Ch – 3 Matrices

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix,
transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operations on
matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple
properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-
commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices
whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2).
Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all
matrices will have real entries).
Matrix

A set of m×n numbers (weather real or complex) or functions arranged in the form of a rectangular array
of m horizontal lines (called rows) and n vertical lines (called columns ) is called a m × n matrix. A
matrix is generally denoted by capital letter of English alphabet and an element of a matrix is denoted by
a small letter. A matrix with m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m by n.

Remark : (i) A matrix is an arrangement of numbers or functions and not a value.

(ii) Order of a matrix is written as m × 𝑛 (read as m by n).

(ii) A general matrix of order m by n is written as

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 . . . 𝑎1𝑗 . . 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21
.
𝑎22
.
𝑎23
. .. .. .. 𝑎2𝑗
. .. .. 𝑎2𝑛
.
A= . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .
𝑎𝑖1 𝑎𝑖2 𝑎𝑖3 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑎𝑖𝑛
. . . . . . . . . .
[𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 . . . 𝑎 . . 𝑎 ]
𝑚𝑗 𝑚𝑛 m x n

i = 1, 2, 3, ……….., m and j = 1, 2, 3, ……….., n

𝑎𝑖𝑗 is called the (i, j )th element of the matrix A.

Types of matrices:

1. Row matrix: A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.

e.g. A = [ 1 3 5 ] is a row matrix of order 1× 3.

1
2. Column matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix. e.g. A = [2] is a column
3
matrix of order 3 × 1.

3. Zero or Null matrix : A matrix is said to be a zero matrix if all its elements are zero.

i.e. A = [aij] is null matrix if aij = 0 for all i,j.

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 0 0
Example: O= [0 0 0 ], O=[ ]
0 0
4. Square matrix: A matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]mxn is said to be a square matrix if the no. of rows and columns in
the matrix are same.

2 0 5
8 7
Example: A = [ ], A = [0 5 6]
6 2
4 0 8
5. Diagonal elements of a square matrix : The elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are called diagonal elements of a square
matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]mxn if i = j. i.e. a11, a22, a33, .............,ann are called the diagonal elements of a square
matrix. The line containing the elements a11, a22, a33, .............,ann is called the principal diagonal.

6. Diagonal matrix: A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix if its non- diagonal elements are
zeros.

2 0 0
e.g. A = [0 5 0] is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 8
7. Scalar Matrix:

A square matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its non- diagonal elements are zeros and all diagonal
elements are equal.

2 0 0
As for example : A = [0 2 0]
0 0 2
8.Unit matrix : A diagonal matrix is called a unit matrix if all the diagonal elements are unity.

1 0 0
1 0
As for example : I2 = [ ], I3 = [0 1 0]
0 1
0 0 1
9.Equal Matrices: Two matrices A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]mx n and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]mx n of the same order are equal if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for
all i, j

10. Upper Triangular matrix: A square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]nxn is called an upper triangular matrix iff 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
0 for all i > j i.e. all elements below the principal diagonal are zero.

2 3 6
As for example : A = [0 2 7]
0 0 2
11.Lower Triangular matrix: A square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]nxn is called an lower triangular matrix iff 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
0 for all i < j i.e. all elements above the principal diagonal are zero.

2 0 0
As for example : A = [4 2 0]
1 3 2
12.Triangular matrix: A square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]nxn is called a triangular matrix if it is either upper
triangular or lower triangular.

30
Addition of matrices

Let A and B be two matrices of the same order m × 𝑛. Then their sum denoted by A + B is also a matrix
of the same order m × 𝑛 and is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.

If A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]mx n and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]mx n then A + B = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]mx n

As for example :

8 7 5 1 13 8
If A =[ ], B = [ ], then A + B = [ ],
6 2 9 0 15 2
Properties of matrix addition

If A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]mx n and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]mx n are of the same order then

(i) Matrix addition is commutative i.e. A + B = B + A

(ii) Matrix addition is associative i.e. ( A + B ) + C = A + ( B + C )
(iii) Existence of additive Identity : If A is any matrix of order m × 𝑛 then there exists a
null matrix O of order m × 𝑛 such that A+O=O+A=A
(iv) Existence of additive Inverse : A + (-A) = (-A) + A = O
(v) Cancellation Laws: A + B = A + C ⇒B =C and B + A = C + A ⇒ B =C

Properties of scalar multiplication

If A and B are two matrices of the same order and k, l are scalars then

(i) k(A + B) = kA + k B
(ii) (-k)A = -(k A) = k (-A)
(iii) IA=A
(iv) (-1) A = - A

Difference of two matrices

Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]mx n and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]mx n be two matrices of the same order m × 𝑛. Then their difference
denoted by A − B is also a matrix of the same order m × 𝑛 and is defined as

A − B = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 − 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]mx n

Multiplication of Matrices

Two matrices A and B are said to be conformal for the product if the no. of columns in A is equal to the
no. of rows in B.

Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]mx n and B = [𝑏𝑗𝑘 ]mx n be two matrices then the product of A and B is a matrix C = [𝑐𝑖𝑘 ]mx p
where

𝑐𝑖𝑘 = ai1b1k + ai2b2k + …….+ ainbnk = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑏𝑗𝑘

Properties of matrix multiplication

(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative i.e. AB ≠ BA

(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative i.e. (AB)C = A(BC)
(iii) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition i.e. A(B+C) = AB + AC
31
 (iv) If A is an m × 𝑛 matrix and I is the identity matrix of order n × 𝑛 then I A = A = A I
(v) If A is an m × 𝑛 matrix and O is the null matrix of order n × 𝑝 then A O = O
(vi) In a matrix multiplication the product of two non-zero matrices may be a zero matrix.

Transpose of a matrix The transpose of a matrix A is denoted by 𝐴𝑇 or 𝐴′ which is obtained by

interchanging its rows and columns.

Properties of Transpose of a Matrix

(i)
(AT)T = A (iii) (A+B)T = AT + BT
(ii)
(KA)T = K AT (iv) (AB)T = BT AT
(v) (ABC)T = CTBTAT

Symmetric matrix A square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]nxn is said to be a symmetric matrix if transpose of A is
equal to matrix A. i.e. if 𝐴𝑇 = A.

2 5 2 5𝑇 2 5
For example: Let A= [ ], then [ ] = [ ]
5 3 5 3 5 3
∴ A is said is symmetric matrix.

Skew-symmetric matrix A square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]nxn is said to be a skew symmetric matrix if 𝐴𝑇 = −A.

For example:

0 3 0 3𝑇 0 −3 0 3
Let A = [ ], then 𝐴𝑇 = [ ] =[ ] =-[ ] = -A
−3 0 −3 0 3 0 −3 0
∴ A is skew-symmetric matrix.

Note:

(1) All main diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
(2) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew-
symmetric matrix.
(3) All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.
(4) odd positive integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric.

Invertible matrices

Let A be a square matrix of order n, If then there exist a square matrix B such that AB = In = BA, then B
is called the inverse of A and is denoted by A−1 .

∴ AA−1 = I = A−1A

If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same order then AB is also invertible and (AB)−1 =
B−1 A−1

MULTIPLE COICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

1. A = [aij]mxn is a square matrix, if

a. m < n b. m > n c. m = n d. none of these

32
 1 1
2. If A = [ ] and nϵN, then An is equal to
1 1
a. n A b. 2n A c. 2n-1 A d. 2n A

3. The number of all possible matrices of order 3x3 with each entery 0 or 1 is:

a. 27 b. 18 c. 81 d. 512

4. If for a square matrix A , A2 – A + I = O, then A-1 equals

a. A b. A + I c. I – A d. A – I

1 0 𝑥 0
5. If A = [ ],B=[ ] and A = B2 , then x equals
2 1 1 1
a. -1 b. 1 c. 2 d. -2

𝑥 5 3 4 7 14
6. 2[ ]+[ ]=[ ] what is the value of x & y
7 𝑦−3 1 2 15 14

a. 2, 9 b. -2, 9 c. 2, -9 d. -2, -9

7. If A is a square matrix and A2 = A, then (I + A)2 – 3A is equal to:

a. I b. A c. 2A d. 3I

8. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then find (2 + A)3 – 19 A.

a. 8I b. 2I c. I d. A

9. The numbers of all possible matrices of order 2x2 with each entry 1,2 or 3 is

a. 12 b. 64 c. 81 d. 7

10. The numbers of all possible matrices of order 2x3 with each enter 1 or 2 is

a. 12 b. 64 c. 36 d. 8

11. If A and B are square matrices of same order , then AB' - BA' is a

a. skew – symmetric matrix b. symmetric matrix

c. null matrix d. unit matrix

12. If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, then

a. A is a diagonal matrix b. A is a zero matrix

c. A is a square matrix d. none of these

33
 ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). choose
the correct answer out of the following choices.

a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
−7 0 0
13. ASSERTION: [ 0 −7 0 ] is a scalar matrix.
0 0 −7
REASON: All the elements of the principal diagonal are equal, it is called a scalar matrix.

0 ℎ −𝑔
14. ASSERTION: [−ℎ 0 𝑓 ] is skew- symmetric matrix.
𝑔 −𝑓 0

REASON: Every square matrix A can be expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew-

symmetric matrix, A = ½ (A + AT) + ½(A – AT).

15. ASSERTION: If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then ( I + A )2 – 3A = I.

REASON: AI = IA = A , where I is the identity matrix

1 1 1 𝑛
16. ASSERTION: If A = [ ] , then An = [ ] , for all n ϵ N.
0 1 0 1
0 1
REASON: If B = [ ] , then (I + B)n = I + n B, for all n ϵ N.
0 0
17. ASSERTION: An identity matrix is a non- singular matrix.

REASON: Assertion is correct as for identity matrix I, modulus of I = 1 ≠ 0.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH)

3 −2 1 0
18. Find k if A = [ ], and I = [ ] satisfy the relation A2 = k A – 2I.
4 −2 0 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
19. If A = [ ] , then verify that A'A = I.
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
−2 3 −1 0
20. If A' = [ ] and B = [ ] , then find (A + 2B)'.
1 2 1 2

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 5 3 5
21. If [ ]= [ ] , find the value of y .
𝑥 −2 −3 −2
1 0 0 𝑥 1
22. If [0 −1 0] [𝑦] = [0] , find x,y,z.
0 0 1 𝑧 1

34
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS EACH)
2 0 1
23. Find A2 -5A + 6I, if A = [2 1 3]
1 −1 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
24. If f(x) = [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0], show that f(x) f(y) = f(x + y).
0 0 1
−2 3 −1 0
25. If AT = [ ] and B = [ ], find (A + 2B)T.
1 2 1 2
−3 0
26. If A = [ ], find A4.
0 −3
2 4 −2 5
27. Let A =[ ] and C = [ ], find 3A – C.
3 2 3 4
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 5 MARKS EACH)

28. A trust fund has Rs. 30,000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. the first bond
pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix
multiplication, determine how to divides Rs. 30,000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust
fund must obtain an annual total interest of.
a. Rs. 1800 b. Rs. 2000

0 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼/2
29. If A = [ ] and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show that
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼/2 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
I + A = (I – A) [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
30. Express the following matrix as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix

3 −2 −4
[ 3 −2 −5]
−1 1 2
1 0
31. If A = [ ], find k such that A2 = 8A + KI
−1 7
3 4
32. If A = [ ], find f(A), where f(x) = x2 -5x + 7
−4 −3
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (4 – MARKS EACH)

33. Ram purchases 3 pens, 2 bags, and 1 instrument box and pays ₹ 41. From the same shop, Dheeraj
purchases 2 pens, 1 bag, and 2 instrument boxes and pays ₹29, while Ankur purchases 2 pens, 2
bags, and 2 instrument boxes and pays ₹44.

35
 Read the above information and answer the following questions:

(i) Find the cost of one pen. (1 mark)

(ii) What are the cost of one pen and one bag? (1 mark)
(iii) What is the cost of one pen & one instrument box? (2 marks)
34. Three friends Ravi, Raju and Rohit were buying and selling stationery items in a market. The
price of per dozen of Pen, notebooks and toys are Rupees x, y and z respectively. Ravi purchases
4 dozen of notebooks and sells 2 dozen pens and 5 dozen toys. Raju purchases 2 dozen toys and
sells 3 dozen pens and 1 dozen of notebooks. Rohit purchases one dozen of pens and sells 3
dozen notebooks and one dozen toys.
In the process, Ravi, Raju and Rohit earn ₹ 1500, ₹ 100 and ₹400 respectively.

(i) What is the price of one dozen pens? (1 mark)

(ii) What is the total price of one dozen pens and one dozen of notebooks? (1 mark)
(iii) What is the sale amount of Ravi? (2 marks)

Answer Key/Hints

MULTIPLE COICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

Q.1 –C Q.2-D Q.3-D Q.4-C Q.5-B Q.6-A Q.7-C Q.8-A Q.9-C Q.10-C
Q.11-A Q.12-B

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

Q.13- (a) Q.14- (b) Q.15-(a) Q.16-(a) Q.17- (b)

36
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH)

−𝟒 𝟓
Q.18- K = 1 Q.20 - [ ]
𝟏 𝟔

Q.21 Since corresponding elements of equal matrices are equal.

∴ x= -3 and 3x - 2 y = 3 ⇒ y = - 6

1 0 0 𝑥 1 𝑥+0+0 1
Q.22 [0 −1 0] [𝑦] = [0] ⇒ [0 − 𝑦 + 0] = [0]
0 0 1 𝑧 1 0+0+𝑧 1
⇒ x = 1, y = 0, z = 1.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS EACH)

𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟑
Q.23 - [−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏𝟎]
−𝟓 𝟒 𝟒

−2 1 −1 0 −4 1
Q.25 A + 2B = [ ] + 2[ ] = [ ]
3 2 1 2 5 6
−4 5
∴ ( A + 2B )T = [ ].
1 6
−3 0 −3 0 9 0
Q.26 A2 = [ ][ ] = [ ]
0 −3 0 −3 0 9
9 0 9 0 81 0
A4 = A2 . A2 = [ ][ ]=[ ]
0 9 0 9 0 81
2 4 −2 5 8 7
Q.27 3A-C = 3[ ] - [ ] = [ ]
3 2 3 4 6 2
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 5 MARKS EACH)

Q.28 Type A – Rs. 15000, Rs. 15000

Type B – Rs. 5000, Rs. 25000

1 0 1 0 1 0
Q.31 A2 = A.A = [ ][ ] =[ ]
−1 7 −1 7 −8 49
1 0 8 0
8A=8[ ]=[ ]
−1 7 −8 56
1 0 𝐾 0
KI=K[ ]=[ ]
0 1 0 𝐾
1 0 8 0 𝐾 0
Now A2 = 8A + KI ⇒ [ ]=[ ]+[ ]
−8 49 −8 56 0 𝐾
1 0 8+𝑘 0+0
⇒[ ]=[ ]
−8 49 −8 + 0 56 + 𝑘
⇒K=-7

Q.32 ∵ f(x) = x 2 − 5x + 7
37
∴ f(A) = A2 − 5A + 7 I
3 4 3 4 9 − 16 12 − 12 −7 0
A2 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
−4 −3 −4 −3 −12 + 12 −16 + 9 0 −7
3 4 15 20
5 A = 5[ ]=[ ]
−4 −3 −20 −15
1 0 7 0
7I =7[ ]=[ ]
0 1 0 7

−7 0 15 20 7 0
∴ f(A) = A2 − 5A + 7 =[ ]−[ ]+[ ]
0 −7 −20 −15 0 7
−15 −20
= [ ]
20 15
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (4 – MARKS EACH)

Q.33 –
(i) ₹ 2 (ii) ₹17 (iii) ₹7

Q.34 -

(i) ₹ 100 (ii) ₹ 300 (iii)₹ 1200

38
 Ch – 4 Determinants
Determinants of a square matrix (up to 3x3 matrices), minors, co-factors, and applications
of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix.
Consistency, inconsistency, and number of solutions of system of linear equations by
example, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique
solution) using inverse of matrix.

Determinants
Every square matrix can be associated to an expression or a number which is known as its determinant. If
A is a square matrix then its determinant is donated by det A or |A|.
Note:
(i) Only square matrices have determinants. The determinant of non-square matrices is not defined.
(ii) A matrix is an arrangement of numbers and hence it has no fixed value while each determinant has a
fixed value.
(iii) A determinant having n rows and having n columns is known as a determinant of order n.
Value of a determinant

Determinant of a matrix of order one

Let A = [a11] be a square matrix of order 1 then |A| = |𝑎11 | and the value of determinant is the number
itself. i.e. |𝑎11 | = 𝑎11

Remark: A determinant of order 1 should not be confused with the absolute value of the number 𝑎11 .

As for example: (i) If A= [5], then |5| = 5

(ii) If A= [−2], then |−2| = - 2

Determinant of a matrix of order 2

𝑎11 𝑎12
Let A = [𝑎 𝑎22 ] be a square matrix of order 2,
21

𝑎11 𝑎12
then det A = |𝑎 𝑎22 |and its value is 𝑎11 . 𝑎22 − 𝑎21 . 𝑎12
21

Note: The numbers 𝑎11, 𝑎12, 𝑎21, 𝑎22 are called the elements of the determinant.

3 2
As for example: (i) If A = [ ], then |A| = 3 × 6 − 4 × 2 =10
4 6
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(ii) | | = cos 𝜃 . cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 . (− sin 𝜃) = cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Determinant of a matrix of order 3
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎
Let A = [ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] be a square matrix of order 3,
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
then det A = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

= 𝑎11 (𝑎22 . 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 . 𝑎32 ) − 𝑎12 (𝑎21 . 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 . 𝑎31 ) + 𝑎13 (𝑎21 . 𝑎32 − 𝑎22 . 𝑎31 )
39
 3 −2 5
2 −1 1 −1 1 2
As for example: (i) |1 2 −1|= 3| | − (−2) | | + 5| | = 3.18+27+5.4 = 88
4 7 0 7 0 4
0 4 7
3 −1 −2
(ii) |0 0 −1| = 3(0-5) –(- 1)(0+3) +(-2)(0-0) = - 15 + 3 +0 = - 12
3 −5 0
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Only square matrices have determinants.

2. In case of matrices, we take out any common factor from each element of matrix, while in the case
of determinants we can take out common factor from any one row or any one column of the
determinant.
3. If area is given, then we take both positive and negative values of the determinant for calculation.
4. If we want to prove that three points are collinear, we show that the area formed by these three
points is equal to zero.
5. A square matrix of order n is invertible if it is non-singular.
1
6. If A is an invertible matrix of order n, then 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj A where |𝐴| ≠ 0
7. The inverse of an invertible symmetric matrix is symmetric.
8. If a system of equations has one or more solutions, then it is said to be a consistent system of
equations otherwise it is in-consistent.
9. A system of linear equations may or may not be consistent.
10. A consistent system may or may not have a unique solution.
11. Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
12. If A’ is transpose of a square matrix A then |𝐴′| = |𝐴|
2 3
As for example: If A = [ ], then |𝐴| = 2.4 − 5.3 = 8 − 15 = −7
5 4
2 5
Now A’= [ ], then |𝐴′| = 2.4 − 3.5 = 8 − 15 = −7
3 4
13. If A =[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 then | k A | = kn |𝐴|

As for example:
If A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]3 x3, then | 𝑘𝐴 | = k3 |𝐴|

14. If A is a non-singular matrix of order n, then |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1

1
15. If A is a non-singular matrix of order n, then |𝐴−1 | = |𝐴|
16. If A and B are non-singular matrices of same order, then|𝐴𝐵|=|𝐴||𝐵|
and hence |𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛

Illustrations
1. If A is square matrix of order 3 with value of its determinant 4,
then |3𝐴| = 33 |𝐴| = 27 × 4 = 108
2. If A is a square matrix order 3 such that |𝐴| = 4, and |𝐾𝐴|= 500, find K.
Solution: ∵ |𝐾𝐴|= 500
⇒ 𝑘 3 |𝐴| = 500
⇒ k3.4 = 500
⇒ k3 = 500/4 = 125
⇒k=5
3. Let A be a square matrix of order 3x 3, write the value of |2𝐴| where |𝐴| = 4
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 Solution: ∵ |2𝐴| = 23 . |𝐴|= 8× 4 = 32
4. Given matrix A of order 3x3, find the value of k such that |2𝐴| =K|𝐴|
Solution: ∵ |2𝐴| = 23 . |𝐴|= K|𝐴|
⇒K=8

Area of a triangle
Area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1) , (x2,y2) ,(x3 ,y3) is given by
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
∆ = 2 | 2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥
𝑥3 𝑦3 1

Q. Find the value of K, if area of a triangle is 4 square unit when its vertices are (k,0) ,(4,0), (0,2).
(Ans: k=0 or 8)
Adjoint of a matrix

Let A = = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]nxn be a square matrix of order n and let Aij denote the cofactor of aij in |𝐴|. Then the
adjoint of A denoted by adj A and is defined by adj A = [𝐴𝑗𝑖 ]nxn. Thus, adj A is the transpose of the
matrix of the corresponding cofactors of elements of |𝐴|.

2 −3
As for example: Let A =[ ], then
4 7
M11= |7| = 7; M12 = |4| = 4; M21=|−3| = −3; M22=|2| = 2

A11 = (−1)1+1 M11 = |7| = 7; A12 = (−1)1+2 M12 = −|4| =− 4

A21 =(−1)2+1 M21=−|−3| =−( −3) = 3 A22 =(−1)2+2 M22=|2| = 2

𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴 𝐴21 7 3

adj A = transpose of [ ] = [ 11 ] =[ ]
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴12 𝐴22 −4 2
3 1
Q1. Find adjoint of a matrix [ ]
−5 4
A11 = (−1)1+1 M11 = |4| = 4; A12 = (−1)1+2 M12 = −|−5| = 5

A21 =(−1)2+1 M21=−|1| = −1 A22 =(−1)2+2 M22=|3| = 3

4 −1
∴ adj A = [ ]
5 3
MULTIPLE COICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

1. If A is a Singular Matrix then A(adjA) is

(a) Scalar matrix (b) Null matrix (c) Identity matrix (d) None of these

2. The sum of the products of elements of any row with the co-factors of corresponding elements is equal

(a) Adjoint of the matrix (b) 0 (c)1 (d) Value of the determinant

3. If P is a square matrix of order 3,such that P( adjoint P) =10 I , then the determinant of adjoint P is
equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) None of these

41
4. If A is an invertible square matrix, then

(a) (adjoint A)′ = (adjoint A′) (b) adjoint A = O

(c) (adjoint A)′ = adjoint A (d) None of these

5. The area of a triangle with vertices (-3,2), (5,4), (k,-6) is 42 sq units . What is the value of k?

(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) None of these

6. If A is a square matrix such that square of A =I then inverse of A is

(a) A (b) 2A (c) A/2 (d) None of these

7. A system of equations is said to be inconsistent if the solution

(a) exists (b) is unique (c) does not exist (d) None of these

8. If A is a non- singular matrix of order 3 and determinant value of A is 3 then determinant value of (2A)
is

(a) 24 (b) 12 (c) 40 (d) None of these

9. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and det A=7 what is the value of det (adjoint A) ?

(a) 39 (b) 49 (c) 30 (d) None of these

10. A square matrix is invertible if and only if

(a) A is not a non- singular matrix (b) A is a singular matrix

(c) A is a non-singular matrix (d) None of these

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason
(R). Mark the correct choice as

(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A is false but R is true.
11. Assertion ( A ) : For two matrices A and B of order 3,|A| =3,|B| = -4 then |2AB| = -96

Reason (R ) : For a matrix A of order n and a scalar k det (k A) = k raised to the power n . (det A)

12. Assertion (A) : A inverse exists

Reason ( R ) : det A = 0

13. Assertion (A) : adj A is a non- singular matrix

Reason (R ) : A is non – singular matrix

14. Assertion ( A) : det Q = O

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 Reason ( R) : Determinant of skew symmetric matrix is O

15. Assertion (A) :The value of k for which area of the triangle with vertices(1,1 ), (0,2), (k,0) is 3
square units

Reason (R) : We can use the determinant formula for finding area of triangle

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH)

2 5
16. What is the inverse of the matrix [ ]?
1 3
17. If we find positive integral power of a symmetric matrix then we get which type of matrix-
Symmetric or Skew symmetric?
𝑎 𝑏
18. Write the adjoint of matrix [ ]?
𝑐 𝑑
1 2 3
19. Find the corresponding value of determinant for given matrix [2 3 2]
3 3 4
20. A is an invertible matrix of order 3 then the statement -The determinant of adjoint A is equal to
square of the determinant of matrix A is True or False?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS EACH)
2 4 2𝑦 4
21. Find the value of y if | | =| |
5 1 6 𝑦

22. A is an invertible matrix of order 3x3 and det A =7, then find det (inverse of A).

𝑥2 0 3
23. Solve for x: | 𝑥 1 −4| = 11
1 2 0
24.Find the equation of the line joining (1,2) and (3,6) using determinants.

2 3
25. Verify A(adj. A) =(adj. A)A = (det A). I for A= [ ]
−4 −6
26. Solve using matrix method 2x-y = 1, 3x+2y=5

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 5 MARKS EACH)

3 2 1
27. If A = [4 −1 2 ] then find inverse of A. Hence solve the system of equations
7 3 −3
3x+4y+7z=14, 2x-y+3z=4, x+2y-3z=0

28. Solve system of equations

x-y+2z=7, 2x-y+3z =12, 3x+2y-z =5 using matrix method

29. Show that the points (a, 0) , (0, b ) and (1,1) are collinear if a + b = ab

6 5
30. If A =[ ] show that A2 -12A+I = O
7 6

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 2 −3 5
31.If A=[3 2 −4] find A−1 . Hence solve the given equations
1 1 −2
2x − 3y + 5z = 11; 3x + 2y − 4z = −5; x + y − 2z = −3.

−4 4 4 1 −1 1
32. Given that A = [−7 1 3 ] and B = [1 −2 −2] , find AB and use it to solve the system of
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
equations: x – y + z = 4; x – 2y – 2z = 9; 2x + y +3z = 1

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (4 – MARKS EACH)

33. In the capital of a state an Educational Institute conducts classes for painting and dance and fees for
two age- groups under -10 and above 10 years students. In painting there are 20 under 10 students and
5 students of the 10 years age group. The total monthly collection is Rs 900. I dance class there are 5
under 10 years students and 25 students of 10 years age group and the total monthly collection is Rs
2600. Now, based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) (a) If Rs x and Rs y be the fees for 10 years and under 10 age group children respectively (1 mark)

(b) What will be the matrix equation for the system of linear equations. (1 marks)

(ii) Calculate the fees for both age groups. (2 marks)

34. In a factory the social worker decided to distribute gifts to workers of a particular CABIN. If there
were 8 workers less, everyone would have got Rs 10 more. Also, it was observed that if there were 16
students more, everyone would have got Rs 10 less.
(i) (a) If the number of workers in the CABIN be x and the social worker has decided to give Rs y to
each worker, then find the system of linear equations for this situation. (1 mark)
(b) If AX=B, where A, X, B are matrices then what will be the value of X.
(ii) Find the number of workers and amount distributed by the social worker. (2 marks)
Answer Key/Hints

MULTIPLE COICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c)

8.---(a) 9. (b) 10. (c)

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

11. (ii) 12. (iii ) 13. ( i ) 14. (iii) 15. (iv)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH)

3 −5 𝑑 −𝑏
16.[ ] 17. symmetric 18. [ ] 19. -7 20. True
−1 2 −𝑐 𝑎
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS EACH)

21.+√3, -√3 22. 1/7

𝑥2 0 3
23. |𝑥 1 −4| = 11 ⇒ 𝑥 2 (0 + 8) − 0 + 3(2𝑥 − 1) = 11
1 2 0
7
⇒ 8𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3 = 11 ⇒8𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 14 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 = 0 ⇒ x= - 4 or 1
44
24. 2x-y=0 25. Verification 26. x=1 y=1

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 5 MARKS EACH)

27. x= -1 y = -1 z = -1 28.x=2, y=1, z=3 29. To use the area of triangle.

30 Take LHS and prove it.

31. |𝐴|= 2(-4+4) - (-3)(-6+4)+5(3-2) = 2.0+3(-2)+5.1 = 0-6+5 = −1≠ 0 ∴ 𝐴−1exists.

0 2 1 𝑇 0 −1 2
Then, adj A = [−1 −9 −5] = [2 −9 23]
2 23 13 1 −5 13
0 −1 2 0 1 −2
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝐴−1 = |𝑨| 𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀 = [2 −9 23] = [−2 9 −23]
−𝟏
1 −5 13 −1 5 −13
The given system of equations can be written as a single matrix equation

2 −3 5 𝑥 11
[3 2 −4] [𝑦] = [−5]
1 1 −2 𝑧 −3
i.e. 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

0 1 −2 11 0.11 + 1. (−5) + (−2). (−3)

−1
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 = [−2 9 −23] [−5] = [−2.11 + 9. (−5) + (−23). (−3)]
−1 5 −13 −3 −1.11 + 5. (−5) + (−13). (−3)

0−5+6
= [−22 − 45 + 69]
−11 − 25 + 39
𝑥 1
⟹ [𝑦] = [2] ∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3.
𝑧 3
32.

−4 4 4 1 −1 1
AB = [−7 1 3 ] [1 −2 −2]
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
−4 + 4 + 8 4 − 8 + 4 −4 − 8 + 12
= [−7 + 1 + 6 7 − 2 + 3 −7 − 2 + 9 ]
5 − 3 − 2 −5 + 6 − 1 5+6−3
8 0 0 1 0 0
=[0 8 0] = 8 [0 1 0] = 8 I3
0 0 8 0 0 1
𝐴 𝐴
=> ( 8 ) B = I => B-1 = 8

−4 4 4
1
=> B-1 = 8 [−7 1 3]
5 −3 −1

45
The given system of equations can be written as a single matrix equation

1 −1 1 𝑥 4 −4 4 4 4 24
1 1
[1 −2 −2] [𝑦] = [9] i.e. B X = C => X = B-1 C = [−7 1 3 ] [9] = [−16]
8 8
2 1 3 𝑧 1 5 −3 −1 1 −8
𝑥 3
=> [𝑦] = [−2] => x =2, y = -2, z= -1
𝑧 −1

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (4 – MARKS EACH)

33. (i) (a) 5x +20 y= 9000, and 25 x + 5y =26000

5𝑥 + 20𝑦 9000
(b) ( )=( )
25𝑥 + 5𝑦 2600

(ii) Fees for under 10 and 10 year old students are respectively Rs 200 and Rs 1000.

5 20
Hint: A= [ ] , Determinant A = 25-500 = -475
25 5

5 20
Inverse A =1/-475 | |
−25 5
𝑥 45000 − 520000
(𝑦 ) = 1/-475 ( )
−225000 + 130000
𝑥 1000
(𝑦) = ( )
200

x= Rs 1000 and y= Rs 200

34. (i) (a) 5x-4y=40, 5x-8y+80 = 0

(b) X= (inverse of A)B

(ii) Rs. 32 and Rs 30.

46