recovered in instalments.
Key Features of the Akbar’s reign

• Akbar introduced this new religion in 1582 AD which supported

the view of one God and promoted Sulh-i-Kul (peace and harmony
Din-i-llahi/ to all) which contained good thoughts of all religion.
Tauhid-i-llahi • Akbar enrolled a band of nobles (called murids) personally loyal to
(Divine him and supporting him in his concept of a state based on sulh-i-
Monotheism) kul.
• Followers were very less in number e.g., Abul Faizi, Abul fazl
and Birbal.
Key Features of the Akbar’s reign

• lbadat Khana was constructed in 1575 AD at his new capital

Fatehpur Sikri; it was a prayer or meeting room.
• Earlier it was confined to Muslims, but later it was opened to
people of all religions like Christians, Zoroastrians, Hindus, Jains.
• Famous Scholars in lbadat Khana:
• Abu Fazl and Abdul Qadir Badayuni- Muslims
• Purshottam Das- Hindu
lbadat Khana
• Aquaviva and Monserrate - Christians who were sent by
Portuguese on the request of Akbar.
• Dastur Maharji Rana- Zoroastrianism
• Hari Vijaya Suri- Jain saint from Kathiawar
• *Father Monserrate came to Akbar's court in 1580-1583 AD.
• He also accompanied Akbar in 1581 AD in the Kabul
campaign against Mirza Hakim, his half brother.
Key Features of the Akbar’s reign
• Agra fort made of red sandstone (1565-1573 AD)
• Fatehpur Sikri (City of Victory) built near Agra in 1569 AD
includes:
• Buland Darwaza (The Lofty Gate)
• Jodha Bai's palace
• Panch Mahal (built according to the plan of Buddhist Vihara)
Art And • Diwan-i-Khas
Architecture • Diwan-i-Am
• Sheikh Salim Chisti’s tomb
• His own tomb at Sikandara (Agra)- Completed by Jahangir
• Temple of Govindadeva (Vrindavan)
• Jahangiri Mahal in Agra fort (based on Man mandir)
• Allahabad fort at confluence of river Yamuna and Ganga (1583
AD)
Key Features of the Akbar’s reign

• Akbar introduced European style

in paintings, organised in
imperial karkhanas.
• Use of Indian Red and Peacock
Blue colour started in his period.
Painting
• Abdal Samad, Farukh Beg,
Jamshed Basawan and Daswant
(Painted Razim Namah, persian
version of Mahabharata) were
the famous painters in his reign.
Key Features of the Akbar’s reign

• Persian versions of Mahabharata and Ramayana

• Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari by Abul Fazl
• Kitab-ul-Tawarikh by Abdul Qadir Badauni
• Tabaqat-i-Akbari by Nizam-ud-din Ahmad Harami
• Sursagar by Sur Das in Brij Bhasha
• Ramcharitmanas by Sant Tulsidas in Awadhi
Language and • Parsi Parkash (dictionary of Persian-Sanskrit)
literature • Guru Granth Sahib was compiled
• Hamzanama consisted of 1200 paintings
• Tabaquat-i-Akbari Tarikh Alfi by Khwaja Nizamuddin Ahmad
Harami
• Rajavalipataka (a kavya) written by Prajna Bhatta which is a
history of Kashmir
• Tajika Neelakanthi (an astrological treatise) written by Nikantha
Akbar’s Navratnas
• Abu Fazl
• Wrote Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari
• Bir Singh Bundela murdered him on the orders of Jahangir
• Faizi
• Brother of Abul Fazl and a Persian poet
• Lilavati (on maths) and Mahabharata were translated by him into Persian
• Fakir Aziao Din
• Chief advisor to Akbar and a Sufi mystic
• Tansen
• He hailed from Gwalior who served as a musician in the court of Ramachandra
• Converted to Islam by Sufi Saint Muhammad Ghaus of Gwalior
• Sang Raag Deepak and Megh Malhar and is believed to bring fire and rain by
singing these ragas respectively
• Raja Birbal (Mahesh Das)
• Courtier and Akbar gave him the title of Raja Birbal
• Died fighting against Yusuf Shahis
Akbar’s Navratnas

• Raja Todar Mal

• Finance Minister
• Earlier worked under Sher Shah Suri
• Diwan-i-Ashraf title was given to him by
Akbar in 1582 AD
• Raja Man Singh
• Grandson of Akbar’s father- in-law
• Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan
• Son of Bairam Khan
• Translated Babarnama into Turkish
• Mirza Aziz Koka
• Also known as Khan-i-Azam /Kotaltash
• He was the foster brother of Akbar and
Subedar of Gujarat
Jahangir (1605-1627 AD)

Eldest son of Akbar and Jodha Bai/ Harka Bai was Salim, who became the ruler in
1605 AD in Agra and assumed the title of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir or
Conqueror of the World.

His ascension was challenged by his eldest Prince Khusrau was defeated,
son Prince Khusrau, who staged a revolt captured and blinded, while Guru
with the blessings of Sikh Guru Arjun Dev. Arjun Dev was executed.

Jahangir reinstated all the mansabdars, appointed during Akbar’s reign, in their
positions and promoted them on merit.
Jahangir’s Chain of justice

Jahangir’s Earliest measure of Jahangir was golden chain having 60 bells and
Chain of justice weighing several ‘maunds’ was fastened between Shahburj of
Agra fort and stone pillar raised on the banks of river Yamuna.

People seeking justice were required to pull this chain to put forth
their complaints or petitions to the King.

He also issued 12 rules of conduct (‘Dastur-ul-Amal’)

Important events during the reign of Jahangir
• In 1611, Jahangir married Mehrunnisa who was known as Nur
Jahan (Light of World).
Marriage with • Nur Jahan’s marriage with Jahangir almost eclipsed his
Nur Jahan (1611) personality and she became real power behind the throne.
• Jahangir in his biography ‘Tuzuk-i-Jahangir’ himself wrote
about it.
• After their struggles of nearly 10 years, Jahangir and Rana
Amar Singh (son of Rana Pratap) signed a peace treaty in 1615.
• Rana accepted the suzerainty of the Mughal emperor and
Jahangir restored all territory of Mewar including the fort of
Treaty with
Chittor to Rana on condition that fort would not be repaired.
Mewar (1615)
• Rana was not asked to enter into matrimonial relations
with the emperor and sent his son, Prince Karan to the
Mughul court in his own place.
• Treaty reflected the statesmanship of Jahangir.
Important events during the reign of Jahangir

• Prince Khurram (later on Shah Jahan) was asked by Jahangir to

crush a revolt in Kandhar.
Revolt of Prince
• He refused in fear that Nur Jahan might create difficulties
Khurram (1622)
for him in his absence from India.
• He revolted, which failed, and he had to beg pardon.
• Mahabat Khan was an able commander.
• He came into prominence when he suppressed the revolt of
Khurram.
Revolt of • Considered a powerful opponent by Nur Jahan who wanted to
Mahabat Khan have her way.
(1622) • Mahabat Khan felt humiliated by her treatment.
• He revolted but had to seek pardon.
• Emperor Jahangir pardoned him keeping his past services
in view.
Jahangir (1605-1627 AD)

Jahangir’s reign witnessed the While the former could not get the consent of the
visit of two Englishmen – Emperor for establishing an English factory in India,
William Hawkins (1608- 1611 latter, sent as ambassador by King James I,
AD) and Sir Tomas Roe (1615- succeeded in securing permission to establish a
1619 AD). British factory at Surat.

Jahangir died near Lahore (on the way from Kashmir to Lahore) and buried in Lahore.

Nur-Jahan, who ruled the empire for almost ten years, lost her power and influence
after Jahangir’s death.
Jahangir (1605-1627 AD)

• Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri- Autobiography of Jahangir in Persian.

Literature Description of drinking habit of Jahangir.
during • Farhang-i-Jahangiri- dictionary of the Persian language. Author
Jahangir’s was Hosayn Enju.
Reign • Iqbal anam-i-Jahangir by Mutamid Khan.
• Masir-i-Jahangir- a contemporary account of Jahangir .
• Pietra Durra: Marble buildings and floral designs on walls made of
Semi-precious stones.
Art and
• Itmad-ud-Daulah Tomb of Nur Jahan’s father at Agra
Architecture
• Moti Masjid at Lahore
during
• Shalimar and Nishant Garden in Kashmir.
Jahangir’s
• Use of Divine lights behind the head of kings in Paintings.
Reign
• Famous painters: Abul Hasan, Bishan Das (Master of Portraits)
and Ustad Mansur (specialist in animal painting).
Shah Jahan (1627- 1658 AD)
After Jahangir’s death in 1627, Shah Jahan reached Agra with the support of the
nobles and the army and ascended the throne.

Celebrated Nauroj festival (Persians New Year) from March 1628 AD onwards.
His wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died at Burhanpur and was buried there but later on, her
remains were brought to Agra and was buried inside Taj Mahal.

Construction of Taj Mahal started in 1631 AD and took 22 years to get it complete;
considered a jewel of builder’s art.

His sister Jahanara resided with Jahangir in the prison of Agra fort. After Mumtaz
Mahal’s death, she was considered to be as first lady of the Empire. She died in 1681
AD and buried near the shrine of Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi.

Portuguese were arrested by Shah Jahan in 1632 AD as they misutilised their

privileges after establishing their settlements on the banks of Hooghly river.
Shah Jahan (1627- 1658 AD)
His Deccan Under leadership of Mahabat Khan, Ahmadnagar was annexed
policy was more into the Mughal empire in 1633 AD.
successful. Under leadership Aurangzeb (Viceroy of Deccan), Bijapur and
Golconda came under the Mughal control by 1656.

Shah Jahan occupied Qandhar in 1639 AD but Persian ruler seized Qandhar. 1649 AD,
he campaigned to recover Qandhar but he failed and stopped fighting for it.

He was contemporary to Louis XIV of France.

Europeans like Bernier (French physician and traveller), Tavernier (French gem
merchant and traveller), Mandelslo (German adventurer and traveller), Peter Mundy
(English Trader) and Manucci (Italian writer and traveller) visited India during the
reign of Shah Jahan and left behind detailed accounts of India.
Shah Jahan (1627- 1658 AD)

During last days of Shah Jahan, contest for Dara Sikoh, eldest, was the favourite of
the throne amongst his four sons- Dara his father.
Sikoh (was in Delhi), Shuja (Governor of
Bengal), Aurangzeb (Governor of Deccan) Aurangzeb emerged victorious;
and Murad Baksh (Governor of Gujarat imprisoned Shah Jahan and crowned
and Malwa). himself as Mughal emperor.

Shah Jahan died broken hearted as a royal prisoner in January 1666 and buried in
Taj Mahal.
Shah Jahan (1627- 1658 AD)

• Badshah Nama by Abdul Hamid Lahori

• Ras Gangadhar and Ganga Lahari by Jagannath Pandit/ Maha
Kavi Rai
• Padsahnama (biography of Shah Jahan) by Abdul Hamid Lahori
Literature during
• Shahjahanama by lnayat Khan
Shah Jahan’s
• Ramayana and Prabodh Chandodaya of Munshi Banvali Dass-
Reign
Translated into Persian by Ibr Har Karan
• Majm-ul-Bahrain (Mingling of the Oceans) and Sirr-i-Akbar
(the great secret) which is translation of Upanishads by Dara
Sikoh
Shah Jahan (1627- 1658 AD)

Art and
• Taj Mahal (1631-1653 AD)
Architecture
• Built for his wife Mumtaz Mahal
during Shah
• Dome designed by Ismail Khan
Jahan’s reign
• Architecture design by Isa Muhammad and Ustad Ahmad
(Golden Age of
Lahori (Nadir-ul-Asar)
the Mughal
• Moti Masjid/Pearl Mosque (Agra)- Made of White Marble
Empire)
Shah Jahan (1627- 1658 AD)

Art and • Sheesh Mahal and Mussaman Burj (Jasmine Palace) at Agra-
Architecture Both of them are in white marble; Shah Jahan spent his last
during Shah years in captivity at Mussaman Burj.
Jahan’s reign • Jama Masjid (Delhi) – made of Red sandstone
(Golden Age of • City of Shahjahanabad
the Mughal • Shalimar Gardens near Lahore
Empire) • Talkatora Bagh at Delhi
Shah Jahan (1627- 1658 AD)
• Red fort (Delhi):
• Rang Mahal (Imtiyaz Mahal Palace of Distinction)
Art and
• Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Audience)
Architecture
• Diwan-i-Khas
during Shah
• It was adorned with Takhat-i-Taus, the Peacock Throne,
Jahan’s reign
build by Bebadal Khan.
(Golden Age of
• On this throne, Amir Khusro's famous couplet was
the Mughal
inscribed which is “lf there is a paradise on earth, it
Empire)
is here”.
• Hira Mahal
Aurangzeb (1657- 1707 AD)

He was born on 3rd November, 1618 AD at Dohad

near Ujjain as Muhi ud din Muhammad.

Regional Title - Alamgir (Conqueror of the world)

Sobriquet - Aurangzeb (Ornament of the throne);

Zinda Pir (Living saint); Shahi Darvesh (Royal Fakir)
Aurangzeb (1657- 1707 AD)

During his In the first 25 years of his reign, he was in north India when Maratha
reign, Mughal power under Shivaji emerged and in the last 25 years of his reign, he
Empire was in the Deccan.
reached its
zenith.
He conquered significant swaths of the Deccan and expanded the
empire's northern boundaries.

Mir Jumla (governor of Bengal) led the expedition against the Ahoms
in 1662 AD.

Chittagong and Sondip were captured by Shaista Khan (governor of

Bengal) by 1664 AD.
Aurangzeb’s Deccan Policy

Policy of Aurangzeb towards Deccan can be divided into four distinct phases

• Two major challenges before him in the Deccan:

1. Growing power of Shivaji
2. To recover the territories from Bijapur
• He asked Jai Singh (governor of Deccan) to punish Adil
Shah and Shivaji but he refused and advocated a forward
Phase I policy towards Deccan.
(1658-1668 AD) • In 1657 AD, Kalyani and Bidar were secured and Parenda
was secured by bribe in 1660 AD.
• Jai Singh campaigned against Bijapur in 1665 AD but failed
and this united Deccan states.
• Jai Singh died in 1667 AD and Sholapur (Maharashtra) was
secured by bribery in 1668 AD by Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb’s Deccan Policy

• Rise of Madanna and Akhanna in Golconda, the two

brothers who ruled from 1672 AD to 1687 AD . Followed
the policy of tripartite alliance between Shivaji, Bijapur
and Golconda.
Phase II
• Mughal viceroy, Diler Khan , tried to capture Bijapur (1679
(1668-1684 AD)
AD) but failed because of the united front of Deccan states.
• Aurangzeb’s son Prince Akbar revolted against him in 1681
AD, which took Aurangzeb to the south. By chasing his son,
could never return to the north.
• Aurangzeb annexed Bijapur in 1686 and Golconda in 1687.
• Qutb Shah (ruler of Golconda) was pardoned by him.
Phase III
• Khirki (founded by Malik Ambar) was made the capital of
(1686-1687 AD)
Mughal Deccan by Aurangzeb which was later to be known
as Aurangabad.
Aurangzeb’s Deccan Policy

• Sambhaji (son of Shivaji) was captured and executed at

Sangameshwar by the Mughal force in 1689 AD.
• Rajaram (Younger brother of Sambhaji) was made the king
who escaped when Mughals attacked his capital Satara.
• Later on, Marathas capture their forts and Rajaram came
Phase IV back to Satara.
(1687- 1707 AD) • 1700- 1705 AD, Aurangzeb set out to win back all Maratha forts.
• Floods, diseases and Maratha roving bands took fearful toll
on Mughal army.
• Many jagirdars made a secret pact with the Marathas
agreeing to pay chauth if their jagirs were not disturbed by
the Marathas.
Aurangzeb’s Deccan Policy

• 1703 AD, Aurangzeb prepared to released Shahu (son of

Sambhaji) and his mother who were captured at Satara.
• Shahu was given title of Raja and mansab of 7000/7000.
• He was also ready to grant Shahu Shivaji's swarajya.
Phase IV
• But Aurangzeb cancelled all arrangements as he was
(1687- 1707 AD)
uncertain about Maratha's intentions.
• By 1706, Aurangzeb had realised that capturing all of Maratha
forts would be futile.
• He slowly made his way back to Aurangabad.
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 Din i Itahi

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Faced Many rebellions

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Built Architecture in Lahore and Kashmir

Importaintevents

Marriage with Nursahat

1

she became real power behind throne

Turek i Jahangir Jahangir wrote

2 Treaty withMewar 1615

Restored peace with son of

Ayarsingh Rana
Pratap
Gave him position in court
3 Revolt of Imkhurrain and
Mahabatffany
Refused control of Nur Jahan

Europeansontact

visited by William Hawkins 164 and Sir

Thomas Roe 1615

British secured permission to establish factory

at surat
 1627 58
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wasteful
Aurangzeb viceroy of Deccan

captured Bijapur and Golconda

Shah Jahan also Occupied Quandhav

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Bernier French Physician

Tavernier French traveller

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Gshah Nama
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