I

{N 87- . /2- ·- Li-/ ~7 I, I

File A 10 / 166

1,"'. .
• AIR SERVICE INFORMA
(AVIATION)
~i:' ~
N CIRCULAR

PUBLISHED BY THE CHIEF OF AIR SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Vol. IV November 1, 1922 No. 391

t REPORT OF INSPECTION TRIP TO FRANCE, ITALY,

GERMANY,HOLLAND,ANDENGLAND,MADE
DURING THE WINTER OF 1921-1922

TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT

By
Brigadier General William Mitchell, 1st Lieutenant Clayton Bissell
and Aeronautical Engineer Alfred Verville

Ralph Brown Draughon

LIBRARY

APR 25 2013
r Non•Depoitory
Auburn University

WASHINGTON

•
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1923
 CE R'l'IPI CAT E: By direction of the Secretary of Wai·, the matter
contained herein is published as administrative information and
i , required for th e proper transaction of th e public business.
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
FRANCE.
Page.
Resume of French research, development, and ser·.·ice aircraft................................ _......... _. __ 7
French program for new airplanP.s .... _........ _.. __ . _... ___ ......... _.... _.... ·- ................. _..... __ . 9
French type specifications ........... . . ... . _. __ .. _. ... _.. .. __ .. ___ _. . _.'. . _.. _.. _.. _.... _. .. _. _.. . . . ... . _. _ 19
French aerodynamic studies ..................... _. __ ...... _..... _.. _._ .. _... _... _._ .................... _. 25
Wibault design drafting system ...... . _.... . . . _. . . . . _... . ..... . . . .. . ... . .. . __.. _._ .. . _. _. __ .. _. __ . __..... . 26
Bleriot-Spad-Herbemont aircraft . ... __... _...... __ ... _.. __ .. _..... _: ... _.. _. _... __ . _.. _.. _... _.. _... _. __ . . 27
Ni euport airplanes ... _. _. __ ................ _...... _·_... ___ ..... _. _........ _............ __ .... __ . _. _..... . 29
Breguet aircraft ... _.. _.. __ . ... _.. __ . . _. ____ . __ _..... __ . _.. _.... . _. _. _. __ . _... _.... _. .. . .... _. _.. ___ . __.. 31
Potez machines .. _... __ . __ . _. _...................... ___ .. __ .. _. . ..... _... _. _. __ ..... _.... _.. : _.... __ .... . 34
Wibault machines ................ ___ ... __. .. _. __ _. ___.. ___ _. ___ . . _. __ . ____ . . ..... . .................... - - 34
Morane Saulnier-Co_ .. __.. . . __ . _. _....... _.. _...... _..... _. _. _..... _... _........... __ ...... . __ .. __ . .. . _. 35
Farman aircraft ..... __ .... _._ ... ·..................... _................. _....... _............... . ........ . 36
Hanriot Co ............. ... ... . .... . - . - - - . - .. - . - - - - - ..... - . - . - . . - ... - - - - - - -·_· - - - - - · · - - - · · · · · - · · - - · - · · - - · · 37
Duralumin ....... . .. ___ ... _. __ .. _................ _........ _.. _..... _... _.......... _... _. ___ ... _.. _. . . _. 38
French motors .......... _... _.. _. ___ . _. ___ ... _. __ . __ __. __ . ___ __. ____ .... ____ . _. _.. _.. __ ................ _ 38
Hangars. __ . _. _... _.. _......... __ . . ___ ... _. _... ___ .. . __ ...... ___ .. _. ___ . . ___ .. - .. ... - . - . . - . - - .. - . - . . - - .. . 40
Lamblin radiators .. _... _..... _........................ ___ ......... . _........... - ....... - . - . - - . - - - ...... . 41
Ex-G erman Zeppelin L --72 ....... _...... . _. _. __ _ . . _.. __ _. . . _ .. . ___.. __ . . . .. .. _. _. .. . _. _ .. . __. _.. _ . . • _. _.. 41
French meteorological pilot balloons _ .... __ ... _. ___ .. _. ____ .... _. __ .. _... _...... _................. _..... . 41
Pescara helicopter ·a nd h elicoplane ...... _. __.................... __ . . _... _. _.... ___ . ___ ... _. __ .... _...... . 42
ITALY.
Resume of Italian aeronautical activities. __ . . ____ .. __ ._._._ ... ___. . . . _._ ._. _.. .. .... . __. . . . . .. _. _. . __._ __ 45
Italian t yp e specif cations ................... _. __ ....... ·._. __ .·_ .... _................. __ ... ____ ... _.. . _... 47
Italian experimental station ... _. ___ ._. ___ _. __. __.. . _._ .... _. ___ _. __ __. __ _._. _.. _._ .. ____ ................ 50
Italian dirigibl e ............... , .. ... _.... _... _............... __ ..... _... _.. . ... _.. _.. ____ . .. . _. .. . . ... . . 50
Savoia flying boats .............. _......................... _...................... __ ...... ____ ... . ..... _.. 51
Macchi seaplanes ....... _... _.. .. . . ... .. _.. _. . ___ . .. __.. _. . . ____..... . . . ...... . . __. .. . ... . : . __ ___ .. ___.. 52
Italian seaplane P . R. B . 1. .. __ . __ ......... . ..... _...... _..... _.... _. ___ . ___ .. _.. _. ___ ... _. ... . ___ . __ .. . 53
Fiat planes and motors .. _.... _, . _... __ .. __ . __ _. _. _. _. _. _. __. ... _. _. __........ _............ _... _. _. _.. _. _. 54
Caproni Co ... ___ ......... _. __..... _.... . . _.. ... ... ___ .. _- . _.. _. ___ . ___ ... ____ .. __. _... __ . _. . . .. _.. . ... _. 58
Ansaldo Co .... _.. _... _.. _... ___ ....... _.. __ .. _........ _.. __ ........ _...... ____ . _. _. _...... ·.. __ ....... _. 59
Breda Co ....... _.. _..... .. _.. _. _.. _. . _. ___.. . _... . . __ ... . . __. __~- _. ___. .. _.. _.. __ .. __ . __.... _......... _. 59
Target airplane ........ _........ _. : .......................................... _. _.. __ . _.. __ . _. __ . _. __. . . . 60
GERMANY.
Resume of German research development in aircraft construction .. _.. _..... _............. _............. _. _ 63
Zeppelin airships ...... _._._ .. _.... _......... _... _.................... __.... _.. _.. _... ___ .... . ... _....... 63
Comparison of airships and the use of nondimensional characteristics ..... . _._ . . . _. . . _... __ .. _.. _.. _.. _.. ____ 71
Zeppelin-Dornier Co ..... __ .. __ . _.. _: ..... _.. ___ . _....... _............ _............... _........... _.... _. 72
Zeppelin Staaken planes ..... _.... . . . ... _. . ...... _. _. _. .. _. _. ___ .. ____. . __. __ . _.. _. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Junkers Co._._ .. _..... _................... ___ ... _.... _... ___ .. ___ ..... _... · : ........................... 76
Maybach Motor Co __ ... _.... . ... ... . ... ___ . .. _.. . _. __ . ____ . _... . .. . . ____ . _.. __ .. _... . _.... __ .. . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Report on B. M. W. motor ........ _._ ... _._._ .. __ ........ _______ ... ___ . . . . ___ ..... ___ .... ___ . .. __ .. . . _._. 77

HOLLAND.
Fokker airplanes ...... _...... _................. _._ . .- ._ ........ __ ...... __ ... _... _.... _..... . ............. 81
Dutch ail'-ser vice report on the Fokker airplanes .... ______ . _. __ _..... _.... _.. _.. __............ _. __ ........ 82
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 4
ENGLAND.
Page.
Resume of British research development in service aircraft_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Alula wing ..... .. , ........................................... . ........ . . ...... ... ..... ...... . ... .. ... . .. 96
Air ministry torpedo-.machine specifications.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
·Rolls-Royce Co. .. .. .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
De Haviland·Co. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Gloucestershire Aircraft Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Handley Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Bristol Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Vickers Co .............. .. .................. . .. ... ...... .... ...... . ...... . . ..... . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Air ministry specifications: Vickers " Vimy " ambulance airplane. ....... ... ... ..... .. . ..... . ... ...... .. ... . 109
Bolton & Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Short Bros.' all-metal planes ..... . .. .. . . .. ........... . . ... .. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Siddeley Co .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Admiralty performance report on the Siddeley "Siskin " airplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
P etro fl ex gasoline tubi ng .......... .... .... . ...... . .. . ... .. ... •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Reid control indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Specifications for Napier Cub ertgine... .... ... .. . .................. .. ........... . ..... . ... . .... . .. . . . ... .. 121
Commercial aviation-London Terminal Aerodrome , Croydon . .......... ... ... ..... . .. . ... . . .............. . 121
Commercial aircraft transportation between England and France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
GENERAL.
Conclusions on the technical report. .. ......... . ......... .. ............. . . ..... .. .... .. .............. ... .. 1.27
General recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Recommendation of articles to be purchased in Europe for the United States Air Service Experimental Station at
McCook Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 29
FRAN.CE.

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 , ,
RESUME OF FRENCH RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND
SERVICE AIRCRAFT.

French experimentation is concentrated on develop- It is significant to note that one of their most important
ment of all-metal types and, unquestionably, metal con- requirements for their two-place, armored machines is
struction is the keynote of French development to-day. that they be capable of making a figure "eight" between
The requirement that all t heir airplanes shall be capable two points situated 100 meters apart. The fact that this
of being stored indefinitely under a'.ly weather conditions must be done at an altitude of 100 meters is a criterion
without major h arm has had much to do with the domi- of the ability of this machine to maneuver for position.
nance of metal construction. The French require that pilots' seats shall, in all types, be
The principal research work that is being conducted capable of being regulated in h eight, and armored seats
by the aerodynamic section is in the development of are provided wherever possible. Silencer apparatus
efficient internally braced airfoils, investigations in is to be applied on all their night bombardment ships.
stability a-:id in the controllability of aircraft, .more accu- Twin-motored types of bombardment ships have been
rate determination of scientific data for mathematical absolutely discounted by the French air service. They
design of propellers, investigation of the most efficient have stipulated that all their future multimotored ma-
control surfaces, the problem of developing suitable chines shall be of three or four motors and capable of flying
methods of effecting mechanical control fOT large multi- on one-half or, at most, two-thirds of their horsepower.
motored airplanes as an aid to the pilot, in;estigations Self-starters are to be provided on all their night ships
as to the influence of interference in all types of aircraft, and the propeller flanges equipped with adapting clutches
the accurate determination of correction factor data for for field starting. All their new machines are designed
application from wind tunnel models to full-scale work, with provision for self-starters from the cockpit. Their
and the exploration into the question of the influence of representative field starter in service to-day is the Odier
very high velocities in correct mathematical interpreta- type . We have a sample of this starter at McCook Field.
tion on general airplane properties. The colonial type airplane (specifications attached)
The future French training types will be studies in all- is to be of such design t hat it can be easily transformed to
metal construction. The Gourdou monoplane is a very a bombardment ship. It will be multimotored and will
representative type of French single-seater pursuit, carry a minimum of eight persons. Specifications govern-
although it is underpowered to meet the new pursuit ing this type are very interesting. They evidence the
requirement. The fuselage, landing gear, and tail sur- attention that is being given to the development of t his
faces are duralumin tubing with steel fittings, very similar special type for distant work in the colonies and for use
to the Breguet type. Bi place pursuit and reconnaissance under adverse climatic conditions. They are able to
types can be realized with the 500-horsepower engine, operate at great distances with heavy bomb load .
but inasmuch as this necessitates a very heavy machine, On all pursuit planes having fixed gun installations
the French__l:iave so far confi'ned themselves to lower-pow- the cowling immediately aro und the gun mounting must
ered motors equipped with superchargers to obtain high be easily removable and' provided with fasteners which
performance at altitudes with less structural weight. can be adjusted quickly. Under no conditions will they
Detachable tanks are considered very much better permit the cowling to be bolted down . The modern
than the rubber-coated tanks where it is possible to use tendency governing bomb installations is favoring the
them. Most of the French types have been designed and internal bomb rack for most of their machines where the
laid out for long-distance work of an offensive nature. size of bombs does not place a limitation on the initial
They require a large amount of gas in order to fulfill their structural layout. For their larger bombs they still use
nnss10nf!. The French have stipulated that the excess gas external supports.
to be carried for the cross-country passage to combat Comm"unication between pilot and observer must be by
points may be placed in removable tanks to an average voice without the use of an aviophone. Where this is
extent of about one-fourth of the total amount of fuel absolutely impossible, a passageway facilitating direct
required. The position installation of these removable c.o mmunication between pilot and observer is required.
tanks, however, has not been stipulated. It is under- Crews are no longer permitted to be placed as in the
stood that they are to be placed on the outside of the ma- Salmson types. Parachutes must be provided for all
chine so as to reduce the cubical capacity of the fuselage . the personnel in all their types.
This will be an advantage in procuring more efficient Another impOTtant requirement is that power plants
aerodynamic outline and partially removes the restraint must be completely changed in eight houra with two
and embarrassment as to disposition of equipment, ac- mechanics. Their gasoline pumps must be designed to
cessories, and fuel within the airplane proper. feed any one or two of their motors. Starting of the
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 8
motor by hand or whirling of the propeller is to be abso- scription of these machines will be found under the
lutely discounter! on all types. The specifications aa proper heading.
to fuel supply requirements for all their different types The Spad " Side-by-Side " training t.ype is another radical
are interpreted in terms of sea-level consumption so as d eparture for instruction purposes. The trend of opinion
to facilitate an accurate und erstanding with designers in American and European aeronautical training circles
1'1.8 to actual amount of gas required on all their types. should be d erived and conclusions drawn from it as to the
The development of propellers to resist all extremes of desirability of this type for our ultimate training program.
climatic conditions is being pushed and will be provided It is probable that a conclusive opinion may be reached
on all their types as soo n as possible. in short order by our experience with the new two-seater
Experimentation ;relative to the development of suitable Dayton- \Vright training type which has just been com-
duralumin floats is being conducted with their seaplane pleted and submitted for test.
work. Deck landing trials are being made regularly The Nieuport Co. is still sticking to monocoque con-
with the idea of developing means to retard the progress of struction, and inasmuch as they have been endeavoring
the airplane on landing and to provide the best methods to attain the utmost in streamlining, they consider that
to prevent the plane from going over the side of the ship. this type construction is best adapted to attain the higher
Their idea as applied to their ship planes to date has degree of fineness that is necessary. The performance
been the use of a hook attachment, about 10 feet long, obtained during the last four years with the Nieuport 29
fastened to the underside of the fuselage, immediately has been sufficient evidence of the correctness of their
back of the landing gear. It can be dropped by the pilot theory. This machine is probably the best and most
and its rear extremity engages the ropes that are set trans- highly developed pursuit ship in the world.
versely across the deck. These are fa.5tened to sandbags. The Breguet Co. 's interpretation of all-metal construction
This method does not produce a very marked shock to the in their single-motored types is practically the same as
machines, owmg to the leniency of resistance produced they have used for the last four years and has been giving
by moving the sandbags. Shock-absorbing devices in entire satisfaction. It is truly representative of French
the forward extremity of the long metal hook a.re fastened all-metal standard type construction and satisfactorily
to the underside of the airplane fuselage. stood the test of servi ce conditions in the World War. It
The French have been attaching considerable impor- is still being developed and used by the French air service.
tance to the development of very high speed racing air- The type of construction used in the Breguet Leviathan
craft such as has been evidenced in the Nieuport Delage represents a departure from the orthodox method, but is
Sesquipla.n. One of the main object5 is to ascertain too complicated to be practical.
from trials in full sea.le the relation between the perform- The Potez Co. has been working on a different adap-
ances realized and theoretical performance advance tation of metal construction in their later models. They
rom laboratory experiments. It is their desire to deter- are principally prototypes of some of their earlier machines.
mine standard correction factors that will be applicable Their master construction ideas are principally toward
in full-scale tests and to determine the value of different the use of duralumin shapes, such as channels and angles
air foils and resistance fact-0rs at high velocities. with gusset-joint construction as their characteristic inter-
Preparing for and cond ucting racing meets is very ex- pretation. Very satisfactory physical evidence of this typ~
pensive, but the benefits to be derived for general technical of construction bas already been produced, and tests being
aeronautical purposes are of great value and open up conducted will tell how well adapted this type of construc-
technical research and center attention in a new domain tion is under field conditions for production, accessibility,
in which everybody is more or less concerned. The and maintenance. Their motor mountings are complicated,
development of pursuit is in a large measure dependent although they are very robust. They build the engine
on the development of speed machines. in, frame fashion, and employ a great number ofrivets.
A brief reference to the work of the leading companies One of their latest models is a three-motored bombard-
in France will give un indication as to the trend of oplnion ment or passenger-carrying plane, which is their best
and development in French aeronautical circles. These interpretation of the French three-motored, long-distance,
references are necessarily brief in a resume ot this kind , night bombardment specifications. It is designed, as
but complete details covering the ships referred to will hereafter mentioned , under the specifications requiring
be found in another part of this report. a central fuselage with twin wing motor installation. I
The Spa.cl Co. is still developing monocoque construc- believe that tubing is far more economical frnm a struc-
tion and attrib ute their faith in it to the superior aerody- tural standpoint than this type of construction.
namic outlines that can be obtained. They have procured The Wibault Co. has developed a radical interpretation
superior performance both in endurance and speed for of a single-motored, night bombardment ship absolutely
a given period. Their new single-seater, high-altitude, different from any of the existing French prototypes.
pursuit type, and their new two-seater, high-altitude, This machine has been conceived with the fundamental
pursuit and observation type in monocoque will be com- idea of preserving the most efficient aerodynamic outline
pleted soon and should be followed closely. The per- possible. The machine is all-metal construction and has
formance and ultimate function of these two machines the entire load of accessories, bombs, and fuel disposed
represent the overcoming of inertia of development on within the structure proper. This machine has recently
these two particular types. They have been found de- made its first test flights and should be observed closely
sirable ·by the French for pursuit and are being built to with a view to ascertaining the advantage of this type for
type specifications in experimental fashion. Full de- the fulfillment of its night bombardment mission.
 9
The metal construction has been very thoughtful]~, The fuselage is of rectangular section and has nose
carried out and , although i t does not represent the utmost radiator mounted for the fuselage engine. Control com-
in simplicity to be desired, it is the most representative partment is fitted with two seats ahead of th e ,ving, afford -
type of up-to-date all-duralumin construction in a French ing excellent visibility.
military machine. This machine has been very thought- A tunnel leading from the control cockpit to both wing
full y designed to meet the specifi cations that have been e ngin es enabl es the mechanic to make motor ad justments
laid down by the French air service. The absence in the in flight, and th e central engin e, of co urse, ma,y be directly
major part of their metal construction of a lot of flimsy reached from th e control cockpit prope r.
sheet duralumin pieces, and the utilization of t ubular This machin e has recently been completed and is now
construction wherever it h as been possible, are the out- read y to undergo tests. It h as been designed, however,
standing features of the Wibault machines. This machine as a passenger carrier and provisions are 1nade for the
should be very closel y studied to d etermine wheth er or location of 16 passengers. However, this machine is
not it wo uld be d esirable for us to do experimental work readily adapted for conversion into a bombardment type,
along the same general lines. and if the experiments prove out well on this first machine
The Wibault Co. is also constructing a single-seater. it will be converted into a military type. It represents
sup ercharged pursuit plane of th e " parasol monoplane" a very novel type a.nd has really been influenced in design
type, motored with th e Hispano-S uiza, which should b e by th e advent of the large Zeppelin Staaken type. Being
very closely observed in its d evelopment. If it has the a three-motored job , it will blend in well with th e require-
desired maneuverability , it will represent a type suitable ments of the French bombardment ty pe specification
for pursuit work at altitudes. req uiTing three motors. Flight tests will be cond ucted
Mr. Wibault employs fabric for all his surface and very soon at Vi llacoublay, and the results should be
fu selage covering. The advantage is the ease of inspection watched ver y closely .
of the internal-construction units, accessibility, and ease
FRENCH PROGRAM FOR NEW AIRPLANES.
of replacement. Deterioration in th e field when exposed
to the weather is going to make the covering relatively EXPLANATORY NOTE.
short lived , but this d eterioration requires only the The French have laid clown a definite program for
replacement of fabric and not of any major structural part. their new airplanes wh ich contains a disc ussion of require-
This is a point to be very seriously considered in our own ments with suggestions for th eir installation. This pro-
program when stud ying the d esign and construction of gram for new airplanes has been translated from the French
ow· future all-metal wings. In considering whether or using as free a translation as possible in order to make the
not we will adopt m etal wings with fabric covering or information understandable even to a layman. In several
metal wings with metallic covering, it should be remem- instances, however, it was impossib ll'l to give a free trans-
bered that the ad vantages or disadvantages in either case lation and maintain th e ex act m eaning of the French.
are not alone concerned with the covering. In other cases there was some question as to exactly what
The Morane Saulnier Co . h as designed and built during was m eant and in both of these instances a literal transla-
the past year :;in intern ally braced monoplane with ta- tion has been given.
pered wings, powered with three 370-horsepower Loraine
engines or three 400-horsepower Liberty engines . One Tabl e of F rench aircraft.
oi th e engin es is located in the nose of th e fuselage and the
Type. Existing or
other two engines are located immediately to either side ex,perimental. On order.
and in the leading . edge of the monoplane wing. The
structure of the machine is entirely of metal elements, P ursu it, low altitude._ ................. . N icuport 29 C-1. N ieuport .
although the wings and fuselage are covered with fabric. Han riot . Spad.
Spad.
The wing spars are duralumin trellis-type gird ers. The
P ursui t, high altitude, supercharged._.. Nieuport. Spad .
landing gear is of the two-whee l type with two vees Wibault.
extending from the bottom of the fuselage out to the Nieuport.
wheels and with the compression truss extending up Pursuit and reconnaissance, 2-place, ob- Breguet. Hanriot .
servation. Spad. Gourdou.
from the wheel shock-absorber point to the underside of Farman. Spad.
the wing engine mounts. The wing is divided practicall y Haariot.
Salmson .
into three distinct plan sections, the center section being Potez.
of a uniform chord and d epth, while the outer sections Day bombardment .... Breguet. Potez.
Farman.
from the engine location taper toward the wing tips, both
in chord and depth. Th e control surfaces are all balanced. Night bombardment .. _._._ .. _. Breguet. Morane.
Farman. Wibanlt.
The engines are so disposed as to prevent the blanketing Potez.
Latecuere
of the respective propeller-disk areas. The fuel tanks
are situated in the wing just over the outboard engines Ship planes. __ ... . ...... .. . .. ·· - · . . .. _.. Nieuport . Spad.
Hanriot.
and no fuel is carried in the fuselage. Fuel capacity is Torpedo planes .. .. .. __________ .. ____ ................. _ Farman.
sufficient for seven homs' fligh t with full load. Provision Training __ . . .. __. __ . __ . . . ..... . .. ... .. _. Hanriot. Spad.
is made, however, for the immediate emptying of the Morane.
Caudron.
fu el tanks, should the necessity arise in flight.
 10
I. GENERAL Q U ALITIES REQU IR ED. The second problem permits the use of motors calcu-
lated for functioning at sea level. This is accomplished by
Power.____:_Th e basic French plan to improve the flying
fee ding gas to the carburetor at a pressure practicall y
performance of their aircraft is to ma1re the most efficient
use of power rather than in increa,ing i t. co nstant This solution involves a turbocompressor.
Airplanes jor medium altitudes. - The airplane for
Of two airplanes which bear the same load with the
medium altitude must be easy to fly and must have a
same speed at the same altit ud e, t he one using least horse-
power is much t he better, since it permits of greater ma- motor without complicate d accessories. One d esigned for
regular functioning of many hundred hours will be th e best.
neuverability, is easier to land, and has a smaller con-
Heavy airplanes ...:_Heavy ·airplanes will certainl y have
sumption of heavy, costly fu el.
Num ber and types oj motors to use.- Light, fast, ma- to be either tlu-ee or four motored to be dependable. These
motors will be chosen p1·imarily from the standpoint of
neuverabl e airplanes would necessaril y have a single
motor. reliability. Their installation and accessories shall be
E.fficiency.- S pecial atten tion of the constructors is called completely indep endent so that the failure of one motor
to t he increase in the efficiency of airplanes which can be or any of its accessories will not produce the failure of
obtained by careful study of the lifting quali ty of -the wings, several motors such as might be the case if they had acces-
of the parasite re 3istance of the accessory parts, and of the sories in common .
efficien cy of the propeller. The bimotored plane is the most dangerous to handle
The lifting q uality depends upon the choice of the pro- in case of failure of one motor, is the least regular in oper-
file and upon the re 3istan ce of the wings. ation, and should not be furth er co nsidered .
Actual ex perience has show n t hat from a lift viewpoint Stability. -r\.irpl anes ought to be inherently stable,
the best biplane wings are those which have the lower climbing gradually if the motor is accelerated or 0cildino-0
plane narrower and which have forward stagger. normally if it is throttled.
Head re3istance of the airplane should be studied for When the motors are cut out the airplane should
each part, and the shape of the fuselage will be such that automatically start to glide at an angle which is slightly
it will hold all the accessories. greater than th e normal gliding angle of the machine.
The q uestion of water and oil radiators will be particu- In a turn, with motor full speed or cut out, und er the
action alone of the rudder, the airplane should ti lt nat-
larl y investigated , as will also the air outlets of the fu se-
urally to mak e the drift negligible.
lage, which actuall y occasion very great resistance by the
Compensation of multimotored planes.-In the multi-
whirls which they cause.
motored airplanes a contrivance will b e provided to per-
In general , the head re 3istance of an airplane of a series '
mit counteracting the unbal a ncing effect from the stop-
of separate parts is greater than the sum of the resistances
ping or the loss of power of any of th e motors without sub -
of the parts considered alone, and much greater than the
jecting the pilot to additional fatigue. An example of
resistance of the parts grou peel in a single body even
this is a compensator on the rudd er bar to pre vent the
though the individual resistance is large .
plane turning to the right or left.
The efficiency of the propeller will be augmented by
the choice of i ts profil e . The narrow propeller of great Longitudinal equilibrium.-An airplane .with a full load
diameter has been shown to be the best simultaneously should he balanced longitudinally for ordinary flight con-
by the experiments of the laboratory and direct measures ditions with the motor t urning at i ts normal revolutions.
of the performances on th e airplanes. Of course this means at the altitude for which it was de-
signed . It must not be tail h eavy or nose h eavy.
In all cases, when possible, the propeller should turn
Manem.> erabi.Zity.- Response to controls should he very
at a low number of revolutions. Gear red uction is inter-
easy so that th e airplane will not be fati guing to the
esting if it fun ctions well, even for fast airplanes.
With the presen t motors, a red uction of one-half could pilot. The effort required by the pilot should always be
be considered as d esirable on all airplanes_ proportionate to th e effect d esired.
Such a red uction augments by 9 per cent the efficiency This result is easily obtained by using as ail erons, ele-
of the propell er if it is alone on its shaft: P 1 =P0 Xl.0(): \·ators, or rudd ers, mobile surfaces relatively long and nar-
and by 12 per cent if it is tandem w:ith another propeller : row, partially balanced and combined with carefullv con-
P 1 =1 .12 P 0 • sidered fixed surfaces placed before the movabl e suifaces .
This augmentation of effi ciency also holds true for the ' In all cases the tlu-ee controls should be d esio-ned to
greatest speeds actually practiced. require a similar amount of muscular effort in th e different
High-altitude airplane.- For high altitudes the d eter- evolutions of th e airplane.
mining elemen t is the weight of the motopropeller group An airplane control which can easily be thrown out of
brought from the useful power to the maximum heio-ht gear should be provided for use of one of the observers
0

attained by the airplane. in multiplace machines.

High-altitude airplanes present two totally differen t Comfo rt.- Th e crew should be arranged in such fashion
problems. as to avoid all unnecessary fatigu e during a flight. Seats
The first solution involves the use of very [io-h t motors with upholstered backs should protect them from vibra-
air-cooled if possible, calculated for fun ctionino- in cold tions. They should be protected fr om the oil spray and
a ir at high al ti tu des and provides with a chec ked feed for the wind by windshields, or better yet , the profile of the
low altitudes, so that the pressure and the temperature plane should be such that the air flow does not strike
l~orne by the parts migh t not be excessive . them yet p ermits them to see without interposition of
 11
glass or any other transparent substance. They should The wing should be submitted to dissymmetric static
be protected from escaping gas. t ests.
Visi bility.- The field of visibility of the pilot and ob- Fuselages and empennaJes .- The empennages should
server will be one of the most important considerations in be built to support in the static tests a load of sand eq ual
t.he design of any airp lane. Details regarding visibility by m 2 to three-fifths of the maximum by m 2 suppo_rtecl by
for different types of planes are given elsewhere. -the wing in the static trial underneath .
Location of the observer.- In the multiplace machines, The fuselages, loacleJ with weights dou ble those which ·
one of the observers, at least, should be placed very near they must carry normall y, ought be 3ides to support the
the pilot. close enough to be ab le to communicate with empennages loaded as stated above.
him by mice without. the aid of any acoustic apparatus. To verify their re sistance to tors ion, they should be
Each position should permit t.he use of a parachute. The submitted to clissymmetric test.
pilot in any war machine must not be placed as in the Landing gear, arle, and ta il skid. - The stress which the
Salmson. landing gear, the axl e 3, and the tail skids should bear before
Durability of ai_rplancs .- AII airplanes to be constructed brea king should b e at le!13t eq ua l to fi ve times the static
, hould he C!1pablc of several hundred hours of efficient load with the airplane re iting upon a horizontal surface .
flyin g wi1"h absolute safety. These stre3se3 mmt also h!1ve a horizontal component
They should · be capable of being stored indefinitely equ'll to half of the vertical compone nt.
without deterioration. Elastic cords should be e,tablished so that the maximum
They should be capable of being kept out in the weathet strain may not be surpassed , the machine falling verticall y
witho ut seriom harm . from Om 50 if it is useJ on a clay a irplane; from 1m if it is
This demand3 that the win:; construction, including used on a night airplane; and the adjustment sho uld be
ribs, be en tirely of metal. such that the elastic bands enter in to play effectively,
Paints, .-arnishes, or protective dopes &hould be used since the stress should not surpass that which they should
which wo uld protect the thin sheet metal against climatic bear at rest.
conditions. The tests should be furnished with a checking arrange-
Ease oj a~sembly and maintenance.- Assembl y should be ment so that, in any case, the fix ed parts of the airplane
simple and easy and covered by brief, clear directions. can not to uch the ground.
This re:iuire, that the parts be clearly marked and that The tail skid should be placed in such a manner that,
the instructions cover the system of marking. The main- after the maximum expansion of its elastic bands, the
tenance should be very ea,y and should not necessitate rudder and the stabilizer should not graze the earth in
the employment of specialized personnel. bad fields.
l nterchangeabil-ity .- The manufacturers of airplanes
III. DETAILS OP CONSTRUCTION OF TH E AIRPLANES.
should be directed toward the realization in the near
future of perfect in terchangeability of the parts. This is Assembly.- Disasserobly , re:i.ssembly, . and transporta-
of great importance where the replacement of unservice- tion ought to be easy. The wings, particularly, should be
able parts must be made as rapidl y as possible without able to be taken apart into pieces of not more than 8 meters
skilled mechanics. ~n length, which can be e3,sily transported by railroad.
Equipment and armament.- A ll the airplanes should be Standardi.zatio n .-For the parts for which the technical
submitted with their complete equipment and must section will h'lve specified standard tab les, the dimen-
make their trial flights carrying full eq uipment and arma- sions figuring in the tables are exclusively specified.
ment prescribed for this t ype. Standard tables are established particularly for the:
TI . S TR UCT URE STATIC RESIS TANCE. Steel. Bolts.
Canvas and bands. Turnbuckles.
Wings. - As a general principle, the static tests under Cables. Tubes, round and stream line .
the control of the technical section should be made before Piano wire . Screw threads.
the first machine leaves the factory . Tapering wire. Cocks, valves, and brass work.
For the load applied underneath the wings, the coeffi- Thimbles. Vlheels.
cients of safety to adopt should be the following: Wire ferru les. Propeller hubs.
. . S(Vo)" R eplacen~ent.-It is necessary that all t he parts which
Pu1 sm t and comhat planes .. .. 10 To(lOO)
d eteriorate ordinarily more often than th e wings be easy
. .. _ _ S(Vo)" to replace. These pi!,rts are the landing gear, tail skid,
Othe1 au plane~ .... ... ....... t .5 -'l'o(lOO)
motors, radiator, tanks, etc.
ln this formula S is the surface in square meters of the It is indispensable that there be interchangeability of
wings. To is the horsepower at sea level and Vo the all assemblies or detachable parts capable of being replaced
speed in kilometers per hour at sea level. in organizations at the front. These different parts ought
These coefficients should ce multiplied by 1.5 for mono besides, to be marked in such fashion as to obviate errors
planes. in setting up (high, low, right, left, forward , rear, etc. ).
Jf any one of the wires or any one of the attaching meta' - Complete production drawings should be furnished to
fittings of the wing sho uld be taken away (or shot off), permit the rapid manufacture of spare parts, if necessary,
the win; should re , ist stat ically with a coefficient of one and to insure absolute intercha nge!1bility.
half less. This disposition is app licable to internal drifi Mainlenance.-All the parts submitted to strain should
and wire fittings in the interior of the wings. be capable oi inspection and easy replacement. It is
 ]2
particularly so in the case of the crosspieces or the fuselage , ' hours, with two mechanics and with the ordinary facili-
of the tail-skid supports, of all control cables, guid es, or t ies available in a light squadron workshop.
pulleys over which they pass to the interior of the wings The disassembly of important parts, such as radiator,
or from the fuselage, and of all the levers, aileron controls, tank, carburetor, magneto, or pump , ought to be effected
etc., transmitting the movement from the control parts to in less than three hours, without necessitating the complete
the ailerons, elevators, and rudders. removal ot the motor.
Mud gtiard.-The wheels ought to he supplied with Provisions should he made for the installation of such a
removable mud guards to obviate the throwing of mud or type of connections and controls that the power plant may
gravel into the propellers. be removed from the airplane without difficulty in the
Steps.-Steps should permit the aviators to mount minimum time.
into the machine without risk of injury to the wing or any Changing the motor ought not to necessitate the disassem-
accessory. These steps should not permit the entry of I hly of any of the accessories- pumps, carburetors, or
air ~nto the fuselage. magnetos- which might be put out of order.
Seat.- The seat of the pilot should be adjustable in The cowling sho uld be strong enough to withstand at _
height. least 10 disassemb lies. Its replacement ought to he
Rudder bars.-The rudder bars are adjustable from one effected in one hour.
of the unified types ad opted by the technical section: An opening should be provided for inspection large
Floor.- The floor should be furnished with an arrange- enough to permit access to the parts of the motor which
ment permitting the pilot to see the terrain under him: need periodic surveillance: pumps, pressure ga uge or
for example , controlled shutters and floor guard with reg ulator of the rate of flow, sights. filters, drain cocks,
openwork. stopcocks, magnetos, distributors, contact breakers,
Controls.-All the control cables should be double , with carburetors, jet, constant level, and spark plugs.
separate points of attachment. The cowling, in spite of its removability, ought to be
Wind shield.-All airplanes should be furnished with a water-tight, and ought to potect the aviators, windshields,
windbreak or windshield for each person . and sights from all oil or water spray.
IV. SETTING UP OF THE MOTOR AND ITS ACCESSORIES. Carburetors.-The carburetor mount should be designed
to receive any of the diff erent models of carburetors
A. General. adapted to a same type of motor.
Management and Junction.-Every motor ought to be Precautions to obviate danger of fire are treated under
mounted so that its m anagement may be easy. the next main heading.
It ought to be able to function without difS.culty in any The carburetor and its frame should be heated and
position of Hight in which the airplane is likely to be adjustment should be provided to permit an economical
placed. For pursuit airplanes, this means a zoom of 200 functioning for temperatures of 4.0 ° to 30° for all altitudes
meters, dive of 1,000 meters, or glide under an angle of 30° . and at all speeds. The air admitted ought to be warmed.
For multi-motored ships tl1e feed ought to be assured for Hoiirs o/jlight.-The capacity of the tank or tanks for
any turn effected with the minimum radius of gyration. gas ought to correspond to the number of hours fixed for
Every motor ought to pick up readily after a descen t the running at sea level of the motors at full throttle.
of 2,000 meters with the engine throttled. The capacity of the oil tank corresponds to the duration
Assembly and disassembly.- The motor should be con- of the flight at full speed and at the specified altitude
structed as directed by the State and no modifications possible with this supply of gas, augmented by the mini-
destined to diminish the interchange:ibility on the air- mum reserve for assuring circulation and a margin of
plane should be allowed without the consent of the tech- safety of 20 per cent. The specific consumption of the
nical section. motors increases with use.
The replacement of a motor or of a group motor in an The attached chart contains the basic elements of calcu-
airplane, or of an important accessory, such as the radiator, lations for the tanks of gas and oil with the present motors
tank, etc., must be able to be effected in less than eight and will be revised as new motors are designed.
 13
Table of consiimplions of oil and gas of avialion motors.

I Power Specific
con- Hourly Oil
Max- full sumption con- hourly Oil
Motor. Type. :Horse- ilnum limited per horse- sumption con- reserve
po\, er pew or T admission power in kilo- sumption in circu-
at sea hour 111 grams m kilo- lat10n.
!em! T ,. kilo- (T 1 X A). gram s.
grams A.
\ - -- --- --- ------ - - ----
STATIONARY MOTORS.
16 C 460 420 0. 250 105 8 4
~~~f~~:B-o~tci~::: :: :::::::::::::: :: ::::::-::::::: ::::::: ::::
Hispano-Suiza .. _..... __ . _.... _. ___ ___ . __ __ __ ______ _.. ____ ___ _
16A
450 \
800 900 800 . 260 210 30 6
8F 300 320 280 .245 70 0. 5 4
Hispano Cannon ____ ... · - ___ .... _________ ___ .. ___ . __ . . . __ __ __ _ 12 C 450 450 420 . 250 105 8 4
Liberty- . . _. . _._. ___ _-- -- ·· · .. . ...... . . ···· · ·· ···· · ·· ·-··-··- - 12 L 400 410 370 . 240 92 6 4
Lorraine-Dietrich. __ .. . __ _. . _. . __ __ . . . . . ...... . ... . . . .... . . . . . SB 275 275 240 . 250 60 4 3

PaJ};~i~~~~~~i: : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::I 12 Da
12 Ch
120
12E
370
500
340
500
390
500
340
520
300
320
480
. 250
. 250
. 230
. 230
75
125
75
110
8
10
75
18
4
4
gg-_-_- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1 12 Ez
16 F
500
600
550
690
480
640
. 230
. 240
110
155
18
23
5
5
6
DO-------·-------·----- --- ------- - --- · --- - -- ·-- ------ -- ---
Rena ult. __ . _. _____ _. __ . ___. _. _. ___ __ . _______ . _. _. _. __. __ ___ .. 12 F 300 330 280 .250 70 6. 5 4
Do·-·- ·-···-···· · ··- · · ·· ····· · · ···· · ······ ···· · ·· · ·· -·· · · 12 Kb 450 460 380 . 260 95 11 5

~oT~L:,;L~~--:::::: ::::::.::: : :I
Do .. ·-·---- --- · -·----------------- · -·--···- --- --·---··-·· 12M 600 590 540 . 260 140 15 5
Salmson_ 9Z 230 260 230 . 245 57 8 4
Do .. - :: :: : :::: :: : 18 Z 500 560 460 . 235 110 20 6

9B 130 135 125 .285 34 8. 5 2

:::~!:::_:_: _:: :::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: ::::: ::I
Do- .. · -·· ·-···-· ·· · ·-·······-·-··-··---·····-·
11 Eb
9Z
9R
200
120
170
200
130
170
180
120
150
. 380
. 285
. 280
68
33
42
11
6
7. 5
3
2
2

Gas en.cl ~ra-i,ily ianl.s. - 1.be feed of each motor must the intake ; the opening to the atmosphere should be made
constitute an ind ependent assembly for gravity, pump , in a zone with a current of air.
and service tank , and in addition any tank must be able Each pump should be able to feed any one of the motors
to feed any motor. and to h ave a maximum flow sufS.cient for the consumption
Each tank sh ould be able to b e filled easily and q uickly of two motors.
with an ordinary fu nnel and should be furnished with The tanks are establish ed in conformance to the specifi-
levels or gauges v isible to the pilot. If the breakage of cations governing them.
these levels risks involving the flo,v of the gas, a cock Liibricalion .- The lubrication of the motors should be
within easy reach of the pilot should permit cu tting i t done automatically , not demanding the attention or
out of the system. action of the pilot in the course of flight.
Gravity tanks, with load of gas, should be proYided at A control arrangement of the lubrication (manometer,
the rate of one for each motor. These gravity tanks are sight, etc.) should be installed with a cock permitting
designed for continuing the flight for 50 kilometers in case isolation in case of bre(tkage.
of accidental emptying of the service tanks. They feed It would be advantageous to connect to the motor a
the motors directly and are protected. system of d irect injecti~1~ of warm oil in the tubes which
Changing from service to gravity tank should be done supply the bearings before starting the motor.
automatically or at the will of the pilot. The valve limiting the oil pressure, and the oil filter
Feed at full throttle should be assured au tomatically should be accessible and easily disassembled.
while there remains even l! gallons of fuel in any one of The tube connections should be strong enough to per-
the principal tanks. mit effective clamping and provided with a control de-
The leakage in a tank should not be able to involve the signed to prevent their coming open. Measures should
emptying of the other tanks. be taken to prevent the d eterioration of the hose connec.
Cocks optionally managed b y the pilot should permit tions by the extreme sharp edges of the metallic tubes.
the isolating at will of any n u mber of these tanks. The ligatures should be made with rings.
The pilot should be able to withdraw the gas in the The outlet tube of oil from the tanks should be sur-
full tanks at will, either by an au tomatic arrangement round ed with a strainer at least a centimeter high.
of pump or exhauster or by a hand pump mad e in such The oil should be maintained during flight at a tempera-
a fashion as to utilize all of the gas. +
ture lower than 70° and higher than 10° for mineral oil
The use of tanks under pressure is forbidden. and +5° for castor oil, whatever may be the outside tem-
perature. This is to be done by means of radiators and
The permanent refilling of the grav ity tanks should be
nonconductors.
assured at will by the normal system of feed and by aiding
All the tanks should be surrounded by cork and the
with hand pumps. The flow , in th e second case, should outside tubes sho uld be insulated.
be sufS.cient to assure the normal functioning of the motors. The blow valves of the motors and tanks should be
The automatic valves are completed by safety cocks. A arranged to obviate loss of oil by throwing oil vapors on
cock, manageable by the p ilot, should permit the cu tting the pilot. ·
out of any one of the tanks, the carburetor, or the pump. All the tanks should be, as nearly as possible, in load
The supply tanks are furnished with an overflow pipe on the pumps in order to u tilize gravity to the maximum
with circulation sight and of a diameter double that of and to reduce the chances of unpriming the pumps.
 14
Co_oving.- The water-cooled motors should be furnished should prevent the displacement of these cocks and levers
with a thermometer indicating the temperature of the under the influence of vibration .
water at th e intake to the radiator (for airplane type a The cocks and levers should all be furnished with leg-
thermometer should be allowed for at the outlet of the ible indicating dials. The lever controls of the carb uretor
radiator. ) should bear a special notch necessitating a movement for
The radiators should be nlaced as well as possibl e for being freed and provided with a stop corresponding to
protection from vibrations and should be supported com- full limi ted throttle admissible at sea level. The altitud e
pletely. either by the motor or by the fuselage , and rein- at which t-0tal admission is admissible should be print.eel
forced at the points of support. Water-tightness should upon the instrume nt board. The carburetor controls
be assured even if there shou ld be a local tearing of the should. so far as is possible, be synchronized so their
fi xation rivets. successive positions indicate the progressiveness of the
The different fittings should be reinforced by small number of revolutions of the motor.
rings. The water admission should be designed for using Ignition.- Th e wires should be well insulated and ter-
the flow with the minimum of resistance. The flow of minated by unhookable clasps. No metallic parts should
the radiator in the weakest section and under a load of be found less than 1 centimeter from the ends of th e long-
Om 40 of water should be at least equal to that of the est spark plugs used .
water pump of the motor under the same governing load A sep arate switch should permit the stopping of .each
over the cylinder heads. motor. and a master switch should permit the stopping of
They should carry an empt:i, ing arrangement permit- the whole group of motors.
ting complete evacuatio n of water, or refilling thro ugh 11Ianifolds.- Th e manifolds should be as short as possi-
the bottom. The stopper for this arrangement should be ble, with streamlined shapes, constructed with the mini·
of standard dimensions. At the intake a fine filter should mum number of elbows, and arranged with supports and
be installed to stop the impmities. This must be acces- flexible connections to obviate breakages und er the influ-
sible. At their outlet a fixed fil ter with large mesh for ence of vibrations. They ought to be easily accessible
stopping the grains of solder should be provided. throughout their whole length.
The radiators for any type should be established on a Account should be taken of th e load and the resistances
model in such a fashion as to be interchangeable in an in the dimensions of the pipes, wliich should permit a
airplane. load high er by 50 per cent at least, than the necessary max-
The highest point of th e water circulation should be at imum und er the most unfavorable circumstances.
least Cm 60 above the most elevated point of the motor Manifolds for gas, oil, and water should be imm ediately
high point water system and should be furnished witli an recognizable b y their color. Special connections should
emptying stopper of a standard type. The high local facilitate this division from the motor to red u ce to 'the
points for the different positions oft.he airplane should be minimum the number of flexible connections in sect.ions.
provided with tubes connecting tliem to the higher level. Flexible connections should remain in good condition
In any case, the water reserve should be placed abo ve the for at least two years.
higher l evel of the motor water system high point for a Apparatus for the emptying of the t ubing should be
20° angle of ascent or descent. closed up, not by stoppers, but by special cocks.
The cooling surfaces of the radiators should be calcu- Silencer.- The silencers must be easily removable.
lated in such fashion as to assure a maximum difference They should be as effective as possible, particularl y for
of temperature of 65° between th e sunounding atmos- bombardment planes. Tho pilot and bomber should be
phere and that of the water at the outlet oft.he cylinders, able to h ear each other. They should conceal the glow
at sea level , in the regions of France. This difference is and be invisible at nigh t. They should be able to resist
to be redu ced according to the latitudes for colonial air- vibration and expansion ·proceeding from h eating. Their
planes. cleaning should be simple. The total absorbed power
A simple. strong apparatus should permit the regu- consumed by their weight, loss through checking of th e
lation of the temperature of tlie water dming fligh t. Its gas, and the head resistance ought to be lower than 5 per
controls should be double and , in case of breakage, should cont of the total power of the motor in fast airplanes and
automatically return to the position of the maximum 8 per cent in bombardment planes.
cooling. The exhaust gases should be discharged at a distance
The radiators should be protected from earth thrown from the aviators, in order not to interfere with firing or
up by the propeller. observation, and must consider the direction of the suction
Cocks and levers.- A ll the cocks and levers which must of air b y th e propell er and of the slipstream eddies. This
be managed in flight should be in easy reach of the hand. disposition at the side of the fuselage presents some advan-
Duplicated cocks and levers should permit the secondary tages from tlus point of vi ew.
pilot to manage the motor in case of necessity. Their Starting device.- All the motors should be supplied with
dimensions and their posi tion should permit of comfort- a starting device on the ·d ashboard , not requiring the
able and effective management, even by hands covered whirling of th e propeller by hand and assuring departure
with big gloves and in spite of a resistance of about 40 in less than five minutes regardless of temperature .
kilograms. All the hubs, in addition, should b e furnished with a
Control cocks witli needle valves should be completed propeller-hub clutch on the fron t of the propeller , permit-
by cocks of one-quarter revolution, permitting rapid clos-1 ing starting of the airplane motor with an airdrome m echan-
ing. They should be water-tight, Some safety d evices ical starter. _
 15
Acc.essory controls.- T achometer, manometer , and con- If placed near a. ver y hot motor wall , they can melt and
nect.ions should be of standard type. Gasoline-p ump short-circ uit , frequently causing fires.
controls should be standardized for each of the typ es. The lea.els ought in no case to pass under the gas pipes.
F lexible controls are allowed onl y on condition that th ey c. Backfiring: Backfiring is ca.used b y bad functioning
have no elbows. of the motor, carburetor , or, more rarel y, the ignition.
Engine supporls .- - Th e motor bed and th e wing fitt.in gE The latter is indeed rare , but can not be completely
should be able t.o resist'the maximum couple of the motor. a.voided .
with a coefficient of safety of at least 7, in ord 3:- to ta1,c Knowing the gravity of the conseq uences, the adap-
account o[ vibrations. tation of the motor to the airp lane ough t to pe1·mit all
backfiring without the least clanger of fire.
B . ..Measures of precaution lo take against f ire.
Reali zing that the most improved motors still have
Causes of fire on an airplane proceed: clanger of fire, it is essential to sto p or to limit the spread-
1. From the functioning of the motor a nd its accesso ing of the flam es in such a. manner that the~r may not reach
ries, and from accidents in bnding. a n iuclosure of gas or find inflammable bodies.
2. From conditions of special present use in war (hits For this the following principles shou ld be applied:
from projectiles, incendiar y or otherwise). (a) Either (l ) lowering the temperature of gas by wire
3. From installation of special apparatus ( compresseC: gau ze, or (2) mech anical isolation b y a utomatic valves.
gas, different electric installations, etc.). (b) Complete evacuation to the exterior of the fuselage
Only the two first groups will be consid ered in this note of the dangerous fl ames which the preceding contrivances
Th e appliances and special apparatus whose installation would have allowed to escape.
might be a cause of fi re ought each to he studied from For greater sec uri ty t he drawing of a ir from the motors,
this point. of view . It is impossible to establish precise which serves at the same time for evac uation of the gases
rules of priori ty. from the return and for the drawing in of fresh air in normal
l. Causes of fire proceeding from the motor and its ac- functioning, should bear no communication with the in-
cessories. terior of the cockpit. This last disposition is to bem on
The danger of fire proceeding from the motor can bC' all installations. Upon the p assage of th ese gases the nec-
caused by : essary heating can be arranged .
a. Gas from the exhaust. Wire gauze can be rep laced by other coolers, such as the
b. Disposition of electric ignition. Lela.rge device, which operates by subdividing the igni ted
c. Backfiring in the carburetor. mixture and the ca.Jorie " drainage" by means of aluminum
cl. Excessive accid ental leaks in certain parts of the spheres in a box which remains permeable to air.
motor. E vacuation of gas in excess.- Wheu starting the motor
In ord er that fire might spread it must meet a combus- and during certain maneu vers in the air, esp eciall y in a.
tib le substance- wood , canvas, oil, gasoline, or gasoline dive , there is often considerable entry of gas into the
vapor. air-intake pipe.
For this reason no deposits of gas or oil should be al- It is essen t ial to prov ide drain nozzles to the exterior ,
lowed even momentarily . They should he disposed of connected to ea.ch of the low points of the intake 'manifold
immediately by effective ventilation. Possibility of at " relatively·" low points, to be determined for the dif-
leakage of gas and oil ought to b e reduced t.o the min.imum. ferent positions of the airplane (normal flight, climb, glide,
a. Exhaust gas : Particular precaution must 1e taken or dive). If the carburetor is not leak proof. an overflow
at the joints of all flanges to prevent the entry of outlet t ube should be provided at the constant level.
exhaust gas into the interior of the cockpit . Carburetor ancl.feed. - Ca.rburetors ought to be as air-tight
The parts of the airplane near the exhaust, and the cock- as possible, and the heating of the gases and their speed
pit in particular. should either be metallic or protected by in the manifolds sufficient for any altitude·. F eed ought
fireproof covering (asbestos in sheets or in strands) . An air to be assured in all positions and u nder all cond it.ions of
current of at least 2 centimeters is a good insulator. flight. Feed under press ure sh ould be prohibited because
Exh aust gases ough t to be well away from th e garnline it is too delicate, too sensi ti ve to variations of alt itude,
manifolds, tanks, pumps, carb uretors , an d entirel y apart and to the amoun t of gas in th e tanks.
from closed spaces where gaeoline vapors might accumulate . Cut-out.-Th e cut-out should be very accessib le and of
In case t he exh aust gas is used to warm the carburetor, sure functioning to assure stopping the motors in case
the manifolds of warm gas ought to be perfectly tight. of accident in landing.
carefull y installed, and the gases di scharged far back Tank . -T o a.void clanger of fire in certain cases of bad
from the carbmetor intake. landings, ·th e dropa.bl e tank m ention ed hereafter is in ter-
b. Ignition apparatus: The high-tension magnetos and esting .
their leads are to be inspected ver y carefull y. 2. Proper special protection to au airplan e in case of war.
Sparks which can fl ash betwee n the hi gh-tension leads There are special dangers of fire to an airplane in case
or their ad jacent metallic parts and the points where the of war proceeding from hits by enemy projectiles . Or-
circuits prese nt, a. continuous discharge are likely to dinary projectiles can inj urn the feed lines and ca.use leak-
ignite the gasoline vapors. This, then, is the pl~ce to age of the gas where it is likely to come into con tact with
use sure insulatio ns and strong connections provided with the hot parts of th e motor. Failure of gas to the carburetor
safety attachments. produces back-firing , which is fed immediately by fu el
Insulations generally used for the covering of high- leakage. Incendiary projectiles introduce n ew and dan-
tension leads , a.re easily destroyed by the action of heat. gerous direct ca.uses of fire.
 16
Every effort should be mad e to reduce to he minimum The instruments on the board , and the compass also,
the d angerous aresi, and to d evelop the manifolds. Protec- ought to be entirely visible to the pilot.
tion of the fuel tanks is obtained by the following means: They should be easily seen also by the relief pilot. If
a. A special complete exterior envelope of layers of this can not be done, he should be given an altimeter, a
rubber and Lanser-Dunlop trelliswork , which is nonleak- watch , and a compass.
able in spite of perforations. In order for this covering to Installation of map cases of the regulation type should
be effective, the sheet iron making up the tanks should be be provided for each aviator. The map case should be
thin and ought not to be under pressure (_another reason able to turn in its plane , which should be perpendicular
for prohibiting pressure feed ). to the line of vision of the aviators.
b . Rapid action release cock (30 _seconds &.t the max-
VI. ARRANGEMENT OF THE ARMAMENT.
imum).
c . Dropable tanks designed specially to function in A. Firing through the propeller.
spite of any deformations due to its penetration by a pro-
jectile. J. Vickers guns should be set up in such a manner as
For th e small reserve tanks protection is .obtained by to permit access, ,\ith thick gloves, to all the control
the coverings stated above, by armor plate, or by a double levers and to the different parts of th e synchrorrizers.
metallic envelope with an inside lay~r of a special material The top p lane of the machine guns should be at the height
of the Daigre make. of the shoulder. Their installation should be from 30 to
Propellers.-Propellers ought to be · d esigned for air- 40 ce ntimeters and the wind shield should be placed in
planes and motors in such manner as to furnish at the such a manner as not to hind er access, among other things,
altitude of use and in horizontal flight th e maximum power to the loading handle on the left-hand machine gun.
compatible with the operation of the motors at this altitude. 2. The sights used should be either a telescopic sight
The efficiency under these condition s ought to be at least. or a ring-and-bead sight. A natural line o.f vision should
75 per cent and ought not to fall below 60 per cent for any permit direct aim. The aiming field of these devices
uf the other conditions of flight . With wooden propellers should be free from all obstacles . They should b e fi xed
the maximum permissible·linear speed at the tip of the to a rigid part of the airplane in such fashion that vibra-
tions shoul d not bring about any disorder. Aiming
blades is 270 meters per second.
ought not to necessitate more than slight movements of
As a general rule the coefficient of safety corresponding
the h ead of the pilot.
to the rate of strain of the material ought not to fall below
3. Disassembly of the machine gnns ought to be made
4 for army corps, reconnaissance, and bombardment air-
in 10 minu tes.
planes; and not below 3 for pursuit airplan es.
The forward and rear axes of fixation ought to be quite
The propellers should be perfectly balanced.
accessible. Alignment of the machine guns ought to be
The airplane being placed on th e !!round in line of
done by arljusting parts situated in th e rear.
flight, the minmum: distance between "'th e ea~·th and the
4. A tangent brought from the eye of th e pilot to the
lowest point of the circle swept by the propeller ought to
cowl of the airplane, in the transversal plane of the pilot ,
be equal to om 25 (d ) and , in all cases, higher than om 45 ,
ought t.o make 35° to 40° with the horizontal.
(d) representing the distance between the lowest point of 5. Links should be received for at least one machine
the circle swept by the propeller and the point of contact gun . Cartridge cases should be ejected outside the
of the wheels on the ground before the landing gear. machine.
Rear propellers should b e protected against earth being
thrown against them by mud guards placed on the land- 6. Cartridge boxes should have a s.u rface minimum of
ing-gear wheels or by some other d evice. 1,500 square centimeters per machine gun. They should
:he p_ropeller hubs of the standard typ e should be sup be moveable and their loading extremely easy.
phed with standard propeller-hub clutch with a view to 7. Finally, the cowl should be quic~ly removed and
being started by the mechanical ~tarter. An entire n ew sh~uld not be fixed ~o the rest of the aUJ)lane except by
system of hub motion should be studied bv the technical ;~vels or shafts which can be instantaneously removed.
section before adoption. · e use of bolts should be absolutely forbidden.
The manner of attaching the propellers to the shafts I B . Machine-gun tou?"elles.
ought to be such that assembly and disassembl y of the · .
propeller may be effected on the airdrome in less than an :· Installatilon of mac;hine-gun tourelles upon recon-
hour. naissance anc two-seater fighter airplanes :
The type of tourelle to be m ounted upon the airplane
V. ARRANGEMENT OF THE COCKPIT INSTRUMENTS AND I sh~uld be deter~ned by the technical section. Placing
INDICATING APPARATUS. of i t upon the au-plane should be studied before approval.
The field of fire should b e as great as possible. It should
Cockpit instruments are necessarily of regulation typ es be at least an angle of 80° upward and the dead angle
and should be installed in a urriform manner determined under the fuselage to the rear should be reduced to the
by the techrrical section. minimum.
T~e tachometer, altimeter, watch , and speedometer The tomelles sh9uld be placed so as to interfere as little
particularly should be placed on the instrument board as possible with the commurrication between the pilot
according to a well-e3tablished aITangem ent. Provision and th~ observer. At the side of the pilot , i t should not
shoul~ also be made to r eceive, in addition, the different be possible to pass the gun in the low position, but for all
manometers, thermomet ers, levels, et c., used on an air- other sectors the rotation of the tourelle should permit
plane. every possible position of the guns.
 17
The diameter of the base ring of the tourelle is 800 ! A trapdoor which can be opened quickly or some other
millimeters. I device should be provided to obviate the entry of air
I
The diameter of the axis or yoke bearing the guns is into the fuselage.
9:!0 millimeters. Accordingly, a free space of at least A device should be provided to prevent the guns from
950 millimeters diameter around the transverse ring is attaining an angle of fire which would be dangerous for
necessary for the passage of the supporting shaft of the guns the tail of the machine in the course of combat.
in the low position.
Vertical firing under the airplane will only be possible C. Installation of Lewis machine giin siipports.
for a fuselage having less than 920 millimeters width. In certain particular cases it may be necessary to con-
Stops or devices should be provided to prevent the guns struct special supports in the airplane.
from firing into the field of the propeller. Gun mounts which are not of standard type or con-
Field limiters are provided for the tourelles in the structed according to the specifications of the military
cases where guns could touch the propellers. aeronautical authorities should be carefully studied by
The tourelle ring should be perpendicular to the plane the technical section before acceptance.
of vertical symmetry of the fuselage and parallel to the
line of flight. D. Ammiinition boxes for the L ewis machine guns.
The fixed circle of the tourelle is mounted on a wooden
circle which should never be omitted. There should be provided for each tourelle or machine-
The points of attachment of the tourelle base to the air- gun support the regulation number of ammunition boxes
plane should provide a suitable mounting upon which the corresponding to the number of rounds required .
wooden ring may rest. The clamping of the screws or The magazine racks should be placed in easy reach of
bolts must not involve any deformation likely to hinder the gunner and arranged so as to permit the easy replen-
the rolling of the tourelle in the transverse circles. ishment of the guns during firing.
The attaching wires or bolts fastening to the fuselage The general disposition of the ammunition holders for
should never engage the metal part of the tourelle. These the Lewis machine guns and their installation in the air-
wires or bolts should hold only the wooden circle and plane should in each case he approved by the technical
should be placed at points as far as possible from the section.
places of attachment of the wooden ring with the trans- All devices supporting movable guns should be easily
verse ring. and rapidly managed and should be furnished with an
As the gunner's belt is fastened to the tourelle the equalizing system.
mountings of the transverse ring and the airplane should Stops or devices intended to prevent the guns from fir-
be capable of resisting a tearing-out strain of 400 kilograms. ing into parts of the airplane which might be hit should
The distance between the position of the tourelle ring he provided.
and the floor should be 950 millimeters. I
Balanced tourelles. -Owing to the difficulty of maneu- ' E . Arrangement of bombardment airplanes.
ver ing tourelles on fast airplanes, the latter should be
l. Field of visibility and installation of sights:
provided with a device intended to neutralize the effect
General requirements.-The pilot and the bomber should
of the wind blast. This supplementary device should
be as near as possible to each other and be able to com-
be placed in the fuselage when possible and protected by
municate easily by signals and voice without aviophone.
shields. Field of visibili ty.-Visibility of the pilot: In normal
The airplane designers should be responsible for the
position the pilot should have a field of minimum visibility
mounting and functioning of these compensating devices.
from 50° to 60° toward the front from the vertical and a
2. Installation of tourelles on bombardment airplanes :
lateral field of 15° to right and left. No currents of air
On airplanes of the bombardment type, generally
should be permitted to enter through the hole made in the
having very large fuselages , tourelles of 1 meter in di-
floor and a closing should protect the pilot from the light
ameter or more are provided .
of searchlights on the ground.
The distance from the position of the tourelle to the
Gradometers and inclinometers, visible at night, parallel
floor of the airplane should be from 850 to 900 millimeters.
t.o the center line of the airplane and placed according to
The technical section will designate the special condi-
the longitudinal center line of the visibility opening,
tions of the mountings of these tourelles.
should b·e provided.
Firing under the fuselage. - For permitting firing under
the fuselage, steps should be installed in the rear cockpit Visibility of the bomber.
on each side of the fuselage. (a) On the exterior of the cockpit.
The supports should be mounted in such a manner that (b) In the interior of the cockpit.
the rear gunner can see below the fuselage and fire the
lower guns without leaving the tourelle. In the case of a tractor airplane, the bomber requires a
The field of fire should include: In the plane of longi- field of 75° toward the front, and in addition, in the case of
tudinal symmetry of the airplane, from the vertical down- bimotored airplanes or machines of the pusher type, a
ward as far as the tail skid , and from any part of this plane field of 10° in the rear.
25° to left and right. In the case of a tractor airplane, the opening in the floor
The cross braces of the fuselage should not interfere should have a field of 70° toward the front, attainable with
with firing or with dismounting or reloading. an adjustable seat. In the case of a multimotored air-
14799-23- -2
 18
plane or machines of the pusher type, they should have a Vertical bombracks.- Bombracks for vertical bombs of
field of 70° toward the front, 10° toward the rear, and in the lO kilograms are made for 4. 5, 8, and 10 bombs, grouped
trans,·ersal plane a field of 30° from any part of the center upon a single row of 4 or 5 bombs, or upon two braced rows
line of the window seat without putting the bomber in an (216 millimeters square, sideways, per bomb).
uncomfortable position. Vertical bombracks for bombs of 10 kilograms, with
Sights.-Sighting should be provided for either in the e']ual bulk, carry four time3 more projectiles. These
interior or the exterior. The best place is on the exterior vertical bombracks are compartmented boxes whose di-
of the cockpit, at the right. But, when in this p,osition, mensions depend on the number of bombs (216 milli-
aiming will no t fulfill the conditions of the exposed field s meters square, sideways, per bomb of 50 kilograms or for
below, or it will be dangerous (neighborhood of the pro- four bombs of 10 kilograms). They should be supported
peller, interference caused by the lower planes) ; aiming by a special framework for 50-kilogram bombs and for
should be provided in the interior. LO-kilogram bombs.
Exterior.-The field of the sight should be cleared of all The bulk of the 50-kilogram vertical bombracks is about
obstacles likely to interfere with aiming (wheels, axles, om 35 on top of the frame and 1m 10 on the bottom of the
generators, bomb racks, etc.) in a field from 75° forward frame. The bulk of the 10-kilogram vertical bombracks
and 10° backward. ts about om 20 ou top of the frame and 1m 10 on the bottom
The bomb-rack controls should be placed in easy reach of the frame.
of the bomber while operating the sights. They should be easily removed from the lower part of
Interior.-The sight should be placed in the front part of the fuselage. ·
the cockpit on bimotorairplanes. It will have a field of fire The minimum space between the spars of the wings of
provided for in the preceding paragraph on the bomber's J,irplanes receiving bombs in the fuselage should be 1m 100
visibility. It will be placed in such manner that it may (dimension taken on the interior of the spars).
be used without trouble by the bomber. An articulated The release mechanism on the top part of the bombracks
device should fold it down when not in use, clearing th e .i hould not be joined with the top structure of airplane
position of the bomber. The bomb-rack controls should incl should be easily accessible. Lateral inspection doors
be in reach of the hand during sighting, preferably at the 3hould be provided in communication with those of the
right. The sighting hole should be capable of being bombracks.
cleared entirely of all transparent substance for aiming With the airplane resting on its tail skid, the distance
at night. from the ground under the spars of the lower wing should
2. From the point of view of bomb racks: All airplanes be 1m 30 at the minimum in the case where 50-kilogram
should be designed in conformance with specifications, bombs are to be placed in the interior of the fuEelage.
using stanclarclizecl bomb racks determined upon by the The under part of the lower wings and of the fuselage
technical section. · between the wheels of the landing gear in the bimotored
These bomb racks differ according to the nature of the planes should be absolutely free from all cables, tubes, or
projectiles carried and can be classed as follows: other encumbrances likely to interfere with the suspension
1. Bombracks G. P. for bombs of 100 or 200 kilograms. or fall of the bombs.
These are carried horizontally under the wings or under In the monomotored planes, the lower plane should be
the fuEelage. free of any obstructions immediately underneath, be-
2. Special bombracks for bombs of 500 or 1,000 kilograms, tween the wheels of the landing gear.
being carried horizontally under the fuselage. Control positions. -Release handles of the bombracks
3. Horizontal bombracks, Michelin No. 3, carrying all upon the bimotored airplanes should be on the right side of
present projectiles from 10 to 100 kilograms, mounted in the front cockpit, mounted so that bombs can be released
the wings. while sighting either in the interior or on the exterior.
4. Vertical bombracks for bombs of 50 kilograms, being Auxiliary controls should be provided near the pilot.
carried in the interior of the fuselage. Control of the bombracks is generally done by a bare
5. Vertical bombracks for bombs of 10 kilograms, being cable over a pulley or through a copper tube.
carried like the preceding. Passages.-The passage for going from the front cockpit
6. Horizontal Michelin bombracks for bomb flares, be- to the rear and giving access to the bombracks should be
ing carried under the wings (two bombs) or on the vertical 400 millimeters wide at a minimum. The height from the
sides of the fuselage ( one bomb). floor of the passage under the top structure should permit
Bombracks G. P .- G. P. bombracks for bombs of 100, the passage of a man without difficulty.
200, 500, and 1;000 kilograms are of a standard type. Ex- Passage from the bomber's position to the pilot's cockpit.-
amples of mounting can be furnished by the technical Cross structures between the pilot's post and the forward
section upon request. post ought to be avoided as much as possible or at least
Horizontal bombracks. - Michelin horizontal bombracks should be high enough so that the passage may be made
are made in 32 or 40 cells and carry either a number of without difficulty or interference with the pilot.
10-kilogram bombs corresponding to the number of cells, The technical section will communicate to the con-
or one of 50 kilograms in place of every four of 10 kilo- strnctors of bombardment airplanes the detailed char-
grams; or one of 100 kilograms in place of every six of acteristics of the above material and also the detailed
the 10-kilogram bombs. conditions of assembly.
 19
vn. ARRA NGEMEN T OE' ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT . Ifavorable angle, the ground from th e vertical to 30° for-
. . . ward. This may be done directly by a window 0o-round
Generators.-All motors are designed to dn ve electric di . b . h '
. . gIass, verging 1ens, y a pen scope, or some ot er appara-
generators. Th~ mstallation of_ generators should conse- tus whose bulk will not interfere with movements.
quently be proVIded
. . for on all airplanes.
. . . Moreover, th e o b server sh ou ld see a 11 th e fi eld wh"1ch
I f the operation 1s made by dnvmg belt, it should be pro- tl - t Th. ·tat · th
·d ·th . h . . . escapes ie p11o . 1s may necess1 e 1eanmg over e
VI ec1 :"1 a tig tenmg pu11 ey arran gement pernntting side.
the, taking up . of the elongation. of the .belt. Th e p l acing
· of th e camera sh ou ld b e sueh th a t 1·ts opera-
Ihe cowlmg . should
. bear an. m spection door
. for the gen- .,won d oes no t reqmre· th e neo-Iec t of th e surve1·11 ance of
0
erator, pernnt~ng the changmg or regulatmg of the belt th e skv.
and the changmg of the generator. ·
The photographic machine sho uld be in shelter from
'Ihe speed of tlie generator should be regulated by a oil spray and i t should not project beyond the fuselage.
governor. 'Ihe connection ·wires should be studied with
It ought to be sufficiently accessible to allow hand
a view to rapid mounting on an airplane in service and d
'1 justments for loading, change of plates, or any adjust-
should not be mounted in the shop.
ing uecessary. It should be possible to do this easily
Metal fittings.- Provision must be made for attaching
with hands covered with h eavy gloves, for the largest
t h e wires of the various devices· requiring electrical energy
magazine used in loading the camera.
specified hereafter:
a. Wireless. The installation should take into account the location
b. H eat for the passengers. of the photographic magazines for replacement purposes
fo r the types which are in service .
c. Warming up the machine guns.
d. Equipment fo r night flying. I X. l\fISCELLANEOUS ARRANGEMENTS .
Installation of the wireless.- Th e wireless should be
installed to permit functioning in direct or in indirect Parachutes.-A.ll airplanes should be arranged for
excitation by simple manage ment of the commutators. receiving as many parachutes as persons. Ability to
The antennre wh eel should b e placed beside the observ- use the parachute should be one of th e first conditions
er's seat in such fashion that i t can be wound up or un- imposed for the arrangement of the interior. A placing
wound easily with the righ t han d. He should be able to of the pilot analogous to that of the Salmson is not permit-
do this with ease. ted in a war machine.
'Ihe outlet tube of the antenn re should be placed so tlrnt Oxygen apparatus .- Installation of oxygen apparatus
its unwinding may be made in th e sa me manner on all should b e provided for in a11 machines .
airplanes. Cables.- Each machine should be furnish ed witlt a
The wheel should be placed outside the observer's place. device permitting the machine to b e towed b y mechanical
'Ihe ti·ansmitters should be secured by the aid of very traction and a device permitting the t ying down of tlt e
solid attaching fittings, assuring perfect rigidity during machine in case no hangars are availab le.
manipulation.
FRENCH TYPE SPECIFICATIONS.
Commutators and adjusting arrangements for the wire-
less should be placed in reach of the observer and should The F rench aeronautical authorities realized late in
be arranged for easy management. l919 that it was necessary to formulate a d efinite program
The ti·ansformer and a voltage regulator should be for the development of military aircraft. The delay in
placed where it is sheltered from the gas vapors. working up a program was due primarily to tlte fact that
The receiving apparatus and the storage batteries France was so stunned at the end of the World War that
should be easily removabl e. Th ey may occupy the place it was necessary for her to remain dormant until she could
of tlte photographic outfit. ascertain what h er futt~re military problems would be.
Night equi pment.- Landing lights should be adjustable However, she went to work in a very logical way and
fore and aft b y means of a rigid control managed b y th e determined what kind of planes would be necessary in
pilot. order to insure proper defense. This resulted in definite
The location of the navigating lights should be such conclusions in which ty pe specifications were draw·n -up .
that the ligh ts may be quite visible to the observer and The present French technical program is still based pri-
at tlte same tim e may determine th e exact position of tlte marily on these specifications.
airplane for neighboring airplanes. The navigation ligh ts Study and comparison of the French specifications
should be streamlined . with our own are not only interesting but should be care-
The storage battezies should be removable to permit fully considered in any rev ision of our requirements.
recharging the battery on the ground. A table showing the various French t ypes with the require-
ments for each t ype follows. In addition, each type is
V III. PHOTOG RAP HY ARRANGEMENTS.
considered in minute detail, giving th e general require-
Airplanes should permit the use of cameras in the condi- ments, armament, fuel, equipment, and characteristics.
tions provided for their class. In these tables where t he French refer to the military
In addition to the general visibility necessary to the load, they mean pa~sengers, armament, and equipment.
management and defense of the airplane, it is necessary The fuel supply is measured in hours running with the
that th e pilot in horizontal flight can see, under the most motor turning at full speed und er sea-level conditions.
 20
Table of type specifica,ions.

T ype. Military Hours Ceilin~. Ceiling. Speed, Speed. Remarks.

load . gas . theoretic. normal. ceiling. sea level.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ _ _ - -- - - - - - - - - - 1-- - -
Kilo- Kilo-
K ilo- meters per meters p er
Pursuit: grams . M eters . Meters. hour. hour.
C.1. __ 220-270 2}-3 9,000 7, 000 240 120 · Monoplace pursuit for higb altitudes .
c.L.·- · -·- 220-270 2}-3 6,500 4, 000 270 120 Monoplace pursuit for low alt itudes.
Pursuit and recon-
naissance:
C.Ap.2. 400 4 8, 500 7,000 200 110 Bi pl ace pursuit or reconuaissance.
CAn.2. - 400 4 6, 000 3,000 190 90 Bi place pursuit and night reconnaissance.
0bservation:
A .2. __ _ 450 3 6, 000 1, 000-3, 000 200 90 Biplace, C. A., and divisional.
Ad.2 .. ___ _ 450 3 6, 000 1, 000-3, 000 200 90 Do .
Ab.2 ... 350 2} 4,500 1,000 180 80 Armored biplace for di visional squadrons.
Bombardment:
Bp.2_·· ·-·· 580 7 7,500 5, 000 190 90 Biplace, day bombardment, long distance .
BS.2 .... - .- no 4 5,000 1,. 000- 2, 000 200 100 Biplace bombardment or attack .
Bpr 3 .. - · · - 520 6 7, .500 5, 000 210 100 Tri place of protection for the day bombardment.
Bn.2 ... 940 4 4, 000 2, 000 150 80 Biplace. lightl y loaded for dai: bombing and comba t.
Bn.4. ·--- --- 2, 220 7 4, 500 2,000 150 80 M~,!~f1~ce, heanly loaded, mght bombardment, long dis-
Colonial. .. . _.. . . __ _ 750 6 4,500 2, 000 160 75

PURSUIT. Characteristics .- Ceiling, 9,000 meters. Speed at 7,000

meters, 240 kilometers per hour. Minimum speed at sea
Monoplace pursuitfoi- high altitudes- Airplane C. 1 type.
level at most favorable angle, with motor thTOttled, 120
General i-equirements.- This airplane should be easil y kilometers per hom.
managed , very strong, very rapid in maneuvering, and Military load of 220 kilograms in case of two machine
able to dive at great speed. guns; 270 kilograms in the case of a cannon and one
It is indispensable for the pilot that visibility should machine gun.
be as perfect as possible as a condition of first importance 'Ihe weight of the pilot's armor is not included. in the
for combat and for formation. useful load as listed, which comprises the pilot, machine
It seems that this can be obtained either by the con- guns and cannon, their supports and ammunition, oxy-
struction of a parasol type monoplane (Morane or Gomdou gen apparatus, instruments, heating equipment, inter-
fashion ), or by stagger of the wings in the biplane cellules. airplane telephone, Very pistol, and parachute.
In all cases it is necessary- ·S ingle-seater fighte1· f 01· low altitudes-Airplane c. 1.
1. That the top plane be at the height of the pilot's eyes.
2. That a line passing through the eye of the pilot and General requirements. -This airplane should have the
the leading edge of the lower plane should make at least same qualities of management, or solidity, as the mono-
an angle of 15° with the vertical. place C. 1, and it should offer the pilot the same visual
3. That the slope at the rear of the lower planes permit field.
the pilot to see straight down. The realization of this monoplace for low altitudes has
4. That the section of the fuselage and cowling of the no special interest except that the airplane possesses,
fuselage be studied to reduce the dead angle due to the at 4,000 meters, a considerable superiority of maneuver-
fus elage and to the motor. ability and speed over the monoplace C. 1 (a difference
5. 'That the' height of the pilot's seat be regulated and of speed of about 15 kilometers).
provision be made for the pilot to turn himself easily upon Armament.- Same as for airplanes C. 1 type.
the seat. Fuel. -Same as for airplanes C. l type.
The airplane should be furnished with a removable Equipment.- Same as for airplanes C. 1 type, except
armor plating protecting the pilot from the rear. the oxygen apparatus.
The motor should be capable of automatic starting. Characteristics.- Ceiling, 6,500 meters. Speed at 4,000
Armnment.- Two rapid-fu-ing guns, synchronized, or meters, 270 kilometers per hour ; minimum speed at sea
preferably a rapid-firing gun and an automatic cannon, level, with motor throttled and at most favorable angl_e,
are required. 'The guns may be, at will, either 7.65 or 120 kilometers per hom.
1 millimeter caliber; 800 cartridges per gun, 30 projec- Military load , 220 kilograms in the case of two machine
tiles for the cannon. guns or 270 kilograms in the case of a cannon and a machine
Fuel. -Tanks for three hours' fuel for the motor turning gun. The weight of the armor is not included in the
at full speed at sea level. military load.
To avoid excessive weight, it is suggested and preferred PURS UIT AND RECO NN AIS S ANCE.
to have gasoline rip panels on the bottom of tank to assure
Bi plane pursuit and reconnaissance- Airplanes C. Ap. 2
emptying of tank in case of fire rather than leak-proof
type.
tanks.
Equi pment. - 'Jhe airplane ehould have provision to General requirements.- Designed specially for -evolutions
provide warmth for the pilot, for installation of oxygen at high altitudes (7,000 meters). Visibility should be
apparatus, Very pistol, automatic photographic apparatus, perfect for the pilot and for the passenger. The observer,
parachute, and, eventuall y, interairplane telephones. normally seated, sb.ould see 30° forward and vertically.
 \
21
Filot and passenger, at the maximum distance, should machine-gun supports, airplane instruments, oxygen
be able to communicate by si ght and voi ce without apparatus, photographic apparatus, h eating arrangements
aviophone. and their supports, the ground glass and its support, the
The airplane should be capab le of fast maneuvers, interplane telephone, and the container for the Very
easy for average flying . pistols.
The motor should be particularly reliable in order to
Bi place pursuit and night reconnaissance.-Aii-planes C. An.
give the pilot the necessary confidence for distance mis-
2 type.
sions.
This airplane can b e realized with motors of 500 or more General requirements.-This airplane should not be
horsepower. These motors can not _be counted upon for cumbersome (maximum wing spread of about 15 meters).
1920. It should be a very good glider , landing slowly, well
The motor for use, then, will be a motor of lower horse- balanced, easily maneuvered, and supersensitive fore
power, furnished with a device p ermitting the conserva- and aft.
tion of power at high altitudes. This will have the ad- The visibility should be as good as possible, particularly
vantage of permitting the realization of a machine more toward the front and downward.
mane uverable, although less powerfu l. The pusher type is n ot prohibited.
The interior arrangement should b e complete and very The pilot and the observer, at the maximum distance,
comfortable. should be able to communicate by sight or voice without
The airplane will be design ed for receiving, if neces- aviophone.
sary, two armored seats. The tanks will be protected or The airplane should have double controls or an easy
easily detachable. The airplane will have double con- passage from the observer's seat to the pilot's cockpit.
trols or provided with an easy passage from the passenger 's The m otor will be furnish ed with an effectual silencer.
eockpit to the pilot's seat. Tanks should be protected or easily detachable.
Armament.-The tield of fire for the observer should be This airplane can be reali zed with motors o,f about 400
free to the maximum, particularly toward the rear and horsepower.
downward. Armament.- Two or three machine guns, synchronized
An arrangement should be provided for the installation (caliber 7.65 or 11), firing 2,000 cartridges per minute;
of a floor gun shooting underneath and to the rear. or, preferably , a machine gun and a cannon , two twin
PURSUTT TYPE. REC ONNAISSANCE TYPE . machine guns on the tourelle, or an automatic cannon.
A s yochronj zed gun, two ma-
No airplane will be equipped with two automatic can-
One or two machine guns, syn-
chronized, or a cannon. chine guns, connected together, on nons . One thousand cartridges p er forward machine gun ,
Two 1naChine guns join ed to- the tourelle, 300 cartridges each. 800 p er machine gun on th e tournlle, and 30 projectiles
gether, on the tourelle, or an auto- per cannon should be furni,shed.
mat ic cannon (in no case should Fu.el.- Tanks for four hours' fu el supply for the motor
such an airplane fl y armed with
two cannons). Fi\·e hundred turning at full speed at sea l evel.
cartridges per machine gun for- Equipment. - The airplane will be arranged to provide
ward, 800 for the machine gun in h eat for the personnel and , even t uall y , of the machine
the rear, 300 projectiles for the can- guns; night lighting and the u se of a searchlight ; insta.1-
non.
lation of two parachutes ; the installation of wireless
The forward machine g uns can be either 7 .65 or 11 (sending a nd receiving) with a vie"· to regulating artillery
millimeter. fire ; the use of instruments of goniometry; the installation
Fuel .- Tanks for four hours' fuel for the motor tmning of bomb flares ; the installation of an arrangement for
at full power at sea level. One-fourth of the total capacity Very pistols.
of gasoline will be contained in a removable tank provided Characlerislics.-Ceiling, 6,0CO meters. Speed at 2,COO
with facilities for dropping quickly. meters , 195 kilometers per hour; speed , minimum, at sea
Equiprnent.-The airplane will be arranged to provide · level , motor throttled , at the most favorable angle, 90
heat for th e p ersonnel and. eventually. the machine g uns; kilometers per hour.
the installation of an oxygen apparatus for the entire crew , Military load, 40'.l kil ogram s and 450 k-ilograms if the
an arrangement for Very pistols, and the installation of armament includes a cannon .
two parachutes. In the military l oad are included only the pilot and
PURSUIT TYPE. RECONNAISSANCE TYPE. observer , the machine gun s , the cartridges, the machine-
The installation of photographic Installation of photographic ap- gun supports , t h e airplane instruments, wireless, heating
apparatus, moving picture or auto- paratus, or 50 and 120, with a min- apparatus, lighting apparatus, parachutes, and the
matic. imum of 100 plates. instruments o,f goniometry, pistols, and signal guns.
Eventually, interairplanc tele- The installation of a gronnd glass
phones . for visual reconnaissance. OBSERVATIO N .
Characteristics.-Ceiling, 8,500 meters. Speed at 7,000 Biplaces, C. A. and divisional.- Airplane A. 2 and Ad. 2
meters, 200 kilometers per hour; minimum speed at sea type.
level, mot_or throttled and at most favorable angle, 110
kilometers per h our. General requirernents.-The airplane should be very
Military load , 400 kilograms. maneuverable , and controls should offer a minimum of
In the military load are included only the pilot, the fatigue to pilot from sea level to 4,000 meters:
observer, the parachutes, machine guns, cartridges, The span should not exceed 15 meters.
 22
The airpla_n e should have a very solid chassis and be It must be armored against normal sho ts fired at 300
so constructed as to resist bad landings. meters range from underneath, behind , and from the
It should have a speed range of two to one and should sides.
be able to take off very quickly. It is understood that all equipment, including motor,
The pilot and observer should be as close together as motor accessories, radiator , and wireless, must be armored,
possible and should be able to communicate by voice and also gas tanks, if not installed as per _s ystem of the Lanser
sight w~thout aviophone. type.
The visibility of the pilot and observer should be stud- All control cables should be doubled and far enough
ied from a standpoint of ground observation when at low away from one another throughout their length so as not
altitudes. to be severed by one projectile.
It should have, if possible, a special adaptation of motor All vital members shall be studied to diminish risk of
for divisional squadron types. rupture from rifle fu-e.
The airplane should be designed to accommodate two The pilot and observer should be located as close to-
armored seats, dua,l control or passage facility from the gether as possible and capable of communicating with
observer' s cockpit to pilot's cockpit, rubber-covered tanks -each other by sight and voice without aviophone.
or d etachable tanks, and the control cables should be Visibility to both should b e such as to permit good
doubled with different points of attachme1it. ground observation at low altitudes.
This type ought to be provided with a motor of from The plane should have dual controls, or facility for pas-
300 to 400 horsepower. sage of observer to pilot's cockpit.
Armainent.-One synchronibed machine guri, two tou- Armament.- One synchronized machine gun, two
relle machine guns, one floor gun shooting underneath tourelle guns p ermitting of interplane combat fire or
and to t he rear, 500 cart ridges per gun, and removable ground fire, one floor machine gun permitting firing
bomb rack for 100 kilograms of bombs·. underneath fuselage with good sighting, facilitating accu-
Fllel.- Three hours' fuel at sea level. rate ground fire , 500 cartridges per gun.
Equipment.- The airplane should have prov1s1on tor Fuel .-Two and one-half hours' fuel for motor running
wireless (sending and receiving), Klaxon warning appa- at full power at sea level.
ratus, heat for the occupants and eventually of machine Equipment.-This type should have arrangements for
guns, oxygen installation, two parachutes, two Very wireless (receiving and sending), auditory warning appara-
pistols, and 20 Very pistol cartridges. tus, heat for the occupants and eventually of guns, two
Very pistols and ammunition. The comfort of the ob-
PHOTOGRAPHY.
server gunner should be specially studied, as for type A. 2.
AIRPLANE C. A. DIVISION AL AIRPLANE. This type should permit of installation of photographic
Installation provision for pho- Installation provision for verti- apparatus, automatic or motion-picture (opening to be
tographic outfit, vertical and ob- cal and oblique photographic out- closed by removable armor plate) .
lique, 26 and 50 and for photo- fit of 26 and 50, and also for instal- Characteristics .- Ceiling, 4,500 meters. Speed at 1,000
graphs, vertical, or 120, minimum lation of automatic and moving-
of 50 exposures . picture apparatus. meters, 180 kilometers per hour ; minimum speed at sea
level, motor throttled, at most favorable angle, 80 ki lo-
A folding observer 's seat should be installed and also meters per hour.
a container for message blanks at the disposition of ob- Military load, 350 kilograms (armor not included) .
server. In this military load are included only the equipmen t,
The wireless installation and photo outfit installation machine guns, cartridges, suppor ts and tourelles, cock-
should be compatible solely with the u se of the wireless pit instruments, Very pistols and ammunition, wireless
with direct excitation. apparatus, heating and photographic outfits.
At all times for other wireless arrangements it is in- Coefficient of safety in static tests, the same as for air-
dispensable that the changing of these equipments will plane type A. 2 under the same conditions.
not require more than three hours for two mechanics.
BOMBARDMENT.
Characteristics.-Ceiling, 6,000 meters. Speed at 2,000
meters, 200 kilometers p er hour. :Minimum speed at sea Biplaee for day bombardment, lon g distance- Airplane
level, at most favorable angle, with throttled engine, 90 Bp. 2 Typ e.
kilometers per hour. General requirements .- This airplane should be designed
Military load , 450 kilograms. for group evolutio~s at an altitude higher than 5,000 meters.
In these weights are included pilot, observer, para- Its speed should be little inferior to that of the biplace
chutes, machine guns, oxygen apparatus, cockpit instru- pursuit planes.
ments, Very pistols, Very ammunition, photographic in- The motors should be furnished with self-starters.
stallation and supports, wireless outfit and heating outfit. Being given duties of long duration to accomplish, the
pilot and observer should be comfortably installed .
Armored two-place for divisional squadrons- Airplane
A turning seat at a regulated height will be planned to
type Ab. 2.
permit the observer to see the sky and the ground while
General reqiiirements.- T y pe Ab. 2 should be very ma- remaining seated.
neuverable. It should be capable of executing a complete The pilot and bomber, brought together as nearly as
figure "eight " at 100 meters between two points 100 meters possible, ought to be able to communicate by sight and
apart without losing alt.i.tude. voice without the aviophone.
 23
The airplane will carry double controls or else have Visibility for the pilot and observer should be perfect
easy passage from the passenger's post to the _o bserver's. ahead and toward the ground.
The field of vision of the pilot and of the bomber will be Comfort and inte1iorinstallation will be specially studied.
particularly studied for group flying, for surveillance of All controls should be doubled with separate points
the sky, and for the search for an objective. The field of of attachment.
vision forward on the vertical should be 45° for the pilot Tanks should be protected or easily detachable.
and 75° for the bomber. ARMOR .
Rip panels for the tanks and two armored removable
seats should be provided. BOMBARDMENT. ATTACK.

Controls should be double, with different points of

Two removable armored seats . Two removable armored seats,
attachment. more removable armored plates
Armament.-A machine gun, synchroni zed; two twin protecting the engine underneath
machine guns on the tourell e ; 500 cartridges per gun: and the personnel against normal
sh ots, resisting perforation at more
installation provided for floor machine gun, firing below
then 400 meters altitude.
and to the rear.
Bombs.-The airplane should be able to carry 200 kilo- ARMAMENT.
grams of bombs with complete load of fuel. Besides, it ATTACK.
BOMBARDMENT.
should be arranged with removable bomb racks for a weight
A synchronized gun , two twin For t he use of the pilot: Two
of projectiles corresponding to one-fourth of the fuel and machine guns arranged for easy and
machine guns on the tourelle, in-
weight of the removable tanks. stallation provided for a floor gun effecti ve attack on objects on the
The bomb racks should be able to permit the easy firing underneath and toward the gr0tind.
change from one to the other of th.e following loads: rear, 500 cartridges per gun . For the use of t he observer:
Three machine guns permitting
1. Entire load of bombs of 10 kilograms (incendiary or effective attack on objects on the
fragmentation ). ground, two or less of the machine
2. Entire load of bombs of 50, 100, or 200 kilograms. guns should permit firing in aerial
Fuel.-Tank s for seven ·hours' fuel for the motors at full combat.
Munitions supply should permit
speed at sea level , one or several tanks representing about the execution of continuous firing
one-fourth of the total capaci ty, should be easily re- for one minute.
movable.
Equipment.-The airplane should be arranged to permit The field · of firing will be specially studied to permit
vertical photography from 50 to 120; installation of an fu-ing toward the ground with easy aim on land objectives.
automatic or moving-picture camera for vertical pho- BOMBS.
tography or oblique toward the rear (for photographing
ATTACK.
the results of bombardment); heat for the pilot and pas- BOMBARDMENT.

senger and eventually of the machine guns; installation The airplane should be able to The airplane should be able to
of oxygen apparatus; two parachutes; and eventually of carry 300 kilograms of bombs. carry 100 kilograms of bombs, frag-
The bomb racks should permit m entation. These bombs can be
night lighting equipment and interairplane telephone. easy change from one to the other released either by the pilot or the
Characterutics .- Ceiling, 7,500 meters. Sp eed at 5,000 of the following loads: observer.
meters, 190 kilometers per hour; minimum speed at sea 1. Entire load of bombs of 10
level, at most favorable angle, with motor throttled, 90 kilograms.
2. Entire load of bombs of 25
kilometers per hour. and f,0 h; lograms.
Military load, 580 kilograms.
In this military load are included only the pilot, ob- It is possible to adapt this type of airplane to the two
server, machine guns, cartridges, machine-gun supports, different functions by providing for the installation of
cockpitinstruments, bomb racks, bombs, oxygen apparatus, equipment necessary for the two types of work.
parachutes, photographic and heating outfits, their sup Fuel.- Four homs' fuel for the motors turning at full
ports, and interairplane telephones. speed at sea level. One-fourth of the total capacity of
Biplace bombardment and attack-Airplanes BS. 2 type. gasoline should be contained in a tank which is easily
removable. For missions of attack, this tank should be
General re,,uirements. - This airplane should not be cum- removed.
bersome (wing spread of about 18 meters). It is not Equipment.-The airplane should be arranged to permit
necessarily single-motored. the installation of two parachutes, installation of an
It should possess strong landing gear, capable of resisting apparatus for Very pistols, heat for the occupai:ts and
bad landing fields. eventually of the machine guns, the eventual installation
The speed of its take-off should be sufficient for using
of interairplane telephone and lighting outfits, automatic
improvised landing fields.
The one or two engines should be equipped with self- camera or motion-picture camera for vertical photography
starters. and at an angle toward the rear.
The pilot and observer should be as near together as Characteristics.~ Ceiling, 5,000 meters. Speed at 2,000
possible and able to communicate by sight and voice meters, 200 kilometers per hour; minimum speed at sea
without aviophone. level, motor throttled, and at the most favorable angle,
The airplane should carry double controls or should have 100 kilometers per hour ; time of climb to 3,000 meters,
easy passage from the observer's cockpit to that of the 20 minutes.
pilot. Military lo'1d, 720 kilograms (armor not included).
 24
In this military load are included only the equipment, It should be furnished with strong landing gear, should
machine guns, cartridge3, supports and tourelles, bomb have great speed of take-off from the ground in order to be
racks, view finders, cockpit instruments, Very pistols and used at n eed on improvised landing fields.
ammunition, heating and lighting apparatus, and inter- Visibility should be perfect toward the front and below.
airplane telephone. Pusher type motor is not prohibited.
The pilot and observer should be as close together as
Triplace jor protection oj day bombardment- Airplane possible and should be able to communicate by sight and
Bpr. 3 type. voice without aviophone.
General requirements.- This airplane is intended for The airplane should carry double controls or should have
close protection of bombardment airplanes, type BS.2 or easy passage from t h e cockpit of the observer to that of the
Bp.2, and eventually of airplanes, type A. 2, observation. pilot.
It should possess the maneu verability indispensable The motors should be easily managed , sure, and silenced.
to an airplane which will have to sustain defemive combats . Intended for bombarding unprotected targets, it should
It should have great speed of take-off for facilitating be able to descend very low for the bombardment and to
its missions of protection. zoom up and climb rapidly. ' .
Its armament should be very powerful , its field of fire Tanks should b e protected or easily detachable .
perfectly free . Three removable armored seats should be Armament.- Two twin machine guns on the tourelle
provided, tanks should be protected or easily detachable. for use of the observer ; a machine gun firing b elow, toward
Controls should be double with separate point of attach- the rear; 500 cartridges p er gun. The machine guns should
ment. permit firing upon objects on the ground.
The airplane should have double controls for u se of one The airplane should be able to carry 500 kilograms of
of the observers or easy passage from the gunner' s post to bombs with four hours' fuel ; b esides, it should be furnished
that of the pilot. One of the gunners should be placed as with removable bomb rack s for a weight of projectiles cor-
near as possible to the pilot (communication by voice responding to one-fourth of the fuel; the bomb racks should
without aviophone) . permit the easy change from one to the other of the follow-
The motors should be furnished with automatic starters. ing equipments:
Armament. - Twin machine guns on the tourelle for- 1. Entire load of bombs of 50 kilograms each.
ward with fi eld of fire toward the rear, firing at a 2. Load of bombs, half of 10 kilograms and half of 50
minimum of 15° above the hori zontal (in line of flight); kilograms.
twin machine guns on the rear tourelle: two machine 3. Load of bombs, half of 50 kilograms a~d half of 100
guns, twin, firing under the fmelage toward the rear, with kilograms.
a window permitting aim and sight in this direction; 500 Fuel.- Tanks for four hours' fuel for the motors turning
cartridges per gun. at full speed at sea level.
One of th e pair of machine gum can be replaced by an Equ!pment.- Th e airplane should be arranged to per-
automatic cannon. mit lighting for night and , eventually, the use of a search-
This airplane will not carry bombs by reason of its armor. light for landing, h ea t for th e crew and , eventually, of the
The removable bomb racks, however, ought to allow a machine g uns, installation of two parachutes, use of t h e
contingent load of 250 kilograms. apparatus of goniometry, installation of bomb flares,
Fuel .-Six hours, of which one-third is in the tanks installation of an arrangement foi· signaling by Very
which are easily removed. pistols.
Equipment.-The airplane will be arranged to permit Characteristics.-Ceiling, 4,000 m eters. Speed at 2,000
vertical photography and oblique toward the rear with meters, 150 kilometers p er hour ; minimum speed at sea
automatic or motion-picture camera, heat for the pilot level, motor throttled, and at the most favorable angle,
and passengers and eventually of the machine guns, the 80 kilometers per hour.
installation of Very pistols, three parachutes, eventually Climb to 2,000 meters in 20 minutes.
interairplane telephones and lighting outfits. Military load, 940 kilograms.
Characteristics.-Ceiling, 7,500 meters . Speed at 5,000 The military load comprises only the crew, machine
meters, 210 kilometers per hour ; minimum speed at sea guns, cartridges, supports, tourelles, bomb racks, view
finders, cockpit instruments, h eating and ligh ting appara-
level, motor throttled, and at the most favorable angle,
tus and that of goniometry, Very pistols and ammunition.
100 kilometers per hour.
Military load, ">20 kilograms without the armor. Hea:vily loaded multiplace jor long-distance night bombard-
In this military load is included only the pilot, pas- ment- Airplane Bn. 4 type.
sengers, machine guns, cartridges, supports and tourelles,
oxyge n ap.paratus, cockpit instruments, h eating apparatus, General requirements.- Designed for carrying the greatest
photographic outfits and t heir supports, parachutes and load possible a distance of 200 kilometers . Mobility i s a
interairplane telephones. secondary quality. The wing spread is not limited , pro-
vided the wings are easily demountable to p ermit the
Biplane, lightly loaded jor day bombing and combal.- A-ir- shelter of the airplane und er a hangar 26 by 28 meters.
plane type Bn. 2. The airplane should be equipped for four people- a
pilot, a pilot's aide, a bomber, and a mechanic. A run-
General requirements.- This airplane should be relatively way in the fuselage should p ermit easy passage from one
of small bulk (wing spread of about 20 meters). post to another.
It should be a good glider, well balanced, automatically The airplane sh ould be at least trimotored and should be
placing i tself in desce nt or ascent according to the varia- able to take off with one motor cut out. The motor~
tions of the operation of the motors. should be accessible in flight.
 25
It should be furnished with an effective silencer and an 2. Absolute interchangeability of demountable parts
au to matic starter. and, if possible, of part assemblies.
The field of vision ought to be perfect, especially toward '1. lVfaintenance and easy repair.
the front and below. 4. Bulk reduced for transport (ease of assembl y and dis-
Tanks should be protected or easily detachable. assembly).
Armamenl.- Two machine guns upon the forward 5. Very solid landing gear and pneum atic ti.res resist-
tourelle ; two machine guns on the rear tourelle; two ma- ing the special conditions of temperature and humidity.
chine guns under the fuselage toward the rear, with a Motors can be cooled by air or by water, taking account,
window permitting sight and aim. Five hundred car- in their ch oice and their mounting, of the special condi-
tr idge3 per gun. tions of their fun ctioning and their presen-ation-temper-
The supports of the machine guns should p ermit firing ature, humidity , sand, etc . They should be strong, easy
at objects on the ground. to repair and maintain, and easy of access.
The airplane should be able to carry 1,500 kilograms of The airplane should be pol ymotored and should be able
bombs when it carries only six hours ' fuel. Besides, it to continue its m ission with one motor cut out. The
should be furnished with removable bomb racks for a motors should be very easy to start.
we ight of proj ectiles corresponding to one-fourth of the A 1·mamenl, conlingent.- T wo machine guns, ·front,
gasoline and to the weight of the removable tanks. movable, fi ring downward; one machine gun, rear, firing
The bomb racks sh ould permit of easy change from one downward; 500 cartridges per gun .
to the other of the following eq uipments: The airplane should be equipped to carr y ::lOO kilograms
1. Entire load of bombs of 100 and 200 kilograms. of born bs of 10 ki lograms each.
2. Load , half of bombs of 50 kilograms and half of bombs Fvel.- Six hours for motors at full speed at sea level.
of 100 and 200 kilograms. Equipment.- The airplane should be arranged to permit
3. Load with three hombs of 500 kilograms. night lighting, installation of one parachute for the ob-
4. Load of one bomb of 1,000 kilograms and one bomb server, installation of wireless (sending and receiving), and
of 500 kilograms. one photographic apparatus of 50.
Fuel.- Tanks for seven hours ' fu el for the motors t urn- Characteristics. - Ceiling, 4,500 meters with full load.
ing at full speed at sea level ; one or several tanks, repre- Speed at 2,000 meters , 160 kilometers per hour ; minimum
senting about one-fourth of th e total capacity, should be speed at sea level, 70 kilometers per hour.
easily removable. Military load, 750 kilograms.
The m achine should be ab le to take in eight persons,
Equiprrienl.- The airplane should he arranged for p er-
flight equipment included. A.rrangement should he
mitting lighti ng for night and the use of a searchlight for
provided in consequence.
landing; heat for the crew and, eventually , the machine
guns ; installation of four parachutes and of wireless (re- G E NERAL REMARKS.
cei ving and sending); the use of apparatus of goniometry;
Power of.fire.- lt is well understood that the directions
installation of bomb flares; and an arrangem ent for Very
given on the number of machine guns constitu ting the
pistols and ammunition.
armament exacted are valued only as an ind ication of the
Characleristics.-Ceiling, 4,500 meters. Speed at 2, 000
power of fire exacted.
meters, 150 kilometers per hour ; minimum speed at sea
If a single machine gun lighter than two Lewis gu ns can
level, motor throttl ed, and at most favorabl e angle, 80
gi ve the same po,Yer of fire wi th the same safety of fu nc-
kilometers per hour. Climb to 2,000 meters in 20 minutes.
tion ing, the constructor can proporn its adoption. The
Afilitary load, 2,220 kilograms.
unit of comparison adopted is, for the forward guns, the
In the military weight are included only th e crew, Vickers; for the rear guns, the Lewis.
machine guns, cartridges, supports and to urell es, bomb Armor.-The armored seats and remoYable armor plates
racks, bombs, view finders, cockpit instrument.s, h eating should be stu d ied in such a fas hion as to obtain the max-
and lighting outfits, wireless and go niometry, pistols and imum safety without smpass ing a weight of 50 k ilograms
Very pistols. per person or per motor.
Colonial ty pe airplane. Radiators for the machine . gims.- The m achine gun s
Genercil requiremenls.- The airplane ought to have an intended for firing upon objects on the ground , on the air-
planes of types A. 2, B S. 2, or Bn . 2, should be proYided
easy landing and to realize a sufficient speed at the alti-
with special radiators around the 1-a.rrel of the gun . per-
tude of use in ord er not to be troubled hy normal winds.
mitting it to fire lon g series of cartridges wi thout ri sl<ing the
Its radius of action ought to be ex tensive on account of
deterioration of the gun.
the cost a nd the cl ifliculties of establishing refueling·
stations. 1
FRENCH AERODYNAMIC STUDIES.
It should be able to be transformed quickly into a born- Aerodynamic studies have been gi Yen comiderable
bardment plane. more importance throughout Europe since the war. The
Its construction should h e particularly looked after and French are conducting their aerodynamic experiments at
one should seek sp ecially-- the present time in the wind tunnel at the Eiffel Tower
·1. Good preserrntion in normal co nditions of tempera- and at the old St. Cyr Tunnel. Both places offer fairly
ture and of h ygrometric d e!!ree, eitlrnr the temperatures good facilities for the conducting of aerodyn amic tests.
currently reaching 40° and 1 h ygrometric degree variant , The E iffel Tower Tunnel is well known and complete
of 30 to 35 in western Africa to 70 to 90 in the oth er colo- 1 description of the St. Cyr Tunnel is available among om
nies. , technical files.
 26
A new aerodynamic station is being constructed at Issy The floor is equipped with a sq uare trap closed by a
des Moulineux, which is located on the outskirts of Paris . movable platform. When it is desired to work with large
The entire station is constructed of bri,c k and steel and models the movement of a lever lowers the platform
will have adequate facilities for the conducting of aero- sufficiently for it to come into contact with a track mounted
dymanic tests and all kinds of experimental work. Pro- on the inner faces of the two longitudinal walls below the
vision has also been made to have a flying field available tunnel. It can then be pushed back and out of the way
in the near future, adjoining this station. and the large model admitted into the experimental
A large headquarters, hangars, engine test stands, dy- chamber.
namometers, and buildings to house every known device The tunnel is so designed that it can be partially or
for testing materials, have been constructed. However, completely closed at the throat if desired.
by far the most interesting building on this station is the A number of hooks have been imbedcled in the concrete,
one which houses the new wind tunnel. flush with the surface of the diffuser and collector cones
This tunnel is located in a building of brick and steel near the throat. These hooks can be pulled outward
about 210 feet long and 100 feet wide. Plenty of windows and to them the supports of smaller cones can be fastened.
and large skylights have been incorporated in the con- This will produce a tunnel 2.6 feet in diameter, con-
struction in order to have plenty of light. A large pit. centrically placed within the larger tunnel. By using a
about 8 feet deep, lined with cement, takes up the entire small propeller and the power available for the large
floor space of the building, with the exception of the gang- tunnel the French expect to obtain a speed of ], 300 feet
ways along the sides and ends. Next to this building is per second.
anoth_er one of similar construction , built to house the The method of suspending the model will be by wires
engines that will furnish the electrical energy to supply instead of by a spindle as is generall y practiced. It is
the tunnel. understood that the balance will be of the dynametric
The tunnel itself is of the Eiffel type and is entirely type with various gauges to which the wires supporting
constructed of reinforced concrete. It was built in accord- the model will be attached.
ance with the design of the aerodynamic section of the The French hope that this tunnel will be used as stand-
French technical service and was constructed by the com- ard and all other tunnels in France and, if possible,
pany of which Mr. Caquot, formerly of the technical in the world, may receive correction factors based upon
section , is the head. The tunnel is supported by two this particular tunnel in order to have a uniform system
huge concrete wall:;; running longitudinally along the en- of measure for procuring aerodynamic information. 'lhis
tire length of the tunnel. This leaves a free air space tunnel is unquestionably the most elaborate t unnel in
under the tunnel. existence to-day and very accurate results will probably
The entrance nozzle is set high up from the floor and be procured when it is put into operation.
back from the walls of the building. The section of the The equipment at the St. Cyr Tunnel is ver y similar to
outer walls of the collectors has been made square instead that found in the laboratory of the National Advisory
of circular, and of a width equal in diameter to the front Committee of Aeronautics at Langley Field. However,
end of the collector. This permits the outer walls of the they have several pieces of apparatus which are not used
collector to be parallel to the walls and floor of the room in this ·c ountry, including a large whirling arm which
and eliminates any break of contour caused by the experi- can be used for propeller testing and procming certain
mental chamber. Aft of the experimental chamber the other information.
outer walls are gradually faired into the diffuser. The most ingenious device installed , however, is a
The diameter of the tunnel is 3 meters at the throat track for the testing of full-scale machines. A track about
and 7 meters at the propeller end. It is to be driven by a a mile in length has been built and carefully graded.
six-bladed propeller. The section of each blade is to be The models are placed on a car equipped with facilities
exactly analogous to the arc of a circle. It will be possible for measuring their aerodynamic balance at the various
to vary the pitch of the blades of the propeller, but this pressmes. 'lhe car is supplied with electric power by
can not be done while it is in motion. The propeller a rail 16 inches above the ground on each side of the track.
will be driven direct by a 1,000-horsepower electric After allowing for acceleration and retardation, there is
motor which will permit a speed of appi-oximately 260 a useful run of about 1,650 feet, during which the readings
feet per second to be attained. are made showing the lift and drag values as well as the
Behind the diffuser is a concrete stand for the motor. relative speed. The French claim to have procmed
In order to change the direction of the air lea ,ing the
0 some very interesting and usefu l data from experiments
diffuser, the two forward faces of the stand are cmved with this devic.e.
in the plane. It is proposed to continue these curv~s
WIBAULT DESIGN DRAFTING SYSTEM.
upward and outward by wooden partitions.
Entrance into the experimental chamber is gained by The Wibault Co. uses th e system of designating their
means of a passage with a staircase inside of one of the drawings which has been prevalent throughout France
supporting walls of the tunnel. 'lhe passage is equipped and England for several years. 'lhe idea .is to simpl ify
with two steel doors to insme an air lock. 'lhe experi- the number of drawings that are necessary to carry out
mental chamber itself is very large, being roughly the construction of experimental machines and to provide
cubical, about 20 feet to a side. The diffuser ends and a simple means of designating drawings that will show
the collector project into the experimental chamber. their relation to the entire assembly.
'lhe only natural light in the chamber is that which A single sheet contains a drawing on a reduced scale of
comes through the collector. the unit to be constructed with part numbers attached and
,~\/IC)NS MICHEL WIIlAUijT ~Tl, : .'..(P :>.603

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 27
their frame rectangular outlines which are contained in S- 33. Bertine (8-place); 310 horsepower; Salmson,
numerical subdivisions of the sheet. These rectangular AZ-9 . .
subdivisions contain detail drawings of specific parts. S-33 bis. Berline (6-place) ; 275 horsepower; Salmson,
They are supposed to contain only the amount of informa- Z-9.
tion absolutely essential to carry out the experimental S- 34. Biplace ; training, with double controls; 80 horse
design. Figure 1 is a specin1en of this type of design power; Le Rhone. (July 16, 1920.)
drawing which illustrates the principle involved. The S- 35. l\fono-biplace pursuit ; 180 horsepower; Hispano.
fu-st number on all design drawings and on all the detail S- 37. Four-place transport; 275 horsepower; Hispano.
drawings is explanatory ..of the type of aircraft to be (September 9, 1920.)
constructed . For instance, in Figure 1 No. 3 C repre- S- 20 bis. l\fonocoque special ; Gordon-Bennett; 300
sents the third type of pursuit (chasse) by Mr. Wibault. horsepower; Hispano. (September 22, 1920. )
Drawings Nos. 301 to 399 are the main assembly drawings S- 20 bis. Monocoque ; record speed (s pecial profile);
which show, respectively , all · the different installations. 320 horsepower; Hispano. (October 6, 1920.)
Other numbers are allocated to unit designs as fo ll ows: Of these types the most notable are the Spad 20, the
Nos. 101 to 199 are numbers allotted for the fuselage Spad 20 bis, and the Spad 34 and 35.
drawings.
SPAD 20 TWO-SEATER P U RS U IT.
Nos. 201 to 299 are numbers allotted to the empennage,
tail skid , and landing gear. The Spad 20 is the 300-horsepower Hispano motored,
Nos. 301 to 399 represent the numbers that are allotted two-place, and was designed in 1918 by Mr. Herbemont.
to armament and supercharger installations. Characteristics:
Each of these numbers is preceded by a three and a Motor, 300 horsepower Hispano ; radiator, nose-type.
decimal point to indicate the ship to which the drawin gs Gasoline tanks : One u nder pilot's seat and two
pertain. gravity tanks on the upper wings.
In addition to the hundred numbers allotted for the Over-all length : 7 .30 meters.
assembly drawings, 1,000 numbers are allotted for detail Height: 2.8 meters.
drawings. An example of this is in the assembl y rib Wing span , upper: 9.72 meters.
drawings, part No. 3603 (see fig. 1), which is understood Wing span, lower: 8.69 meters.
to include in the assembly all the pieces as Nos. 3fi.012 Chord, upper : 1.75 meters.
to 36.023. Chord, lower: 1.65 meters.
In the upper right-h3:nd corner of the drawing is the · Gap, at ce1{ter: 1.65 meters.
nomenclature and gauge of the material and number Gap, at ends: 1.55 meters.
required. In the lower left-hand corner is the number Total area: 30 square meters.
of the assembly. In the lower right-hand corner are the Weight, loaded, per square meter: 43.7 kilograms.
drawing numbers of the details illustrated on the sheet. Weight, per horsepower : 4.4 kilograms.
All the nomenclature titles are of uniform type with re- Endurance, · at 3,000 meters: 3 hours.
spect to numeral, designation, spacing, and size, which Ceiling: 7,000 meters.
facilities ease in identification and simplifies rou ting in We ight of wings, per square foot: 1 pound.
the shop . Performance:
Speed at 2,000 meters: 270 kilometers per h ou .
BLERIOT-SPAD-HERBEMONT AIRCRAFT. Speed at 5,000 meters: 210 kilometers per hour.
Climb to 2,000 meters : 6.6 minutes.
The Bleriot-Spad-Herbemont Co. has been busily Climb to 3,000 meters : 10.7 minutes.
developing the following types since the war: Climb to 5,000 meters: 25.65 minutes.
S- 20. Mono-biplace pursuit; three machine guns; 300 Minimum flying speed: 107 kilometers per hour.
horsepower; Hispano-Suiza. (August 7, 1918.) Weigh t, empty: 1,863 pounds.
S- 15. l\fonoplace; touring; 80 horsepower ; Le Rhone. Useful load: 1,010 pounds.
(May 18, 1919.) Total weight : 2,873 pounds .
S- 28. l\fonoplace; 300 horsepower ; Hispano-Suiza. Gasoline: 335 pounds.
(September 26, 1919. ) Oil: 37 pounds.
S- 27. Triplace (touring limousine); 275 horsepower ; Equipment : 352 pounds.
Ilispano. (November, 1919. ) Armament: 205 pounds.
S- 30. l\fonopla,c e touring; 45 horsepower ; Anzani . Miscellaneous: 35 pounds.
(January, 1920. ) Tank protection: 54 pounds.
S- 29. Diplace touring; 80 horsepower; Le Rhone. This machine represents the best performing two-place
(January, 1920.) job that the French have in their air service. It has been
S-38 bis. B}place; 300 horsepower; Hispano. (Febru- built in numbers and is being used to quite an extent along
ary, 1920. ) the French-German frontier. Th e mounting of th e His-
S-26 and 26 bis. Speed and altitude hydroplanes; 275 pano motor is unique from the standpoint of its rigidity and
horsepower ; Hispano. (March, 1920.) the effectiveness with which the vibration is absorbed .
8- 31. Hydroplane; 275 horsepower; Hispano. (April It is very inaccessible, however, and the motor must be
10, 1920. ) pulled from the front of the fuselage in order to get it out
S- 32 . Special altitude airplane: 200 horsepower; Dam- of the machine. The only accessibility is derived from
blanc Mu tti . (June 10, 1920. ) two removable pieces of cowling on each side of th e fuselage.
 28
The top longerons extend directly over the motor. To The Spad 45 is a transport airplane, with four 275 -
them the ce nter section struts are fas tened . The fuselage
horsepower Hispano-Suiza engines, designed to carry 17
is built of the famo us Spad monocoque construction. Mr. passengers and a crew of 3.
Herb~mont claims that the advantages of the monocoque In the nose of the fuselage is the station of the navigator
construction are as follows: with th e wirele3s telegraph, signal, and navigation instru-
1. Absolute freedom from d eformation even after long ments. Aft of the navigator and forward of the wing3
service and numerous landings. are two pilots placed side by side and having good v isi-
2. Extreme lightness . bility. Behind the pilots and at the center of gravity,
3. Simplicity of construction , reduction in the num- between the planes of rotation of the forward and aft
ber of materials, and economy in repair. propellers, a large cabin is arranged for 15 persons. Under
4. Absolute interchangeability of monocoques . the floor of this cabin there is a large luggage hold con tain-
5. R ed uction in head resistance. ing a mechanic's seat. While the machine is in flight
6. Facility in dismounting motor. No derangement the mechanic can visit the two engine nacelles to make
of the fuselage occurs and the motor can be quickly re- small repairs. Aft of the main cabin there is a lavatory
moved. and a double seat permitting two passengers to travel in
7. Accessibility to all parts of motor. the open air.
8. Construction affords pilot almost complete visibility The central part of the cellule has forward stagger, the
and reduces to a minimum parasite resistance. swept-back upper plane being 3.3 feet forward of the lower
Of course, i t will be inferred that th ese claims are plane at the center. The lower plane is in three parts
questionable in many respects. This type of ·construe- with a straight leading edge. Two- symmetrical ailerons,
tion would be best where dynamic interpretation of out- controlled by a lever and crank arrangement, are placed
line would b e an advantage and where extreme climatic at the outer rear corners of the lower plane.
changes are not prevalent. The two planes, 10.6 feet apart, are connected by two
However, this machine, with th e Nieuport 29, represent struts (one on each side of the fuselage). To reduce head
the finest streamline pursuit jobs in Europe. This ma- resistance, the bracing wire terminals are in the thickness
chine has been interpreted in another type, a single-seater
. of the wings.
pursuit, with two machine guns and having a total load The monocoque fuselage is composed of two layers of
of 358 kilograms. The gro und speed of this type was 236 strips of tulip wood, 20 millimeters in thickness, and
kilometers per hour. and one layer of spruce, 40 millimeters thick, covered
Climb to 5, 000 meters: 17 minutes 45 seconds. with fabric on the out.side.
Climb to 6,000 meters: 26 minutes. The landing gear is composed of two vees of several
thicknesses of hardwood and covered with fabric. Them
SPAD HERB EMONT RAC I NG TYPE. vees are connected at their lower end by two steel tubes
This is a modified Spad Herbemont S- 20 with a different between which lies the divided axle. There are two
wing structure and with the further adaptation of cleanli- wheels arranged in tandem attached to each end of the
ne3s in exposed detail design with the object of diminish- axle by a special mounting permitting the contact of all
ing resistance. The wing area in this type is 14 square four wheels with the earth regardless of the irregularities
meters. of the terrain. A strut runs from each side of th e landing
Total weight: 1,050 kilograms . gear to the lower wing directly under each e ngine nacelle.
Weight of load : 200 kilograms. The wheels are 1,000 by 180 millimeters (3.28 by 0.59
Motor: 320-horsepower Hispano. foot.) . Streamline wire cross bracing assures the rigidity of
Load per horsepower: 3.28 kilograms. the structure .
Load per square meter: 76 kilograms. The ash skid attached to the rear of the fuselage is in
This machine has realized 309 kilometers per h our ove1 two parts, an upper fixed portion and a lower pivoted
a 4-kilometer co urse. portion . The latter has a rubber shock absorber and a
steel skid .
BLERIOT COMMERCI AL AIRPLANE, SPA D TYPE 45. The rudd er and elevator are connected to the controls
General characteristics· by steel cables in duplicate .
Biplane with two tractor screws and two pushers. The stabilizer and fin are ad justable in flight.
Fo ur 275-horsepower naval type H ispano-Suiza The four engines are arranged in two groups of two in
tand em and are placed on the lower plane on each side
engines.
Span: 70 .5 feet. of the fuselage .
The engine nacelles are easily removable and th us
Length : 50.2 feet.
Height : 19 feet. permit the use of any engine, and th e nacelles are inter -
Wing area: 1,560 square feet . changeable. Repairs are very easy and are made at the
Weight, empty: 7,700 pounds . workshop on complete nacelles removeq from the air-
Fuel load: 3,080 pounds. plane. In case of engine failure, the entire engine nacelle
Passengers, luggage, etc . : 4,620 poundf. may be changed in a few minutes by removing a few bolts.
Total weight: 15,400 pounds. )IEW P L(RS U IT SHIP.
Load per square foot: 9k pounds.
Load per horsepower: 14 pounds. The Spad Co . has designed and asre b uil ding a single
Speed: 124 miles per hour . seater, 300-horsepower Hispano motor, monocoque, high-
Endurance at full power : 5 hours. altitude machine, SUJ?ercharged with a Rateau super-
 29
charger. It is impossible to get any characteristic data SPAD HERBEM ONT S- 34-DU AL CONTROL.
on this machine, but we saw the fuselage and lan::! ing
This machine has been designed as a side by side train-
gear for this type in the Bleriot factory under construction.
ing plane . The fuselage of this machine is not built of
The fuselage is smaller in cross-sectional arrange:nent
the chara:::teristic Herbemont monocoque construction,
than the Spad 30 and is much shorter. There is no doubt
b ut of the regular stick and wire construction. It is rec-
but that this machine with the superchargers ough t to
tangular in shape.
have a very superior performance as a high-altitude single-
Characteristics are as follows:
seater. It is of the conventional H erbemont biplane,
Total area: 20 square meters .
single-strut type .with bottom wing ailerons.
Length, over all: 6.40 meters.
The trials of this machine ought to be followed ve ry
Span: 8.15 meters.
closely as soon as developments have warranted its test
Height: 2.36 meters.
flights. Supercharger installation is very neatly carried
vVeight, empty: 370 kilograms.
out and is mounted in such fashion as not to add excessive
Total load: 590 kilograms .
head resistance or obstruction of vision. A semicirc ular
Motor, Le Rhone: 80 h orsepower.
copper air leader is located just below the fuselage in
Speed near ground: 145 kilometers per hour.
back of the propeller. This is a very interesting training type and the visi-
NEW OB SE R VATIO N MACHINE. bility for both pilot and student is very well worked out
. . b . . . .-,
in this design. The job on a whole is a very good manufac-
A. two-seater
. Herbemont o servat10n type . 1s also bem 0 •
t unng • •
propos1t10n . equall y we 11 d es1gne
an d 1s . d for ma111-
·
bmlt
· ·ff
with superchargers.
f h The
. motor mountmg,
.
h owever,
. .
. h
tenance 111 t e e c . fi Id I · f h · 1
t 1s o t e sing e-st1ut, smg e- ay.
. · , 1 b
1s d1 erent

thus
. rom t e convent10na
of cantilever.steel t ube type.
1
. . type, masmuch as 1t 1s
. It 1s ma monocoque
. . .fuselage,
. Itype. Th . e dispost·t·10n of 111s
k · · ·
· truments and co ntro ls 1n
·
common coc pit 1s 1110'emous1y carne out. · d s
· t he
evera1 of
. f avor of t h.1s
. rendenng an accessible motor mstallat1011 . possible t h e F'rench p1.1ots seem" to b e very much 111
with all the advantages of monocoque streamline construe- f h. f . .
. . . type o mac m e or tra1mng purposes.
twn. This machme represents one of the latest d epartures
in two-seater, supercharged observation type develop- SPAD BERLINE TRANSPORT, TYPE S- 33.
ment and its trials and performances should be closely
watched. The performance of this machine should be This machine h as been designed to carry seven passen-
compared to the Breguet Sesquiplan. It is noteworth y gers. It has a very comfortably designed cabin arrange-
that on most of the latest Herbemont machines, Lamblin ment for the passengers. Its fuel capacity is 6 hours
water-cooling systems are in vogue. at 190 kilometers per hour. The passengers' cabin is
placed directly over the center of gravity of the machine,
SPAD, MARINE T YPE. behind the motor and in front of th e pilot. This tends to
Another Spad machine has been undergoing trials and offset the rolling characteristic so often found in airplanes
one model which was in the Bleriot shops for improve- with a load situated far back. It also permits the machine
ments was the Spad 20, remodeled as a marine type. to fly with only a percentage of the total number of pas-
The principal characteristics of this machine are: sengers without throwing the machine out of balance and
Span : 10.47 meters. - without making it necessary to modify the tail setting.
Length: 7.90 meters. The passengers all sit in the machine facing toward the
Total weight : 1,488 kilograms . front. The entering door to the cabin is located near the
Weight p er horsepower: 5.4 kilograms. front. This job is geometrically similar to th e Spad 20
Area: 33 square meters. and is of monocoque construc tion .
Weight, enipty, with water: 1,028 kilograms. Characteristics of this m achine a re a~ follows:
Weight per square meter: 45 kilograms. Tractor biplac-e motor, Salmson AZ 9: 310 horse-
The principal departure of this machine from the con- power.
ventional t ype was the adoption of a landing gear pontoon Weight, empty: 1,000 kilograms.
with streamline section in place of the conventional Total weight: 1,900 kilograms.
hydrovane that is customarily used on machines of this Span: 11.664 meters.
type. Length: 9.88 meters.
This machine is approximately 100 kilograms heavier Height: 3.2 met.ere.
than the land type and with about 10 kilometers less speed. THE NIEUPORT AIRPLANES.
The French marine service d emands characteristics of
performance as follows: The Nieuport Co . is one of th e most important aero-
Climb to 2,000 meters: 15 minutes. nautical com binatio ns in France. They are building a
Useful load: 470 kilograms. great number of machines and earning enough to carry
High speed: 200 kilometers per hour . out an active development program. This concern
This machine climbed to 2,000 metersjn 14 minutes and built large numbers of machines during the war, especially
made a high speed of 211 kilometers per hour. It was a of the XXVII and XXIII types.
very remarkable performance for this type of machine, As stated in the resume, they are still confining them-
considering the added chassis resistance . It closely selves to the stick-and-wire construction with their
resembles the regular Spad Herbemont 20 job. characteristic monoco<] ue fuselage.
 30
NIEUPORT XXIX 0-1. The cooling system uses Lamblin radiators which allow
The Nieuport XXIX C-1 is the famous standard pursuit a better streamline fuselage form with proper entry shape
plane of the French air force and unquestionably is a which is so bard to procure with the conventional type
masterpiece. It has been especially designed for combat with nose radiators or ordinary radiators in free-air posi-
work under conditions found in France and has a wonder- tion in close proximity to the fuselage. The bad effects
ful combination of the best qualities of speed, climb, of radiator interference are reduced to the minimum. The
and maneuverability. Lamblin radiators are mounted in a free-air position in
The characteristics are as follows: the region of maximum air velocity. They are placed in
Length: 6.5 meters. the two vees of the undercarriage and the deflection of air
Span: 9.7 meters. flow from its natural course of both radiator and fuselage is
Area: 27 square meters. practically nil.
Motor: 300 horsepower Ilispano. This machine has exposed gun mounts and a detachable
Weight, empty : 761 kilograms. gasoline tank immediately forward of the pilot, between
Fuel weight: 172 kilograms. him and the engine. The oil tank is situated directly
Useful load: 167 kilograms. under the motor and has a Lamblin-type oil radiator.
Total weight: 1,100 kilograms. This machine has further been made into a high-altitude
Endurance: 2 hours. type with a Rateau supercharger. Two hundred of these
The performance is as follows: machines are now being constructed by the Nieuport Co.
Speed at ground: 266 kilometers per hour. for the French Army air service.
Climb to 6,000 meters: 18 minutes 46 seconds. NIEUPOR'l' DELAGE SESQUIPLAN .
Ceiling: 8,500 meters.
This machine is of the monocoque construction, of the Thi.s machine is the famous N ieuport racer. The general
type first evidenced in the Nieuport XXVIII monoplace. characteristics are as follows:
It represents, for its load , the best performing single- Total length: 6.1 meters.
seater in France. It is featured primarily by its fuselage Height: 2 meters.
outline of superior aerodynamic qualities to any other Span: 8 meters.
. European machine. Chord: 1.5 meters .
The method of CO!}Struction of the monocoq ue is of Area total wing: 10 square meters.
primary interest, inasmuch as this type of construction, Area landing gear plane: 1 square meter.
even though it is of wood with the ordinary advantages Total area including 1.4 square meters for ailerons:
and disadvantages of wooden construction, permits the 11 square meters.
realization of the best shape. The shell is built entirely Stabilizer: 1.28 square metere.
in one integral unit on a longitudinally collapsible wooden Elevator: 0.72 square meter.
form. The diameter of the fuselage is approximately Vertical stabilizer : 0.56 square meter.
32 inches at the master section. The fuselage sections Rudder: 0.44 square meter.
proper throughout all transverse sectional stations from Weight, empty: 700 kilograms.
nose to stern are circular in section. This facilitates the Pilot: 86 kilograms.
construction of the fuselage form to a marked degree. Weight of fuel for flight of 10 minutes 46 seconds:
The form can be withdrawn in conic sections from the front 144 kilograms.
of the fuselage . The shell is constructed of plies of tulip Total weight: 930 kilograms.
wood approximately 1 millimeter thick and from 1 to 2 Load power per square meter : 84.5 kilograms.
inches wide. wrapped in transverse, biased fashion around Load power per horsepower: 2.9 kilograms.
the form. The form is first covered with light-weight Motor, Hispano-Suiza, 140 by 150, giving at 1,900:
brown paper to prevent adhesion of the glue from the shell 320 horsepower.
layers to the form itself. Propeller diameter: 2.3 meters.
Centrally located in ~n axial sense is a mandrel to which Pitch: 3 meters.
fuselage-form sections are fastened. It is supported at Radiators: Lamblin.
its extremities on V-shaped borings mounted on wooden Oil coolers: Lamblin.
floor horses. This convenience facilitates rotation of Fuselage: Monocoqne.
form throughout range of 360° to enable the women worker3 Dihedral: 1.3°.
to complet.ely wrap fuselage in single cycle operation. The wing is formed of two spruce spars, braced by com-
Five hundred and fifty women-hours are required to pression tubes of steel in the lift truss terminating in the
make a complete Nieuport fuselage shell, exclusive of landing gear with crosstie pieces of steel. The surface is
interior trusswork for cockpit and motor compartment veneered and the entering edge of the wing is veneered.
sections. The trusswork aft, which consists of 10 triangular This machine has attained a speed of 206 miles per hour
longitudinals and annular ring veneer ribs, is assembled and represents the fastest machine in the world to-day.
on the form before the shell is built around it.
NIEUPOR'l' TYPE XXXII SINGLE- SEATER SHIP PLANE.
The stabilizer, as well as the top and bottom fin, is
built in monocoque fashion integral with the fuselage. This machine is specially designed for shipboard use.
The elevators and rudder are of conventional construction. It is armed with two machine guns and can be utilized
The tail unit is devoid of any external bracing. The wings for marine pursuit and reconnaissance missions. It is
are of the combination two-bay truss type with counter- practically the same as the Nieuport XXIX in outline
balanced ailerons on the bottom wing only. and construction, as will . be noticed from its outline
 31
characteristics. Its low-loading and general flying charac- .Mili tary part- Continued.
teristics tend to make it a very good interpretation or a (f) Horizontal speed:
shipboard pmsuit and reconnaissance plane. Ground: 230 kilom eters.
Characteri,stics: 1,000 meters: 227 kilometers.
Length: 6.7 meters. 2,000 meters: 224 1.-ilometers.
Span : 9.7 meters.· 3,000 meters: 220 1.-ilometers.
Area: 30 sq uare meters. 4,000 meters: 215 kilometers.
Motor: 180 horsepower Le Rhone. 5,000 meters : 210 kilometers.
Weight, empty: 603 kilograms. 6,000 meters: 204 kilometers.
Fuel weight : 174 kilograms. 7,000 meters: 196 1,ilometers.
Useful load: 80 kilograms. (g) Absolute ceiling: 7,900 meters.
Total weight: 857 blograms. (h ) Service ceiling: 7,400 meters.
Flight endurance : 4! hours. Description .of installatfons.-(a) Electrical installation:
Performance: rhe various supports, boxings, and fittings necessary to
Speed at ground: 193 kilometers per hour. receive the electrical installation in detail are provided in
Climb to 3,000 meters: 12 minu tes 3 seconds. .,his design as well as generator and storage battery in-
Climb to 5,000 meters: 24 minutes. itallations. Provisions for wirinK throughout the fuselage
Climb to 6,000 meters : 38 minutes 29 seconds . mcl wings, switches, boxes, fittings, and supports neces-
It is unnecessar y to describ e the other Nieuport ma- iary for the wireless receiving and sending set, signaling
chines, as they are well known, and data concerning them mtfit, h eated clothing, cockpit lighting and lights are
is available in our technical files. provided .
(b ) Photogra.phic accessories: The installation provides
BREGUET AIRCRAFT. :or a vertical photographic outfit of 0. 50 to 1.20 meter
SESQUIPLAN 19 A 2. local length. For oblique photographic purposes, a 0.50
The Breguet plant is located at Villacoblay. The most :neter focal length. Installation of plate holders and
iuselage floor sight glass is also made.
notable new type under construction is the Breguet Ses-
(c) Armament: (1) Installation for one (1 ) fixed syn-
quiplan 19 A 2, which is' a military corps d 'armee and
grancle reconnaissance type. 'Ihis machine has been chroniz ed Vickers or Dame machine gun in front cockpit.
(2) Synchronizing apparatus regulating fire of this
specially studied to combine characteristics of speed and
machine gun.
climb with e ffective armament, modern wireless instal-
(3) Bowden trigger con trol controlling fire of this fixed
lation, heat for the pilot, lighting and photographic instal~
lations, to a d egree that would make this airplane perfectly machine gun.
adapted to therequirements of a modern war. (4) Tourelle mount pivoted , 800 millimeters in diame-
ter, capa.ble of receiving two (2) Lewis or Darne machine
General characteristics:
guns, actuated by the observer or gunner in rear cockpit.
(a) Sesquiplan with se1nithick wings.
(5) Installation of a Chretien sight.
(b) Tractor propeller, 2-place dual control.
(6) Ammunition boxes for the fixed machine gun and
(c) Motor, Renault: 450 horsepower.
magazine cartridge trays for the tourelle mount.
(cl) Span , upper wing: 14.85 meters.
(cl) Fuel system: (1) One A. M. sylphon gasoline pump,
(e) Span, lower wing: 9.54 meters.
actuated by the motor, supplies the gasoline to the car-
(f) Length: 9.2 m eters.
buretor under constant pressure.
(g) Height: 3.3 meters.
(2) One upper tank - 230 liters capacity - with Lanser
(h ) Total surface: 45 square meters.
protection rendering it inexplosible and noninflammable.
(i) Chord: 1.9 meters.
(3) Lower tank- 220 liters capacity-which could be
(j) Wheels : 800 by 150.
detached at will by the pilot.
(k) Gasoline: 450 liters.
(4) In the pilot's cockpit are the following instruments:
(1) Oil: 28 liters.
One radiator water thermometer.
(m) Weight, empty: 1,155 kilograms.
One motor tachometer.
Military part.-
One gasoline capacity gauge for each gas tank.
(a) Military load totals 750 kilograms, made up of One cockpit elevator control compensator.
equipment, gasoline for four (4) hours full One cockpit rudder control compensator.
out at sea level, armament, wireless, heating One speed indicator.
arrangements, lighting and photographic in- General description.- This machin e is of the single-bay,
stallations. single-strut type, without wires in the plane of the lift
(b) Weight empty: 1,155 kilograms. truss, but with landing wires extending from the top
(c) Load: 750 kilograms. longerons to the bottom wing at outer strut point. The
(cl) Total weight: 1,905 kilograms. fuselage is of the conventional Breguet type, duralumin
( e) Rate of climb: tubing and steel fitting co nstru ction"and with sides fared
1,000 m eters : 2 minutes 45 seconds. with crowning from top to bottom. The radiator is
2,000 meters: 5 minutes. of the annular fin type, located just back of the propeller,
3,000 meters: 7 minutes 45 seconds. the elements being quite similar to the famous Lamblin
4,000 meters: 11 minutes. type. The landing gear is of the conventional Breguet
5,000 meters: 15 minutes. typ e with wires extending from the rear of the landing
6,000 meters : 22 minutes 30 seconds. gear to the bottom wing at the outer strut point to complete
7,000 meters: 40 minutes . the rigidity of the wing cellule lift truss. The tail surfaces

.
 32
are of the conventional Breguet type. Ailerons are fitted and dismounting. The cabin is about 7 feet high and
to the bottom of the top wing only. The propeller is spacious and comfortable. The visibility is excellent
fitted with a spinner. and the ventilation of'the cabin is automatically regulated
Comments.-This machin e is very interesting from a to any degree for the passengers' comfort. A passage run-
sta.ndpoint of cle:i,nliness and d esign , coupled with the ning to the rear of this cabin permits the passengers to
realization in a large d egree of the requirements laid have access to a lavatory. Space is provided for the
down by the French service for such a type. The Breguet passengers ' hand baggage.
type of m etal constru ction , especiall y the fuselage , is such Power plant.-The motors are two groups of Breguet
as to allow great accessibility. The visibility is quite Bugatti bimotor 450 horsepower.
good. The elevators and rudder are counterbalanced Summary.- The construction of the wings and fuselage
but the ailerons are not. This machine is one of the two is entirely of duralumin. Their constru ction is too com-
best interpretations of metal construction t hat was seen in plicated to adopt for military or commercial craft. This
France. The Breguet engineers fu lly realize the great machine represents an experiment in the fine art of han-
value of streamlining. They attribute much of the high dling duralumin for aircraft construction . The rings are
speed and climb characteristics to streamlining. very light in weight (about 1 pound per square foot) and
the construction emphasizes the comparative advantages
BREGUET LEVIATHAN TRANSPORT, TYPE XXII, 900 HORSE-
of metal construction over wood where weight is concerned . .
PO WER.
This construction would be impossible in production.
This machine is motored with two 450-horsepower The machine had never been flown to date and at the
Breguet Bugatti motors. The motors are located between time we were in Paris the first machine was being sand
ch e wings and out from the fuselage. The characteristics tested. The machine is very conventional in outline, of
o[ the machine are as follows: the twin-motored central fuselage type, with the wide
(a) Span: 25.5 meters. track landing near with double wheels. Each wheel is
(b ) Length: 14 meters. 52 inch es in diameter, equipped with the latest Palmer
(c) Height: 5 meters. flat-tread tires.
(d ) Total surface: 140 squ are meters .
BREGUET COMME R CIAL SINGLE MOTOR TRANSPORT MACHINE.
(e) Weight , empty: 3,000 kilogi:ams.
(f) Useful load: 3,500 1-..1.lograms. · This machine is powered with a 300 horsepower Renault
(g) Weight per sq uare meter: 40 kilograms. and is practically the same as the Breguet ambulance
(h ) Weight per horsepower: 7 kilogi:ams. airplane (described below). The stretcher equipment
This machine has been especially studied for commercial . has been removed and comfortable seats provided for the
purposes, although it could be changed into a military . passengers. Further data and photographs of these ma-
mod el, if necessary. chines were procured and will be found in our files.
Nature of load for a radius of 600 kilometers:
S UPERCHAR GE RS , OBSERV ATIO N, AND CORPS D 'ARMEE.
(a) Two pilots: 150 kilograms.
(b) Wireless: 100 kilograms. Breguet is also delivering a quantity of duralumin all-
(c) Gasoline, 940 liters: 675 kilograms. metal tubing jobs for high-altitude observation work.
(d ) Oil, 83 liters: 75 kilograms. They have a 450-horsepower R enault with a Rateau super-
(e) Twenty-five passengers with baggage: · 2,500 charger . The air cooling for the supercharger is taken
kilograms. care of by two air radiators on the side of the fuselage.
(f) Total useful load : 3,500 kilograms. Lamblin radiators are used for water cooling. The Breguet
(g) Total weight of J?lachine loaded: 6,500 kilograms. Co . have tried metal covering on some of their experi-
(h ) Speed at 2,000 meters: 170 kilometers. mental ships and have used a system which is quite novel.
(i ) Endurance of flight: 3! hours. Sheets are rolled very thin and are cut into strips about
(j) Service ceiling: 4,000 meters . l ! inches wide. Both edges of the strips are bent back
Nature of load for a radius of action of 1,100 kilometers: and the strips are riveted together by fastening these
(a) Two men: 150 kilograms. flan ges. The smooth side of th e covering is ext ernal and
(b ) Instruments and radio: 100 kilograms. although it is a very nice job to look at , it is not very
(c) Gasoline: 180 kilograms. practical on account of the number of labor hours required
(d ) Oil: 120 kilograms. and the fact that the covering is so thin that the vibration
(e ) Twenty passengers and baggage: 2,050 kilo- would crack it. Some pontoons in the factory have been
gi:ams. built up in the same way, but were found to be unsatis-
The pilot is placed immediately behind the main factory. Breguet type duralumin tubing and steel fitting
passenger cabin. He has excellent visibility for all fuselage construction is most interesting from the stand-
flight conditions and also can see the ground for landing point of practicability, and of structure with low-weight
purposes. In close proximity to the pilot is an aide pilot- and high-strength factors .
navigator , who also operates the wireless, which_ is installed
BREGUET TYPE XIV. - DAY BOMBARDMENT.
in the cabin in immediate proximity. Doors permit the
passage from the pilot's coclrpit to the passenger 's cabin This machine has been very fully d escribed in data
or to the radio cabin. which we have in our technical section and is of the
Arrangement of cabin.- A door placed in the front of conventional Breguet t ype constru ction throughout.
the fuselage permits ease of mounting into the passenger 's One of the interesting features of the night ·bombard-
cabin . A stepladder is carried on board for mounting ment type is the arrangement of the bomb-sight apparatus
 33
situated on the right side of the obser ver's cockpit. A PERPORMANCE WITH 300-IIORSEPOWER RENAULT.
hole is cut in the fuselage fabric covering midway between
(a) Military load: 1,130 kilograms, of which 550
the top and bottom longerons on the right side of the
kilograms were bombs.
gunner observer 's cockpit. A blinker or air deflector is
(b) Climb:
located ahead of this hole so as to d eflect the slipstream
which would otherwise interfere with sighting. The 1,000 meters: 10 minutes 35 seconds.
bomber sits near the bottom of the fuselage and sticks 2,000 meters : 21 minutes 54 second s.
3,000 meters: 37 minutes 43 seconds.
his head out through this hole to do his sighting . The
bomb sight is immediately back of this blinker door and 3,500 meters: 51 minutes 10 seconds.
( c) Ceiling : 4,600 meters.
protected from the slipstream. The door is operated at
will, usually, by the bomber. The vision is good and (cl ) Maximum speed, gro und: 160 ki lometers per
hour.
accuracy has been attained by this method. The seat
Maximum speed, 2,000 meters: 150 kilometers
fo r the bomber must be provided in two locations. One
per hour.
permits his operating the dual control or going along in
Maximum speed, 3,000 meters : 139 kilometers
regular flight in observation work and the other permits
per hour.
him to bomb or take pictures .
Maximum speed, 4,000 meters: 138 kilometers
per hour.
BREGUET AMBULA NC E PLANE- XIV T.
This machine is equipped with two :Michelin bomb
This m'tchine is one of the standard Breguet types , racks, located underneath the wings, which permits
powered with the 300-horsepower Renault, designed to various combinations up to a load of 550 kilograms. Total
carry two patients, one above the other and ahead of the weight in bombs of different sizes as follows:
pilot, who occupies the position that the gunner or ob-
server does in the ordinary military types. Number of bombs. Weigbt Diameter. Total
of each. weight.
It is a very interesting adaptation of a military machine
for ambulance purposes and at best represents more or

On the right side of this machine is a door ermittin 32

I
less of a makeshift of their regular jobs to suit the purpose . 32.: .. · · · ·: · · · ··· · · •··· · ·· ·· ·· · · · ·
(mcend,ar)·) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Kilogram s. Jti/li melers. Ji·itogra.ms .
JO
JO
00
i2C
320
320

the at_tendant to accompany the two patieni and si~

alongside of them. A cabinet placed in immediate prox-
t::::-::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25
50
100
155
200
275
400
400
500

imity contains a complete first-aid equipment and dif-

2 ................ • ...............
2
· · · ··•· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· · ·· · · ·· ·· · ·· · ··
200
100
380
275 } 600

ferent-sized syringes, thermos bottles, morphine, caffeine, _ ___________:_____.2.__ _ _....J._ _ __

ether, sparteino, camphor oil, serum, sr:issors, nickel- The bomb-rack fittings are so designed as to carry two
plated cleaning utensils, bandages, disinfectants, etc. bomb flares of the Michelin type, weighing about 11
A small table permits the disposition of this material by kilograms each. The bomb-dropping control mechanism
the physician accompanying the patients to soothe the is of the Michelin type. The gasoline system of the
immediate needs of the injured. A complete electrical A. M. Sylphon pump type, motor-driven.. The gasoline
installation permits lighting the compartment and heat- tank is of 430 liters capacity in two compartments with
ing the blankets in the patients' litters. This energy is Lanser protection.
furnished by a propeller-driven generator. Summary.-This machine has been built with different
A French service report is filed in our technical data engine installations. A Liberty motor has been used. This
files showing the service to which these Breguet ambulance is a machine of unique characteristics with a reliable power
jobs have been placed in Morocco in 1921. It is convinc- plant, capable of carrying a large load. It is the best
ing evidence of the importance ofambulance jobs for field performance that has been obtained with a 300 Renault.
work in dangerous first-aid cases demanding immediate, Its characteristics are such that the French air service
skilled medical attention. has placed large orders for it in the past and have many
on order at present.
BREGUET SHORT DISTANCE N IGHT BOMBA RDMEN'J', TYPE XVI.
BREGUET TWO-SEA'.l'ER FIGHTER, TYPE XVII.

Characteristics: Characteristics:
(a) Biplane, tractor, dual control. (a) Biplane, tractor, 2-place, dual control.
(b) Motor, Renault: 450 horsepower. (b ) Motor, Renault: 450 horsepower.
(c) Span, upper wing: 17 meters. (c) Span, upper wing: 14.200 meters.
(d) Span, lower wing: 17 meters. (d) Span, lower wing: 12.560 meters.
(e) Ailerons counterbalanced . (e) Upper ailerons only counterbalanced.
(f) Total length : 9.55 meters. (f) Height: 3.460 meters.
(g) Height: 3.32 meters. (g) Length: 8.1 meters.
(h) Total surface : 73 sq uare meters. (h ) Area: 45.3 square meters.
(i ) Gasoline capacity: 430 liters. (i) Gasoline: 450 liters.
(j) Flight endurance: 5} hours. (j) Endurance: 4! hours.
(k) Total weight: 2,450 kilograms. (k) Total weight : 1,840 kilograms.
14 799-23--3
 34
Pei;forrnance.- The following performances have been The Potez Co. is now experim enting and building up
officially obtained with a mi litary load of 1125 kilograms. this machine of duralumin shapes. The fu selage longerons
(a) Climb : are being mad e of duralumin angles with gusset plate strut
2,000 meters: fi minutes 45 seconds. longeron joints, braced transversely by means of duralu-
3,000 meters: 9 minu tes 30 seconds. min gussets only, and fore and aft with wires.
4, 000 meters: 14 minutes. Their new duralumin wing construction is quire simple.
5,000 m eters: 20 minutes 41 seconds. It is a new interpretation of metal construction, being
6,000 m eters: 31 minutes. f>ntirely built up of duralumin channel s, angles, and gusset
(b) Ceiling: 7,500 meters. plates throughout . It is ve1·y easy to manufacture. It
( c) Maximum ·horizontal speed : will be interesting to watch the development of this
Ground: 221. kilometers per hour. machine in m etal.
2,000 meters: 218 kilometers per hour. Another interesting ship is the three-motored colonial
3,000 m eters: 213 kilometers per hour. type, designed to carry 10 or 12 passengers. This machine
4, 000 meters: 207 kilometers per hour. has folding back wings. It has a total wing area of 94
5,000 m eters: 199 kilometers p er l10ur. sq uare meters and a weight of 3,500 kilograms. The wings,
6,000 m eters: 186 kilometers per how-. longerons, ribs, etc., are en tirely of duralurnin. The
A rma.ment.- The armam ent installation consists of two Jongerons in this job are of a T profile section, made from
fixed Vickers machine guns, synchronized, one Aldis two pieces riveted together. The wire gusset fittings
sight, two tourelle mounted Lewis machine guns, and entirely envelop the longeron and in this manner d etract
provision for one floor gun if necessary. Thjs machine from th e fatigue and strain that would .b e the case with
is of a well-known type and of the conventional Breguet wire attachment bolts directly piercing longerons. The
type of construction. It is very similar to the Dreguet. I ribs are built up of U sections with trelliswork type truss.
machines that we have on hand in this co untry . These ribs h ave withstood a static test of 10 load factors.
Provision is made for electrical installation, ox ygen The Jand~ng gears are ve~-y unique, mad e up of thre_e
I
installation, water thermometer, tachometer and speed rnparate twm-wheeled chassis. Each one of these chassis
indicators. has two rear legs working in telescopic fashion. The
The gasoline system is of the A. M. Sylphon motor- compression induced in the telescopic action is resisted
driven typ e. The upper gasoline tank, I.anser protected , by a shock absorber made of rubber washers. These
is of 230 liters capacity, and the lower tank of 220 liters washers al'e absolutely distinct and separated from
capacity is d etachabl e. one another by metal washers so as to preve nt fraying
POTEZ MACHINES. between them. This landing gear has withstood a load
of 15,000 kilograms without any permanent deformation.
The Potez Co. is doing considerable work with metal The striking advantage of using these rubber washers is
construction and have d esigned and built two types of the fact that the shock-absorbing medium is absolutely
machines to French military specifications as well as several separate and apart throughou t the telescopic barrel.
machines for commercial work. Thus it does away with a possibility of serious damage to
Their two-place observation and night pmsuit machine the machine due to the breakdown of the shock absorbers,
has the following characteristics: such as occur with present types. These shock-absorbing
Span: 12 meters. legs can be very readily replaced in the field. The ex-
Length: 8.40 meters. terior is clean, easy to streamline , and allows the axle
Area: 15 square meters. and the wheels to be mounted in a unit.
Motor: Lorraine, 370 horsel?ower. Another unique feature of the Potez three-motor job
Weight, empty: 1,100 kilograms. is the adjustable vertical tail surface and horizontal
Fuel: 255 kilograms. · surface. There are three vertical fins, one fixed and two
Military load: 400 kilograms. movable. The two movable fins are counterbalanced
Total weigh t: 1,725 kilograms. single surface and actuated by a cockpit h andwheel
Loading per square meter: 39 kilograms. with a worm-actuating mechanism. Apart from the fixed
Loading per horsepower: 4! kilograms. stabilizer is a movable, counterbalanced stabilizer which
Speed at ground: 210 kilometers p er hour. is likewise operated and controlled for variance of incidence
Speed at 3,000 meters: 195 kilometers per hour. from the cockpit.
Speed at 5,000 m eters: ] 80 kilometers per hour. This machine is well thought out and is a good inter-
Climb to 1,000 m eters : 3 minutes 30 seconds. pretation of the specifications for this type.
Climb to 3, 000 m eters : ]3 minutes. The other machines manufactured by Mr. Potez are
Climb to 5,000 meters: 29 minutes. mostly of a commercial type and are of no special interest
Ceiling: 6,200 meters. from an air service viewpoint.
This machine has been d esigned to fulfill French type
requiremen ts for observation and night pursuit. This WIBAULT MACHINES.
machine is representative of conventional type in d esign
and is featmed with Lamblin radiator installation. It is The Wibault Co., headed by Mr. Wibault , has made a
apparently a good all-rnu;d, strong machine with no !ITeat contribution to France and to aeronautics by their
particular features of construction, and the type is very ~ew all-metal bomber. The machine is bold in design
closely analagous in seating arrangement and general and thorough in detail, embodying most of the French
layout to our DH--4B. · requirements.
 35
The machine, known as the Wibault B. N. 2, is an gravity of the machine as possible so that the variation in
all-metal biplane for night bombardment. It is powered useful load wi ll require ver y little time and attention of
with a Renault 600-horsepower motor and has the following the pilot to the tail ad justments.
characteristics: The landing gear is of the conventional twin V rub-
Length, over all : 41 feet 10 inches. ber shock-absorbing type. The machine uses Lamblin
Span: 55 feet 6 inches. radiators, one of which is mounted on either side of the
Height: 16 feet 5 inches. fuselage n ear the engine.
Wing area: 1,035 square feet. Mr. Wibault is working on a pursuit machine of the
Engine: 600 horsepower Renault. H ispano 300-horsepower motor. I t will be all-metal with
\Veight, empty, but with cooling water: 4,620 th e general structural characteristics of the bomber. How-
pow1ds. ever , it will be semi-internally braced with struts pro-
Useful load: 3,100 pounds. jecting from the bottom of the fu selage to halfway out on
Fuel for four hours at 6,500 feet: 160 gallons . the wings .
Total loaded weight: 9,450 pounds. The performance is theoretical and claimed by the
Speed at 6,E-o feet: 125 miles per hour. Wibault Co ., but their high estimate is probably very
Wing loading· 9.1 pounds per square foot. optimistic.
Power loading : 15.S pounds per horsepower. Characteri stics:
This machine is th e most interesting type of all-metal Motor, Hispano: 300 horsepower.
construction that was seen in France with the exception Rateau supercharger.
of the Breguet Sesq uiplan. · One of th e striking features Span; 11.400 meters.
of t.his machine is the location of its bomb and gas loads, Length: 8.50 meters.
which are entirely disposed within the fuselage of the Useful load: 450 kilograms.
machine . This affords a streamlined outline for the Speed at 3,000 m eters : 300 kilometers per hour.
ship, irrespective of the nature or kind of load carried Ceiling : 12,000 meters.
and does not detract from the ultimate performance by
added resistance of external bomb installations such as MORANE SAULNIER.
is found in the majority of military machines.
The wing truss is of the single-bay type. The top wing The Morane Saulnier Co. has been engaged in wing ex-
perimentation on their regular type A. R. 80 horsepower
is shorter than the bottom wing. The reason for this,
Le Rhone parasol monoplace. They have changed their
according to Mr. Wibault, is the stru ctural advantage in
old conventional thin wing to an internally braced thi ck
the saving of weight, due in this case to the higher stru c-
wing. This change has b een made simply wi th the idea
tural resistance to the compressive axial ends loads induced
of stud y and to get full-scale data on the relati ve advan-
under maximum stress conditions in the upper wing.
tages and disadvantages of this new thick wing over that
It also permits ea-se of alignment in the field and re-
of the preceding thin wings. This wing is braced prac-
duces parasite resistance to a minimum. The wing ribs
tically Fokker fashion .
are built up of duralumin tubes in trellis structure
The characteristics of the machine with this new wing
fastening with duralumin gusset plate joints. This makes
are as follows :
a very rigid rib without any weak joints. It represen ted
Span: S.DO meters.
the very safest type of built-up rib that was found
Surface: 13 square m eters.
in Europe.
Load empty: 54°5 kilogram s.
The spars are built of duralumin. The face webs are
Useful load: 140 kilograms .
the flange type with lightening holes, produced by bending
The object of this test has been to obtain a ~uitable
at right angles along straight lines .and b y supplying a
wing for their two-place Corps cl' Armee.
radius near the fl ange that supports the flanged edges.
The most important development work bei ng done by
This construction is advantageous inasmuch as the flanges this company is th eir three-motored monoplane. It is
can be made without the ex pense of costly dies for stamp -
th e internally braced type of tapered wing with two of
ing. The spar flanges themselves are flat strips of
the engines located in the leading edge of the wing. It
duralurnin riveted to the flanged edges of the webs.
is all-metal constru ction. Full description of this plane
The wings have withstood a load factor of seven and a
is given . in this report und er the h eading " R esume of
half without showing any permanent deflection, and to
all appearances the detail wing constru ction was in very French research, development, and ser vice aircraft" on
good condition. pages 7, 8, and 9.
The fuselage is of the Breguet type of duralumin tubing Basic characteristics of this machine are as follows :
and steel fitting construction. The tail planes are built Span: 93 feet.
up similarly to the wings. The pilot and gunner are sit- Length over all : 56 feet 8 inches .
uated far back in the fuselage. In fact they are halfway Heigh t : 10 feet 5 inches.
from the trailing edge of the wings to the sternpost. The Chord max imum: 19 fe et.
vision aft and overhead in this case is very good , but the Area: 1,300 square feet.
Yision forward is quite questionable and is receiving criti- Engines: 1,200 horsepower.
cism. The crew is well protected in case of a crash and Weigh t, empty : 9,500 pounds.
this machine fu lfills its night bombardment mission very Weight, loaded: 15,500 pounds.
well. This arrangement has been carried out with the idea Estimated high speed: 150 miles per hour.
of locating the fuel and bomb load as near to the center of Estimated ceiling: 15,000 feet.
 36
FARMAN AIRCRAFT. In front of the radio cabin is the pilot's post. The
pilot is on a raised platform on the left side of the machine
Farman has conti'nued to use the old, conventional
and has a fair vision. There is no dual control. The
type of stick and wire construction , but has developed
machine is b eing used to try automatic stabilization on
some efficient weight carriers. He has, however, built
t he lateral controls. The wheel is provided with a straight
considerably in metal also.
tube grip which is superimposed from the base of the
THE FOUR- MOTORED 1 ,500-HORSEPOWER FARMAN. wheel to allow control of the elevator srnface without
interference with the lateral controls.
The latest addition to the Farman group of ships re- A very excellent magnetic compass is placed in front
sembles closely and shows a marked influence of the of the pilot, but as the ·,vheel is sometimes apt to obstruct
famous Farman Goliath. It is powered with four Lor- his vision, the compass is provided with a prism which
raine-Dietrich engines, the power eggs being situated on enables him to see it at all times. The compass is illumi-
the lower wing at the first strut station, directly over nated in the usual way. The compass is so equipped
the landing gears. Each power group has two motors. with a prism and a light that the navigator sees his sight-
in tandem. The fuselage carries an auxiliary landing ing point and the compass reading at the same time. The
gear attached to the front to prevent nosing over. The compass is mounted on a slide so as to allow it to be low-
mechanics can go out to the motors and attend to any ered and pulled within the adjustable top of the com-
light repairs or make adjustments necessary to their func- partment.
tioning in flight. It is also provided with a wireless cabin. Another interesting instrument is mounted in the pilot's
This immense machine has a- cockpit but was not Eeen in the machines at the factory.
Span: 34.50 meters. It is merely an adaptation of the disk system of com-
'l'otal length: 22 meters. munication between navigator and pilot. Two disks
Total height: 7 .50 meters. which are identical are provided with hands which can
Chord: 4.65 meters. be moved by either pilot or navigator and about 25 form
Gap: 4.65 meters . messages can be sent. A wire runs over two small pulleys
Total smface: 300 square meters. which are fixed to the hands and actuates them. The
Weight, empty: 6,000 kilograms. installation is very good, but it could be improved by
'Useful load: 4,500 kilograms. the addition of enough spaces to allow words to be spelled
T otal weight: 10,500 kilograms. out. The i nstruments could be provided with a tape to
Speed at sea level: 160 kilometers per hour. record automatically the mesrnge sent. This pre:;:ents no
Ceiling: 4,500 meters. difficulty and would be a good a uxiliary means of com-
Owing to the difficulty of packing and shipping these munication. The real way to communicate between pilot
enormous wings, the trailing edges are removable. This and navigator is by word of mouth.
machine is now at Orly undergoing assembly for pre- A slightly different type of flight indicator and incli-
liminary tests. nometer is also provided. It consists of the usual gyro
J<' ARMAN GOLIATH.
mounted vertically and provided with a small mirror
Fifty Goliath type bombers are being built for the mounted on top. A source of light beam is provided by a
French Government. They are motored with two 235- small electric bulb. The mirror reflects the beam on a
horsepower Salmson motors in nacelles mounted on the translucent dial, which is fixed on an adjustable base
bottom wing. They carry approximately 1 ton of bombs mounted directly on the plane so that the beam shows
and seven hours' gas. However, Mr. Farman would pre- whether the machine is flying level, climbing, or droop-
fer the machine with motors of the 270-horsepower, Renault ing a wing. It should show whether the machine is turn-
type , due to the fact that a lot of trouble has been experi- ing, and possibly it does, but centrifugal force may com-
enced with the Salmson engines. These bombers have mence to act on the· gyro and the usual precession take
been designed to fulfill night bombardment specifications place, which may or may not interfere with the accuracy
and the characteristics of this machine in toto will be of the reading. The instrument will allow the pilot to
found in our files. climb the ship at the best possible climbing angle and
Thirty-five of the Farman Goliath type have been con- glide at the flattest glide. In its present interpretation ,
structed for transport work and are about completed. the instrument is not very remarkable except' for being
One of this type of ship has been built and remodeled a different application of _old and well-established prin-
to be used as a flying laboratory. The rear compartment ciples. They might be infused into one instrument,
contains a finder which is nothing more nor less than the which in fact could be made a turn indicator, flight indi-
usual insulated loop on the pivoted frame. Next is the cator, inclinometer, gradometer, airspeed meter, and a
radio operator's cabin, which is equipped to allow the device to show best glide and climb.
operator to sit comfortably and have easy access to two The navigator is also provided with a turn indicator or
tables on which instruments would be mounted. The derivimeter S . T. Ae. and bomb . sight in one. It is the
cabin is almost so undproof and is shut off by a door from old principle of a hole in the floor provided with a series
the rest of the ship . The radio sets have a radius of action of adjustable parallel lines in such a way as to allow ob-
of 300 kilometers with the telephone sets and 500 1.-ilo- jects to move along these lines and then read the angle .
meters with the telegraph sets. A passage leads from the By means of a sight graduated for altitude, it is possible
pilot to the navigator's cabin, which is provided with to read the ground speed by applying the time coefficient
plenty of space to work and keep charts. The navigator to the gra-phic chart provided. Windows in the side of
can go out of his cabin and take sight with a compass. the navigation cabin give ample lateral visibility.
 37
FARMAN TWO-PL ACE OBSERVATION TYPE A-2. TYPE HD- 12. · SINGLE PLACE-PURSUIT.

Farman is at present constructing 100 of these machines The HD-12 is of the conventional Hanriot stick and wire
which are built of duralumin shapes and powered with construction with characteristics as follows:
the 260-horsepower Z 9 type Salmson engines. The job is Span: 9.60 meters.
a dual control with a deep, roomy cockpit for the observer. Length: 6.15 meters.
It is a conventional two-bay machine and from out- Height: 2.50 meters.
side appearances does not seem to be especially novel, Area: 25 square meters.
but the performance is reported to be especially satisfac- Motor, Le Rhone : 180 horsepower.
Weigh t, empty: 470 kilograms.
tory. It carries three hours' fu el and oil.
Maximum speed: 190 kilometers per h our.
Characteristics:
Speed at 3,000 meters: 187 kilometers per hour.
Span : 12 meters.
Climb to 1,000 meters: 2 minutes 39 seconds.
Area: 37 square meters.
Climb to 3,000 meters: 9 minutes 14 seconds·.
Weigh t, empty: 895 kilograms.
Absolute ceiling: 7,250 meters.
Weight, full load: 1,420 kilograms .
.Service ceiling: 6,750 meters.
Load factor imposed in static tests: 8 plus.
Enduran ce : 2 hours.
The flight tests conducted by the French technical
Useful load : 150 kilograms.
section with a load of 525 kilograms gave the following
Load factor: 7.
results: This machine has been specially designed for taking off
Ground speed: 191 kilometers per hour.
from ships' decks and is very well adapted for th is ty pe
Speed at 5,000 meters: 175 kilometers per hour.
of work, as was evidenced in flights from the deck of the
Ceiling: 6,600 meters.
Berne at San Raphael. Pilots like the machine very
Climb to 2,000 meters: 7minutes 30 seconds.
well for this kind of work. Although the maximum sp eed
Climb to 3,000 meters: 12 minutes 35 seconds.
is not great , still it has very good qualities of maneuver-
Climb to 5,000 meters: 28 minutes 35 seconds.
ability and climb, a low landing speed, and quick takeoff,
The weight of this machine is remarkably light when
which give it th e essential qualities for shipboard use .
one considers the weight empty and the heavy useful The visibility is very good. The performances are equiv-
load that it carries per horsepower . alent to those obtained in the famous I-ID-1.
FARMAN T ORPEDO PLANE.
TYPE HD -14 '!"WO-PLACE TANDEM TRAIN I NG MACHINE.

The Farman torpedo plane is a two-place biplane with This machine has been a special study to permit the
the bottom of the fuselage hollowed out to receive a tor- rapid instruction of pupils with the minimvm r isk to the
pedo . It is powered with the 450-horsepower Renault. pilots. It is a biplane equipped with the SO-horsepower
It is entirely constructed of wood . Le Rhone engine. The construction is of the Hanriot
Characteristics: stick and wire . It is very simple and permits easy and
Span : 18 meters. rapid replacement of any of the important elements.
Length: 13 meters. This machine was designed especially for training pur-
Area: 100 square meters. poses on an average airdro,me. I ts physical characteristics
Weight: 3,200 kilograms. are a wide track landing gear .formed by a double-skid
This machine is not capable of land ing at sea, but has twin chassis with independent vees. This construction
a landing gear quite similar to the Farman Goliath. The ten ds to 'minimize accidents in getting off and in landing
fuselage is divided up, however, into water-tight compart- on rough grounds. This machine was tried out by the
ments so it would float in case of forced landings at sea. French t echnical section at Villacoublay . It gave results
It has a conventional two-bay wired wing truss and all which classified it as one of the most effective types of
control surfaces are counterbalanced. training machines in France.
This machine featured a H anriot dual mechanism of
HANRIOT.
the quick-release type which allows the pilot to disorganize
The I-Ianriot Co . has d esigned and constructed at large the student's control while in flight b y a simple cam action.
the fo llowing well recognized and known types: The principal characteristics are as follows:
Type I-ID- 1. Single-place acrobatic pursuit. Span: 10.40 meters.
Type I-I. Powered with the 120 L e Rhone engine. Area: 34.5 square meters.
Type HD-2. Single-seater seaplane pursuit ; powered T otal length: 7 .25 meters.
with the 130 Clerget. Weight, empty: 529 kilograms.
Type HD- 3. Two-place pursuit; powered with the Weight of fuel: 84 kilograms.
240-horsepower Salmson engine. Useful load: 170 kilograms.
Type HD- 6. Combat; two-place; powered with the Performances realized are as follow s:
500-horsepower Salmson engine. Maximum speed at ground: 120 kilometers per
Type HD- 7. Single-place; high altitude ; pursuit ; hour.
with the 300-horsepower Hispano. Minimum speed in flight: 70 kilometers per hour.
Type HD- 9. Corps d 'Armee reconnaissance for long dis- Climb to 1,000 meters: 6 minutes.
tance; single-place; powered with 240-horsepower Salmson. Climb to 3,000 meters: 30 minutes.
Type HD- 12. Single-place pursuit. Ceiling: 4,700 meters.
 38,
The Hanriot Co. is engaged in turning out 75 of these This plant was inspected, A great amount of develop-
machines for the French Government, as well as many ment and experimental work has been done, but every
for foreign Gov!,Jrnments. operation is now reduced to a production basis. Facilities
HANRIOT TYPE 14 BIS .
are available for conducting every necessary test to deter-
mine whether the •finished product meets specifications.
This machine is practically the same as the HD-14 with The plant has a competent force of skilled workmen that
the exception of its power plant equipment. It has a would form the nucleus of a great plant should quick
Clerget 130-horsepower motor and a more simple, con- expansion become necessary.
ventional type landing gear. These changes were made The metal is prepared in the usual way and run into
to cut down head resistance and in order to obtain a more tubular molds. From outward appearances there is
advanced training machine with gre.a t speed and better nothing unusual about the molds. They are clay-lined
performance. It is really only a machine for more · ad- and vary in si ze with the size of stock desired. The stock
vanced training than could be given with the 80-horse- is removed from the molds and the rough ends sawed
power Le Rhone motored HD-14 type. off. This is done with an ordinary handsaw. The pieces
HANRIOT TYPE HD- 17 TWIN FLOAT NAVY TRAINING MACHINE. are then cut into lengths of about 18 inches.
· This machine is practically the same as the HD- 14 The lengths are pierced by driving a hole through them
except for the adaptation of twin floats which are attached with a pressure press. The press used for this purpose
to the same points as the landing gear and the adaptation is a 500-ton press. After the length is pierced it is placed
of a 1"30-horsepower Clerget motor in place of the 80-horse- in another press of double the power and the length is
power Le Rhone. This machine has a balanced twin- forced out of the press in tubular shape. The processes
float system and a small tail float in place of the tail skid. are very rapid and simple.
The general characteristics are the same as the HD- 14 The tubes are then handled in lengths of 15 feet. Cranes
training job. The weight, in order of flight, is about 1,000 are used for conveying them. About 20 or 30 tubes are
kilograms. The weight, empty, is 740 kilograms. The heat-treated at once and then plunged in a bath. This
maximum speed at sea level is 120 kilometers per hour. process is one that requires very exacting control of tem-
Its ceiling is 4,000 meters. Qualities of flight and ma- perature, for a change of 15° in the bath will give the metal
neuverability are quite identical with the conventional essentially different characteristic;s and it will not come
HD-14 type. up to the test requirements.
HANRIOT STUDENT DISENGAGING DUAL CONTROL . After being heat-treated the tubes are sawed off angular-
ly at one end to allow for the jaw of a special machine
The Hanriot student disengaging dual control from the
that is used either to make the tubes perfectly round or
pilot's cockpit is the best interpretation of the type that
any shape that is desired. The tube is pulled through a
has been developed to elate and a type similar to it, or
functioning equally as well, ought to be installed on all die that shapes it so that it is ready to be used as a spar
our training types. An assembly drawing is available or longeron without further process. The tubes then go
showing principles of installation and operation. to the inspection room , where they are carefully scraped
and examined for flaws and are given specification check.
HANRIOT METAL CONSTRUCTION. Samples of all the various shapes and siz~s were procured
While still d evoting their productive efforts to the and have been fonrnrded to the Chief, Air Service En-
construction of stick and wire machines, the Hanriot gineering Division, Dayton, Ohio . .
Co. has fully realized that the era of metal is at hand and
FRENCH MOTORS.
are doing some experimental work along metal construc-
tion lines. Motors are classified for consideration of their charac-
This metallic construction is evidenced in one case by teristics from a technical viewpoint by taking into account
a two-seater 300 Hispano motored, supercharged, high- the system of cooling, whether air or water cooled, the
altitude, pursuit airplane of steel tubing. This machine disposition of the cyclinders, their location , volumetric
is at present in the experimental state and has not been efficiency or compression, motor regulation, and speed of
flown to date. It is a fu-st step, and we may well expect rotation.
progress. Lightness is a characteristic requirement for all air-
Hanriot machines have always been well built and craft motors. The latest representative French air-cooled
practicable. This has follm,ed through their long line job is the Le Rhone 180 horsepower rotary engine. To
of conventional models. K ow that their engineering date they have failed to develop radial air-cooled motors
division has gone into metal , it is not too much to expect of high horsepower. For motors of about 300 horsepower,
them to turn out a first-class, all-metal machine in the the most efficient French engine from the consideration
near future. of weight in pounds per horse power, consumption per
DURALUMIN.
horsepower, cooling surface resistence per horse power and
France realizes fully the value of duralumin for the for high-altitude work, is still the 300 Hispano-Suiza.
manufacture of aircraft. She has encouraged the develop- The French Rateau superchargers are in service and
ment of the industry in every way possible and at the are being further developed for pursuit and bombardment
present time is able to secure an adequate supply of this planes. The French adaptation of Rateau superchargers
metal. In order to take advantage of the facilities of the bas been made and is being carried on experimentally
French air force technical section and to be near the with the French 300-horsepower Hispano-Suiza and
center of aircraft development, the Society Duralumin Renaults of the 350, 450, and 600 horsepower types. The
have located one of their plants on the outskirts of Paris Rateau supercharger has been very well developed and
which devotes its entire energy to the manufacture of physical evidences of plane installation is illustrated in
dural!urnin for aeronautical construction. the French Nieuport 29, the single-motored Breguet day
 39
bombardment type with Renault engine, and the Spad Power : 575 horsepower at 1,600 revolution per
two-seater observation plane. minute.
The lower horsepower French motors are made up of Total weight: 560 kilograms.
types from 60 to approximately 330 horsepower, and Consumption per horsepower :
practically all have direct drives. These are found in Gasoline, 260 grams.
the majority of military types and are: The Renault 300 Oil, 25 grams.
horsepower, Salmson 260 horsepower, Le Rhone 270 Ignition: 2 magnetos, double ignition.
horsepower, Le Rhone 120 horsepower, Le Rhone 180 Carburetors: 2 Zenith doubles, Model 75 D 1.
horsepower, Clerget 130 horsepower, Hispano-Suiza 150 Controls built into motor.
horsepower, Hispano-Suiza 180 horsepower, Hispano- Cylinders separate, with steel water jackets.
Suiza 200 horsepower , Hispano-Suiza 220 horsepower, and Pistons: Aluminum.
Hispano 300 horsepower. Motors of 400 horsepower and Water pumps: Centrifugal type, two outlets.
over run at speeds of about 1,300 to 1,600 revolution per Carburetor and spark control countershafts and
minutes. The principal of these are the Renault 450 rods are directly fixed to engine as part of as-
hornepower, Renault 600 horsepower, Lorraine Dietrich sembly.
400 horsepower, and Salmson 350 horsepower. These Four oil pumps.
types are practically developed for field service.
French motors with reduction gears are rare and the Ten of these models have been delivered to the French
only one that bas been very much in evidence is the 220 Government and orders have been placed for 100 more.
horsepower Hispano-Suiza, which has never been very The first installation evidence of this motor has been in
successful. The Lorraine-Dietrich 1,000 horsepower the Wibault night bomber. The 450 and 300 horsepower
engine is still in the process of development. The only types are well known and do not require any description
installations for the 160 and 180 horsepower rotary Le in this report. They are much in evidence in airplane
Rhone were in the Hanriot and Nieuport experimental installations of the Breguet types.
pµrsuit types. The Wright and Curtiss engines represent better pur-
French opinion has not crystallized as to what the most suit engines than any the French have developed to date,
desirable types of motors will be. Experimental work from a standpoint of weight per horsepower, radiator sur-
is still being d.one on the semi-Diesel and internal com- face required, and performance attainable. The Liberty
bustion types. It is evident from their practice to date motor surpasses in reliability, weight, and power ratio
that, in spite of the interest in aeronautical circles in any of the French analogous types.
obtaining a motor with fuel which is less inflammable The progress in motor development in France has been
than gasoline and their desire to reduce the fire hazards, retarded to a certain extent by the mass of war-time
gasoline engines still prevail. Trials with alcohol have motors which are still on band . A table follows, showing
shown that with a compression ratio of about 6, the same all French motors, giving the number available, their
horsepower, weight, and the class of planes in which they
thermodynamic efficiency can be obtained as with gaso-
can be used. By weight in the table is meant the radiator,
line, but the consumption is much greater.
water, oil, motor base, silencer, propeller, etc. The word
With the advent of motors of increased horsepower,
"cannon" means a motor with a cannon shooting through
the question of light construction must receive serious
the crank shaft. In referring to the plane in which the
consideration. From a weight per horsepower standpoint,
motor can be utilized, reference is made by using the
the difficulties with air-cooled motors will likely be more
French type specification identification, which is as
assertive in weight horsepower ratio beyond the 400-horse-
follows:
power type. Difficulty will be experienced in decreasing
the resistence of the greater horsepower motors. The Pursuit:
logical type to develop in water-cooled motors is one Monoplace pursuit for high altitudes, C.l.
weighing 2 pounds per horsepower and producing 450 Monoplace pursuit for low altitudes, c.l.
horsepower of the V type, capable of an endurance of a Pursuit and reconnaissance :
couple hundred hours. This is the type the French are Biplace pursuit or reconnaissance, C.Ap.2.
trying to develop at present. ' Bi.place pursuit and night reconnaissance,
The short life of motors between overhaul is one of the A.An.2.
disadvantages incidental to all the various water-cooled Observation:
engines which the French hope to offset in a large measure. Biplace, C. A., and divisional, A.2.
To realize this, they have instituted a motor competition Biplace, C. A., and divisional, Ad.2.
for the design and development of a 450 horsepower engine Armored biplace for divisional squadrons, Ab.2.
that will have a life of 240 hours. They are offering a Bombardment:
prize of 2,000,000 francs for the best motor designed Biplace, day bombardment, long dis tance,
embodying these characteristics. When this type has Bp.2 .
been perfected, it can be easily adapted to their pursuit Biplace bombardment or attack, BS.2.
and bombardment types, either with or without super- Triplace of protection for the day bombard-
chargers. ment, Bpr.3.
The characteristics of the Renault 600-horsepower Biplace, lightly loaded for day bombardment
engine are as follows: and combat, Bn.2.
Cylinders: 12. Bore and stroke: 160 by 180. Multiplace, heavily loaded, night bombard-
Cylinder displacement: 43. Leaders : 41('). ment, long dietance, Bn.4.
Compression ratio: ·5.3. Colonial.
 40
Available motors for military aricraft.

Type. Horse· Weight Type of airplane.

Sup ply . power. (in ponnds).

20 ................ ·- . . ...... . . .. . .. - 450 815

~~gJ}~~~~n~o~::::::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : . 800 1,330 CAn.2 .
~e!ntl .. :::: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Hispano ....... ... .... .... . ... . ... . .. . . 300 450 B p.~.
_ 10 on order ..... . .......... ... .. . . ...... . Hispano with Rateau ............... . . 275-300 500 C.l, c.l, C.Ap.2, Bpr.3.
1 in study .. ..... ... .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . ... .. - Hispano cannon ...................... . 400--450
1,000 .... ... . .. .... . .. . . . · ·· · · ... . . . · .. · · Liberty .... . ...... . ..... . ..... .. . . ... . 370-400 600 A.2, BS.2 .
Long series ....... . . ...... - .. - -- - - --- - - - Lorraine . . .. . ...... .. .. . .. . . .. .. . 270 420 CAn.2, A .2, BN.2.
700 .. ... ... ... .. . .. .. .. .... -.. -.•. -. - .. · · ... do .. .. . . .. . ........ .... . . .. .. . . ... . 370 600 CAn .2, A .2, B S.2, B N .2.
1 building .......... . ..... . .. . - L orraine with gears sep arate .. . .. . ... . 370 680 BN .2, BN.4.
l experiment al. .. .... .. .•.... .. .. .. . .. . Lorraine ............ . 500 760 CAn. 2, A.2 .
200 ... ·-· ... . ................. -.. -. - -... · Panhard, geared . ..... .. ............ .. . 330- 350 675
l experimental. .... . . .. ..... .. . ...... . Panh ard . ... .... . .... .. ........ . .. .. . . 500 850 C.l, c.l , C.Ap.2, CA.n .2.
Do ........... .. . . .............. . .. . do ......................... . ...... . 500 825 B S.2.
Do ........... . . . . ..• . . ... . • . . . . . ... do ...................... . .. . ..... . . 600 1, 000 C.1, c.l , C.Ap.2, CA.n.2, B S.2.
Do .... ... . . . ..... . ... . ... .. . ... . . . 500 825 A .2, BS.2.
L ong series ... .. .... .. . . .. . ....... ... . . . ,:~1~1t-.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.
Renault with Rateau ..... .. ...... .. . .
280-300
280-300
510
570
CAn .2, A.2.
C.l , c.l , Bpr.3.
For stud y. __ .... . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . ........ Renault with reduction gears separate . 570 ·· ···-··- ·- - BN.2, BN.4.
900 . .. . .............. . .. . .... . . .. . ...... Renault .... . .. .. . .. .. ...... . .. .. ..... . 380--450 720 A.2.
4 on order........... . ........... .. . . ... Renault w ith Ratean ....... .. . .. . .. . . 380-150 810 C. 1, c.l, Bp.2, C.Ap.2.
1 in stud y . .. .... __ . . .. __ . __ .. ........ .. Renault with reduction gears . .. .. . .. . . 380--450 -- - --- - - ---- BN .2, BN.4.
10 experimental. .... . . .. ...... . .. . .. .. . Renault .... . .. .. . . .. . .... .. . .. .... ... . 550---600 940 C.J, c. l , C.Ap.2, CA.n.2, A .2.
1 being studied...... . .. . . .. . ........... R enault with Rateau .... .. .. . ..... . . . 550---600 1,020 C.1 , c. l , B p.2, CA.p.2, Bpr .3.
Long series. ........ ............. ... . .. . Salm~on ..... ......... . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . 230-260 385 CAn .2, A .2.
25 . . .. .. ..... . .. . .. . .................... . .. . . do ............ . .. . .... ..... .. ..... . 460-550 -······ · -··· C.l, c. l , C.Ap.2.
130 190 B S.2.
200 270
Long series, rotary .......• .. . . ... . . • ... · {;me:·:·;;;~\\\~~~ \: \~~\:\:~:~:\:~:~~\ ~ 120 175
170 200

HANGARS. Air Service expects to construct. These hangars will be

entirely of concrete construction with the internal truss.
Hangars and hangar construction can well be considered They are of the crown type with sloping sides and wi th
under a discussion of French aeronautics, since that huge concrete abutments. They are designed so as to re-
country has e-xamples of every type of hangars that are to sist the effect of possible bombardment fro.m the air.
be found in Europe. Some of these are distinctly German These hangars will have a free space of 150 feet and are
but have become the property of France through the terms 1,000 feet in length. They constitute an enormous proj-
of the treaty of Versailles. ect, representing the expenditure of a huge sum of money,
Five huge hangars have been constructed a t Le Bourget, and are conclusive evidence of the faith that the F rench
on the outskirts of Paris, which are intended to house the have in the future of military and commercial aeronautics.
huge military and commercial airplanes of to-morrow. A free space is prov ided around these hangars so as to
They will be used immediately as a part of the equip- obviate as far a6 possible the danger of fire and to limit the
ment of the Paris air port. amount of damage in case of explosion from any cause
These huge structures are 125 feet wide by 250 feet long whatever. The hydrogen plants, -ivhich are of permanent
and are built of concrete and steel. The floors and hangar construction, are also isolated and far from any of the more
wall bases are of concrete and the main structure is built important buildings.
of steel trussing with main frames pin-j ointed to the hangar The hangars occupied by the French bombardment regi-
ba6e. The doors are of the overlapping pan el type and are ment at Neustadt constitute an interesting study. This
electrically operated. When the doors are entirely opened airdrome was constructed and occupied by the Germans
the total floor area consumed, due to the overlapping of all during the war. The hangars are not high enough but are
the door panels, is not any greater than one door panel. well constructed throughout. The construction is of con-
The doors are very thick and are of steel truss structure crete with concrete floors. Most important is their unique
mounted on huge truck wheels. These engag_e with a heating system . Underground hot-air pipes empty into
track running parallel with the face of the h angar and are several floor vents about 6 inches in diameter located about
guided at the top by rails and wheel guides. Careful every 25 feet. They are practically underneath the stall
attention ha6 been paid to reduction of the rolling friction space that would ordinarily be occupied by an average
to a minimum , and these doors have been found very easy machine. These holes are flush with the floor sur face and
to open an<;l close. can b e covered with ventilated cover plates.
The heating of these h angars will be by a hot-air system, In cold weather little hot-air stoves can be installed
and the intention is to keep the hangars at a temperature over each of these holes to allow better diffusion of heat.
about 10° above that outside. On each side of the h angars Keeping the mechanicians warm greatly increases their
small storerooms and workshops h ave been built. er.iciency. Flexible Greenfield type duralumin hose is
The lighting system is very unique. It is effected also provided in all these hangars in different lengths to
principally by skylights that have been incorporated in allow heat to be carried to the individual machines at
the construction. These h angars are constructed to be night. The motor compartments are thus supplied with
permanent. Many others are to be constructed in addition hot air from th e outlet vents in the fl oor. The idea is to
to those already begun. keep the oil in the motor compartment from congealing
Another type is the new dirigible h angers that are being during cold weather and to facili_tate starting. No interfer-
built at Orly to house the large dirigibles that the French ence with the passage or location of the !Ilachines in tb e
 41
hangars is occasioned on account of these installations. five soldering wires, the inlet and outlet collector ring,
This indiv idual piping of hot air to the machines at night and the two annular circuiting rings. Samples of the ele-
in cold weather was the only instance that was noticed in ments in their various stages of manufacture were procured
any of the hangars abroad. in order to furnish our engineering division with first-
Zeppelin hangars are being transported from Germany hand information as to the actual problem in the manufac-
to France and to Italy and are being installed at Cuers and ture as well as the facility of repair. These have already
Cianpiano. At Staaken, just outside of Berlin, a steel been forwarded to the chief of the enginee ring division.
Zeppelin hangar is being dismantled for shipment to They are nested in felt-lined cradles and are mounted
F rance. The doors of this huge h angar are of the semicir- singly or in pairs in boxes for transportation. These
cul ar panel type , opening in an arc. radiators cost about $100 apiece in France.
The airplane hangars occupied by the French along the
French-German frontier in the temporarily occupied EX-GERMAN ·zEPPELIN "L-72."
zone where hangars were not already existing are of the The L -72 was surrendered by th e Germans to the
Bessoneau type. These are the well-known type with French under the terms of the treaty. It is fully assem-
d emountable wood frame and canvas covering. However, bled in the hangar at Cuers. It is supported by blocks
several airdromes which are now occupied by the French all along the frame. Parts of th e motors have b een re-
were formerly occupied by the Germans, and hangars of moved from the nacelles and all are well blocked to take
semipermanent and permanent construction are found. th e weight off the fram e. The spares are well stored in
We can very well take a lesson from the experiences of rooms along the side of the hangar and are receiving good
the Allies as to methods of hangar and door construction, care.
heating and lighting. Door suspension and handling are The great ship was thoroughly inspected and we were
vital to the life of a hangar , and it is essential that they impressed mostly by the lightness of her construction and
be capable of being opened and closed easily and quickly the perfection of the d etail. H er frame is all built of
to permit ingress and egress of machines under all weather triangular truss construction. She h as a keel that runs
conditions with the use of a minimum numb er of men. from one end to the other inside h er envelope that is some-
what similar to the keel in th e Roma but inverted. Of
LAMBLIN RADIATORS.
course it is not flexible . This keel is the support to which
The Lamblin type radiator is being used in France on the cat walk and all the tanks, ballast, compartments,
practically all the latest types of airplanes. A great deal etc. , are a ttached.
of foreign criticism has been directed at this type of radia- Tke L 72 bas b een renamed ·the Di.cmude by the French.
tor on account of the apparent difficulties -0f manufacture. Sh e is 227 meters long and 24 meters wide. Sh e has a
The difficulty of making repairs, of mounting and of radius of action of 18,000 kilometers at 50 kilometers per
transporting, have also been criticized. hour, or will carry 7 tons of bombs for 12 or 15 hours at the
The primary reason advanced for the use of this type sam e speed . H er normal crew is 5 offi cers and 25 men.
of radiator is the simplicity and ease with which it can be Her officers are a commanding officer, three watch officers,
placed in a free:air position apart from the fuselage or and one officer m echanic. Plenty of sleeping quarters
wings. Most installations have been und erneath the are provided and a fairly comfortable room for the officers
fuselage and in the landing gears. However, others have and another for the commanding officer is built inside h er
mounted them on the sides of the fuselage and on the envelope. No provieion is made to cook food aboard.
bottom wing. This radiator minimizes the parasite This ship was built primarily to carry a load of bombs
head resistance required for cooling the motor. The for a short distance at a great altitude . The tail surfaces
best installation is the one used on the Nieuport 29, and are all internally braced but have a few wires on the
claims have been advanced that the fine performance and outside as well for additional strength. She is motored
speed characteristics of this airplane are attributable in no with six Maybacb motors of 245 horsepower, placed one
small measure to the low resistance of the Lamblin cool- in a rear nacelle underneath and in the middle, two pairs
ing system. The French Air Service has placed orders of two each along the sides and one immediately in the
for 200 of the Nieuport 29 single-seaters with Lamblin rear of th e navigating cabin which is the middle of the
radiator installations, which is significant of their faith ship in front. Th() fron t and rear motors turn 890 and
in the merits and serviceability of this type. the others 1,600 revolutions per minute.
The radiator mounting on the Nieuport 29 is .of the twin The French reported that th e ship was all ready to be
support type and allows for ease of demountability in the used with t he exception of th e balloonets . These the
fields. Some designers stated th at th e Lamb1in radiator French do not have. As it will require 200,000 cows to
aids them in balancing their machines on account of the get the gold beater skins to make them , the L- 72 will
simple nature of the mounting required and the ease of likely be out of commission for some time.
moving the position of the radiator. The acquisition of the L-72 has been a good thing for
The radiator in itself is rather expensive to construct. the French, for they have learned much from it that will
It consists of about 100 elements. The manufacturers be of great value in their lighter-than-air development.
stated that there were approximately 4,500 operations in
FRENCH METEOROLOGICAL PILOT BALLOONS.
the completed radiator and that all the radiator elements
are alike and interchangeable. The radiator elements The French are using a simple device which is not
allow a very high degree of expansion and are said to hold only accurate but which saves considerable time in the
up very well under freezing conditions. The elements inflation of their pilot balloons. This is merely a loaded
can be readily detached in the field by unfastening brass spring valve constructed so that one end of the
 42
valve fit,, into the throat of the pilot balloon and the other immediately forward of the wings. The radiator is located
end into the hose of the h ydrogen cylinder. The valve in the front end of the fuselage . The machine will weigh
is so constructed that it can be weighted with sand or 850 kilograms empty and 1,250 kilograms fully loaded.
shot to the exact degree of buoyancy that the pilot balloon Surface loading will be approximately 80 kilograms per
should have . The balloon is slightly overinflated and square meter.
then the string placed on the valve. Gas is released until The main vertical drive shaft to the helicoplanes proper
the balloon is in equilibrium and then the balloon is tied terminates in the landing gear fork support and the ver-
and th e valve withdrawn. This simple device saves tical drive shaft housing alone forms the main support
time. for the planes ·proper. Small counterbalancing ailerons
P ESCARA HELICOPTER AND HELICOPLANE. are fitted at t he extremities of the helicoplanes. Eleva-
tor, stabilizer, and rudder are mounted in conventional
Mr. Pescara has done a great amount of work to perfect fashion. The tail skid is really an extra strut to the
a helicopter, and recently won the prize offered by the landing gear proper to keep the propeller away from
French technical section for the construction of a h eli- ground interference.
copter that would lift i t,,elf and pilot from t he ground a In order to glide to earth in case the motor stops, Mr.
distance of at least 1 meter and return to earth without P escara claims that by varying the pitch of these helico-
mishap . planes and allowing them to be free to move they will
More recently Mr. P escara has been devoting his ener-
revolve in opposite directions while gliding without power
gies to the production of a machine embodying the prin-
and thus increase the gliding distance appreciably. H e
c iples of both a h elicopter and an airplane which he has
styled a helicoplane. He stated that h e had already claimed this would have practically the same effect as
received an ord er from t he French Government to proceed cutting down the loading to less than half of what it is
with the construction . with fixed planes.
This machine has upper and lower wings revolving,in Mr. Pescara is prepared to bring this machine to the
opposite directions. They are connected through gearing United States under contract and guarantee it,, demon-
and clutches to a 300-horsepower engine situated ·i =e- stration in a closed circuit und er full control. Details of
diately back of the wings in the fuselage. This motor is this arrangement can be procured from J ohn M. Jahill,
also connected through a clutch to a pusher propellor 334 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Mr. Jahill is :tlfr.
mounted at t he rear end of the fuselage. The pilot sit,, Pescara's American representative .

~-
IT ALY.

43
 , ,
RESUME OF ITALIAN AERONAUTICAL ACTIVITIES.

· Italy has had little incentive for th e developme r_t of I 1 umber and types, active service, army, per 1,000,
many new types of plan.es or motors since the war due are as follows:
to th e huge accumulation of war supplies on hand. Pursuit:
The Italian Air Service h as salvaged or othern,i se Spad VII .... _____ ________ ____ _ 96
disposed of the greater part of h er old airplanes, but she Hamiot .. _____ . . _. _. . .. .. . .... _. 144
has over 11,700 spare engines on haud, most of which Balilla ..... . .. . ............. . .. . 24
have never been used, and with these figures always before Bombardment:
th em it is very difficult to convince th e legislative bodies Fiat BR .. ___ _..... _._._ . . ... . . . 24
I
of the Government or the directors of the big industrial Caproni 3 ...... . . _......... _.... . 16
plants of th e advisability of spending additional money Observation:
for new engines. Tlie result is that all designers of Samson . . . . ____ .... _ . . ... .. . ... . 84
both new <XJmm.ercial and mili taIJ - t Jpes of wpJanes are SYA. . - - - - - . - - - . . • . - . .• •. .. . . . - - 66
striv i ng to creat e, and b av e cr eated , b etter airp1aue~ R2 . ..... - - - . - _....... - - _. _..... . 12
built up around the engines developed during the war. School:
These engines have been in some cases considerably Aviatik .... . ..................... 200
i mprnved sin ce the armistice by slight m odi fica tions. Types above in same proportion . . 334
This is wh ere Germany is more fortunate, from an aero-
nautical point of view, than any of the Allies, for having Total.. . _.. -... -... _. . . . . . . . . . . 1, 000
loaded all her obselete material upon the latter, she is Number and type, active service, in navy , a1·e as fol-
free to direct all her studies, designs, experiments, and lows:
available money toward new constructions. Pursuit: M 7 . .. _...... . __ ... _. . .. . . . 40
During the calendar year 1921 the following machines Observation:
S ,13 ........... _____ .. . .. . . . .... . 30
were produced:
Military machines manufactured for M9 .. . ......... . ............... . 50
Italian Army .. . .. _... _.......... . 56 Bombardment: Caproni 5 ...... _.. _. _ 4
Nav al seaplanes manufactured for Ital- Total. . _...... __ ... ___ . _. .. _.. . 124
ian Navy . . .. . ........ . . ..... _.... . 94 Under orders for construction for the army:
Commercial types produced ... . .. . _. _ 60 Marchetti. ....... __ ......... . ...... . 12
The 56 military machines were as follows: Macchi ...... . ...... _. ___ .. _. _._ . . .. . 12
Fiat BR, 700 horsepower, ___ ... . .. _. 39 Ansaldo A 300. _ . _.. _ . . ..... _. .. .. _. 12
Macchi M 16 type ..... . ...... . ...... _ 12
Caproni 450 (modified) ... _.. . .... . .. . 2
Miscellaneous._ ... __ . _. _..... . ..... . 5
Stiavelli ... . ... . .. ______ . __ . ..... . .. . 2
Total. .. . ........... . .... . .... . 56 Under orders for construction for th e navy:
The 94 naval machines, all seaplanes, were as follows: S 12,bis . . ...... ______ . _. _. _.. . . .. .. . 10
Macchi M 7 .. . _ . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . .. 50
S 23 . . ..... . . . ... ·-· _. _____ .. _. . .. . . . 2
Macchi M 18 .. . .. _. _. ... . .... .. .... . 20
Savoia S 13 ........ _. . . _.... __ . _____ _ S 25 ........ . ........... _. _. __ . _... _. 2
18
Savoia S 12 .... _. ________ . _. _....... _ 2 Military types of machines built under war orders are
Rl bis (3 IFV 6 motors) ...... . .. . . . . 2 being used in both the army and navy. Service squadrons
PRB (4 IFV 6 motors now being will not be equipped with machines developed and
changed to 4 Fiat A 12 bis motors) . . 2 constructed since the war prior to 1923. A few experi-
Total. __ ... _. _.... __ ... . ..... . 94 mental types are constructed periodically as developed.
The commercial types constructed were as follows: If the types are found satisfactory at the experimental
M 18 (seaplane) . .. _--· .. _........ . ... 6 field and after a period of actual service with the experi-
S 16 (seaplane) ..... _...... . . ... . . .. . 15 mental squadrons designated to give a service test to new
S 21 (seaplane) .. _....... _. .. . _.. ____ 2 types, they will be put into production to replace the old
S 22 (seaplane) . _______ ..... . ........ 2- material. The first object will be to replace French types
S 23 (seaplane)._._._... . . . .... . . . ... 2 by new Italian types. ,
Fiat type R. _ .. _. ___... _. _. __ .. . ___ 4 During the present year a special effort will be made
Ansaldo A 200 .. _. ____ . ___ __ ... .... _ 2 to develop new military airplanes and engines in order to
Ansaldo A 250 ... _...... .. . .. . . . _.. _ 2 begin to equip the squadrons with new equipment during
Ansaldo A 300, A 300 C, A 300 T. _ . . . 20 1923 .
Breda triplane._ . ___ ..... . ......... . 1 Aeronautical technical research and development are
Ricci R 9 ...... ____ ............ . ... . 2 being systematically carried out by the Institute of
Gabardini training machine ...... . .. . _ 2 Experiment~! Aeronautics, by the Lighter-than-Air
Total. . _... -. _. .... .. .. . . - - - - - - 60 Constructing Establishment, by the Aerial Armament
(45)
 46
Service, and by the Royal Polytechnic of Turin. The I another consideration which retards the adoption of metai
work of the latter p lace consists principally of aero- construction.
d ynamic studies. The Italians have always been noted for their wonderful
The experiments and studies made at the Institute of woodworkers and woodworking facilities. The character-
Experimental Aeronautics are obtained b y our i:nilitary istic type of construction adopted and used in the Ansaldo,
attache, translated, and forwarded to Washington. Many Savoia, Macchi, and S. V. A. types are wonderful examples
of the studies made there are very important, especially of wood craftsmanship and design .
those made b y Colonel Crocco. Description and designs The tendency of future I talian types as d esigned to meet
of the principal instruments used in t heir aerodynamic their latest specifications will mean an absolu tely uew
experiments, which were reported to the Engineering order of machines, d esigned and constructed under these
Division of our Air Service, should be very valuable . new projects with desired performances, which, if realized,
The Lighter-than-Air Constructing Establishment has will by far eclipse all their present and previous types.
carried out interesting ex periments with dirigibles, obser-
vation balloons, free balloons, and parachutes. The direc- SE A.PLANE S.

tor gave us copies of reports 011 'their most interesting Their seaplane designs are particularly up to date, and
studies and developments, which have been translated each successive type represents an advantage in refine-
and forwarded. ment over its pred ecessor. They have not done much
The static test methods adopted by the Italians for test- work in d evelopment of multimotored flying boats outside
i11g out their aircraft have an embodiment of assumptions of the new twin-motored tandem Savoia type and the
which are essentially different as regards the ultimate P. R. B. 1 four-motored tandem type. The only multi-
strengths required b y aircraft under different flight load motored bombardment types they have really d eveloped
conditions. A cop y in Italian of these standard test to date are the Oaproni.
methods has been prncured and is now being translated.
However, a later and revised edition is now being prepared THICK- WING AIRPLANE CONSTRUCTION.
by the Italian Technical Experimental Institute and on
completion of compilation will be tendered to our military No airplanes have been ·constructed of the thick-wing
attache in Rome. construction. Mr. P egna has been d esigning an eight-
engine seaplane of this type and has b een receiving tech-
l\'!ETA.L CONSTRUCTION. nical assistance from the Experimental Institute.

Mr. Dornier, of the Zeppelin Co. at Friedrichshaufe n, i ENGINES.

intends to open up an airplane factory in Pisa and carry

The Anzani Co. is the only one in Italy that has actively
on the construction of his all-duralumin t ypes of aircraft
constructed radial air•cooled engines. This firm has,
for Italian military and commercial purposes. This will,
however, made no improvements of interest. Their types
no doubt, have a strong tendency to re vive interest and
90 and 110, of 95 horsepower and 116 horsepower, re-
turn the trend of design toward all-metal construction in
spectively, are the most powerful that have been con-
Italy . Italy has clone very little with metal construction.
structed by this firm . These motors have given very
The only all-metal airplane in Italy to-day has been the
satisfactory service in school machines. It is reported
Marchetti, which employs high alloy steel tubing for its
that the Breda Co. is experimenting with a small type
basic construction. Their principal drawback for develop-
radial air-cooled engine. · So far no information has been
ment in all-metal construction since the war has been
given out concerning the experiment. It is of 60 horse-
lack of funds for experimental purposes, with subsequent
power approximately.
reduced personnel and the lack of suitable materials.
The adoption of the 300-horsepower Hispano-Suiza
In all new t ypes steel is being almost entirely used for
engines for their latest pursuit-work development and
the following parts: Interplane struts; undercarriage
also in other ty pes equipped with superchargers, if pro-
struts: axles and practically the entire undercarriage:
curable, although they have not developed any of these
fuselage vertical struts and practically the entire frame-
. work of the fuselage except the longerons, which are of to date, will give them pursuit airplanes equal to Fr~nch
and English prototypes.
wood . The wing construction, spars, and ribs are entirely
of wood. It is believed that the next stage of new construc- ARMAMENT.
tion in Italy will be the use of metal wing spars and the
second stage will be t he use of metal longerons in the fuse- The Aerial Armam ent Service has been carrying out
lage construction. Some of . the best engineers in Italy systematic studies for the development of an efficient
believe that a combination of wood and metal is the best aerial.gas bomb. These studies are considered secret, and
for airplane construction. This is not the opinion, naturally no d etailed information is given out concerning
however, of the E xperimental Institute. There, it is th e results. In approaching the chief of th e Aerial Arma-
believed that in the near future the best airplane will ment Service on this matter the following general infor-
be all-metal. Due to the lack of minerals in Italy, the mation was obtained:
adoption of metal construction will naturally advance (a) The object in view is to d evelop a bomb with the
slowly. Very little practical use has ever been made of gas compressed to 100 atmospheres.
duralumin in Italy and steel is therefore being used at (b ) To obtain a bomb that is not to explode on impact,
present for the metal parts. The Italians are also naturally but to permit a gradual escape of the highly compressed
much better wood workers than metal workers and this is gas or gases.
 47
The Aerial Armament Service has also recently mad e been completed. The Government has not yet given
experiments with an aerial bomb with long-delay fuses the order to be6in work due to lack of funds by the air
developed by General Giampietro. The fuses of thes" service. Its characteristics are as follows:
bombs can be set for different bursting times, the maximum Type: Semirigid , Roma type.
being SL"'I: hours. These bombs are to be transported b y Volume : 46 ,000 cubic meters. (Roma, 34,000 cubic
airplanes and dropped over a selected zone, such as an meters).
industrial center; for example, the zone thus being sub- Power plant: 10 SPA 6-A motors , each of 200 horse-
jected to explosions for six hours. At the end of five or power.
six hours the zone will be bombarded again, thus keeping Speed: Maximum llO kilometers per hour; cruis-
it continually subjected to explosions. The moral effect ing speed , about 90 kilometers per hour.
of such bombs in an industrial center would be very great. Range: 7,000 to 8,000 kilometers.
The fuse is reported to have worked satisfactorily at all Passengers : 30 to 40 comfortably; there will be
settings up to six hours in the practical experiments carried four cabins, each 5 meters long.
out. General Giampietro stated t.hat Japanese agents One hundred and twenty thousand cubic meter semirigid
were trying to purchase this type of fuse . dirigible.- Engineer Usuelli, the designer of the Roma,
has just completed all the plans and detailed drawings for
FLYING BOMB, ITALIAN.
his new dirigible of 120,000 cubic m eters . He is trying to
One of the most interesting things in bomb construction interest the Italian Air Service in this matter in order to
was an aerial torpedo bomb of about 12 kilograms that was have the prelirninar:y work well under way in order to
designed for operation against distant objects, to h e construct the dirigible in one of the large hangars obtained
dropped from an airplane at a height of 1,500 meters. It by Italy from Germany, which is expected to be erected
is about 10 inches in diameter and about 5 feet in length. at Ciampino in the near future. The Italian Govern-
Its wing span is approximately 41 feet with a dihedral of ment has as yet made no definite decision in this matter.
about 3°. The wings are braced in 'Warren truss fashion. He showed General Mitchell a concise description of this
It is the concussion type of bomb, carrying the charge in type with its characteristics and cost of construction.
the nose. Directly behind the charge is a small compressed- Experiments on dirigible rudders and elevators.-One of
air chamber. The compressed air actuates a gyro the O type semirigid dirigibles (3 ,600 cubic meters ) at
which maintains the stability of the bomb by holding Ciampi.no has had the rear part of its envelope made rigid ,
the rudd er in place. The elevator is set to maintain the and the elevators and rudders have been attached directly
correct gliding angle and then to dive vertically. This to this tail stiffening instead of being placed under the
is done by connecting the elevator to a cam which is rear part of the envelope, as has been the practice hereto-
revolved slowly by the action of a prnpeller on the tail of fore in dirigible construction in Italy. The tail planes
the bomb. This propeller, of course, is actuated by the have been attached in a manner very similar to that
reaction afforded by the movement of the bomb through employed in the Zeppelins. Experiments with this
the air. The wing area of this bomb is about 8 feet. This modified O type have been carried out.
bomb can be used for bombing objectives at a distance of Maximum speed has been increased from 91 to 96 kilo-
approximately 12 kilometers, thus giving the airplane or meters per hour and b etter results are expected. From
dirigible dropping the bombs that point of ad·vantage in the results obtained it is safe to state that this system of
distance against defensive antiaircraft fire from the objec- tail planes and rudders will be adopted in all future diri-
tive to be bombed. It has been tried out by the Italian gible construction in Italy.
Air Service with satisfactory results.
NEW DIRIGIBLES.
ITALIAN TYPE SPECIFICATIONS.

One · thousand one hundred cubic meter semi-rigui dirigi- The Italians are not building planes in large numb ers
ble.-This new type is being developed primarily as a at the present time. They have mad e a careful study of
preliminary training ship for dirigible pilots and second- the aeronautical problem and have drawn up type speci-
arily for coastal reconnaissance duty in time of war and for fications for their various types of plan es.
pleasure and touring in time of peace. One of this type For three months or more a board of aeronautical engi-
is practically completed and will be seen a! Ciampino. neers (army and civilian) have been drawing up the
Its characteristics are: characteristics to be required of new military types to be
Type: Semirigid, with perfect continuous keel. produced during 1922 and to be put in service in 1923.
Volume: 1,100 cubic meters. The types are the following:
Power plant: Two 6-cylinder, 35 horsepower An- Night bombardment.
zani, radial, air-cooled engines. Day bombardment.
Speed: 75 to 80 kilometers per hour. Ground attack or battle airplane.
Endurance : 10 hours with one motor ; 5 hours with Tactical reconnaissance.
two motors. Strategical reconnaisan ce.
Crew: 2. Day pursuit.
Passengers: 2 to 3. Night pursuit.
Cost: 160,000 lire, or $8,000. The required characteristics of each of these types have
New 46,000 cubic meter dirigible.- The plans and de- just been obtained. They are of interest and value and
tailed drawings for this new dirigible (semirigid) have are attached hereto.
 48
NIGH'r BOMBARDME ' T MACHINE. (d) Instruments: Same as for night bombardment
machine.
(a) Crew: Two pilots. Dual control. Posts tor two
(e) Bombs: Normal load of bombs not less than 340
pilots seated side by side and must have excellent visi-
kilograms. The bombs to be arranged, if possible, inside
bility. Two mechanic machine gunners.
the machine. The installations must be capable of carry-
(b) Armament: Two groups of Fiat machine guns with
ing at least 500 kilograms of bombs (for short bombing
1 000 rounds of ammunition for forward and rear defense.
trips) . · In this latter case the normal load of fuel is under-
One machine gun for firing downward.
stood to be decreased proportionally. The installations
(c) Installations: Fixed accessories for installing radio
must be capable of carrying at least two different types
equipment (receiving and transmitting). Navigating
of bombs.
lights; device for illuminating the ground when landing;
(f) Endurance: Normal load of oil and gasoline sufficient
internal lighting system for reading the instruments.
for a flight of five hours at a speed of ,240 kilometers per
(d) Instruments: Oil and gasoline manometers (if the
hour at an altitude of 3,000 meters, with machine complete
tanks are not of the gravity type, altimeter, tachometer, with crew, armament, installations, and bombs.
aerothermometer (for the radiators), speed indicator (g) Maximum velocity: With machine fully loaded and
either Pitot or Venturi tube, compass, clock, incli- at an altitude of 2,000 meters the maximum speed· must
nometer, and map holder. not be less than 260 kilometers per hour.
(e) Bombs: One thousand kilograms of bombs. The (h) Minimum velocity: Minimum velocity must not
installation must be capable of carrying two different exceed 90 kilometers per hour at 500 meters with entire
types of bombs. It must be possible to cany two large crew, fuel sufficient for one hour's flight and without
bombs weighing 500 kilograms each. bombs.
(f) Endurance: Normal load of oil and gasoline sufficient (i) Climb: Three thousand meters in not over 15
for a flight of 4 hours and 30 minutes at a speed of 140 minutes, with machine fully loaded.
kilometers per hour, and at an altitude of 1,000 meters, (j) Coefficient of safety in the static test: The coefficient
with machine complete with crew, armament, installa- of safety in the static test with respect to conditions of a
tions and bombs. The tanks must be capable of holding full normal load, must not be inferior to 11. In every case
suffidient oil and gasoline for a flight of seven h ours at a this test must fulfill the rules prescribed by the Institute
speed of 140 kilometers per hour at a height of 1,000 of Experimental Aeronautics for carrying out the static
meters. In this latter case the load of bombs will be tests, due account being taken of the characteristics of
decreased in proportion to the increase in the normal the machine .
load of fuel. (k) Preference conditions: Under the same conditions,
(g) Maximum velocity: With machine fully loaded and preference will be given to multiengined machines.
at an altitude of 2,400 meters the maximum speed must Having the engines fitted with mufflers will be a preference
not be less than 150 kilometers per hour. condition also.
(h) Minimum velocity: Minimum velocity must not
exceed 75 kilometers per hour at 500 meters with a full GROUND ATTACK OR BATTLE MACHINE.
load of crew, arms, instruments, installations, and suf- (a) Crew: One pilot and one machine gunner; machine
ficient fuel for one hour's flight, but minus the load of with dual control.
bombs. (b) Armament: Two fixed machine guns in front for
(i) Climb: Two thousand meters in not over 18 minutes firing forward and one pair in the rear for rear fire, and
with the machine fully loaded. (A machine is understood device for firing downward. Aggregate weight of machine
to be fully loaded when it ca1Ties the entire crew, arms, guns and ammunition, 200 kilograms at least.
munitions, various installations, and instruments com- (c) Installations: Fixed accessories for installing a
plete, the normal load of bombs, and the normal load of camera. In the event of a camera installation, the weight
oil and gasoline. ) of bombs decreases in proportion.
(j) Engines: The machine must be multiengined and (d) Instruments: Same as for night bombardment
equipped with mufflers; the motors must be accessible machine less compass.
for the mechanics during flight. (e) Bombs : Normal load of bombs, 100 kilograms.
(k) Coefficient of safety in the static test: The coef- (f) Endur.;tnce: Load of oil and gasoline sufficient for a
ficient of safety in the static test with respect to conditions flight of 2 hours and 30 minutes at a speed of 130 kilometers
of a full normal load must not be inferior to 6.5. In every per hour and at an altitude of 500 meters, with machine
case this test must fulfill the rules prescribed by the complete with crew, armament, and bombs.
Institute of Experimental Aeronautics for carrying out (g) Maximum velocity: With machine fully loaded
the static tests, due account being taken of the character- and at an altitude of 500 meters the maximum speed must
istics of the machine. not be less than 140 kilometers per hour.
(h) Minimum velocity: Minimum velocity must not
DAY BOMBARDME NT MACHINE.
exceed 70 kilometers per hour at 500 meters with a full
(a) Crew: Dual control; the pilots are seated side by complement of crew, fuel for 30 minutes' flight, but with-
side; one machine gunner. out bombs.
(b) Armament: One pair Fiat ma<::hine guns for rear (i) Climb: Two-thousand-five-hundred meters in not
firing, with large firing sector and an allowance of 1,000 over 30 minutes with machine fully loaded.
rounds of ammunition; one fixed machine gun. (j) Armor: A special armor for protecting the pilot, the
(c) Installations: Fixed accessories for installing radio machine gunner, the engine, the gasoline and oil tanks
equipment (receiving and transmitting) and camera. and the radiator.
 49
(k) Cellule and fuselage: Elements of the cellule and (g) Minimum velocity: Minimum velocity must not
fuselage must .be of metal except wing spars and fuselage exceed 100 kilometers per hour at a)00 meters, with full
longerons. crew, installations, and armament complete, and fu el for
(1) Coefficient of safety in the static test : The coefficient one hom·'s flight.
of safety in the static test with respect to conditions of a (h ) Climb: Five thousand meters in not over 30 min-
full normal load must not be inferior to 7. In every case utes with machine fully loaded.
this test must fulfill the rul es prescribed by the Institute (i ) Coefficient of safety in the static test: The coefficient
of Experimental Aeronautics for carrying out the static of safety in the static test with respect to conditions of
tests, due account being taken of the characteristics of the a full normal load must not be inferior to ll.5. In every
machine. case this test must fulfill the rules prescribed by the In-
stitute of Experimental Aeronautics for carrying out the
1\ 1.CTIC ..\.L RECONNAISSANCE MA CHINE.
static tests, clue account being taken of the characteristics
(a) Crew : One pilot, one observer, and one machine of the machine.
gunner. Machine is equipped with dual control.
DAY PURSUIT MACHINE.
(b) Armament: One pair Fiat machine guns for rear
fi re with large firing section and an allowance of 1,000 (a) Crew: Monoplace machine.
rounds of a=unition. (b) Armament: Two Vickers machine guns for forward
(c) Installations: Fixed accessories for radiotelegraphic fire with an allowance of 1,000 rounds of ammunition.
and radiotelephonic receiving and transmitting plants, (c) Installation: Device which permits the flight com-
and for two cameras; navigating lights; device for illuminat- mander to transmit orders; and one camera.
in:s the ground on landing; and interior illumination for ( cl) Endurance : Load of oil and gasoline sufficient for
reading the instruments. a flight of three hours at a speed of 250 kilometers per
(d) Instruments: Same as for night bombardment hour at an altitude of 4,500 meters with machine com-
machines. plete with crew, armament, and installations. Fireproof
(e) Endurance : Load of gasoline and oil sufficient for tanks.
a flight of three hours at a speed of 180 kilometers per hour (e) Instruments: Same as for night bombardment ma-
and at an altitude of 2,000 meters, with machine complete chine, less compass.
with crew, armament, and installations. (f) Maximum velocity: With machine fully loaded and
(f) Maximum velocity: With machine fully loaded and at an altitude of 2,000 meters the maximum speed must
at an altitude of 3,000 meters the maximum speed must not be less than 270 kilometers per hour.
not be less than 190 kilometers per hour. (g) Minimum velocity : Minimum velocity must not
(g) Minimum velocity: Minimum velocity must not exceed llO kilometers per hour at 500 meters with full
I
exceed 90 kilometers per hour with full complement of armament and installations, and fu el for 30 minutes' fli ght.
crew, machine gun with 500 rounds of ammunition, rndio- (h ) Climb: Five thousand meters in 15 minutes with
telegraphic and radiotelephonic equipment, photographic machine fully loaded.
machine complete, and fu el for one hour's flight. (i ) Coefficient of safety i.u static test: The coefficient
(h) Climb: Three .thousand meters in not over 20 min- of safety in the static test with respect to conditions of a
utes with machine fully loaded. full normal load must not be inferior to 12. In every case
(i) Coefficient of safety in the static test: The coefficient this test must fulfill the rules prescribed by the Institute
of safety in the static test with respect to conditions of a of Experimental Aeronautics for carrying out the static
full normal load must not be inferior to 9. In every case tests, clue account being taken of the characteristics of
this test must fulfill the rules prescribed by the Institute the machine.
of Experimental Aeronautics for carrying out the static NIGHT PURSUIT MA CHINE . ·
tests, due account being taken of the characteristics of
the machine. (a) Crew: Mon oplace machine. Visibility must be
excellent.
STRATEGICAL RECONNAISSANCE MACHI1'/E.
(b) Armament: Two Vickers machine guns for forward
(a) Crew: One pilot and one machine gunner. fire with an allowance of l ,000 rounds of ammunition.
(b) Armament: One machine gun for forward fire and (c) Installations: Devic~ for illuminating the ground
one for rear fire. on landing ; navigating lights; internal lighting system
(c) Installations: Fixed accessories for installing two for reading the instruments.
cameras and for a radiotelegraphic plant. (cl) Exhaust and muffler: A device for hiding the
(d) Instruments: Same as for night bombardment ofare of the exhaust· a muffler. The pilot must be able to
machine. ~pen up the exhaust when desired.
(e) Endurance: Load of gasoline and oil sufficient for (e) Instruments: Same as· for night bombardment
a flight of five hours at a speed of 230 k-ilometers per hour machine , less compass.
at an altitude of 3,000 meters, with machine complete (f) Visibility: The pilot 's seat must give excellent visi-
with crew, armament, and installations. bility for the particular employment for which the machine
, (f) Max;imum velocity: With machine fully loaded and is destined as well as for maneuvering for a landing .
at an altitude of 3,000 meters the maximum speed must (g) Endurance: Load of oil and gasoline sufficient for
not be less than 250 kilometers per hour. a flight of four hours at a speed of 150 kilometers per hour,
14799-23- -4
 ·50
and at an altitude of 3,500 meters with machine complete , vapor lamps while withstanding various pressures of gas.
with crew , armament , and installations. - I This mercury vapor light is supposed to be· a ·more severe
(h ) Maximum velocity : With machine fully load ed , test than ordinary sunlight. Any number of method·s
and at an altitude of 2,000 meters th e maximum speed must , are being used to d etermine the amount of leakage of gas
1
not be less than 160 kilometers p er hour. through the fabric and the Italians have done a great deal
(i) Minimum veloci ty: Minimum velocity must not I of work in the perfecting of rubberized gas bags.
exceed 60 kilometers p er hour at 500 m eters with com- : The usual fac ilities had been installed for testing
plete armament and installations, and fue l for one hour 's 1 metals, and most of the work being done along this line
fl igh t. was in conjunction with steel t ubes to be used in di.Tigible
(j) Clim b : Five thousand meters in not over 25 minutes · frames.
with machine fu lly loaded. , It is interesting to note that most of the ex perime lltal
(k ) Coeffic ient of safety in the static test : The coeffi- work being doue with dirigible shapes contemplates both
cient of safety in the static test with resp ect to conditions ! the nose and tail of the ship being constrtLctecl with a
of a full normal load must not be inferior to 8. In every framework as a part of the flexible keel. All control
case this test must fu lfi ll the rules prescribe! by th·e sm faces were internally braced. The engines were all
Institu te of E x perimental Aeronau tics for carrying out 1 mounted on outriggers and all fuel was kept out of the
the static tests, clu e account being taken of t he character- main cabin.
istics of the m achine . Some interesting d evelopment work has been done with
ITALIAN EXPERIMENTAL STATION. parachutes, not only of the single-man type but parachutes
to drop b askets from k ite balloons.. 'rhere is nothing new
The Italian Experimental Stati,on , und er th e direction or novel about any of their parachutes, but there was a
of Colonel Verclu zio, is located on th e ou tskirts of Rome. rather clever dev ice to release th e parachute from the bas-
It is a fairl y well-equipped station for aeronautical ex- ket or man as soon as it strikes the ground.
perimental and research work. However , its activities Mu ch attention is being given to seaplane developmen t ,
were necessarily curtailed by t h e finan cial condit ions and any numb er of tests were be ing conducted in a large
existing throughout Italy . Compai:atively little work model bas.in, 600 meters long by 3 meters wide. A third-
was being clone , but the subjects which are of greatest rail system h andles th e model and d evices are prov ided
interest to Italy were being in vesti.gatecl as far as the for p rocuring accu rate readings.
available funds would permit. Rather interesting results have been obtained with a
The Crocco wind t unn el, which is universally known , is wh irling arm mounted over a tank of water.
housed in this .institute. ',fhe Crocco t unnel is of the One of the most interesting development~ of the Italian
closed circuit type, driven by a 17-blad ed wind screw at techni c.11 section was the Italian flying bomb , or the
t he rate of 450 revolutions p er minute . A 150-horsepower " Teleo ·, bomb, as it was called . Th.is is adequately
engin e is th e source of po,ver. This tunnel is suffi ciently d escribed in th e " Resume of Italian Aeronautical Activi-
well known to make fu rth er description unn ecessary. ties. "
The institute also houses t hree small-scale tunnels They also had an .interesting target airplane which is
which have been constructed for instructional purposes. fully described under the appropriate headi.ng.
The most .interesting device for studying a.i.r flow was The activities of the Italian aeronautical section show
on~ which was being tried out in an end eavor to be able that ~he personnel is working hard and conscientiously
to actuall y see the disturbance of. air behind a surface. to d evelop new equipment and to improve their present
They hope to achieve this by means of a long telescope machines, but the lack of financial support is evident
and an electric spark jumping across a gap. Some degree and the entire establishment gives the impression of being
o[ success had been achieved. but considerable ",ork practically abandoned .
remained to be done. This d evi ce was can,full y inspected,
but in i ts present stage of d evelopment d oes not warrant ITALIAN DIRIGIBLE.
greater descrip tion. Their altitud e chamb er offered
noth ing novel. Mr. Usuelli has proj ected a dirigible known as the T- 120,
The Italians, of course, are most interested in lighter- of 120,000 cubic meters, the designing of which has prac-
than-air machines and this branch of aviation is receiving ticall y been completed .
the bulk of attention. Exhaustive tests are being condu ct- The endurance of the T- 120 will exceed 15,000 kilo-
ed on the proper stream lining for dirigible shapes, cars, meters. Such an endurance is attainable with the f_u.11
0

engine nacelles,.surfaces, keeis; etc. Th ese are conducted nav igating equipment and a useful load of 100 passengers
both in the wing tunnel and in the tanks. Right in line an d relative baggage. The cruising speed will be 90
with this development, considerab le work was being done k ilometers per hour, to attain whi.ch only one-half of th e
to determine the strength of fabrics. Tests were b eing eng.i..ne power is used. There is, therefore. a reserve
conducted to determine the breaking strength and the ga" engine power of 100 per cent. Tt running under full power
pressure und er which i t would fa.i.l. Any number ot the ai.rsh.i.p would h ave a speed of 120 k ilometers per hour.
tests were being conducted to determine the permeability of This power is subdivided into eight engine nacelles with
t he fab ric by ex posur e to the weath er wh en th e fabric was double engine and double propeller. The engines are of
under constant gas pressure. 0 ther permeability tests were 250 horsepo wer. Unlike the dirigible Roma , the engin e
being cond ucted to d etermine th e effect. of the ch emicals .nacelles in th e T-120 are suspended by cables; that is to
in the gas on the texture of the fabric and its permeability say , they consist of a suspended car of a penetrating form
when subjected to tests under high-powered mercury with a rigid bri.dge and gangway .
 51
The commander's cabin is located in the prow and has the top planes only. Four-bladed propellers of their
a splendid field of visibility. Next to it is the passengers' own manufacture are used. Adequate provision is made
cabin which is divided by a wide corridor. Armchairs everywhere for inspection. In front of the pilot is a single
or beds may be easily installed. The nose and stern are cockpit for the navigator or the gunner. Provision is
rigid . The rudders and elevators which are of mono- made to transform their ships into bombers by the addi-
plane type are fastened to the keel by internal bracing. tion of bomb racks on the underside of the wings
This tail is markedly superior to the one on the Roma.
SAV OIA S-13.
The keel is triangular.
The airship can b e v ery readily transformed into a war This machine has b een adopted for reconnaissance work
type for bombardment work at great distances. If t his by the Italian Navy.
was desired , th e passengers' cabins could b e replaced by The bottom and sides of the boat up to t h e water line
a distributed load of 10 tons of bombs or aerial torpedoes. and also the bulkhead are constructed by placing t he
With full war equip~~nt t his airship couid easily attain struts of the engine bed diametrically.
an altitude of 5,000 meters. The tail surfaces with internal controls h ave been lo-
This ship is t he semirigid type with a keel running from cated much high er and the bottom of the rudd er has been
bow to stern. Both bow and stern are rigid. Three round , covered with sheet m etal to avoid injury in the water.
steel tubes are welded into ball-and-socket joints at each This machine will. have the Hispano-Suiza 300-horse-
end to form the units used to construct the ship. These power engine substituted for its present Isotta power plant.
are then used in length s of 5 to 10 meters each to form a Spain has recently ordered 12 more of this type, as sh e
great triangular keel. Superimposed above this triangular has had a great d eal of satisfactory service with them in
frame are other m embers w hich continue the sides of the Morocco.
triangle up to t he envelope. Characteristics of the S-1 3 are as follows:
The gas is carried in numerous compartments as is Span: 11.08 meters.
standard practice wi th semirigids. The envelope is held Length: . 8.99 meters.
in shape by air pressure . Height: 3.16 meters.
With their intimate knowledge of semirigids and their Motor, Hispano-Suiza: 300 horsepower.
expertness with fabric , the Italian could turn this ship Area: 40.60 square meters.
out in a very creditable way and it would b e a valuable Weight, empty: 1,000 kilograms.
addition to the aeronautical equipment of any nation. Useful load: 400 kilograms.
Total weight: 1,400 kilograms.
SAVOIA FLYING BOATS.
Load per square meter: 34 kilograms.
The Savoia Co. are the best seaplane and flying boat Velocity : 200 kilometers per hour.
constructors in Italy. Their interpretation of hull c_on- Chord of upper wing: 1.90 m eters.
struction evidences marked superiority of design and Chord of lower wing: 1.55 meters.
craftsmanship and entitles t h em to rank high among the Tail span: 5 meters.
world 's best air-boat constructors. Their seaplanes are Hull length: 8.49 meters.
also very good , and t h e p erformances attained with their
SAVOIA S-16 BIS.
different models have b een comparable with b est results
attained anyw here. This is an improvement over the original S-16. The
In their hull construction they employ walnut longe- tail surfaces have been raised and the area has been in-
rons , ash ribs, and poplar ven eer covering. The work- creased. The lower wing~ have been given lateral dihe-
manship is excellent and t h e care exercised in the detail dral in order to obtain greater lateral stability. Ailerons
work is remarkable. Their wings do not differ from other are fitted to the lower wing only. The attachments of the
wings in design or construction. However , the fin is built wing floats to the bottom wing have been simplified and
integral with t he aft end of the hull and is very thick to reduced in number so as to cut down head resistance.
provide a good mounting base for the empennage proper. This machine carries six passengers, including the pilot.
The tail control countershaft is located in the fin. The It has a range of 600 kilometers. The first of these ma-
entire tail plane , which is gen erally very wobbly on flying chines have been purchased by Spain. Characteristics
boats, in this case i s very rigid. An interesting feature in of this type are as follows:
their tail plane construction is the way the two spars in Span: 15.50 meters.
the stabilizer are supported by one steel tube brace. To Total length: 9.97 meters.
the usual steel tube which runs from the fuselage to the
Total height: 3.67 meters.
rear spar i s welded another tube in Y fashion to support Motor, Fiat A- 12 bis: 300 horsepower.
the front spars. This provides a rigid brace for both long-
Total area: 59.15 s.quare meters.
erons without the nece.ssary addition of a second tube.
Weight, empty: 1,700 kilograms.
This idea could be utilized on all planes.
Useful load: 750 kilograms.
The enaine is mounted in su ch a way that four struts
can be re~oved and then the engine and entire mounting Total weight: 2,450 kilograms.
structure removed in short order. The engine mounting Load per square meter : 42 kilograms.
is very simple and permits great accessibility to the engine. Maximum speed: 170 kilometers per hour.
The gas tanks in all Savoia models are su_spended from the. Chord of upper wing: 2.20 meters.
engine mounting. Chord of lower wing: 1.85 meters.
They employ nose radiators in all of. their types. The Hull length: 9. 39 meters.
hull bottom·s are all concave. Ailerons are provided on Tail span ; 3.80 meters.
 52
SA\TOIA S- 19. SAVO!.'.. S- 2~.

This is the racing type that was especially constructed This machine is constructed along the same lines as
for the Schneider cup race. It is one of their standard the S -22 , but is much larger and intended principally for
flying boat types equipped with the 450 horsepower An- civilian use. Two motors are installed in tandem. The
saldo-San Giorgio engine. Speed of t he machine is 238 machine is of the two-bay wing-truss type and will ac-
kilometers per hour. The company is reserving this type commodate approximately 10 to 12 passe ngers. The first
for some future race and it has been impossible to obtain machine has been completed and its speed is 170 kilo-
characteristic data on that account. meters per hour. It is expected to attain a speed of
approximately 150 kilometers per hour with one engine.
S.'.. VOIA S- 22.
This machine has a biplane tail. The passe ngers are
This machine is a twin-motored, tandem job, equipped totally inclosed in the hull , while the pilot and mechanic
with two l sotta 250-horsepower e ngines. are placed forward.
Speed: 225 kilometers p er hour. Characteristics of this machine are as follows:
Ceiling: 6,000 meters. Span: 19 meters.
Endurance: 4 hours. Length, over all: 13.30 meters.
Total weight: 2,500 kilograms. Tota l height: 4.75 m eters.
Weight, empty: 1,600 kilograms. Motor, Fiat A-12 bis : 300 horsepower.
Useful load: 900 kilogra ms. Total area: 98.75 square meters.
Span: 13.50 meters. Weight, empty: 2,600 kilograms.
Length: 10.78 meters. Useful load: 1,600 kilograms.
Height: 3.52 meters. Total weight: 4,200 kilograms.
Coefficient of safety : 8. Surface load: 43 kilograms per square meter.
Velocity: 170 kilometers per hour.
SAVOIA S- 21. Chord of upper wing: 2.8 meters.
Speed: 280 kilometers per h our. Chord of lower wing: 2.56 meters.
Motor, Ausaldo: 300 horsepower. Span of tail: 4 meters.
Ceiling: 5,000 meters. The Savoia firm has recently acquired the services of
Endurance: l ! hours. Mr. Marchetti and will construct 12 Marchetti land pursuit
Total weight: 900 kilograms. airplanes for the Italian Air Servi ce. No examples of
Weight, empty: 70 kilograms. this machine have been constructed other than the two
Useful load: 200 kilograms. officially tested out by the Army Air Service in 1919.
Span: 7.69 meters. This machine was credited with a speed of 270 kilometers
Length: 7.62 meters. per hour.
H eight: 2.64 meters. MACr,HJ SEAPLANES.
Coefficient of safety: 11. The Macchi Co. is one of the most ex pert seaplane
This machine is one of the latest speed jobs which they construction companies in the world. The d esign , crafts-
have constructed and tested. manship , and pedormance of their product are excellent.
SA VOltl S- 23 .
The engineers of the Macchi Co . are now stud ying a
new, bimotored , torpedo-carrying seaplane for the Italian
Span: 12.440 meters. Navy. No definite information could be secured in
H eight: 3.230 meters. reference to this model other than it would have the
Length: 9.990 meters. conventional Warren wing truss used b y the Macchi Co. ,
Passenger capacity: 2. and the parabolic, concave V bottom that characterizes
Motor, I sotta: 160 horsepower. all th eir machines. The motor mount will be of the truss
Area: 43 .39 square meters. type and it will have a nose radiator.
vVeight, empty: 1,143.9 kilograms. Their la.st new machine was the Macchi 19, or M-19, as
Total weight, loaded: 1,385 kilograms. it is familiarly called. This was a biplane seaplane
Load per square meter: 31 kilograms. powered with a 700 Fiat motor.
Hours of flight: 2t hours. The Macchi Seaplane Co . h as a very interesting little ,
Velocity, minimum: 75 kilometers per hour. two-seater sport type seaplane , powered with a three-
Velocity, maximum: 155 kilometers per hour. cylinder Anzani engine of 30 horsepower.
This is a type of school machine. It has a supporting The total area is: 11.3 square meters.
area slightly inferior to the S - 13 . It is very strongly Weight, empty: 160 kilogram s.
built. The boat is covered , as are all the other Savoia Useful load: 100 kilograms. ·
types, with veneer planking. The small auxiliary wing Total weight: 260 kilograms.
floats are of veneer also. Ailerons are fitted to the lower The useful load is mad e up of:
wings only. The tail surfaces are of the raised type and Pilot: 70 kilograms.
have internal controls. It is equipped with a four-bladed Fuel: 30 kilograms.
propeller. Its flying qualities have been pronounced very Span: 6 meters.
excellent for instructional purposes. It has a marked Length: 4.22 meters.
degree of responsiveness to controls. Twenty-five of these H eight: ~. 12 meters.
have been purchased by Spain. Velocity, maximum : 130 kilometers per hour.
 53
Landing speed: 4 kilom eters pe r hour. Climb to 3.000 meters: 19 minutes.
Load factor of safety : 12. Clim b to 4 ,000 meters : 30 minutes , 30 seconds.
Range: 420 kilometers. Climb to 5.000 meters: 50 minutes.
Climb to 1,000 meters: 9 minu tes. This machine has not heen executed in up-to-date
Climb to 2,000 meters: 22 minu tes 40 seconds. fashion and does not represe nt t h e last word in construc-
Climb to 3,000 meters: 40 minutes 45 seconds. t ion. Accessibility, maintenance, and replacem ents on
Climb to 4,000 meters : 1 hour 30 minutes. this type haYe not been ver y well t hough t out.
The Macchi Co . is building qu ite a numb er of th ese The Macchi firm has recently sold four of t h eir old M-7
machines for distribution to th e Italian squadrons for machines to Sweden.
acrobatic and practice fl ying work.
Our Navy has recently purchased some of t his type, THE ITALIAN SEAPLANE P. R. B. 1.
which are at Anacostia. It is claimed th at t his t ype is One of the most in teresting seaplan es designed and
very economical for keeping t h e pilots in flying trim . built in Italy. representing a d eparture from the conven-
The Macchi Co. is very well equipped to carry out tional , was the P.R. B. l. It was d esigned by Mr. P egna.
fl ying boat construction and is specially noted for th eir
It is a fonx-motored machine employing t h e Fiat 300-
hull conetruction . They are now constructing a number horsepower engine.
of N-1 8 school flying boat type m achines for th e Italian Principal characteristics are as fo llows:
Navy . ' Span: 3.40 meters.
Characteristics of t his machine J:lre as follows: Chord: 3.50 meters.
Span: 15.80 meters. Gap: 4 meters.
Length: 9. 75 meters. Tail surface: 18 squ are meters .
Total height: 3.25 meters. }fobile surface : 6 square meters.
Motor, 6-cylincler Isotta: 250 horsepower. Total height: 6.60 m eters.
Area : 45 sq uare meters. Total length: 18 meters .
Weight, empty: 1,000 kilograms . Width of hull. maximum: 2.81 meters .
Useful load: 250 kilograms. Height of hull. maximum: 2.60 meters.
Total weight: J.,250 kilograms. Length of wi ng floats: 3.50 meters.
The useful load is made up as follows: Width of ,,·i1tg floats: 0.70 meter.
Pilot and student: 150 kilograms. Heigh t of wing floats: 0. 70 meter.
Fuel. 2J hours: 95 kilograms. Weight. empty: 5.200 kilograms.
Instruments : 5 kilograms. Total we ight: 8,200 ki lograms.
Factor of safety : 10 . Useful load: 3.000 kilograms.
.\faximum 'v elocity : JGO kilometers per hom. Total horsepow·er: 1.040 .
.\Ii nimum speed: 80 kilometers per hom. Weight p er horsepow er : 7.88 kilograms.
Range: 350 kilometers. Weight per sq uare meter: 39.61 kilograms.
1Iaximum speed. fo lly loaded: 170 kilom eters per
)fACCHI- 'l:[ - 15.
hour.
The Italian Army Air Ser vice has recently ordered from Economical speed : 150 kilometers per hour.
the Macchi firm 12 M- 15 two-place land machines for Landing speed: 80 kilometers per h our .
reconnaissance purposes. This is o[ the single-fuselage This machine is ieatured by i ts tandem Fiat engines
type. nose radiator, powered with Fiat A-12 his, 300- mounted on t h e lower wing. They permit ready acces-
horsepower engine, and with Warren t russ wings. sibility during fligh t or while on the wate1· and the installa-
Characteristics of this machine are as follows: tion h as permitted consid erable cleaning up of the wings.
Span: 13.475 meters. It has none of the conventional type of supermotor
Length. over all: 8.570 meters. stru cture .
Height: 3.300 meters. Th e boat hull is constructed entirely of veneer with t h e
.\rea: 42 sq uare meters. usual concave bottom. The horizontal smfaces are ad-
Weight. empty: 1,125 kilograms. justable during Hight. Very close attention has been
Useful load : 510 kilograms. given in th is job to stre::tmlining wherever possib le. Even
Total weight: 1,635 kilograms. the wire terminal fittings and fastenings are streamlined.
Load is made up as follows : Photogr~phs of this machine are availab le at McCook
Pilot and observer: 150 kilograms. Field.
Fuel for t hree hours: 225 kilograms. This machine has consid erabl e weight. but according
Three machine guns : 45 kilograms. to the d esigner it can be lightened in future jobs. It
Ammunition : 25 kilograms. would be very well adapted for t h e installation of fom
Photographic apparatus: 35 kilograms. Liberties wit h out any appreciable increase in power
Radio and electrical installation : 25 kilograms . plant weight inasmuch as the Fiat .A- 12, 300-horsepower
Instruments: 5 kilograms . engines weigh approximately t h e same as t h e Liberty 12
Velocity: 200 kilometers p er hour. with 100 horsepower less .
F actor of safety: 9. This is the only four-motored seaplane built in Italy to
Range: 600 kilometers . elate .
Clim b to 1,000 m eters: 4 minutes, 40 seconds. According to Mr. Pegna, setting the motors low on t h e
Climb to 2,000 meters: 10 minutes 45, seconds. wi ng did not give any trouble from water being sucked
 54
up into the propeller zone, owing to the peculiar concave
Lubrication syste m: Forced feed.
shape of the bottom of the boat. A chine guard base has
Ignition system: 2 magnetos with 6 spark plugs.
been added , being attached on the bottom of th e hull
Number of spark plugs for each cylinder: 2.
along the chine so as to neutralize as much as possible the
Numb er of valves per cylinder: 4.
chine wave spume. This spume is always evident with
the V bottom type hulls . Number of carbmetors: 4.
R einarks .- Th e weights are to be allowed 5 per cent
The hull is entirely devoid of bulkhead construction
plus tolerance. The propeller is applied directly on the
and the internal bracing is effected by the addition of
crank shaft with left-handed rotation and may be ~ither
steel tubing. The bottom bracing from the step forward tractor or pusher.
is of wood pieces, employing the Pratt truss. The ends
Further discussion of this engine is not necessary, as
of the rib stations use wires for their bracing.
it is-an old type and abundance of information is in our
The gasoline tanks are located on the upper wing. This files.
is a radical departure from ordinary seaplane fuel tank
FIA'l' A 14.
adaptations and it minimizes the fire hazard to a marked
degree.
This motor is the famou s 700-horsepower 12-cylinder
The interpretation of this machine as a ;vhol e is a Fiat engine which has been used with their B. R. and
departure from the conventional with distinct advantages. A. R. F. types of planes as well as theil· large passenger-
The streamlining, accessibility, and very e~onomical carrying model. It is also used in the Fiat racer that
power plant mounting are commendable. The detail Brack Papa flew in the French airplane cup race last year.
construction in the hull is to be criticized , but as a whol e Power, maximum, at 1,700 revolutions per ininute:
th e general outlines and general arrangemen t of the 750 horsepower.
machine are ex cell en t.
Power, average, at l ,650 revolu tions per ininute :
685 horsepower.
FIAT PLANES AND MOTORS.
Power, guaranteed, at l ;650 revolutions per ininute :
The Fiat Co. was one of the companies in Italy that 625 horsepower.
had a huge amount of war stock on haI1C! at the cessation Normal speed: 1,650 revolutions per ininute.
of hostili ties. They have attempted to dispose of this Maximum speed: 1,700 revolu tions per ininute.
material to the best advantage and do a little development Average speed of piston: 10. 8 meters per second.
work at the same time. Their most interesting motors Number of cylinders: 12.
and machines are described below. Stroke: 210 millimeters.
Cylinder bore: 170 millimeters.
l'IAT ENGIN E TYPE A 12 BIS.
Ratio of compressions ~
v+v : 4.5..
The characteristics of the famous Fiat A 12 bis, six- ·
cylinder engine are as follows: Average pressure : 6.7 eff. atmospheres.
Power, maximum, at 1,700 revolutions per minute: Total weight when empty: 730 kilograms.
340 horsepower. Total weight including water: 760 kilograms.
Power, average, at 1,600 revolutions per minute: Approximative total wei gh t with water and radi-
304 hornepower. ator: 845 kilograms.
Power, guaranteed, at 1,600 revolutions per minute: Weight per horsepower with engine empty: 0.970
265 horsepower. kilogram.
Normal speed: 1,700 revolutions per minute. Weight per horsepower ,vith water and raclia•tor:
Maximum speed: 1,800 revolutions per minute. 1.13 kilograms.
Average speed of piston: 9.6 meters per second. Petro] consumption per horsepower hour-
Number of cylinders: 6. Guaranteed: 0.235 kilogram.
Cylinder bore: 160 inillimeters. Average: 0.220 kilogram.
Stroke : 180 Inillimeters. Oil consumption per l10rsepowe1· hour-
R atio
. of compress10n
. V+v
~ : 4.7.
Guaranteed: 0.030 kilogram.
Average: 0.022 kilogram.
Average pressure: 7.6 eff. atmospheres. Lubrication system: forced feed.
Total weight, empty: 385 kilograms. I gnition system: 4 magnetos with 12 spark plugs.
Total weight including water: 400 kilograms. Number of spark plugs for each cylinder: 4.
Approximative total weight with water and radi- Number of valves per cylinder: 4.
ator: 442 kilograms. Number of carburetors: 4.
Weight per hornepower with engine empty: 1.15 R emarks. - The weights are to be allowed 5 per cent
kilogrnms. plus tolerance. The propeller is applied directly on the
Weight per horsepower with water and radiator: crank shaft with left-handed 1·otation aud may be either
1.30 kilograms. tTactor or pusher.
Petrol consumption per horsepower hour-
Guaranteed: 0.235 kilogram. FIAT ENGINE A 15 R.
Average: 0.220 kilogram.
Oil consumption per hornepowe1· hour- Fiat engine A 15 R , 400 horsepower, 12-cylinder, is of
Guaranteed: 0.025 kilogram, the geared-down type and is apparently very clean in
Average; 0.0115 kilogram , appearance. Photographs of this motor will be found
in our fil es . . ·
 55
Characteristics of this motor are as fol lows: Weight per horsepower , engin e wi th water a nd
Power, normal: 400 horse power . radiato r : 0.89 kilogram .
Power, maximum: 425 horsepower. Petrol consumption p er h orsep ower h our-
Propeller. normal speed: 1,500 revolu tions p er Guaranteed: 0.240 kilogram.
minute. Average: 0.220 h logram.
"\umber of cylind ers : 12 . Oil co nsump tion p er horse power hour-
Cylinder bore : 120 millimeters. G 11aranteecl : 0.030 kilogram .
Stroke: 150 millimeters . Average: 0.020 kilogram.
v+v
Ratio of compression , - v- : 5.5.
Lubrication sys tem : Forced feed .
Igni tion system: 2 mag netos with 9 spark plugs .
Average pressure : 7. 7. N um ber of spark plugs for each cylinder: 2.
(Eff. atm. kg/cm. 0 . ) Numb er o[ valves p er cylind er: 4.
Total weigh t when empty : 365 kilograms . Number of car bu retors: l.
Total w;eight including water: 385 kilograms. Nemarks .- Th e weights are to be allowed 5 per cent
Approximative total weight with water and radia- p lus tolerance. T h e propeller is applied directly on t h e
tor: 410 kilograms . crank shaft with left-handed rotation and may be ei ther
Weight per horsepo wer wi t h engine empty : 0.9 tractor or push er.
kilogram . FIAT Il. R .
Weight p er horsepower with water and radiator:
1.005 kilograms.
This machin e has the static factor of safety of 9. with
Petrol cons ump tion per horsepo\\·er hour- an inclin ation o[ 25 per cent and wit h dissymm etric
alternate loadings by l facto r. ·
Guaranteed: 0.240 kilogram.
Average:. 0.220 kilogram.
Oil consumption p er horsepo wer hom-
I Ch aract eristics are as follows :
Total weight of machine: 2,300 kilograms.
Usefnl load, including pilot, observer, arm ame nt,
Guaranteed: 0.025 kilogram.
Average: 0.01 2 ki.logram . bombs, gas and oil : 1,000 kilograms.
Lubrication system: Forred feed . (Although ] ,200 kilograms h ave b ee n carried. )
Ignit ion system: 2 magnetos wi t h J2 spark plugs. Total weigh t : 3,300 kilograms.
"\umber of spark plugs per cylinder: 2 . Normal load-
~ umber o[ val ves per cylind er: 4. Eq uipment: 150 kilogram s.
:\'umber of car buretors: 4 . Armame nt: 45 kilograms.
Hcmarks.- Th e weigh ts a re to be <·onsidered wi t h 5 Fuel fo r 3} h ours' fli gh t , made up of-
per cent pins tolerance. Th e propell er is ap plied on th e Oil: 60 kilograms.
speed-rednrer sha[t an d i ts rcJurtion ratio with t he rrank Gas : 370 kilograms.
shaft is of I : I .51. Dornbs: 370 kilogram s.
The propeller rotation is l eft-hand ed a nd t he propeller Performance "i th usefu l load of 1,000 kilograms-
may be a tractor or a pttsher. Speed at sea level: 253 kilometers p er hour.
The propell er shaft is drilled with with a hol e 58 mi lli- Speed at 1,000 meters: 245 kilometers per h our.
meters in diameter. thro ugh which can b e tired a machin e Speed at 2,000 m eters: 241 kilometers per h our.
gun or cannon . (The maximum speed attained b y this
FfA T E :-IG ! NE A 18 .
machin e at sea lev el has been up to 270
kilom ete rs per hour ; minimum , 99 kil o-
Th e Fiat engine A 18. 200 h orsepower , nin e-cylind er, meters p er hour. )
water-cooled type , has t h e fo llowing characteristics : . Span of wings: 15 .500 mete rs.
Power, maximum. at 2,000 revolutions per minute: Total length: 9.820 meters.
320 horsepower. Height: 3.800 meters.
Power, average , at 1,800 revol utions p er minu te: Chord: 2.35 meters.
300 horsepower. The B . R . is a monomotored p lane with fu selage and
Power , guaranteed , at 1.800 revo lutions p er minute: cellule biplane semirigid. It was designed abou t t he
300 horsepower. time t h e ,var ended for rapid , long-distance, clay bom-
Normal speed: 1,800 revolutions per minute . bardmen t work. This machin e , which has b een used for
·Maximum speed : 2,000 revolutions p er minu te. many months by the Italian s, has a static resistance and
Cylinder bore: 130 milli meters. ch aracteristics of fligh t which are remarkable.
Total weigh t wh en empty: 230 kilograms. T,Ving joi l. -The lower left wing, in comparison with
Average speed of piston: 9 meters per second . the right, is lon ger in order to correct t h e torqu e produced
Stroke: 150 millimeters. by the motor during flight . ·
. f . v+v 5 5 (Th e transversal V for lateral stability is 2° .)
R at10 o compression ~ : .. The upper p lanes are provided with compensated
Average pressure : 7 .7 eff/atmospheres. ailerons.
Total weigh t including water: 248 kilograms. The gravity tank is placed in th e ce nter section. The
Approximative total weigh t wi th water and radia- mounting of the wings is of the semirigid type, with rigid
tor: 285 kilograms . uprights in th e part n earest t h e fu selage and diagonals
Weight p er h orsepower with e11.gin e empty: 0.72 a nd counter-diagonal braces in t h e outer sections only .
kilogram . Th e wings are of con ventio~al stick and wire constru ction.
 56
Fuselage.- The fuselage has a mixed structure of wood for its predetermined gap incidence, etc. This charac-
(longerons, uprights, crosspieces) and steel (outer supports, teristic is important in consideration of the considerable
motor support, foot supports, etc. ). The covering is of -discrepancy caused by these variations at the high alti-
wood veneer except t h e lower part, which is covered with t udes at which pursuit planes operate. The completely
linen. The section is almost entirely rectangular. The rigid system, on~e well regulated , eliminates the series
forward part of the longerons are of oak, the back part of of continual revisions exacted b y cellules with diagonals.
spruce. Disassembly and assembly of the cellule are also easier.
The motor supports are of soft sh eet steel. The focusing of the incidence of the surface planes for
Th e disposition which is su ccessively encountered is: lateral equilibrium is possible by m eans of transversal
Propeller , radiator, motor, und er which is placed th e oil- crosspieces among the extreme uprigh ts, and variations
tank furnished with a radiator situated b elow th e lower of incidence are generally small and can be obtained
surface of the fuselage, vertical bomb rack, pressure gas without the use of special attachments at the ends of
tanks, pilots ' seat, observer 's seat furnished with a machine th e struts. Both top and lower planes have 1 ° dihedral.
gun for firing toward th e rear, bottle of compressed ail' With regard to construction material, they have pre-
for starting the motor , and th e empennage. served th e old tradi tion of the mixed system , which still
Empennage.-Th e emp ennage comprises a fixed fin , a seems to respond to fundamental demands of economy,
horizontal stabilizer, fixed , and a compensated rudd er lightness, resistance, lasting qualities, and ease of con-
and elevator. All the struct ure of the empennage is of struction.
wood with the exception of the bearing axes, th e hinges, Fuselage and accessories.-The fuselage also has a mixed
and the control levers . construction of wood /longerons, uprights, etc.) and metal
Jlfotor apparalus.- Th e motor apparatus comprises: On e (diagonals, fitting plates, motor mounting, different in-
aviation motor, Fiat A-14, 700 horsepower, ] ,650 revo- stallations, etc. ). The covering is of venee.r wood con-
lu tions per minute. struction. The maximum length of the fuselage from the
Bomb rack.- The airplan e is furnished with two bomb outer face of the radiator to the extremity of the tail is
racks , a vertical one in th e fuselage with a capacity of about 5 meters, while the maximum width in the principal
three bombs, 280 millimeters , 25 kilograms each; and a sections is about 85 centimeters.
bomb rack placed upon the lower wing for six '' Batignolle" In th e forward part of the fuselage is the motor mounting
bombs, three on each sid e of the fuselage. made of sheet-steel supports to facilitate easy mounting
FIAT C. R.
and demounting of the motor.
The machine is furnished with an oil radiator automati-
The Fiat Co. has recently laid out a new single-seater cally controlled.
pursuit airplane aro und the 300 horsepower engine. This The two machine guns are placed between the t wo vees
machine has the Warren truss type wing structure that of cylinders of the motor and have a mechanical synchroni-
is ordinarily characteristic of most Italian jobs. The zation gear. Tl1eir proximity to the pilot assures easy
fu selage constru ction is practically t he same as the BR, maneuverability of the lever which controls the extractor.
which has been described. The wind shield is placed so as to render aiming of the
This machine is equipped with a nose radiator. It has guns comfortable for the pilot and assures him perfect
not been built to elate , but the Fiat Co. hopes to build it
visibility either for com bat or for landing.
very soon for t h e Italian Air Service. which has on hand
The gas tank (for the time being a pressure tank ), placed
2,000 300-horsepower Hispano engines which they intend
beneath th e pilot, is provi<l ed with an ample release
to use very short ly in t heir n ew program in equipping all
m echanism controlled by the pilot, which permits him to
their future pursuit planes. The d escription of t his
free himself of gasoline very rapidly in case of fire.
machine is as follows:
They have begun the study of a landing gear with steel
Jfanujaclurers' description- cellule.-The cellule is bi-
springs and they hope that it 'will b e sup erior to the
plane and the two surface planes are joined together by an
ordinary '' sandow " susp ensions.
en tirely rigid struct ure which assures a high static resist-
Control surfaces.- They have, with the application of
ance , incleformability , anq a lower head resistance than
the ailerons in th e lower wings, realized the end of ha ving
that obtained with other cellul es of ordinary typ e.
all the control surfaces easy to be inspected even in the
Because of the special system of rigid moun ting adopted,
most d elicate parts of the hinges.
the lower wing is longer than th e upper. The ailerons
The rigid control obtained for the ailerons obviates the
are actuated hy a rigid tube control. Lit tle universal
use of cables. For the elevating planes and the rudd er,
joints are applied in th e control tube in order to rend er
control easier even during acrobatic evolutions . cable controls are provided.
The longer lower wing has also the ad vantage of lowering Motor. - The motor applied in this airplane is th e His-
the cen ter of gravity of the machine, bringing it nearer to pano-Suiza 300 horsepower.
the center of surface pressure (gen erally high ), in a manner Static characteristics.- The coefficient of safety of the
which assures easy guidance of the machine in all di- macl1ine, in hardest conditions with a load , is about] 2?,,
rections. It seems, besides, that the longer lower wing a figure estimated to be more than sufficien t for the most
assures a better control in fligh ts near th e ground , which perilous conditions conciliable with the physical resist-
natura lly facilitates landing. . ance of the pilot.
The triangular Warren. trusswork adop tecl is an advan- This coefficient has been calculated with a latitudP. of
tage in not being subjected to initial tensions of an y 2 coefficients more than would be necessary for the abso-
sort, and i t is unaffected by variations of temperature lute safety of the pursuit airplane.
 57
Characteristics: ventional Fiat wing and truss, nose radiator installation
Weight of airplane, empty: 740 kilograms. and characteristic Fiat detailed construction ~hroughout'.
(Gas, 150 kilograms.) The upper wing, however, is shorter than the lower win"
Useful load: 310 kilograms. and ail erons are fitted to the bottom wings only. Th;
(Oil , 25 kilograms; pilot, 75 kilograms; arms, pilot is seated between the two wings and directly beneath
60 kilograms.) th e upper wing. This makes the visibility overhead very
\\'eight of plane, fully loaded: 1,050 kilogram s. bad. The gasoline tank is si tuated und erneath the pilot.
?vfaximum wing span: 8.85 meters. This machine was designed to fulfill the specifications
}faximum length: 5.75 meters. for a two-seater fighter as prescrib ed in the Italian program .
Height: 2.45 meters.
Chord: 1.45 m eters. P I A'.l' A. R . I'.
Plane surface: 22 sq uare meters.
Load per square m eter: 47.7 kilograms. Characteristics are as follow s:
Weight per horsepower: 3.5 kilograms. Total weight: 4,700 kilograms.
Horsepower per sq uare meter: 13.fi. Weight, empty: 2,350 kilograms.
Moto1·, Hispano-Suiza: :300 horsepower. Usefu l load : 200 kilograms.
Estimated performance characteristics are as follows: Gas : 1,850 kilograms.
Speed at ground: 270 kilometers per hour. Oil: 300 kilograms.
Speed at 5,000 m eters: 260 kilometers per hour. Span of wings: 16.23 meters.
Climb to 5,000 meters : 15 minutes. Length: 10.126 m eters. '
Climb to 6,000 meters: 22 minutes. Heigh t: 3.700 meters.
Climb to 7,000 meters: :32 minutes. Speed: 250 kilometers per hour.
Flight endurance: 18 hours.
l' I AT HA CEH. Motor, Fiat: 700 horsepower.
This machine is practically a modifi cation of the famous
The Fiat racer is powerc<l with a 700-horsepowcr Fiat
Fiat B. R. and was made for trans-Atlantic fli,,ht0
or for
engine.
long-distance Hight of any nature up to about 18 hourn.
From all ou t\\·ard appearances it is Yerv conYentional
This machin e is very sturdy and is characterized principal-
in layou t and is of th e characteristic Fi;t type of co n-
ly by its robust structure in its entirety .
struction. The only mark ed departure lies in the radiator
The ailerons have the paddle co1.mterbalancing feature.
installat,i on. which is of th e ve1·tical fin type and extends
The fuselage is of the ve neer and wire truss type of con-
out from ' the fuselage in the trailing edge of the lower
stru ction.
\Vlng.
This machine hold s a record of speed on a 100-kilometer FI AT TWELVE-PASSENGER AIRP LANE.

course.
The exhaust pipes are so co nstrnded as to give them the The Fiat Co. has also designed and constrncted another
least resistance in fli ght possible. The load ~factor of safe- interesting type for carrying passengers. It is known as
ty for the wings is 15. The :rnsoline tank is located b etween the Fiat 12-passenger airplane. This machine has been
the pi lot and the engine and carries sufficient gas for one fu lly d escribed in periodicals and complete d escription
and one-half hou rs' flight. " was procured for our engineering division.
The t~il planes are along th e same lin es as in the H. R. It is geometrically similar to th e Fiat B. R . in its prin-
The load per square meter is approximately 65 kilo- cipal outlying characteristics and detailed design. ]t
gram s.
has the following dimensions and characteristics:
This machine attained a velocity of 299 kilometers per Weight, empty: 3,200 kilograms .
hour when Hying over the circuit in the race in France . Fuel and oil: 750 kilograms.
The company is now completing two other machines of Instruments and wireless equipment: 50 kilograms.
this type and states that they intend to d evelop a new Personnel : 150 kilograms.
type of reconnaissance plane and equip i t with an A 12 Total weight: 5,000 kilograms.
bis, 300-porsepower F iat engine . Passengers: 850 kilograms.
Factor of safety : 12. Motor: 700 horsepower.
Twenty-five per cent inclination with C. P. 31 to 40 Surface area: ] 25 sq uare meters.
per cent of <'hord. Factor of safet y : 8.
Area: 33 sq uare me ters. Normal flight end uran ce : 6 hours.
Diameter of propeller : 3.30 meter:,. Maximum flight endurance: 6 hours.
Total weight: 2,150 kilograms.
FIAT AUTOMATI C CA NNON.
Load per sq uare meter: 62 kilograms.
Pitch : 3.40 m eters.
D iameter, 25 m:illinuters.
Load per horsepower: 3.10 kilograms .
. R evolutions per minute : 1,500. Complete d escription of this 26-millimeter cannon is
FL\T A. R. S .
set forth in th e Fiat descriptive catalogue which has been
mailed to the Air Service Engineering Division .
The F iat Co. has d esigned a two-seater pursuit p lane It is now undergoing exhaustive tests by the Italian
,,·ith a 300-horsepower Uispano engine , 1 t has the co u- Air Service.
 58
Characteristics: quite sound and the machine actually flew. Mr. Caproni
Weight of gun: 45 kilograms. attributes the loss of the machine to the inability of the
Weight of projectile: 200 grams. pilot to und erstand the principles of the moment of in-
Weight of charge: 12.5 grams. ertia. The engine waP stalled and the machine dropped
Initial velocity: 440 meters per second. into the water with terrific force, breaking the hull. Mr.
(At mouth of gun.) Caproni believes that had the plane been left where it was
Pressure in breech: 2,000 atmospheres. that there were sufficient air-tight compartments to sustain
Rate of fire: 8 rounds per 2 seconds. it until repairs could be made, but the pilot attempted to
Maximum range: 4,000 meters. taxi the machine, which forced water into the hull, causing
Weight of shell container, empty: 1.85 kilograms. the plane to sink, which damaged it to such an extent
Weight of shell container, full: 4.45 kilograms. that repairs were impossible.
Mr. Caproni still believes that the theory of this type of
THE CAPRON! CO. construction is . correct, and h e iritends to g; ahead and
The Caproni Co. is probably the best known aero- construct another plane o! the same type, which will be
nautical company in Italy. Mr. Caproni, th.e head of the much smaller. He intends this to be able to carry about
firm, is the chief designer as well as the owner of the 50 tons. He is receiving some financial assistance from the
entire plant. Tne Caproni factory is located at Taliedo, Italian Government, and it is hoped that he may be able
about 3! miles out of Milan. It has excellent connections to carry out these experiments in order to ·d etermine the
with the city by both steam and electric lines. The relative value of this idea.
plant is large and well equipped for the production of air- The Caproni Co. has transformed a considerable number
planes in great quantities. "However, at the present time of their old triplanes into transports. These are all more
no work is being done on airplanes and the entire energy or less mediocre, of the old conventional orthodox con-
of the plant is being devoted to the manufacture of rail- struction . Caproni does not seem to be able to depart
way cars. from the stick and wood construction with its incident
The Caproni Co. has suffered severe financial losses head resistance. However, he is gradually cleaning up
since the war due to the sharp curtailment of orders that his machines.
were on hand , the failure of the great tandem triplane, and He has designed a _new three-motored machine with
the seizure of the factory by Bolsheviks. During the last twin fuselages and center nacelle. The motor mountings
winter the shortage of electrical power; caused by the are quite similar to his previous types. This machine
failure of ample rainfall in the Alps, forced rationing of has a wide track landing gear very similar to the gear on
current. and the Caproni plant could operate only three the American Martins. There is nothing remarkable
days in the week, and this has tended to further cripple about the machine, but it is indicative of a slight change
Caproni. in the Caproni types. It is interesting to note that Mr.
However, he has gone steadily ahead with his work Caproni built the first successful bimotored ships and has
and has design for three new types. He desires to con- continu ed to build them almost identical with his first
struct a new seaplane and a new airplane, each equipped job up to the present day, while his competitors have '
with four engines, and to agii,in try out his great tandem usurped his ideas and have d eveloped them far beyond
triplane seaplane. anything conceived by Caproni.
The Caproni triplane seaplane which failed was one of The characteristics of his new machines are:
the most daring attempts ever made in aeronautics. Mr. , Total weight: 4,100 kilograms.
Caproni carried out extensive experiments with this new Useful load: 1,800 kilograms.
tandem triplane at a cost of 3,500,000 lire. This re- Speed: 100 meters per hour.
presented practically his entire fortune . Interest in Ceiling: 3,000 m eters.
aviation had lagged to such an extent that an ordinary Power, Isottas: 380 horsepower.
success would not have been sufficient to put him Fuel for four hours.
on his feet, so h e determined on this radical venture, Crew: 3 men.
feeling assured that if he succeeded in flying the triplane Load: 1 ton of bombs.
and in carrying a tremei:idous load that it would be suf- Three view drawings of this latest machine have been
ficient to open a new era in type construction. He believed forwarded to the engineering division. This machine is
that he could utilize the planes that had been built for also being studied with a view to equipping it with 300-
his triplanes during the war and intended to stagger them horsepower engines, and it is quite probable that a small
in such a way that the air flow from the leading planes number of these ships will be ordered by the Italian
could be utilized to generate lift under the lower surfaces Government for night bombardment work.
of th e planes behind. To summarize the work of Caproni, one can state that he
His experimental work was necessarily more or less is still adhering to his stick and wire construction. His
meager and slipshod, inasmuch as the greatest secrecy wa,s ships still have the great head resistance incidental to his
maintained and the officials of the Italian Experimental type of plane and have no departures in design or in per-
Station could not be called in without divulging the nature formance. His one possible contribution at the present
of ·the work. H e was so su,re of success that he continued time may be with the tandem triplane. Not much hope
without governmental assistance until the machine was is h eld out for a sensational success with this particular
almost completed . machine, but it may be the means of procuring a great
His system of controls, position of planes, . methods of deal of valuable information as to the i1ti!izatiou of the
constn1ction, and many other features appeared to be energy in disturbed air.
 59
THE ANSALDO COMPANY. Speed at 1,000 meters: 195 kilometers per hour.
Climb to 1,000 meters: 7 minutes 20 seconds.
Th e AJ1saldo Co. is one of the most active aeronautical Climb to 2,000 meters: 10 minutes 20 seconds.
concerns in Italy. They are busy constructing several _Climb to 3,000 meters: 17 minutes 55 seconds.
machines for Italy and have negotiated good foreign sales Climb to 4,000 meters: 26 minutes 10 second s.
wh ich are directly in line with their d esires to build not Climb to 5,000 mete rs: 37 minutes 41 seconds.
only for military purposes but to establish commercial Ceiling : 7,000 meters.
markets as well. · ·
Load factor of safety of the wings: 8-}.
Machines of the A- 300 C type and of the ·Balilla type Load factor of the fu selage : 15.
have been sold to Belgium. Spain has purchased 30 of This machine with th e Fiat two-place job represents th e
the A-300 type for reconnaissance work and training. best existing Italia1rtwo-seaters, and the main reason the .
Spain is also negotiating at the present time for the pur- performance is not remarkable is that the Fiat engine .is
chase of some of the Balilla type. Rumania and Poland very heavy and underpowered for its weight. This
have bought some of the A-300 type. Some of the South machine would have a remarkable performance if it had
American Republics, including E cuador and Peru , are a power plant installation analogous to our Liberty 12.
negotiating for some of tl:te S. V. A. and A- 300 type.
New types are constantly being constructed by this ANS ALDO SCHOOL MA CHINE.
company, the obj ect b eing to increase the ultimate p er-
The Ansaldo Co . is completing the construction of a
formance and the weight carrying per horsepower, but
school airplane. The upper and lower wings have th e
utilizing for the present part of the large stock of left-over
same dimensions. There are ailerons on the lower wings
war motors of the Fiat, ! sot.ta, and Spa types.
only, as in the A-200 and the A-250;types. The wings and
struts are interchangeable. The landing gear is the usual
AN SALOO A 300-4 .
S. V . A. type, but much stronger. It is being equipped
The most notable Italian military type 1s the Ansaldo with a Colombo HO-horsepower engine. This motor is very
A 300- 4 type, _This machin e is a biplane with a 300- heavy, weighing approximately 3 pounds per horsepower.
hors,epower Fiat engine . The fuselage is entirely con- The radiator, of the Lamblin type, is capable of being
structed of w9od ,,ith spruce longerons and veneer cover- shuttered in flight and placed in th e und ercarriage struts.
ing and has a trial)gular aft fu selage section. This machine is fitted with dual control. The fuselage
The wings are of the two-bay t ype. The wing spars are is of the conventional stick and \\iJ·e construction.
built of two longerons, box-shaped type, .covered with ANSALDO A-200 AIRPLANE.
linen. The upper wing is fastened to the bod y b y a
. W-shaped set of center section struts. This is a single-seater and was especially constructed
The landing gear is en tirely of metal witll rubber shoc k for th e races at Brescia. The secondary purpose was to
absorbers. experiment with a new type pursuit airplane. Due to the
The armament consists of two machines guns which lack of time before the races, an S. V. A. fuselage wa.s
are synchronized to the motor, and one movable gun on used . · Tail surfaces w-ere sligh tl y changed and were sim-
the observer's tourelle. ilar to t he BaliUa type. The und ercarriage is t hat of the
The cooling system is of the French Lamblin type. S. V. A.
Charl).cteristics of tllis ma.chin e are as follows: Total supporting surface of .l5 square meters with a load
Over-all length: 8.60 meters. of 59 kilograms per square meter. The engine is a normal
H eight: 2.980 meters. 200-horsepower S. V. A. High speed is 249 kilometers per
I pan: 11.640 met ers . hour. Ailerons are on t he bottom wing. A special fu se-
Tota.I area: 41 sq uare meters. lage is being buil t for this machine at present, and when
Load per squ are meter: 40.800 kilograms. completed this machine will be turned over to the air
Load per horsepower: 5.58 kilograms. service experimen tal section for tests.
Fiat motor, A 12 bis: 300 horsepower. ANSALDO 250-HORSEPOWER, A-'- 250 AIRPLANE.
Weight, empty : 1, 225 kilograms.
Useful load: 450 kilograms. This machine is similar to the A- 200 except that it has
Military load: 150 k-:ilograms. a slightly increased supporting area and is equipped with
Total ,veight: 1,825 kilogram s. an I so tta six,cylinder, 250-horsepower engine. High·
The load is ma.d e up as follows: speed is 248 kilometers per hour.
Pilot: 75 kilograms.
Observer : 75 kilograms. THE BREDA CO.
lnstruments: 10 kilograms. The Breda Co. has a wonderful plane located in the out-
Photographic apparatus : 25 kilogram s. skirts of :Milan. This company is perhaps one of the most
Machin e gun: 30 kilograms. wonderful manufacturing industries in Italy. They pro-
Cartridges: 10 kilograms. duce everything that can be made from metal. Their
Gasoline: 245 kilogram s. principal production at the present time is electric loco-
Oil: 30 kilograms. motives. The Breda Co. is the General Electric Co. of
Bombs: 100 kilogram s. · Italy.
Tota.I useful load: 600 kilograms. During th e war they turned their attention to aeronau-
Speed at sea level : 200 kilometers per hour. tics and established a division of th eir company to produce
 60
aircraft. Their principal work during this period was the They also report that they are working on a 300-horsepower
construction of Caproni planes. They succeeded in cleap- engine and have orders to construct several of these for
ing up the Caproni and reduced the head resistance, to a official test in the near future. The principal improve-
great extent, but the machine was still the Caproni type ments claimed for this 300-horsepower motor are that it
and the Breda Co. made no radical departures from the will be lighter than the Fiat 300 A 12 type and will have a
conventional design. smaller fuel consumption.
A large force of Austrian prisoners were impressed into The Breda Co. bas done some experimental work with
the service of th e Breda Co . and were forc ed to construct the problem of gearing two motors to a single propeller.
a really wonderful airdrome. Twelve large, roomy , well- No reliable information could be obtained , but according
lighted concrete and steel hangers were constructed in two to their claims it bas u ndergone successful tests which will
groups of six each. The airdrome in Iront of these hangars ,varrant continuing its development.
i~ as smooth as a carpet and large enough for any experi- The Breda firm as it stands to-day is not particularly
mental work they may choose to do . interesting from an aeronautical viewpoint, but is a pow-
At the time of inspection these hangars were practically erful, potential factor should necessity arise requiring
empty. A certain amount of aeronautical equipment was rapid production of aircraft in Italy. Such facilities as
being stored for the Italian Government. This consisted are available and the trained force on hand would enable
mostly of motors. th e Breda Co. to quickly expand and turn out large num-
The Breda~Co. is attempting to hold their little aero- bers of aircraft.
nautical nucleus together, although they have no sub- TARGET AIRPLANE.
stantial orders at the prese nt time to warrant expendi tures.
Th eir aeronau tical engineers do not appear to be partic- The Italians have d esigned a very interesting and very
ularly talented. Nothing apart from the conventional practicable target airplane that can be constructed at a
was found in their factory. About four different designs small cost. This is a monoplane of stick and wire con- ·
of sporting types of planes were being constru cted a :Hl struction with a wing area of about 6 sq uare meters. Its
tested. These were all very small , using rotary engines total weight is abou t 30 kilograms.
from 160 to 220 horsepower. It is provided wi th an automatic control for maintaining
They had converted a Caproni plane into a transport, hut its direction and the tail plane can be set for any angle of
the improvements were not sufficient to warrant i ts pro- glid e that is desired. Instead of a landing gear it has a
duction. They have committed the usual error of putti ng landing sl-id which is so bent over, und e r , and around the
part of t he passenger compartment ahead of th e motors glider that whe n it comes in co ntact with the ground it
and leaving the gas tanks inside. This type of construc- can roll over and over wi thout damage . The skid goes
tion will never d o for transport work as it is not conducive over the tail surface as well to protect i t.
to the safety of the passengers in case of a crash. This target airplane can be dropped from an airplane or
The Breda Co. reports that they are constructing a new airship and provides an excellent opportunity for target
six-cylinder radial e ngin e. It is supposed to develop JOO practice from airplanes. These machines could be b uilt
horsepower and to weigh approximately 250 pounds. cheaply a nd would afford an excellen t means of keeping
Characteristic data on this motor could not be obtained. up aerial marksmanship.
GERMANY.

61
 I I

RESUME OF GERMAN RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN AIR-

CRAFT CONSTRUCTION.

The treaty of Versailles gave the Allies the power to Co., of Berlin. Numerous reports on their production
regulate the construction of aircraft in Germany. The and characteristics, however, have been received by our
allied powers issued an ultimatum on May 5, 1921, compel- Air Service, and Mr. Spahn was in America during i921 ,
ling the German Government to publish a law prohibiting and is now in the States again for the specific purpose of
all aircraft construction in Germany. This law is being discussing the taking over by our Government of the
carefully observed by all aircraft manufacturers and no Goerz bomb sights and patents.
new aircraft have been constructed sinc'3 about July 1, One of the best aircraft machine guns produced in Ger-
1921. However, on May 5, 1922, a certain leniency will many during the war was the Gast double-barreled type.
be shown by the Allies toward German aircraft manufac- This gun was tmned over to the ordnance officer, Ameri-
turers to allow construction to take place on commercial can Forces in Germany, Coblenz, in December, 1921, for
types, limited in horsepower and in scope of possible in- shipment to the Chief of Ordnance, Washington, D. C.
terchangeability features that might render them con- With respect to the subjects of magnesia alloys, cooling
vertible into military types. systems, power plants, fuel systems, superchargers, radio,
Under the treaty of Versailles, Germany is prohibited airdrome illumination, oxygen apparatus, navigation
from the manufacture and export of any war material; instruments, photographic materials, methods of design-
consequently there has beec. no new development in ing for controllability and stability, and data on methods
Germany since the end of the war. which have been used by Doctor Parndtl, all have been
The difficulty encountered in Germany in welding obtained in publications or treatises in German, which
duralumin parts and fittings has not been overcome. are now being translated by our military attache 's office
The three leading German firms which have used dura- in Berlin and will be forwarded as soon as possible .
lumin in aircraft construction are the Junker Co., the
Zeppelin Co., and the Shuttelanz Co. All the constructors ZEPPELIN AIRSHIPS.
agreed that riveting processes are not economical from a
manufacturing standpoint, and continued research toward The Zeppelin lighter-than-air main plant is located at
eliminating this method is being maintained. Friedrichshafen. The main Zeppelin Co. is not at present
The Lachmann air foil data, which is analogous to the engaged in the manufactme of any lighter-than-air equip-
famous Handley-Page type, is now being translated by ment. This information was procured from Doctor
the Berlin air attache's office and will be forwarded when Eckner and Mr. Dorr, the directors of the Zeppelin Co.
completed . Mr. Dorr has been chief designer and engineer of the
The only adjustable pitch propellers designed in Ger- Zeppelin Co. for 22 years. The company has a very small
many have been designed and constructed by the Helix operating organization at present, principally made up
Maschinenbau Co ., Berlin. These propellers are con- of the heads of departments. One. building has been
structed under patents belonging to Doctor Reissuer. l'he entirely given over to museum purposes, where all -the
latest develpments in the adjustable pitch propeller are successive stages of Zeppelin experimentation, designs.
embodied in a sample propeller which was sent to the and models of power-plant installation in Zeppelin units
N. A. C. A., Washington, D. C., in October, 1921. Due are assembled in operating fashion , so as to demonstrate
to the prohibition against aircraft construction of all kinds to interested parties peculiar functions of clutches and
in Germany, no adjustable pitch propellers of the latest pertinent units of power-plant installation. The directors
type desi~ed by the Helix Co. have been put into service. are very much concerned over the possibility of receiving
The last practicable service use in Germany of the Reissner an order from the United States Navy for a large Navy
adjustable pitch propeller was in 1918, when two of this type Zeppelin, but realize that negotiations for the. con-
type were used on the R- 30, a Staaken giant airplane. struction of this ship will probably be drawn out for a
They received about a six months ' service test. long time.
Four Haw propellers were used during the summer of Doctor Eckner claims that semirigids are more efficient
1921 on airplanes of the Ostflug Co., operating an air mail in small sizes than in large sizes, but that the dirigibles are
and passenger service between Berlin and Konigsberg, far superior for larger weight-can-ying types. He gives
East Prussia. A few other Haw propellers, probably not the following comparisons:
more than 10, have been used in test flights by the five PARSEVAL . ZEPPELIN.
other air traffic companies operating in Germany during
32,000 cubic meters: 20 metric tons. 32,000 cubic meters: 17 metric tons
the past year. 56,000 cubic meters: 35 metric tons (useful load).
The best German bomb sights developed during the war (estimated). 56,000 cubic meter~: 39} metric
were designed and produced by the C. P. Goerz Optical tons.
(6~)
 64
Relative data on Zeppelin airship for tlrn United States Below are given charts and explanatory data from
and last German naval type: Doctor Eckner relative to the comparison of airships and
the use of nondimensional characteristics.
L- 2114, GERMAN NAVAL PROPOSED U . S . NAVY
The characteristic data of all the different Zeppelin
TYPE. SHIP. models, from their first model to the last war-time model,
giving their construction number, where built, .name or
Greatest length ..... . 226.5 meters .... . 206 meters . mark, whose property, capacity in cubic meters, and all
Greatest diameter .. . 23.9 m et ers .... . ..... . . 27.9 meters .
Greatest height . .... . 27.8 m eters ........... . 31 m eters. data relative to Zeppelin accidents also follow s.
Greatest breadth .. . . 23.9 meters . .......... . 28 meters.
Gas content ........ . 68,500 cubic meters . .. . 68,000 cubic meter s .
Power per engine ... . 240 h orsepower ....... . 400 horsepower.
Number of engines .. 6 ... . .....•.......... .• 5.
Total power ...... , .. 1,440 horsepower . .. .. . 2,000 horsepower.
Maximum velocity .. 32 meters per s econd .. . 36 meters p er second.
W eight, empty .. . .. . 32 metric tons ........ . 35 m etric tons.
-Ose[ul loa[I . . . . ..... . 47! metric tons . ...... . 46! metric tons (which
depends on U. S. re-
quirements of strength
d esired). Cabin for 30
persons with sleeping
quarters .

Number of Carr ying Horse- Total

Length . D iameter. power Number
Construction No. compart. at 0.76 power of
of motors. each horse-
m ents . millimeter. motor. power.

J.[eters. Meters. l{ilograms .

LZ-1. ..... . ........ . ..... . ... .. ........ . . .. . . . . . . . ... . ... . 17 128 11. 65 · ········--- 2 14. 7 29
LZ-2 ..... . .. . - .. . . . ... . ....................... . ..... • .... . 16 128 11. 65 l 2, 700 2 85 170
LZ-3 ............ . ..• . . ... .•. . ....•................ . ...... . 16 128 11. 65 I 2,700 2 85 170
17 136 11. 65 I 2,700 2 100 200
LZ-4 ..... . ....... . ... . ... . . : .... . ....... . . . .. . . . .. .. . . ... . 17 136 13 1 4,i>OO 2 100 200
LZ-5 .... . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .... · · ·················· · · · · • ··· · · · 17 136 13 t 4, 500 2 100 200
17 136 13 I 4,500 230
2 1 115
LZ-6 ..................... . .... . •. . . . . .• ... . ...... . ........ 18 144 13 14, 000 3 { 21 of 115
of 140 } 370
1
LZ-7 . ............ .. . . .... . . .... . ... . ... . ................. . 18 148 14 6,500 3 120 360
LZ- 8.... . ....... . ......... . .. . • . . .. .. . . ............. . ..... 18 148 14 16,500 3 120 360
LZ-9 .. . .......... . ................ . ... . . . . . . . .... . .... . .. . 16 132 14 . ..... . .. . .. 3 140 420
17 140 14 '6 000 3 140 420
LZ- 10........... . . . . ..•. .. ..... . ...... . ... . ... · ·• · · · · · · ·· · 17 140 14 l 6'000 3 140 420
LZ-1 1. ................... . . .... . .. . ............. . .... · ... · 18 148 14 1 6; 200 3 140 420
LZ-12 .................... . .. . .. . . . .• ... .. • . . .. ............ 17 140 14 1 6, 000 3 140 420
LZ-13 ... . ... . ... . . . . . ....................... . . . . . ·· · · · · · · · 18 148 14 16, 200 3 165 495
LZ-14................. • . . . . . .. .... . ......... . .... . . . . . .... 18 158 14. 86 1 8, 600
3 165 495
LZ- 15........ . ........... .. . • . . .. .. .... · ·· · · · ·· · ·· · · · · · ··· 16 142 14.86 1 7 , 0.jO
3 165 495
LZ-16 ... . ...... . . . ... . ... . ..... . ... . . .. . . . . . ....... . . · ·. ·· 16 142 14. 86 1 7, 000 3 165 495
16 140 14. 86 l 7, 000 · 3 165 495
LZ- 17..... . ...... . ....... . .. . . · · · ·· ·· · ·· · · · · · ·· ··· · ··•· · ··
17 148 14. 86 I 7, 500 3 165 495
LZ-18 .. . ................. . .. .. . .. . .... ............... · · · ·· 18 158 16. 6 1 11 , 000 4 165 660
LZ-19 .. .... . ................... . ........ · ····· · · · · · ·· ·· · · · 16 140 14. 86 1 7, 000
3 165 495
LZ- 20....... . ..• . ..................... . . . . . . . .... .. ....... 16 140 14. 86 17 , 000 3 165 495
17 148 14. 86 17, 400 3 165 495
LZ-21. .. . . .. .. .... . ..... . ... . ... ........ . . . .......... . . ·· · 17 148 14.86 7,500 3 165 495
LZ-22. . . . . . ...................... . ... . . . ... . ... .. ........ . 18 156 14. 86 8, 000 3 175 525
LZ-23 ....... . ... . ... . ................ . . . ..• . ... .. . .. ...... 18 156 14. 86 8,000 3 175 525
LZ-24 .... . ........... •. ... . .......... _........ _..... .. ... . 18 158 14. 86 8, 700 3 210 6;30
LZ- 25 ... . . . . __.. _. _..... . . ........ . .. - - . - .... - - ..... - - · · · · 18 158 14.86 8,700 3 210 630
LZ-26 .. . .... . ............ . .... -...... .. . . . .. - - - . . .. - · - - · - - 15 161. 2 16 11,000 3 210 360
LZ-27 ............... . ... _............ -- .. .. .. . ..• . . .. ·- .. - 18 •158 14. 86 8, 700 3 210 360
LZ- 28 . ......... . .......... .. . . . - - - · · · - - ·- · · · -· · ·· · ··· · · · · · 18 158 14. 86 8, 700 3 210 360
LZ- 29.......... . ... - . - . - - . - . .. . . . · - · · - - · · · · · · - - · · · · · · - - · · · 18 158 14.86 8, 700 ~ 210 360
LZ-30 ....... . . . ......... - - -·· .. - - . . .. . . ... .. . .... · · ·· - · · - - 18 158 14.86 8,700 3 210 360
LZ-31. .. . . . ... . .... - - . - .... - - . - .. - - . - . .. • . . .. ... . . . - . - . . . . 18 158 14. 86 8,700 3 210 360
LZ-32 . ........ _.. _..•. . . . .. _. . _.. _... .. .. _.. . . . . . . .. . .... . 18 158 14. 86 8,700 3 210 360
LZ-33 . ................ . .. ·.. . . .. .. - . . - . - - . - - -· .. . . -· - - · · · ·· 18 158 14. 86 8, 700 3 210 360
LZ-34 ....... . _.. _. ... . ... - . -.. - . .. . . . . . ... . - - - - . . . .. - - · · · · 18 158 14. 86 8, 700 3 I, 210 360
LZ- 35 ......... . . .. . -· · · . -... - - - . · - - · - · ·· • ··· · · ·· · · · ·· - · · - - 18 1.58 14. 86 8, 700 3 210 360
LZ- 36 . . . . ........ . .. . .... . . .... -- .. . - -- -···. -·· ·· . ... . . · · · 15 H\1. 4 16 10, 000 3 210 360
LZ-37 .... . .............. . .. . ... . ... . - . - - - ... - . - .. ... - 18 158 14. 86 8, 700 3 210 630
LZ- 38...... . ....... - - - - - - .. - - · · · · · · · · · · · · · · - - - · · · · · - - - · · · · 15 163. 5 18. 7 15, 000 4 210 840
LZ-39 ... . . . . .. . .. . ............ - - · · - - - - · · • · · · · · · · · · · · - - - · · - 15 161. 4 16 2 10, 000 3 210 630
LZ-40 .. .. ..... . .. . .• . .. . . .. . . - -- · -· -- -- - · ·· · -··· · · · -·- - · - - 16 163. 5 18. 7 215, 000 4 210 840
LZ-41. .. . ..... _. __ .......•.. ..... .. . . -- . ..... - - - . . . -- - - - · · 16 163.5 18. 7 15, 000 4 210 840
LZ-42 ..... . . . ................. - -.. . .. ...... - . - . -... - - · · · · - 16 163. 5 18. 7 15 , 000 4 210 840
LZ-43 ..... . •... .. .. • - . - . - . - - - - - - · · · · - - - - · · · · · · · · · · · - · - · · · · 16 163. 5 18. 7 15, 000 4 210 840
L7,-44 .. _... ___ ... . . ... ..... - . -.... - . ... - . - . -.. . . · · · · · · · - · · 16 163.5 18. 7 15,000 4 210 840
LZ-45 ...... . .. ·.. . ..... . . . • . .... . ··· ·· - · · - ·· - - · - -- ---··· - - - 16 163. 5 18. 7 15,000 4 210 840
LZ-46 ...... • ..... . ...... . .......... . .. . . . . . -- . . .. - - - - · · ·· · 16 163. 5 18. 7 15, 000 4 210 840
LZ-47 ..... . • . . . . . . ......... -- - - ...... .. . .... ... . . - · · · - · ·· · 16 163.5 18. 7 15, 000 3 210 870
1 240
LZ-48 ........... . . -- .. .. ... . .. · ···· ·· · · -- -· -·· - ·· · · -·· - ·· · 16 163.5 18. 7 15,000 4 240 960
LZ-49 ................. . .. ---· · . . . •. .. . ... .. -· . - -- -- · · · -· - - 16 163.5 18. 7 15,000 4 210 840
LZ-50 . . ... . • . ....... -...... . . -.. - - . .. . . •.. . . . - · · · · · · - · - - · · 16 163.5 18. 7 1 15, 000 4 240 960
LZ-51. .. . ... .. ..... . ... - ... - .. - -... . . - · · . . .. •.. . . . · ··· -·· · 16 163.5 18. 7 15,000 4 240 960
18 178. 5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-52 .......................• . .. .... - - . . ... . - - - . .. - - - - - - · · 16 163. 5 18. 7 15, 000 4 240 960
16 163.5 18. 7 15, 000 4 240 960
. tt~::::·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::·· 16
16
163. 5
163.5
18. 7
18. 7
15, 000
15, 000
4
4
240
210
960
840
LZ-55. . . . . . . . - - - . ... - - - - - . .. . - · - · · · · · - · · · · · · · - · · 840
LZ-56 .. . ......... . . ... . - - .. - . - -·- · · · - - - · · · · - - - -· · 16 163.5 18. 7 15, 000 4 210
JS 178. 5 18. 7 17, 500 4 I 210 840
I
'About. 2 Recorded.
 65

Number of Carrying Number Horse- Total

Construction No. compart-
ments.
Length. Diameter.
fi~;
millimeter.
ofmotors. efchv:of~r.
horse-
power.

Meters . Meters. Kilograms.

LZ-57 . ..... . ... . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . ...... . . .. . .. .• . . .. ....... 16 163.5 18. 7 115, 000 4 240 960
18 178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-58 .. 16 163.5 18. 7 15,000 4 210 840
18 178.5 18. 7 17, 500 4 240 960
LZ-59 .. 18 178.5 18. 7 17, 500 4 240 960
LZ-60 . . 16 163.5 18. 7 15,000 4 240 960
18 178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ- 61. ....... .. .......... . .......... .......... ...... ..... . 18 178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-62 . ..... . ....... . .......... - .... .. •.. . . · ·• · · · · · ··· · · · · · 19 198 23.9 28, 700 6 240 1, 440
LZ-63 . .... .. .. . ••.... . ... . . . . • .. . . . .......... . ..... ..... . . 16 163. 5 18. 7 15,000 4 210 840
18
178.5 18. 7 17, 500 4 240 960
LZ-64.................... . ...... . ......................... 18
178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-65..... ... ... . .. ... . ... ... .. .. .. ... . . ..•.... . •...... ... 18
178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-66.......... .. . . . . • . . . . . .• . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
178. 5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-67...... .. . ... ....... . .. ....... .. ..... ..... .. . . . .. .. ... 18
178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-68... ... ... . . . ... .. . . . .. . ............... . ......... .... . 18
178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-69. ...... .. ... . . . ... . . . . ...... .... .. ... . • ... .... ....... 18
178. 5 18. 7 17, 500 4 240 960
LZ-70 '· ·· ·· · . . .. . •. . .. . ..... . .......• . ....... . . . .............. . ... . .... · ·--·-
LZ-71. .. . . . .. .. . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
178.5
------------
18. 7
-- ------····
17,500
------------
4
·· ---- -- 240
---- ·····-···-··
960
LZ-72.......... .. . .. ...... ... .. .•.. ..... . . ....... . .... . ... 19
198 23.9 30,000 6 240 1,440
LZ-73....... .. ...... ... ........ .... . . .......... .. .. ... .... 18
178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-74.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 19
198 23-9 130, 000 6 240 1,440
LZ-75.... . . . . .• . . . . . ..• . . ... . .. . ... . . . ......... .. .. ... . . . . 19
198 23-9 130, 000 6 240 1,440
LZ-76.......... .. .. ......... . .. .. ........... .. . .. ....... .. 19
198 23.9 130,000 6 240 1, 440
LZ-77... . . ....... .. ..... ......... .... ..... .. . . . . . .. ....... 18
178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ-78 .................. ...... : .. . ...• . . . ... . ..•.... . ......
LZ-79.. .. . . . . .• . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . .
LZ-80... ... . • . ... . . .. . . .... ... . .. . .. .. ... . . . .. .. . . . ... . . . .
19
198
19
198
19
198
23 -9
23 .9
23 .9
a~·~
131:000
6
6
6
240
240
240
1, 440
1,440
1,440
LZ-81........... .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. ..... .. .. . . . .. ... .. .. .. . .. . 18
178.5 18. 7 17,500 4 240 960
LZ--82 . . . ......... . ................ . .. . .. . ..... . .. ......... 19
198 23 .9 32 , 000 6 240 1, 440
LZ-83.......... .. .. . . . ..... ........•. . ..... .. . . .. . ... . . ... 19
198 23 .9 32,000-32,500 6 240 1,440
LZ-84.... ... • . ...... • . ... .. .. . . . ... .. . ... ... .. . . ..... .... . 19
198 23.9 32,000-32,500 6 240 1, 440
LZ-85 . ... ..... ... .. . ... .. ..... .. .. . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. •... .... 19
198 23.9 32,000-32,500 6 240 1, 440
LZ-86............ ..... . ..... . ..... ... . . .. ... .... .. . . . ..... 19
198 23-9 32,000-32,500 6 240 1, 440
LZ-87....... ... . . . .. ....... . .. . . . . • . ........ . . •.... . ...... 19
198 23-9 32,000-32,500 6 240 1, 440
LZ-88... ... . . . . . . . .•• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 19
198 23,9 32,000·32,500 6 240 1,440
LZ-89... .. ....... .. . . ... . . ... .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .... ...•.. .. . 198
19 23.9 32,000-32,500 6 240 1, 440
LZ-90... .. ..... . . .. ..... .. . . . . ..... ... . . •.. .......•....... 19
198 23.9 6 240 1, 440
LZ-91.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 18
196.5 23 -9 32,000·32~1
36, 5 240 1,200
LZ-92...... . . . ... ... . . .. ... .. . . . .... . .. . . . . . ..... .... . . . . . 18
196. 5 23.9 36,000 5 240 1,200
LZ-93........ . . . . . •... . . .•. . ... . .. . .. . . ... . .. .. ... . . . . . . . . 196.5
18 23.9 37,500 5 240 1,200
LZ-94. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
196.5 23 .9 37,500 5 240 1,200
LZ-95. ..... .... .•........ . . . ... .. .. ..... . . . . . ..... . . .. .... 18
196.5 23 .9 39, 000 5 240 1,200
LZ-96. .... . . . . . . .. ... .... . . .. . . .•. . . . . •.. . . . .•. ... . ....... 196.5
18 23.9 39,000 5 240 1,200
LZ-97......... . . . . .. . . . . . . • . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. 196.5
18 23.9 39,000 5 240 1,200
LZ-98. . . . .. .... ...... . .. . .... . . ... . .. ........ . . . . .. ... . .. . 18
196.5 23.9 39, 000 5 240 1,200
LZ-99.......... ...•.. ........ .. .......... ...... ....... .. .. 18
196.5 23.9 39,000 5 240 1,200
LZ-100............... ...... .. . . . ....... ... . . ....... ... ..... 196.5
14 23.9 40,000 5 240 1,200
LZ-101...... . . ..... . ... . ....... . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.5
14 23 -9 40,000 5 240 1,200
LZ-102..... ........... .... .. . . ... .. ..... ........ .. ... . .... 226.5
16 23.9 52,000 5 240 1, 200
LZ-103.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
196.5 23.9 40, 000 5 240 1,200
LZ-104.... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . 16
226.5 23.9 52, 000 5 240 1, 200
LZ-105.... .. . .. .. •. . ...• .... . . ... . ... . . .• . .•.. . . ..•. . . . . .. 196.5
14 23.9 40,000 5 290 1, 450
LZ-106.... ... . . . ... . . . .. . .. ..•....... ...... ...... .......•. 196.5
14 23.9 40,000 5 290 1,450
LZ-107. ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .•. . . 196. 5
14 23,9 40,000 5 290 1, 450
LZ-108. ........ . . ...... ....... ... .. . ... ... • ...... ...... . .. 196.5
14 23-9 40, 000 5 290 1,450
LZ-109..... . ... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. •. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
196.5 23.9 40, 000 5 290 1, 450
LZ-110..... . . . •.. . .. .•. . . . . .• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .. . . . . . . . • . . . 14
196-5 23.9 40, 000 5 290 1, 450
LZ-111... ........... ..... ....... .. ..... ... .... ... .... . . ... 196.5
14 23 .9 40,000 5 290 1,450
LZ-112 .... ... . .. . ...........•..........................-. . .
LZ-113........................... .. .. . . . . . • . . .. .•. . . . . . . . .
LZ-114. . ...................... . .... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
211.3
15
15
211.5
15
211.5
23 .9
23.9
23.9
::g,~
140;000
7
7
7
290
290
290
2, 030
2,030
2,030
LZ-115-LZ-119, inclusive• .. . . ........ . .. . ............. . .... . . ........... . ------ ···· · ······· ....... . .... ... ... .. ... . ····-------- ------------
LZ-120. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 130 18. 7 11,500 4 240 960
LZ-121. ................................ . . ....... . ...... .... _......... . 130 18. 7 11,500 4 240 960

1 About. ' Construction suspended to clear yard for the LZ- 71 . • Not built.

COD· Capacity
!ruction Where built. Name or mark. Property of- in cubic
No. meters.

ttL :: : .~~~~~_-.-: :: :::::::::::::::: :::::::::::!:::: ::::: ::: ::: :: :::::: ::::::::::: :: :: :::: .~1:. ~~.-.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.:: :::: :: :: :::::: 11,300
11,300
11,300

~:~::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::If~:~: : \ ~\(~ (~ (( ~ (~ ((\ \\\ \ \\ \ \\\ \( \\\ \:~1ir!:~r~~\ ~ (( (\ (\ ~(\ ~( ~(\ (\ ~ \(\(
· LZ-5 .. ... ..... do ......................... . ....... Z II .... .. .......................... . . ... Military board .............. . .......•.. .
12,200
12,200
15,000
J5,000

~~~::::: -~·r·i~!/.~~~~~~~~:: :: ::::: :: ::::::::: :::.~: : : : : ::: :::::: :: :i~~~fl~~~:: : :::: ::::::: : : :::::: : :
15,000
16,000
19,300
LZ-8......... . do ... ... ... ... . ........ .. ...... . . .. Deutschland ..................... . .. ..... ... . do .. . .... .. .. ... . .. . ... ......• .... . .. 19,300
16, 800

t i ~~:: ::: :ii::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: {;~;~~i~iL)L\( (\ (~\(((( (~ ~ (\~ (\ ~\ ~ ~ :;;~:~:?[\iiii\ ~\ ~ ~\~\~\ ~\; 17,800
17,800
18,700

tl=iL::::: :~L:: : : :::: : ::::::::::::::::::: M~~~·: : : ::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::: ~~r:o:;:.~\:":.:::::: : :::: :: : : : :

17,800
18,700
22,465
1 After reconstruction. ' After r econstruction of steering gear
14799-23- 5
 66

Con- Capacity
struction W h ere built. Name or mark. . Property of- in cubic
No. meters.

LZ-15. .. . Friedrickshafen .... . . .. . ...... . ..... .. E rsatz Z I. ......... .. ....... . ... ....... . Military board.... . ... .. ................ 19,500
LZ-16.. . .... .. do ...... . ..................... . . .. . ZIV .............................. . . . ........ do .. . ... . .... .. ..... .. ............... 19,500

~~=~;: ::: :: :: ::~::::::: ::: :: :: :::::: :: ::: :::::::: q:i;;;;.·:::·:-:·:·:·:·:·:·:~:::: :::::: :::::::: :: -::~?t~~;.~;i.: ::::: :::::: :::::: :: ::::::: i~: m
LZ-19.. . ...•.. do ... ... . .. .. .. ... . . .. ... . . .. .. . .. . Desatz Z L .. .. . . ... . .... .... ... ... ..... Military board. ... ..... . ... . .. ... . ...... 19,500
LZ-20 . . ... .... do... .. .. . ... ... .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . ... Z V ... .. ..... ........ .. ........ ........... . . . do... . ....................... .. .. .... 19,500
. .. .. do .. . ... ................. . . .. . .. . .. Z V .. ....... . . .. . .. ... .. . . ..... ..... ...... .. . do... .. ...... . .... .. ...... . . ... ... ... 20,870
LZ-21. . . ...... do .... . .. ........ .. . . . .... . .. . ..... Z VI. ........... .. .................. . ........ do.... .... . ...... . ..... .. .. .......... 20,870
LZ-22 .. ....... do ..... ... ..... . . .. .... . .. ... ...... Z VII. . . ............. . . .. .. .. . . . .... . .. .. . ... do ...... . . ... ,. ..... ... ..... .... ..... 22,140
LZ-23 . .. .. .. .. do .. ..... ..... .... ... . ............. Z VIII . .. . . . .. .. . ............................ do... ....... ... ......... ... .. . . ... ... 22,140
LZ-24 . .. ...... do..... .. ..... .. . . ... . .. .. .. . .... .. L 3...... ..... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naval board .. ... .. .. . ..... ... ... ........ . 22,500
LZ-25 .. ....... do . . .... . . . ... ... .... .. .... . ... .. .. XIX .... . . ...... ... . ... ...... .. .. ... .. . Military board...... . .. . . . . . . .... . .. .... 22,500
LZ-26. ... Frankfort on the Main..... . . .. ..... . . . Z XII. . ... .. . . ...... . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .... ....... do. . ...... . ... . . .. ... ..... .. .. . ... . .. 25,000
LZ-27.. . . Friedrichshafen ....................... L4 ..... . . . .. ..... .... ... . . . .... .. ... . .. . Naval board ... .. . ... . . . ..... ...... . .... . . , 22,500
LZ-28 . .... .... do . . ... .. ................... . . . . . .. L 5........................................ .. . do................. . .... . ............ 22,500
LZ-29 . ..... ... do ..... . .................... . ...... Z X .... .. ..... . ......................... Military board........................... 22,500
LZ-30 . .. . Potsdam .......... . .... .. . . .... . . ... . . ZXI. .. .... . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . ......... ..... . do.................... . . . ...... ...... 22,500
LZ-31. . .. F riedrichshafen .. ........ .. ...... .... .. L 6. .. .... .. . . ....... . .......... . . .... ... Naval board. . . . .. ............. ....... ... 22,500
LZ-32..... .. . . . do ..................... .. ... . . .. . .. L 7. .... ..... ..... . . . .. . . .... .... . ........ .. .. do............... . ...... ... . . . ....... 22,500
LZ-33...... . . . do .. .. . .. ........... . ..... ... .... . . L 8... . . ... ......... .. • . ......... .. ... . ... .. .. do................................. . . 22,500
LZ-34.... Potsdam .. . ... .. ... . .... . . ..... . . ... .. LZ 34 .... . ....... . . . ........ . ... . . .. .. .. Military board. .. ......... . . . .... .. .... . 22,500
LZ-35.... Friedrichshafen .. ............... . . . . . .. LZ 35 .................. . ......... . ........ . .. do............... . . . ............... . . 22,500
LZ-36.. .... ... do .... .. . . . ...... . . .... ...... .. . .. . L 9. . . ...... .... . . . . .. .... . .... . ........ . Naval board.. ......... . . . .............. 25,000
LZ-37.... Potsdam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LZ 37 ............ . ·. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Military board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 500
LZ-38.... Friedrichshafen ............ . ... ........ LZ 38 ........ . . . ....... . . .. ..... . ..... .. .... . do........... .. .. . ... . . .. ... . .... . . .. 32,000
LZ-39 .... ..... do ..... . ..... . .... .. .. . . .. ..... . . .. LZ 39 . ... ... .. ... .... .... . .. .... . .... . .. ..... do.......................... ...... ... 25,000
LZ-40 . .... .... do .... .. . . ... .... . . . ...... . ... . . . .. L 10 . .... ..... . ... ... ... . . .. . ... . ... . .... Naval board. .... ........ .. ... .. . . .... . .. 32,000
LZ-41. ... Loewenthal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 11 . ............ .• ••...•. . .••• . •.. •••..•.... do........ . . .. . .... . . . . .. ... . . .. . . .. . 32,000
t~~:::: ti~~hshafeii.::::::::::::::::::::::: t~t~:::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~rlo~~d~~--.-.:::::::::::::::::::::::: ~;
t~:::: ~ed~k:~aiei:i.::::::::::::::::::::::: t~l.~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~rlo~~f~·--.-:::::: : : ::: : ::::: : :::::: ~;
Lz-46 .... Loewenthal .. .. ......... . ........... .. . L 14.... ........ . ... .. . ..... .... ... . ...... .... do .. .... ..... .. .. .. .... .. .... . .. . .. . c 32,000
LZ-47.... Friedrichshafen. ........ . . .. .... .. .... . LZ 77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Military board .. .... .. ...... .. .. ... .... .. 32,000
Lz-48 .... Loewenthal .... ..... ... . . .. .. ... . . .. . .. L 15.. .. . . ............... . ..... .. ..... ... Naval board.......... . ... .... .......... 32,000
LZ-49 .. .. Potsdam . . . ..... ... ... .. .. ... ...... ... LZ 79 .... . . . . .. ............. . . . .. . . ... . . Militaryboard.............. ... .... .... . . 32,000
LZ-50.. .. Friedrichshafen... . ..... . .. .. .......... L 16.. .... . ... . .. . ....... . . ...... . .. . . ... Naval board.. .. ... . . ......... .. .... .. ... 32,000

~~=:!:::: .~~::~.t~~.-.-:::::::::::·::::::::::::::: {Hft·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:li:z;~~·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:::::::::::::'.:::

LZ-53 . .. . Friedrichshafen .... ..... .... . . . .... . .. L 17 .......... ... . ....... . ... ..... . . .. .. ..... do... . ... . .. ..... .. .... ... ... . . .... ..
!H!
32,000
LZ-54 . .. . ..... do •... ............. . . . ........ .. . . . L 19 . ..... . . ...... .. .. . ...... ... ..... .. . . . . .. do. ... . . . ....... ..... ................ 32,000
LZ-55.. .. Potsdam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LZ 85 •..•. • : . • . • . • • • • • • • . . • • • . . . • • • . • • . • Military board ....... . .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,000

~::: ~~j; : • ·: : : : :•: iJ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• {~,ifil=t••:•••:•:••••••••••••••

~~:::: ~~:::~~.-.-::::::::::::::::::::::::: {t~2r~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -:t!K1:-~;::::::::::::::::::::::::::
LZ-62•• .. Friedrlchshafen .... . . : ............... . L 30 . .... .... .. .. .. .• .... . ................... do...... .. . . .......... . . ......... . ..
Iii~:5
55,000

{t!JJ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -:~l!r:Zt:::::::::::::::::::::::::: ii:5

~ ~:::: ~::a:hal. . . .•.......• ..•. ......... .
ttJL: ~t tz2:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: M~~~w!:~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~;
...-.-.::: ::::: ::::::::::: :

t!~t::: ;it:t~\·::::::::::::::::::::::::: : t~J~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .::;1:1:rt:::::::::::::::::::::::::: !i:i

LZ-70 .... Loewenthal. .•.. .. .... . . .. .... .. ...... L 26 ... ... . . ................................. do ..... .. .. ................ . ......... ..... ... .

l~!L~ ·Lii~L:.~\~~~;;~~;; ~;~~~;~;~~\ i: :i; ~\ ~fi;ii;~~\~;~)~;~;;;;~;~\~\~\~~\~ ~tffi

LZ-75 •... Staaken ... . .. .. . ..... .. ............... L 37 . ....... .. . . . . . .......... . ............... do............. . . . .. . . . . ......... .. .
LZ-76.... Friedrichshafen............... . .... .... L 33 . . ..... • ..................... . ...... . .. . . do ........... . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . •. .. .. • .
55,000
55,000
tt~L: r~!~.:'n~iiai::·.-.-.-.-.:::::::::::::::::::: tZJ~'.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: M~!~~rl!:~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~;
LZ-79... . Staaken. ..... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 41. ...... ....... ...... •.. . . .. ..... ... ... . •. do.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . 55,000

, • • ~::·•···········:······ t:~f · · ···· · · · · · · :· · · · · •~t!f

1
·~·················1••• ;;;
LZ-88.... Friedrichshafen... .. .. .. . • . . . . . . . . .. . . L 40 ..... ..... ....... . .... . ...... .. .. . . ..... .d'o. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LZ-89. •• • Staaken.. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . L 50 ............ . ... .. •. ..................... do.. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .
55,000
55,000

3 After elongation.
 67

Con- Capacity
struction Where built. Name or mark. Property of- in cubic
No. meters ..

LZ-104 .. . Staaken .. . .. . ........• .. . .. . . . .•.• . . ... L 59 ....• . . . .... . ...... . .......... ... ... Naval board . . ...... . . . .......... . . . . . .. 68,500
LZ-105 ... Friedrichshafen . ........ •.... . . . . . .. . . . L 58 ........ . ... . ..•. .. ... . ....• . .• .. ....... . do.................... . ......... . .. . 56,000
LZ-106 .... . ... do . ............ . . . .. .. .... . . ....... L 61. ..... . .......................... . . .. .... do..... . . . .... . .. . .. . . . . . .. . ...... . . 56,000
LZ-107 . .. Loewenthal. .... . ... . ... . ..... . ....... L 62 ..... . ...... . ...... . .. . ... •. . . .. .. . .. . ... do............. . ..... . . . ... . .. .. .... 56, 000
LZ-108 ... Staaken .. . ....... .. .. . ... . . . . . ..... . .. L 60 ... . •...............•.......... . .... .. .. . do.......... .. . . .............. . . .. . . 56,000
LZ-109 . . ... .. . do ...• . ...... . .•......... . ......... L 64 . ... . ..... •. . . ........•... .. . ••.•.• . ..... do. ........ . .......... ... .... ..... . . 56, 000
LZ-110. . . Friedrichshafen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 63 . ....... . .•................ . . .•.•........ do . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . • . . . . . 56, 000
LZ-111 .. . Loewenthal. ......... . .. . ........... ... L 65 .. . . . .... . .................... . .•... . .... do . ............ ... .. .. .. . ....... . ... 56, 000
l,Z-112 ... Friedrichshafen .. . . . ..•.... ... .. . . . . . . L 70 ..................... . .... •. . . .. . ...... .. do................. . . . ....... ... .. . . 68,150

ttUL:: :~~e!~~\iiai.·. :.:.::::.:::::: ::::::: ::::::: .~ .~~:: :.::::: :::::::: ::::::::::::: ::: :: ::::: ::~~·:·:· :: :::: :: :::::~::::::::::::.:.:.:.:.:.: ....;;'. ~
LZ-116 • . .. . . .................. . ... . . . . . .. .. . ..... .... . ... . .......... . .... . . . . . ...... . . .. . . .. . . . . . ... .. ...•.. .. .. . . .. .... . . . . ....... ... .. . .. . ..
LZ-117 • . . . . .... . ....... . ........ . .... .. ... . .. . . . . . .... . ... . .... . .... . . . .. . .. . .... .. . .. . .. . ... . .... . . .. . .. . .. . ........ ......... . . . . .. .... .. . .. .
LZ-118 • .. .. .. . ................. . . . . . . ..... . . . ... . .. . ...... . . . ..... . .. • •. . ..... .. ... . . .. ..... . . . .................... .. . . .. ... . ... . . . . .. . . .. . ...
LZ-119 • . ..... . . . .. . . .......... . . ... .. .. . . ... ..... . ..... ......... . . . ... . . .. .. . . .. . .... . . . . .. ... . . . . ......•. . . . ... . .... .. . . ... .. . .. .. .. .........

~!=::::: -~~'.~~~'.~~~~~~.-: : : : ::::::::::::::::{!~i~i:L::::::::: ::::::::: ::::::::::: :~~ :?L:: :: :::: :::::: :: :: :::: ::::::::: :j- ·· -~~::~
1

'After elongation. • Not built.

Con· Veloc-- Con- Veloc--

struc-- ity Put out of struc- ity Put out of
tion (meters First trip. commission. R emarks. tion (meters First trip . com.mission . R emarks.
No. per No. per
second). second).

LZ-1.. . . 8 July 2, 1900 Spring, 1901. . . Dismantled at the LZ- 22 . . . 20. 5 Jan. 8, 1914 Aug. 23, 1914 . . Shot down while rec-
factory. onnoitering and
LZ-2 ... . 11 Nov . 30, 1905 Jan. 17, 1906. .. Destroyed by storm wrecked at St.
after a forced land- Quirin.
ing at Kiessling, LZ- 23 . .. 20.2 Feb. 21, 1914 ..... do ......... Hit b y shell while
Allaueg. reconnoitering and
11 Oct. 9,1906 ······ ·· ······· · wrecked at Baden-
LZ-3 .... { 12.2 ......... .... ... } Antiquated; disman- vlllers. ,
15 ···· ······ ··· ·· tied at the Metz shed. LZ- 24 .. . 21. 5 May 11, 1914 Feb. 17, 1915 .. Wrecked by storm
LZ-4 ... . 12. 5 20;
·i uiie · ioos" ·xug:·5;ilios::: Forced landing at on .the shore of Ta-
E chterdingen; de- no in consequence
stroyed by fire of the breakdown
LZ-5.. .. )2. 5
later.
May 26, 1909 Apr . 25, 1910 .. Forced landing at LZ-25 .. . 21.4 July 29, 1914
I of all motors.
Oct. 8, 1914 . •. . Destroyed by Eng-
Weilburg ; torn lish aviators in the
loose by storm and shed at Dusseldorf.
wrecked. LZ-26 •. . 21. 4 . •.•. do . .... . . .•.•• do ..•.•. •• • Dismantled in the
13 Aug. 25, 1909 Sept. 14, 1910 . . Juterbog shed on
}Destroyed by fire at
LZ-6 .. . . {
15.5 ··· ···· ··· ····· . •.•. do . .. . ..•.. shed at Baden-Oos. cessation of mill·
tary airship avia-
LZ-7 ... . 16 June 19, 1910 June 28, 1910 .. Wrecked at Wallen- tion.
dorf (Teuburg For- LZ-27 •.. 121. 5 Aug. 28, 1913 Feb. 17, 1915 . . Driven by storm to
est) . Denmark and
LZ-8... . 16 Mar. 30, 1911 May 16, 1911•• • Destroyed on start- wrecked at Bors-
ing from shed at mose.
Dusseldorf. LZ-28 .. . 1 21.5 Sept. 22, 1913 Aug. 6, 1915... Shot down an d
21. 7 Oct. 2, 1911 {An~uated; disman- wrecked at Mitau.
LZ-9 .... { 21
··· ·· ····· ··· ·· .Aug"." i; ilii4::: tl in the shed at
Gotha.
LZ-29 . .. 122 Oct. 13, 1914 Mar. 21, 1915 . . Hit by shell during
an attack on Paris
LZ-10... 21 June 26, 1911 June 28,.1912 .• Destroyed by fire at and wrecked at St.
Dusseldorf. Quentin.
LZ-11 ... 121 Feb. 14, 1912 Autumn, 1915 . Destroyed when en- LZ-30 . .. 22 Nov. 11, 1914 May 20, 1915 .. . Cast adrift by storm
tering the shed at when leavinj the
Liegnitz. shed at osen;
LZ-12 ... 121 Apr. 25, 1912 Summer, 1914.• An~uated; disman- wrecked and de-
ti in shed at stroyed by fire.
Metz. LZ- 31... 22 Nov. 3,1914 Sept. 19, 1916 .• Destroyed by fire in
LZ-13... 121 July 30, 1912 Summer, 1916. Antiduated; disman- the shed at Fuhls-
t ie at shed in Jo- buttel.
hannisthal. LZ-32 .•. 22 Nov. 20, 1914 May 5,1916 ...• Brought down by
LZ-14.. . 21.2 Oct. 7,1912 Sept. 9, 1913 •. • Wrecked at Helgo- shell while recon-
land. noitering at Horns
LZ-15 ... 20. 5 Jan. 16,1913 Mar. 19,1913 • • Forced landing at Riff.
Karlsruhe and de- LZ-33 .. . 22 Dec. 17, 1914 Mar. 5, 1915 .. . Shot down an d
stroyed by storm. wrecked at Tirle-
LZ-16 ... 20.9 Mar. 14, 1913 Autumn, 1916 An~uated; disman- mont.
ti in shed at Hu- LZ-34 . •• 22 Jan. 6, 1915 May 21,1915 ..• Shot down during an
temboi. attack on Kowno,
LZ-17•.•
LZ-18•••
{':21
May 3, 1913
···· ··· ······ ·· Autumn, 1916
{Ant~ua
ren.
ed; disman-
ti in shed at Du-
Sept. 9, 1913 Oct. 17, 1913 . . • Descended in a burn-
. forced landing in
East Prussia, cast
adrift and destroy-
ed by fire.
Ing stat e at Johan- LZ-35 •. • 22 Jan. 11, 1915 May 13, 1915 ... Shot down during an
nisthal.
LZ-19... 20. 4 June 6,1913 June 13, 1914 •• Forced landing at De- attack on Po~er-
denhofen an d inghe and wrec ed
wrecked. at Thielt.
LZ-20... 20. 5 July 8,1913 Aug. 27, 1914 . • Shot down at Kipo- LZ-36 ... 22 Mar. 8, 1915 Sept. 16, 1916 .• Destroyed by fire In
viec (Mlawa) and the shed at Fuhls-
wrecked. butte!.
LZ-21 .•. 20.3 Nov. 10, 1913 Aug. 6, 1914 . •• Shot down at Lut- LZ-37•• • 22 Feb. 28, 1915 June 7, 1915 •.• Hit by aviators at
tich and wrecked · Ghent after an at-
at Cologne. tack on Calais.
l.A.bout.
 68
Con- Veloc- Veloc-
ity Con- ity
strue- (meters Pnt out of strue- Put out of
tion First trip. Remarks. (meters First trip. Remarks.
per commission. tion commission.
No. second). No. per
second).

LZ-38 . .. 23 May 3, 1915 June 7, 1915 ... Destroyed in the LZ-63... 25 Feb. 23, 1916 Summer, 1917. Dismantled in the
shed at Brussels by shed at Trier in
English aviators. consequence of ces~
LZ-39... 21.5 Apr. 24,1915 Oct.18,1915 ... Shotdowndnringan sation of militare
attack on Rowno airship aviation.
and wrecked at LZ-64... 25 Mar. 3, 1916 May 14, 1917... Brought down by
1 25 Luck. torpedo boats at
LZ-40. .. May 13, 1915 Sept. 3. 1915.. Struck by lightning, Terschelling.
at Cuxhaven and LZ-65... '25 Jan. 31, 1916 Feb. 22, 1916 .. Hit by shell while
descended in a crossing the front
burning state. in the Champagne
LZ-41... 1 25 June 7,1915 Apr.-, 1917 .. . Antiquated; dis- and wrecked at
mantled in the Namur.
shed at Hage. LZ-66... (') Apr. 8, 1916 Aug. 22, 1917 . . Brought down by
LZ-42 ... 125 June 15, 1915 Feb. 16, 1917 .. Dismantled in the torpedo boats at
shed at Juterbog Horns Riff.
in consequence of LZ-67... (') Apr. 4, 1916 July 5, 1917. ... Dismantled in the
the cessation of shed at J titer bog
military aviation. in consequence of
LZ-43... 125 June 21, 1915 Aug. 10, 1915.. Shot down during an cessation of mili-
attack on England, tary airship a via-
dragged into the tion.
port of Ostend and LZ-68... (') Apr. 28, 1916 Aug.-, 1917 ... Dismantled for same
there burned. reason at shed at
LZ-44 ••• 125 July 8, 1915 Oct. 8, 1915. . . . Collision at Berg in Schneidemuehl.
Belgium and LZ-69... (') May 20, 1916 Dec. 28, 1916 .. Destroyed by fire in
125 wrecked. the shed at Ton-
LZ-45 ... July 23,1915 Apr.-, 1917 ... Antiquated; dis- dern.
mantled in shed at LZ-70 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••
Hage. LZ-71... 25 June 29, 1916 Sept.-, 1917 .. Dismantled in conse-
LZ-46.. . 125 Aug. 9, 1915 July-, 1919... Destroyed in shed at q uence of cessa-
Nordholz. tion of :military
LZ-47 ... Aug. 24, 1915 Feb. 21, 1916 .. Shot down at Re- airship aviation in
vigny. shed at Juterbog.
LZ-48 ... 125 Sept. 9, 1915 Apr. I, 1916 ... Forced landing at LZ-72. .. 27 July 12, 1916 Oct. 2, 1916... . Brought down by
the inouth of the shell during an
Thames after an attack on London.
attack on England LZ-73... 25 Aug. 8, 1918 Aug.-, 1917 .. . Dismantled in the
and sunk. shed of Konigsbergf
LZ-49. .. 125 · Aug. 2, 1915 Jan. 20, 1916... Shot down during an in consequence o
attack on Paris, cessation of mili
forced landing at tary airship a via
Ath and wrecked. tion.
LZ-50... 125 Sept. 23, 1915 Oct. 19, 1917... Destroyed in conse- LZ-74... 127 Aug. 4, 1916 Sept. 24, 1916 .. Brought down by
quence of difficult shell during an at
landing at Nord- tack on London.
ho!z. LZ-75... 127 Nov. 9,1916 Summer, 1920. T aken apart in the
LZ-51... 125 Oct. 7, 1915 Sept. 27, 1916.. Shot .down during shed of Seddin, to
attack on Bucarest, be reconstructed in
forced landing at Japan.
Tmovo and wreck- LZ-76... 127 Aug. 30, 1916 Sept. 24, 1916 .. Hit by shell, forced
ed. landing at Brent
LZ-52... 125 Nov. 3, 1915 Nov. 17, 191_5 .. Destroyed by fire in wood (Engan d )
LZ-53 .. . 125 Oct. 20, 1915 ' 28, 1916 .. shed
Dec. Do.
at Tondern. and di sma ntled
there.
LZ-54 .. . 125 Nov. 27, 1915 Feb. 2, 1916 .. . Sunk in the North LZ-77... 25 Oct. 16, 1916 July-, 1917 . . . Dismantled at shed
125 Sea. at Darstadt in con
LZ-55 ... Sept. 12, 1915 May 5, 1916.... Shot down during sequence of cessa
attack on Saloniki, tion of milita ry air
forced landing at ship aviation.
the Wardar and LZ-78... 127 Sept. 22, 1916 Nov. 28, 1916 .. Brought down by
wrecked. English aviators at
LZ-56... 125 Oct. 10, 1915 Sept. 4, 1916... Destroyed in conse- Scarborough (Eng
quence of difficult lish coast).
landing at Temes- LZ-79... 127 Jan. 15, 1917 July-, 1917 .. Destroyed in the
var. shed at Nordholz.
LZ-57... 125 D ec. 6, 1915 July 28, 1917 ... Dismantled in the LZ-80... 127
shed at J uterbog Oct. 12, 1916 Summer, 1918. Antiquated; disman
in consequence of t ied in the shed a
cessation of mili- Juterbog.
tary airship avia- LZ-81... 25 Dec. 20, 1916 Aug. 10, 1917 .. Dismantled in the
tion. shed at Dresden in
LZ-58... 125 Nov. 15, 1915 Sept. 15, 1917•. Taken over by the consequence of ces-
naval board as trial sation of military
ship L-25, anti- airship aviation.
quated and dis- LZ-82... 27 Nov. 1, 1916 Feb. 7, 1917 .. . Wrecked in the fog a
mantled in shed at Rethem (Aller).
Potsdam. LZ-83... 1 28 Feb. 22, 1917 Oct. 8, 1920 ... . Transported f r om
LZ-59 ... 125 Dec. 21, 1915 May 3, 1916... . Driven to Stavanger Seddin to Mau-
in consequence of beuge a nd deliv-
defective motors ered to the French.
after a n attack on LZ-84... '28 Nov. 22, 1916 Dec. 29, 1916 .. . Wrecked at Seemup-
England and pen, (Russia).
wrecked. LZ-85... 128 May 2, 1917 Oct. 20, 1917 .. . Wrecked in the Val-
LZ-60 ... 125 Jan. 1, 1916 Nov. 7, 1916... Torn loose without a ley of the Saone af-
crew by storm at ter an at tack on
Wittmund and England .
and lost at sea. LZ-86... 123 Dec. 11,1916 Mar. 17,1917 ... Brought down by
LZ-61... 25 Jan. 10,1916 Nov. 28, 1916 .. Brought down on the shell at Compiegne.
English coast at LZ-87... 128
Lowestoft. May 1, 1917 Jan. 5, 1918 . ... Destroyed by fire in
LZ-62.. . 27. 8 May 28, 1916 ·summer, 1920. Dismantled in shed consequence of an
explosion in the
at Seerappen. shed at Ahlborn.
1 About. 'Recorded. • Discontinued. Construction of airships of 55,000 m • co=enced. ... ·.. ,
 69

Con- Veloc-
ity Con- Veloc-
ity
struc- (meters F irst trip . Put out of Remarks. struc- (meters First t rip . Put out of
tion commission. tion commission. jRemarks.
No
per No. per
second). second).

LZ-88 ... 128 Jan. 3, 1917 II June 17, 1917•.. Wrecked at Neuen·
walde ( Gee s te-
LZ-102. . 28 Sept. 26, 1917 Oct. 7,1917 .. .. Destroyed by fire in
front of the shed at
Juterbog.
LZ-SP. .. I 28 June 9, 1917 Oct. 20,1917 ... ru:ae':[lilanding at /
Montigny le Roi
LZ-103.. 30 Sept. 24, 1917 Aug. -, 1919•.. Destroyed in the
shed at Wittmund.
(France) after an LZ-104 . . 28 Oct. 10, 1917 Apr. 7, 1918.... Descended in a
attack on England burning state in
and wrecked in t he streets of Ot-
Switzerland. ranto (cause un-
LZ-90... 1 28 Jan. 31, 1917 ..-........ • . . . . . Shortly to be trans- known).
ported from Seer- LZ-105 . . 1 32 Oct. 29, 1917 J an. 5, 1918 .... D estroyed by explo-
appen near Konigs- sion in shed at
berg to Rome and Ahlborn.
delivered to Italy. LZ-106 .. 132 Dec. 12, 1917 Aug. 29, 1918 ... Transported from
LZ-91... 1 27 Feb. 21, 1917 Jnly-, 1919 .. Destroyed in the shed Wittmund to Rome
at N ordholz. and delivered to
LZ-92... 1 27 Mar. 6, 1917 June 14,1917 .. Brought down by Italy.
English milit ary LZ-107 . . 132 J an. 19, 1918 May 10, 1918 .•. Descended in H elgo-
forces over the land.
North Sea. LZ-108. . 132 Dec. 18, 1917 July 19, 1918.. . Destroyed by Eng-
LZ-93... '27 Apr. 1, 1917 Oct. 20, 1917 ... Driven by storm af- lish aviators in the
ter an a ttack on shed at Tondern.
Eng l an d an d LZ-109 .. 1 32 Mar . 11, 1918 July 22, 1920 . . . from
brought down by T~g~~edto Pul-
shells in Fra nee. ham and delivered
LZ-94 ... 1 27 Apr. 24, 1917 Jan. 5, 1918 .. . . Destroyed by e>..,>lo- to England.
sion m t he shed at LZ-110 .. 1 32 Mar. 4, 1918 July-, 1919 .. . Destroyed in the
Ahlhorn. shed at N ordholz.
LZ-95... 1 29. 5 May 22, 1917 June 17, 1917 .. . Brought down by LZ-111 . . 132 17, 1918 . .. .. do .... . . . . Do .
shell at Ipswich. LZ-112 . . ' 36 JAJr y 1, 1918 Aug. 5, 1918.. • •
LZ-96... 1 29. 5 June 13, 1917 Oct. 20, 1917... . Driven by storm B's~'!ifr!t Ji:Fon. by
after an attack on LZ-113 .. ' 36 July 29, 1918 July 1, 1920 .... from
England at Bou- T1~g~edto Pul-
1 chen !es Bains and h am and delivered
wrecked in France. to England.
LZ-97 ... I 29. 5 July 6, 1917 1 Jan. 5, 1918 ... . Destroyed by fire in LZ-114 .. 136 July 9, 1920 --·- ···· ······-- Transported from
t he sh ed at Ahl- Loewenthal to
born. Maubeuge and de-
LZ-98... t 29. 5 July 4, 1917 Aug. - , 1919 .. Destroyed in the livered to France.
shed at Wittmund. LZ-115• ... . .. ... .. .. ... .. ..... .. ........ .... . .
Destroyed by Eng- LZ-116• . .. .. .......... . . . . ... . . .. .... . .. . •.••.
LZ-99 . .. 1 , 29. 5 Aug. 13, 1917 July 19, 1918 . . LZ-11.7' .... . ........... ... ......•.. • . •...•....

Aug. 18, 1917 Aug. 11, 1918 .. .

lish aviators in the
shed at Tondern.
Shelled at Terschell-
LZ-118' I········ .............................. .
ttgii_' ..isi ... ·Aug:·2o;i9iii ::::: :::::::::::
LX-100. 30 After elon~ation not
ing. commiss10ned, ow-
Sept. 1, 1917 Oct. 20, 1917 .. . Hit by shell during ing to prohibition
an attack on Eng- by Entente.
land and wrecked LZ-121.. .. ... .. . ....•.. . .. .. ........ .. ...•. .... Not commissioned
at Ti e fenort owing to prohibi
(Werra) . tion by Entente.

1 About • Not built.

ACCIDENTS TO ZEPPELINS. 6. Deutschland (II). Was caught in a wind gust on

emerging from hangar (due to presence of windbreaks).
1. Airship No . II (no designation ). Was forc ed down Airship was thro'\VD against side of hangar door and broken.
by a storm at Kiessling; ship could not be controlled, Could not be repaired. May 16, 1911.
due to heavy wind. Made forced landing. Blown against 7. S chwaben. Was burned up at Dusseldorf, due to fire
.~ees (or buildings); frame broke, could not be repaired. in hangar, June 28, 1912. (No details are now available.)
Cause: Lack of power to make headway against storm. 8. Victoria Louise. Was broken on entering hangar at
January 17, 1906. Leegnitz, due to very strong wind, insufficient hangar
2. Airship No. IV (no d esignation). Was compelled to space, and untrained handling detachment. Airship was
land, due to lack of buoyancy, at E chterdingen . In at- carried against side of hangar, caught in framework of
tempting to make repairs one of the gas cells caught fire latter, and the frame of the airship was broken. Autumn,
and the ship was burned. Cause: Lack of proper pre- · 1915.
caut.ions in deflating. August, 1908. 9. ~j_ Was carried out to sea by strong wind, due
3. Z-II. Was compelled to land, on account of motor to lack of buoyancy, and stranded at Helgoland, Septem-
trouble, at Woilking. Not sufficiently held down ; While ber, 1913. (No further details now avail!!,ble.)
awaiting minor repairs a storm broke, tore airship from 10. z - I (substitute). Was compelled to make an
moorings, and carried it off; destroyed when crashed into emergency landing on account of a severe storm. Could
the ground. April, 1910. not be properly .moored down. The force of the storm
4,. Airship No. 6 (no designation). Burned up when a drove the airship against the ground on its moorings and
fire broke out in the hangar at Badenoos. September 14, broke the frame. March 19, 1913.
1910. 11. ~II. Caught fire in the air, due to spark from the
5. Deutschland. (I ). Was coiµpelled to land on account motor exhaust (due to motor being too close to envelope).
of lack of lift (leaky gas bags) on the trees, in Teutoberger Burned up. Johannisthal, October 17, 1913.
Forest. Airship could not be salvaged and it became 12. Z-I (second substitute). Emergency landing due
necessary to break it up June 28, 1910. , to lack of gas (bad piloting and leaky gas cells). Could
 70
not be moored down, account local conditions (no means 35. L-15. Was so severely damaged in bombing attack
of attachment). Ship broken on landing and later severely on England (due to planes and antiaircraft fire) that it
damaged by force of wind while on ground. June 13, was compelled to land at mouth of Thames. Sunk by
1914. crew to avoid capture. April 1, 1916.
13. Z- V. No report. 36. LZ-79. Was damaged by antiaircraft and airplane
14. Z- VI. No report. fire on bombing Paris. Loss of gas compelled landing at
15. Z- VII. No report. Ath. No facilities for repairs, and ship was destroyed to
16. Z- VIII. No report. avoid possibility of later capture by French. January 30,
17. L-III. All three motors stopped , and to prevent 1916.
being carried out to sea was landed on a small island in 37. L-16. Was damaged on entering Nordholz hangar,
Baltic. Severe storm at the time severely damaged airship due to sudden wind gust driving it against the framework
on landing, and it was later more damaged, so that it could of lat ter. Was not deemed advisable to make repairs on
not be repaired. February 17, 1915. account of it being an older type, and it was therefore
18. Z- IX. Destroyed in hangar by British aviators. destroyed. Cause of damage principally attributed to
Bombed hangar, and set fire to airship. Dusseldorf, strong wind gust and presence of other airships in hangar.
October 8, 1914. October 19, 1917.
19. L-IV. Was driven to Denmark by severe storm 38. LZ- 81. Was struck several ·times by large-caliber
(due to lack of dirigibility), landed, and destroyed. Feb- proj ectiles over Bucharest; forced, account of loss of gas,
ruary 17, 1915. to make an emergency landing and abandoned as being
20. L- V. Struck by hostile projectiles and fell (no beyond repair, due to both causes. September 27, 1916.
information available). March 21, 1915. 39. L-17 and L-18. Burned up when a fire broke out
21. Z- X. No report. in the hangar at Tondern. There were two separate fires
22. Z-XI. Was carried off on taking out of hangar (November 17, 1915, and December 28, 1915), due to same
(due to wind, lack of sufficient handling crew, and local cause (ignit ion of inflammable material).
conditions); landed in enemy territory and burned up by 40. L-19. Sunk in the North Sea. Cause not defi-
crew. May 20, 1915. nitely known, probably as a result of hostile aircraft or gun
23. L- VI. Burned up as a result of fire in the hangar fire. November 27, 1915.
at Fruhlsbuttel. (No details available.) September, 41. LZ-85. Struck numerous times by hostile fire at
1916. Saloniki, lost gas and forced to land. Unable to be re-
24. L- VIII. Struck by enemy projectiles, forced to paired and therefore broken up . May 5, 1916.
land on account of loss of gas and damaged controls. 42. LZ-86. Attempted to land ma high wind and with
Could not be repaired. Tirlemenet, March 5, 1915. a n ew crew. Crashed into a tree (or trees) , broke nose and
25. L- VII. Was struck and severely damaged by hos- cars. Was too severely damaged to be repaired. Septem-
tile artillery fire; compelled to land in water and sunk . ber 4, 1916.
May 4, 1915. 43. L-20. On a bombing raid over England, was driven
26. LZ- 34. Was damaged in bombing Kovno ; lost gas off by British airplanes. On return trip developed se-
and was compelled to make forced landing in East Prussia. rious motor trouble and was no longer dirigible. Made a
Ship was blown against a building and fire from signal forc ed landing at Stavenger. Could not be repaired. May
rockets ignited gas. . May 21, 1915. 3, 1916.
27. LZ-35, Was struck on making bombing attack on 44. LZ- 90. Was torn from its moorings at Wittmund in
Poperinghe ; lost gas and was landed at Thielt. Struck a sudden storm b efore it could be housed. Was carried
with great force, breaking frame, and could not be re- away to sea and disappeared with no personnel aboard.
paired. April 13, 1915. November 7, 1916.
28. L-IX. Burned in hangar at Fuhlsbuttel at same 45. L-21. Was shot down, probably by British aircraft,
time as L-6. near the English coast. No details known. November 28,
29. LZ-37. Was attacked by airplanes and, due to 1916.
loss of gas, fell near Ghent. Destroyed on landing. 46. L-22. Attempted to bomb a British submarine near
June 7, 1915. Terschilliilg. Was caught by British to.rpedo boats and
30. LZ-38. Destroyed when hangar at Brussels was shot down by gunfire from the latter. May 14, 1917.
bombed . June, 1915. 47. LZ- 9.5. Was struck by hostile gunfire on crossing
31. LZ-39. Was struck in bombing Rovno and forced over the lines in Champagne. Turned and made a forced
to land. Burned by crew to avoid capture. December landing at Namur, but was too badly damaged to be re-
is, 1915. paired. February 26, 1916. 0

32. L-10. Was struck by lightning and immediately 48. L-2s .' An accident similar in every respect to that
caught fire over Cuxhaven. Burned up in the air. Sep- of L-22.
tember 3, 1915. 49. LZ:_98. Burned up with L- 17 in the hangar at Ton-
33. L-12. Was struck by hostile artillery in bombing dern.
England. Landed on Belgian coast and carried overland 50. LZ-101, Shot down in a bombing raid over Londoll ;
to Ostend; damaged in last operation too severely to be no details known. Octo.ber 2, 1916.
repaired, and therefore burned. August 10, 1915. 51. L-32. Shot down in an attack on London. Struck
· 34. LZ-77. Shot down at Revigny and burned by crew by antiaircraft fire and compelled to descend to a lower
to avoid capture. February 21, 1916, level where it was attacked by planes and finally compelled

- - -~--------
 71
t.o land in the North Sea. Was sunk. September 24, Otranto, and suddenly caught fire. It dropped into the
1916. water burning, and there were no survivors. April 7,
52. L-33. Shot down by British airplanes at Brentwood 1918.
England . Lost gas; made a forced landing and was broken 72. L--58. Was destroyed in the hangar at Ahlhorn with
up by crew to avoid capture. September 24, 1916. L--46, L--47, and L--51.
53. L-34. Shot down by British aviators over Scar- NoTE.- The explosion in one of the Ahlhorn hangars
borough, England. Compelled to land, account of loss of caused a general outbreak of fire which spread to the ad-
gas, and sunk in North Sea. November 28, 1916. joining hangars.
54. L-36. Lost its way in a fog and made a forced land- 73. L--62. Was cruising in North Sea, and compelled
ing at Rethem. Severely damaged on landing and was to make forced landing on Helgoland. Driven violently
hroken up. February 7, 1917. against rocks by storm and broken to pieces. May 10,
• 55. L-38. Compelled to land in Russia and was either 1918.
broken up by crew or captured (details unknown). De- 74. L--60. Was destroyed in the hangar at Tondern by
cember 29, 1916. British planes, at the same time as L--54.
56. L-45. After an attack in England, lost its bearings 75. L--70. Was shot down by British planes and anti-
and flew over France. Fog prevented orientation and aircraft gunfire at Boston. Ship WM destroyed to avoid
finaUy was compelled to land, account of no fuel and lack capture. August 5, 1918.
of gas. Captured by French, ·October 20, 1917. NOTE.~The above represents the principal accidents to
57. L-S9. Shot down in attempting to cross lines near Zeppelins. There were, of course, several other accidents
Compiegne. Ship was compelled to land almost imme- of a minor nature, but it was not possible to obtain the
diately and was captured. March 17, 1917. details.
58. L-47. Destroyed in Ahlhorn when fire broke out The Bodensee is now in possession of the Italian Air
and gas bags were ignited. Ship exploded when it Service and located at Gianino, the Italian lighter-than-air
caught fire. January 5, 1918. station located just outside of Rome. This machine is in
59. L-40. Compelled to land near N euenwalde, and full flight operation. The Nordstor.n has been taken over
broken up (no details known). June, 1917. by the French Air Service and is located just outside of
60. L-50. Followed L--45 over France. Made a forced Paris and is in flying condition. The L--72 has also been
landing at Montigny; discovered its location and then flew taken over by the French Air Service and is located at
to Switzerland. Broken up there and crew interned . Cuers. It WM described under France.
October 20, 1917.
61. L-43. Shot down and destroyed by British planes THE COMPARISONS OF AIRSHIPS AND THE USE
in North Sea. (No details known.) June, 1917. OF NONDIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS.
62. L-44. Followed L--45 over France, and WM forced
to land in Jfrance on account of lack of gas and motor When describing airships, their charact'eristics are
trouble. Badly damaged by gunfire from French anti- usually expressed in terms of the ship's size and engine
aircraft cannon. power as well as of lift and speed. These figures tell what
63. L-46. Destroyed with L--47 at Ahlhorn hangar. performance each particular ship is able to give and what
64. L-48. Compelled to land at Ipswich, England, on structural weight and power have been required in order
account of loss of gM and motor trouble, due to British to make this performance possible. In this case perform-
antiaircraft. June 17, 1917. ance means the greatest absolute speed in a horizontal
65. L-49. Followed L--45 over France, ran out of fuel direction and the greatest useful load that the airship can
and was leaking gas badly. Forced to land at Bouchon carry.
Jes Bains and captured before it could be broken up or Even with standard atmospheric conditions it is difficult
destroyed. to compare ships of different types or makes because the
66. L-51. Destroyed in Ahlhorn hangar with L--46 and data is not referred to a common basis. To compare the
L-47. standard type of data availabie will prove to be misleading
67. L-54. Was destroyed in hangar at Tondern when in a great many cases, especially if use is made of them by
the hangar was bombed by British planes. Bomb struck some one not thoroughly acquainted with this highly
the airship and it exploded. July 19, 1918. specialized branch of engineering.
68. L-53. Was compelled to land at T erschelling on In order to make the above-named characteristics of
account of lack of gas, due to shot holes i n bags. Broken use for comparative purposes, each absolute quantity
up and destroyed. August 11, 1918. must be related to some other known quantity of equal
69. L-55. WM severely damaged by antiaircraft gun- dimension in order that nondimensional values will be
fire when attacking England with L--44, L--45, L--49, and obtained. The conditions for the balance of forces on
L-50. Attempted to regain its hangar at Ahlhorn but was the mechanically propelled airship suggest themselves
forced to land at Tienfenert, and broken up. as a suitable form of relation.
70. L-57. Was designed to take the trip to German As the propelling force is counterbalanced by the resist-
East Africa, but on coming back from a flight, was burned ance of the hull and its accessories, the speed at which an
up on catching fire when about to be taken into the hangar. ariship of given size can be driven by the_horsepower
Fire due to burning gasoline from the motor. October 7, installed depends on the efficiency of conversion of that
1917. power available at the crank shaft into useful thrust and
71. L-59. No details of this accident are known, except on the quality of the airship with regard to drag. This
that the airship was observed crossing the Straits of quality is affected only by the external form of the ship
 72
and may be conveniently expressed by the drag coefficient, This data was prepared by P. Jaray and furnished by
which like the efficiency of conversion of power is non- Doctor Eckner of the Zeppelin Co .
dimensional. If put into mathematical form the forces
acting on an airship in motion may be written as follows: Comparative chart of contents, velo~ty, and load of various
Air screw thrust in kilograms.
representative Zeppelin airships.

P-75E XN/v Velocity.

Gas
Resistance in kilograms. Type. content Useful Useful
(cubic Meters Miles load . load .
meters). per per
W - D-c X Y/g X J2/3X v2 second. h our.
- - - - - - - - -1-- - - -- --- --- ---
where vis the velocity of the airship in meters per second.
LZ-7 .. ......... ........... 19,300 16. 7 37. 3 6.8 30.3
N is the total horsepower available at the crank LZ-120...... .... ..... .. .... 20,000 36.8 82 10. 0 43. 0
LZ-14 .. ............... .... 22,470 21. 2 47. 4 9.4 36. 0
shaft. LZ-26.. ................... 25,000 22.2 49. 5 12. 2 .42. 0
E is the efficiency of the air screw and the trans- LZ-38 .. ..... .............. 31,000 T, 60.3 16. 2 43. 7
LZ- 100...... .. .. .......... 36,000 31. 8 71 40.0 61.3
mission gear. LZ- 102........ ............ 68,500 28.6 64 52. 1 65. 4
D esign301. ................ 170,000 35.5 79. 3 42.0 2 51. 7
J is the volume of the ai.J:ship in cubic meters. Design 275........ . .. . .. . .. 1 100,000 37. 5 S4 65.0 '55.9
D-c is the drag coefficient of the hull and acces- D esign 296 .... .. . .. ........ t 135,000 33. 3 74.5 90.4 2J7.6
sories.
1 Estimated.
As the forces P and W must be in equilibrium, the above 2 These ships are passenger carriers with la rge cabins .
equation may be reduced to the following : Design 301 is United States estimate; 296 is estimate for Spain, Argen
tine route.
E/D-c-Y/gX J2/3Xv3/75N
COMPARISON OF DIRIGIBLES.
which represents the efficiency of propulsion. It shows
the degree of perfection which the air screws and gears as Figures 2 and 3 are two charts. Figure 2 shows the
well as the external form of the ai.J:ship has attained and greater values of the Zeppelin when compared with the
also therefore serves as a common measure from the aero- Schuttelanz SL--22, the English rigids R-33, R-36, and
dynamic point of view for all types and sizes of airships. R - 80, or the four nonrigids which are given in the bottom.
The disposable lift, that is the proportion of the total figure B-NS, T-34, PL-27, T-2. Bis tlie United States
lift which is available for fuel and oil, ballast, stores, blimp and PL, the Parceval. Figure 3 shows proposed
crew, passengers, mail, and freight, after allowing for all and altered cabin for tlie United States ship (design 301),
structural weights and machines, is determined ·by the whose contents are to be al;>out 70,000 cubic meters.
magnitude of these dead weights and by the normal lifting The charts are self-explanatory and show the latest
power of the gas which gives the ship its buoyancy. German, Italian, British, French, and American rigid and
If "A" is the total lift of the ship for some specified nonrigid ships.
atmospheric condition, and "G" the total dead weight,
while "Q" is the useful load, then A minus G equals Q. ZEPPELIN-DORNIER CO.
The efficiency of structural design may be expressed as The Zeppelin-Dornier Co. is located at Friedrichshafen,
the ratio of disposable lift to dead weight: and Mr. Dornier had been placed in absolute charge o
y=Q/G=A/Q-1 designs and construction of all-metal heavier-than-air
work for tlie Zeppelin Co. Doctor Rohrbach was formerly
which is called the lifting e.ffi~ency. with the Zeppelin Co. and had charge of heavier-than
· It can be used to illustrate the comparative degree of air all-metal design work at their Staaken plant outside o
efficiency to which the structural design and the disposi- Berlin, but he has 'Since severed connections to associate
tion of materials has been developed in different types and himself with Doctor Rumpler. There is no necessity for
makes of airships of similar size and speed 'and of similar describing the older types of Dornier machines that were
requirements. When comparing airships of different size built prior to 1918. They were principally of the flying
and speed and equipped for different kinds of service, due boat, monoplane type.
consideration must be taken of the fact that in ships of One of the later types developed in 1918, called the
similar design, structural dead weight is consuming smaller D - 1, a single-seater pursuit, powered with a 180-B. M. W
portions of the total lift as size increases and speed engine and constructed of metal throughout, even to the
decreases, and that the weight allowed for accommodation covering of the wings, was a very interesting departure
of the paying load depends very much on the kind of load from all-metal airplane construction m Europe. This
to be carried and in passenger ships · on the margin of machine has a spread of 7 .8 meters, length over all of 6.4
comfort to be provided. meters, area of 18.6 square meters, carries a live load of
By a somewhat arbitrary combination, namely, by 180 kilograms, and weighs, empty, 690 kilograms.
forming the product of the values representing the efficiency The wing construction is characteristic of Dornier stand
of propulsion and the lifting efficiency, a third expression ard type. It has built-up steel wing spars of high tensile
is obtained: alloy shapes a nd is trellised in Warren truss fashion with
alloy steel shapes. The spar channels are V shape and are
L=E/Dc Xt
joined on the free edges by a channel in common to both
This shows the qualities of an airship from both the edges which is riveted. The webbing truss as heretofore
aerodynamic and structural point of view. referred to terminates in the spar channels with alloy
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 74
steel gusset plates. The whole wing is covered with the machine is increased by 180 kilograms. The construc-
duralumin sheets which are joined together in conventional tion of the wings is somewhat different from the conven-
steel roofing fashion at the edges by a U-shaped dural- tional Dornier type construction. The spars are of the
umin strip which overlaps the flat duralumin covered regular high alloy steel construction, but the regular dura-
edges and is riveted thereto. The ailerons are attached lumin ribs have been dispensed with in favor of twin web
to the top wing only. There is an absence of interplane dU:ralumin box ribs situated about 75 per cent of the chord
struts, which to all appearances gives the machine a length ,apart and maintaining rigidity by stiffened dura-
questionable appearance from a standpoint of structural 1umin wing covering through the use of duralumin channel
resistance to deformation under the heavily stressed con- stringers in a span sense. The covering is divided into
ditions of flight in nose dive or sharp maneuvering. sections between these box ribs and, of course, is fastened
Landing· gear struts are built up to duralumin stream- at these box rib sections in the usual Dornier way. It is
line shapes which are bolted at the root to the fuselage understood that all these fastenings are external and in
shell proper. The main gasoline tank is suspended under- any case, if it is necessary, the covering can be very readily
neath the fuselage. The fuselage is built up of duralumin removed. The wing is absolutely devoid of internal
channel longerons and channel annular ribs with several bracing.
longitudinal duralumin channel stringers which are all Special care has been taken, as is evidenced in the
riveted to flat duralumin sheets which form the covering power plant installation, to secure accessibility to all the
of the fuselage. It is analogous in principle to standard pipes and the ignition system. As the motors are situated
boat hull · construction and seems a fair manufacturing one on either side of the main fuselage, the installation
proposition from all appearances. The _fin is huilt inte-. 1ends itself very well to accessibility. The engine beds
gral with the fuselage. extend from a small fuselage wing butt truss which termi-
The ribs of all the surfaces, including' wings, movable nates at the motor mounting extremity with landing gears
surfaces, and fixed surfaces, are a flat duralumin sheet underneath.
with circular lightening holes that are flanged at the edges The · pilot is located immediately ahead of the main
to give them their proper degree of stiffness. This ma- wing in the nose of the fuselage and the passenger or
chine has a Junker type nose radiator. The machine is bomb compartments are located immediately back of
really a forerunner of the modern Dornier interpretation the pilot under the main ·wing. The propellers have been
of all-metal construction which has been followed in prac- arranged well forward and are placed in a staggered posi-
tically all the later models. He has developed a different tion so in case of one propeller breaking no clanger will
wing construction, however, and has used it in some occur either to the body, to the wings of the machine, or
models. to the other propeller. The chassis of the machine is
designed as a rigid frame. When landing, the impact of
DO. GI, 192(}-TWO-ENGJNE DORNIER PASSENGER AIR-
PLANE. the machine is neutralized immediately. If, during
emergency landing on rough ground, the machine should
Characteristics of this job are as follows: turn over on its nose, the passengers are safeguarded as
Length, over all: 12.20 meters. much as possible from injury due to the fact that the
Span: 21 meters. motors would be first to hit the ground and thus absorb
Chord: 4 meters. most of the shock of impact. The heaviest weights are
].fa~imum height: 3.33 meters. neutralized before the tail of the machine could come in
. Wing area : 80 square meters. contact with the ground.
Engines: 2 B. M. W., 185 horsepower, with tractor The passenger cabin is separated from the pilot cabin
propellers. by the luggage room and is situated in the part of the
Fuel required, throttle wide open- machine which offers the best security. Considerable
Gasoline: 60 gallons. attention has been devoted to the design of gasoline and
Oil : 4 gallons. oil stores. In order to minimize the danger of fire , the
Fuel required, at normal speed- gasoline is stored outside of the body of the machine so
Gasoline: 60 gallons. that the gases can not penetrate into the cabin, and
Oil:_ 4 ~lions. gasoline from leaky tanks can not run over the engines in
Weight, empty: 23.50 kilograms. case of bad landings.
Weight, loaded, including cooling water and oil: There a.re no flying wires or braces and apparently the
34.50 kilograms. strength and rigidity of the whole job could be assumed as
Maximum sp.eed: 180 kilometers per hour. being quite sa.fe. The propeller tip circles come close to
Average traveling speed: 150 kilometers per hour. one another, due to the fa.ct that the fuselage has been cut
Maximum altitude, fully loaded : 6,000 meters. off short. This allows the motors to be brought in closer
This machine is a monoplane without flying wires, and together, and the extent of the dangerous thrust couple
like all the other Dornier . machines is constructed of that would otherwise be prevalent in a convential job is
metal throughout. All vital parts are of high-grade steel, minimized. Only one of these machines has been built,
while the less important structural parts are of duralumin. and the Allies, namely, France, Italy, and England, have
The wings are covered with easily detachable sheets of divided up a.11 the parts of the machine in three groups
duralumin. · If desired, however, fabric may be used for and are going to send them to their respective countries for
the wing covering, in which case the carrying capacity of study by their engineers.
 75
DORNIER FLYING BOATS. one would expect to find in a high-class touring car. The
panoramic view to both sides is entirely unobstructed.
Mr. Dornier's flying boat design and construction ;re
Ample space for luggage has been provided. The pilot
characterized by his lateral displacement fins that project
seat is forward of the cabin. He can overlook the entire
out from the sides of the hull on all of his types. This ob- engine.
viates the necessity for wing tip floats, but, according to
Special attention has been devoted to the arrangement of
certain authorities who have witnessed the Dornier sea-
the gasoline and oil storage. In order to reduce the danger
planes getting off of rough water, it is very difficult to con-
from any fire, the gasoline tanks have been placed outside
trol them owing to the resistance of these displacement
of the hull, so that gases can not penetrate into the interior
fins with the rough sea and the difficulty of maintaining
of the machine. Any ignition of the gasoline tanks in case
lateral and directional control.
of carburetor fires is also provided against.
Mr. Dornier's duralmnin floats are of very simple con- The construction of the machine is very plain and simple.
struction and follow quite well the conventional float type There are no flying wires or braces. The factor of safety in
of construction with duralumin channel ribs and stringers the various parts of the machine has been assumed very
in place of the conventional wooden ribs and stringers in
high, and the entire machine is designed stout and square
ordinary wooden floats. The decking, sides, and bottom as possible. The average loading on the wings is low.
are entirely made of flat strips of duralumin, stiffened up
Under full load it amounts to only 39 kilograms per square
with duralumin channel stringers. Mr. Dornier's style of
meter. The result is a short run on the ground for getting
all-metal construction seems to be very reasonable and off and a low landing speed.
logical throughout in the practical application of his idea. The lauding gear is designed in an extremely simple
It presents no difficulty from a construction standpoint to fashion with a view to reducing the air resistance to a
any organization equipped and schooled in performing minimum, at the same time insuring greatest strength.
metal work.
With a load of six passengers the machine can carry fuel
SINGLE-ENGINE DORNIER PASSENGER AIRPLANE, COMET for four hours at a high speed, this representing a range of
TYPE DO. C III, 1922. about 600 kilometers.
The life of all-metal airplanes is very much longer than
The principal dimensions and characteristics are: that of wooden machines. As there are no flying wires
Length, over all: 70.2 meters. the wings will not warp. All parts are easily accessible
Span: 17 meters. and the covering of the wings is easily removable.
Chord: 3 meters.
Maximum height: 2. 7 meters. ZEPPELIN ST AAKEN PLANES.
Wing area: 47 square meters.
Engine, B. M. W. , with tractor propeller: 185 horse- The Zeppelin Staaken plane is powered with 400-horse-
power. power B. M. W. engines. The motors are installed along
Fuel consumption- the leading edges of the wing. It was inspected at one of
With full speed- the Zeppel,in plants just outside of Berlin. This machine
Gasoline: 39 kilograms. has about 100-foot span and about a 13-foot chord . The
Oil: 2 kilograms. motor mountii;igs are very unique and of the cantilever
With average speed- type, extending out in truss fashion from the main dura-
Gasoline: 30 kilograms. lmnin box spars. Accessibility to the motors in flight is
Oil: 2 kilograms. obtained by the mechauicians crawling out through man-
Weight, empty, including oil and cooling water: hole sections at the stiffening rib stations in these spars. ·
1,250 kilograms. The fus elage is about 10 feet deep at its master section
Weight, loaded, maximum : 2,000 kilograms. and approximately 5} feet wide. It is built entirely of
Maximum speed: 170 kilometers p er hour. duralumin, no steel being employed anywhere.
Average speed: 130 kilometers per hour. The landing gear is of the single, shock-absorbing leg
Maximum altitude with full load: about 5,000 and lateral stiffening V type, with two wheels on each
meters. side. The shock-absorbing leg terminates in the spar
With a different type of engine the performance of the of the main wing.
machine will be varied. The machine is a monoplane The· covering of the wings is entirely of duralumin.
without flying wires or braces, and like any other Dornier This machine is very much overweight in its construction
flying machine is constructed of metal throughout. All and has a very high landing speed as a result. It is the
vital parti! are of high-grade steel, while the body and other first representative type, however, of a large, all-metal,
parti! subjected to minor stresses are of duralumin. The internally braced monoplane and the lesson of the applica-
wings are covered with removable duralumin sheets. If tion of ,detail and assembly ideas has been far-reaching
desired, fabric may be used for wing covering, whereby the ' and valuable to other constructors. The wing construc-
carrying capacity of the machine is increased by about 80 tion, however, is entirely too expensive and too difficult
kilograms. a,i ·a manufacturing proposition.

The engine is easily accessible. Adjacent to the engine Gasoline tanks are located toward the trailing edge of
compartment, but separated by a partition, the saloon has the wings and back of each power plant.
been arranged, having accommodation for six passengers. Another interesting Zeppelin Staaken plane is a smaller
This saloon may be boarded from the ground without the monoplane powered with 220-horsepower engines mounted
aid of a ladder. It is provided with every luxury which on the leading edge. The arrangements are for two pilote
 76
and six passengers. The useful load is about 2,200 pounds flying load of 9,000 kilograms with three motors. With a
and it has a high speed of 110 miles an hour. It has a flight load of approximately 7,000 kilograms the machine
wing spread of 58 feet. Its radius of action is 400 miles. is capable of traveling with two motors. ·
This machine was not allowed to be completed by the The wings are of the characteristic Junkers t ubular spar
Allies, but it represents a very interesting all-metal con- construction with plumber union type, screwed wing at-
struction, with characteristic Staaken single box spar tachment fittings. However, instead of attaching the
principles instead of the conventional two-spar system wings to nine spars as in the conventional JL---6 type, the
in other machines. wing proper, even though it is of the multiple spar type,
Characteristics: is really trussed in the planes of the front and rear spars
Span: 31 meters. proper. The top and bottom spar flanges, so to speak, are
Total surface : 106 square meters. made of duralumin tubes with cross-flange bracing of dura-
Ai-ea of aileron: 33.80 meters. lumin tubing. The whole wing is covered with corru-
Total length: 16.5 meters. -gated duralumin covering. The machine has been designed
Total height: 3.30 meters. for passenger carrying, but could be changed to a military
Width of fuselage: 1.60 meters. load-carrying type if necessary. The fuselage structure -iE
Weight, empty: 5,500 kilograms. quite a departure from his conventional JL---6 fuselage
Total weight: 8,000 kilograms. type. It is triangular in .sections and the aft end is de-
Useful load: 2,500 kilograms. tachable at the trailing edge of the wing. The truss is of
Power plant: 4 Maybach motors. th e three-longeron type of duralumin tubes with Junkers
This machine in reality was 500 kilograms heavier than screwed longeron joints. It is very easy to construct,
the original estimate. It has a high speed of 200 kilo- maintain, and repair.
meters per hour. The landing gear is of the two-wheel type with shock
absorbers in the leg of each V with practically the same
JUNKERS CO. principle as in the JL---6. The landing gear axle is hinged
to the bottom of the fu selage. The motor nacelles stick
Aeronautical activities at the Junkers plant, located at out farther than the fuselage nose, thus obviating the dan-
Dessau, have been greatly curtailed by the Interallied ger, in case of a nose over, of bringing the fu selage in con-
Control .Commission. However, Doctor Junkers is en- tact with the ground first. The ailerons and elevators are
deavoring to derive commercial revenue through the counterbalanced. There are three fixed fins and three
development of duralumin rowboats, duralumin floats, rudders. Full detailed description will be sent to the
Diesel engines, gas engines, stoves, kitchen ware, trunks, engineering division at McCook Field .
etc . He is pursuing aeronautical studies and carrying out A later projected model is of the twin-fuselage, four-
wind-tunnel tests on various new designs. He intends motor, all~metal, monoplane type. This machine is to be
to keep his organization intact, especially his experienced' powered with four 700-horsepower Junkers engines. The
personnel, by turning over to them the construction of landing gear of this type is quite unique, inasmuch as the
duralumin ware, which gives them an opportunity to wheels and shock-absorbing units are entirely housed in
keep in practice in the working with duralumin. the fuselage structure proper and the main wheels are,
Doctor Junkers is designing a 700-horsepower aero- located directly under the center of gravity of the machine.
nautical engine which is a radical departure from any However, in order to obviate the danger of nosing over,
orthodox type, the characteristics of which, however, which might be manifested with the wheels located so far
were not divulged. Doctor Junkers is keeping it a secret back, two auxiliary wheels have b een placed on the for-
until the motor has been perfected and has had satisfac- ward part of the fuselage beneath the nose forward of the
tory tests. center of gravity. This machine has a span of approxi-
Doctor Junkers has a museum room in his plant in Des- mately 190 feet and the main chord of 35 feet, giving
sau which contains all the milestones and physical stages of camber depth of wing of approximately 6 fe et. From this
metal construction leading up to his present type. He has it can be readily seen how easily adapted this wing is for
been thoroughly scientific and painstaking in the develop- carrying of bombs, fuel, or personnel. It represents the
ment of his all-metal construction. He has followed out best evidence of a streamlined bombardment machine
his work logically with full knowledge of the properties of that has been projected in Europe to date .
metals and has conducted exhaustive tests and experi-
ments so that at the present time he is probably the best MAYBACH MOTOR COMPANY.
informed man on duralumin in the world. His advanced The Maybach Motor Co. is situated in Frederichshafen. ·
interpretation of all-duralumin construction, as is evi, At present they are not engaged in any aircraft-motor
deuced in his latest four-motored, internally braced mon- work, but are devoting their energies to the design and
oplane, is .a decided advance in ·the construction of large construction of motor cars. Mr. Maybach stated his pref-
airplanes. erence for 12-cylinder dirigible engines, and according to
At present there are about 20 of the so-called JL---6 type information he has designed one which he will build at
of passenger-carrying Junkers monoplanes in the factory the first opportunity.
about 90 per cent completed. Authority to dispose of The Maybach 6-cylinder war-time dirigible water-
these machines has also been withheld by the Interallied cooled power plant is conceded by French engineers and
Control Commission . Doctor Junkers designed and par- Italian authorities to be the best dirigible engine developed
tially constructed a large, internally braced monoplane in the world to date. Characteristics of this .engine are
for four engines, eith er Mercedes, B .. M. W., Maybach; or included in the Maybach handbook on this type, which
Liberty. The machine is capable of flying with its full has been obtained for our engineering division.
 77
REPORT ON B. M. W. MOTOR. No compression troubles occurred since then.
The ignition in these motors is by means of two Bosch
Mr. Stephan, chief engineer of the Dutch Air Service,
Z. H._ 6~'14 magnetos which are a special lightened type
made an exhaustive study of the Fokker airplanes equipped
of av1at10n magneto. These proved inadequate . In the
with the B. M. W. motor. As a supplement to this report,
Dutch Air Service the normal Bosch Z. H. 6 magneto is
he attached a study on tlie B. M. W. motor which is con-
mounted instead.
sidered worth while.
Apart from this it was found that the magneto mounting
His study is quoted in its entirety, as the B . M. W. was
was badly designed so that another type of mount was
one of the most extensively used motors in Germany.
substituted. .
Motor type.-The 185-horsepower B. M. W. high-altitude
Of the different failures and other difficulties observed
motor (200-horsepower Bayern motor) is well known and
needs no description. Perhaps some interest will be at- · with thefl!l motors perhaps the most interesting are cracks
in the cylinder flanges. .
tached to the service results with these motors.
Overhau l rou tine.-In the Dutch Air Service the rule for In the Opel-B . M. W. motor the corner between this
these motors is: Overhaul after 80 flying hours, liable to an flange a!1d the cylind~r wall is not rounded off sufficiently,
the radius of the fillet being practically nil.
extension, after inspection by the controlling engineer, of
20 hours, giving 100 hours absolute maximum. There is nothing remarkable in the fact that such a
The overhaul is a complete one, not a top overhaul. faulty form leads to fractures, but it is certainly remarkable
Some of the motors have had four overhauls now and are that in a factory with the experience of the Opel Works
near their filth . such a source of failure can pass unobserved in a complete
With good care and plenty of spare parts to be used at series of motors.
overhauls it will be possible to prolong their life as reliable It is worth note that the fractures occur specially in
motors for quite an appreciable period . the first and sixth cylinders, these being the cylinders
As yet no definite conclusions as to their ultimate life which get most of the vibration. The cam shaft fixes the
have been. reached. other cylinders. The failures are pure fatigue fractures.
Difference of make.-The Dutch Air Service received The pistons and gudgeon pins are a further source of
two series of B. M. W. motors. Part of them were from trouble. Incorporated in the aluminum· pistons are cast-
the original works (Bayerische Motoren Worke, Munchen), iron bushes (the gudgeon-pin housing being cast integral
the others had been built in license at the Opel Motor- with the piston) in which the gudgeon pin rests . At the
worke (Busselsheim). Apart from the construction of the slightest amount of play between gudgeon pin and cast-iron
connecting rods, the cam shaft, valve timing, and some bush, these bushes work loose in the piston bosses, and as
minor details, the construction of both engines is identical. it is impossible to change these bushes this is a great
The workmanship and finish of the original B . M. W., drawback.
however, is far better than that of the Opel. B . M. W. Some It was necessary to keep a large amount of specially
of the difficulties which were experie:O.ced with these made gudgeon pins in stock with a diameter one-tenth of
motors appeared only with the Opel-B . M. W. and not a millimeter bigger than the original ones. When at an
with the original B. M. W., while other difficulties of overhaul gudgeon pins are found to fit too loosely in their
which both types suffered generally appeared earlier in bushes, these are ground to measure for new pins to be
the Opel-B. M. W. than in the original B. M. W. The fitted. Possibly in the long run it will be necessary to
original B. M. W. motor is superior in every respect to the repeat this system of replacement by slightly bigger
Opel-license-B. M. W. moto1·. pins.
Service results.-The exceedingly high compression ratio In a similar manner an analogous trouble with the float-
of these motors occasioned some trouble in the first service ing bushes of the con)lecting rod is overcome by keeping
period, during which ordinary petrol (gasoline) was used. in stock specially made bushes with three-tenths of a
Although the high-compression ratio (6.55:1) does not give millimeter more external diameter.
rise to its normally equivalent end pressure, as the high- Far too much disparity was found to exist between the
altitude carburetor does not permit full admission at low pistons of the whole series to permit of complete inter-
altitudes and the gas is thus throttled to a large extent at changeability. A strict selection must b e made so that
low-altitude full-power runs, it wa6 found that with petrol the amoun1; of piston play is correct.
as fuel the compression was still too high. No type of spark The valve mechanism has not given much trouble.
plug could withstand the abnormally vehement explosions. Often C(Lm rollers must be replaced owing to inequal
Ricardo's well-known experiments on various fuels for wear or play in the roller axles. The rocking lever axles
aviation engines formed an inducement to change the fuel develop play in their bearings, which are simply reamed
for one with a high "toluene value.'' A mixture of benzol in the upper and lower half of the cam-shaft covers of
and petrol in proportion of 60: 40, using benzol with a high which the lower half is forged steel, while the top c~ver
toluene percentage gave very good results and was adopted is aluminum.
as a standard fuel. In service this necessitates replacement of these cov-
The physical properties of the benzol used were as fol- ers, as adjustment of these bearings is limited by ·the
lows: amount of room between rocking lever and top of
Sp. W.=0.86. cover.
Freezing point: From -20° C. to -35° C. Sometimes valves guides had to be renewed.
Distillation range: From 80 or 85° C. to 110 or The very peculiar valve timing of the Opel-B. M. W.,
120° C. for 95 per cent. (About 60 per ce11t differing from that of the original B. M. W., is worthy
beneath 100° C.) of note.
 78
Whereas the original B. M. W. has approximately ~ frequently ·occasioned leaks. After changing the suspen-
Inlet opens 5° E. sion of the oil tanks the frequency of water-jacket leaks
Inlet closes 37.5° L. has been greatly reduced.
Exhaust opens 52° E. The carburetor is rather sensitive for changes in fuel,
Exhaust closes 19.5° L. but is exceedingly good. Attention must be paid to
with individual differences. securing the jets, which are apt to get astray. Renewal
The Opel-B. M. W. shows the following setting: of the axles of the float chamber rocking levers is often
Inlet opens 14° E. needed.
Inlet closes 63° L. Care must be taken that the float room cover is well in
Exhaust opens 55° E. place.
Exhaust closes 25° L. R~newal of the chief bevel wheel on the crank shaft,
with large individual differences. owing to its working loose on the key and developing hair
This extraordinary valve timing reduces still further cracks, was sometimes necessary, and a good deal of at-
the already low fuel consumption so that with these motors tention must be paid to the vertical transmission shaft.
a fuel consumption of 180 grams per metric horsepower , The ball bearings of this shaft often work loose in their
equal to 0.4 pound per horsepower at full-power ground housing, a difficulty which is remedied by fitting bronze
runs, is regularly obtained. The maximum power out- cages.
put is also slightly reduced as against that of the original Conclusion.-Notwithstanding these difficulties the
B. M. W., but not in the same proportion. general impression is that the motor is a very fine speci-
The oiling system gave some trouble with the cam men of what Germany could produce at the end of the
shaft lubrication. This is taken from the front crank war. It is purely a war motor of sound design but suffer-
shaft journal bearing through an extremely small hole ing from a few minor f;aults, partly attributable to war-
in a nipple and was often insufficient. After changing time material and partly to design, but all of them of
this by taking the oil supply for the cam shaft direct small importance. The B. M. W. is a high-altitude
from the main oil lead in the center through a calibrated
motor "par excellence," and should be used as such,
• jet in a nipple no further difficulties were experienced.
and is, therefore, not a motor to be recommended for
Defects in the oil pumps occur occasionally.
commercial traffic purposes.
In the cooling system some difficulty is encountered
by leaky water pumps. It is often necessary to change In this respect it may be of interest to note that the
the bronze bearing of the pump shan't, especially those B. M. W. motors which are used for the school machines
directly behind the vane. The water jackets of the (C-I with dual controls), referred to in the report on the
cylinders sometimes spring leaks.· In the original con- Fokker airplanes, which are never used at high altitudes,
struction the oil tank was suspended from the cylinders have had their compression ratio lowered by 3 millimeter
·by fixing it to bosses welded on the water jackets, and this rings under the cylinders.
HOLLAND.

7g
 FOKKER AIRPLANES.

The only aeronautical designing and engineering plant cockpit is situated immediately behind and in close
in Holland is the Fokker Co . ~Ir. Fokker has reestablished proximity with the pilot's cockpit. The observer's
himself with the Dutch Government and has procured cockpit is extended far enough _underneath to permit the
adequate facilities for experimental and development use of machine-gun fire unde,rneath the fuselage. The
work. In treating Fokker airplanes a brief description Navy will soon receive delivery on this ship.
will be given of the various types in comparison with the
FOKKER LIBERTY MOTORED OBSERVATION PLANE.
well-known D- VII and this will be supplemented by the
very complete report of the Dutch Ai.r Service stating The Fokker Liberty motored two-seater observation
what their experience has been with the standard Fokker plane is really a geometrically similar type to the Fokker
type planes through 11,000 hours of flying. D-VII on an enlarged scale. The power plant is equipped
Fokker types are as follows: with a nose radiator. The oil tank is placed directly in
(1) Fokker D- VIII: 130-horsepower Oberursl rotary the rnar of the engine in the fuselage on a level with the
engine pmsuit monoplane. oil pump. The gasoline tanks can be disposed in the
(2) Fokker D- VII: Pursuit biplane. fuselage, wings, or landing gear. If the gasoline tank is
(3) Fokker F- III: Commercial internally braced mono- in the fuselage, it is placed directly in front of the pilot,
plane, single-engine job , 260-horsepower engine, carrying between him and the engine. The gunner-observer is
5 people. immediately back of the pilot. The two cockpits are
(4) Fokker F- IV: Internally braced monoplane with very close together, as in the .DH- 4B and XBl-A types.
Liberty engine, carrying 10 people. The landing gear is of the conventional Fokker welded
(5) Fokker V-XL : Internally braced, 300-horsepower steel tube type, with the auxiliary gasoline tank built
Hispano monoplane, armored and unarmored. into it. - ,
(6) Fokker United States Navy torpedo seaplane, with The fuselage construction is of the conventional Fokker
Liberty engine, internally braced monoplane type, twin welded steel tube type. It has been very carefully and
floats. thoughtfully executed, always having in mind production,
(7) Fokker two-seater observation, Liberty motored ease of maintenance , and accessibility throughout. Provi-
biplane. . sion for the adaptability in both cockpits of military
(8) New Fokker 300-horsepower Hispano pursuit bi- equipment has been very carefully thought out.
plane, internally braced. The tail unit is practically the same as the D- VII in
The first five machines are very well known to us, as we design, although it is simpler to assemble. Tail skid
have procured one of each of these models to date in this springs are fitted as a shoe.Jc-absorbing medium to the
country. This obviates the necessity of describing them. tail skid proper.
The bottom wing has about 25 per cent less chord,
FOKKER UNITED STATES NAVY TORPEDO SEAPLANE.
although of practically the same span as the upper wing.
The Fokker United States Navy torpedo-carrying sea- The total area of this machine is approximately 380
plane is _an internall y braced monoplane with veneer square feet. The main win~_.rigging truss is identical
covered wings. The wings extend out from the bottom with the D- VII. This ma~)µne could be very well
of the fu~elage in Junker fashion. The wings are built in adapted, with few modificatiqns, to meet our observation
an integral unit, fastened from underneath with six bolts, type requirements, and froll}-_,a standpoint of accessibility,
as in the characteristic bottom wing fastening of the maintenance , and ease of manufacture, it is epecially
D-VII type. The wing tips outside the float support well suited to our requirements. It is the best machine
stations are removable. with Liberty engine that is to be found in Europe.
The tail unit and fuselage are of characteristic Fokker This machine completely loaded weighs about 4,390
type detail construction. All the control surfaces are pounds, with useful load of about 1,530 pounds, which
counterblanced. includes five hours' fuel supply. By a change in its
This machine is fitted with two Brandenberg type of present cooling system, it could very easily be fitted with
seaplane floats. These are of all-wood construction, with a supercharger.
steel float tubes braced to the lower side of the wing and The wings, fuselage, and tail nnit of this machine are
the fuselage. This machine has been fitted with the covered with fabric identically the same as the D-VII.
Liberty low-compression navy.engine. All control surfaces are counterbalanced.
It weighs, completely loaded , about 5,200 pounds and FOKKER 300 PURSUIT.
has been designed to carry a 1,650-pound torpedo.
The machine is representative as to type, and has been The new Fokker 300-horsepower Hispano, single-seater,
very well designed and constructed for visibility and for pursuit is a machine geometrically similar to the Fokker
defensive armament installation. The gunner-observer's D-VII in its entirety. It will weigh approximately 2,700
14799.:..__23~6 (81)
 82
pounds fully loaded, and will have an area of about 290 the flame begins at the burning gasoline tank, it will be
square feet. This machine is now in the course of con- immediately blown back by the action, of the slipstream.
struction and ought to be completed soon. As it will be It is out at such a distance from any inflammable portion
delivened to our engineering division, detailed descrip- of the aircraft, and is so insulated by cool air stream
tion is unnecessary: between the tank and wings or fuselage of the craft, that
Three days previous to a flight with Mr. Fokker in his danger from fire is minimized. Mr. Fokker claims this is
new naval torpedo-carrying job he had s_awed off about 3 a better installation in practice 'than a detachable gasoline
feet of the fuselage .stern, thus shortening it by that amount, tank.
and had moved the complete empennage forward in the
MAINTENANCE OF FOKKER AIRPLANES IN
same measure. This was entirely done within three days'
GENERAL SERVICE.
time. Mr. Fokker stated that the tail of the machine as
originally conceived was too long and that it was not quite (Cantilever wing type and welded steel fuselage. )
as maneuverable fm-e and aft as he wished to have it. ln
the following flight he ascertained the degree of maneu- (Prepared by the chief engineer (technical service) of the
verability and control that this disposition of the tail ha.d Dutch Military Flying Corps. March , 1922.) ·
o-iven the machine and he was entirely satisfied and stated DUTCH AIR SERVICE REPORT ON THE FOKKER AIRPLANES.
tliat it had shown a marked improvement. Mr. Fokker' s
success in building aircraft is largely due to his ability as The chief engineer of the Dutch Air Service promised
a pilot and his first-hand knowledge of the desirable char- to prepare and forward a complete report of the performance
acteristics of control and stability in any type concerned. of the Fokker 'a irplanes used by that country. This report
This ability to test any type and to recognize and rectify is so interesting that it is given in its entirety.
immediately the control system fault throughout is in val u- It is desired to give full credit to P. W. Stephan, chief
able. His direct control over his factory and over hi s engineer of the Dutch Air Service, for all data in this sec-
business, his large amount of first-hand knowledge and tion of the report. The report follows.
experience with all different types, plus his ability to
GENERAL DA1'A.
pilot and test out his own types, gives him a decided
_advantage over most modern designers. In the course of the summer of 1920 (May- September)
In a large measure, our own lack of success in the imme- the two series of Fokker airplanes with which this report
diate solution of controlability problems has been due to deals (D-VII scouts and C- I reconnaissance machines)
the fact that designers have not ascertained the feel of the were delivered to the Dutch Military Flying Corps (Lucht
machine from a pilot's standpoint, and thus have to engage vaartafdeeling).
themselves with empirical values derived from -control The construction of these airplanes differs from the more
surface coefficients, averaged up from all the various types orthodox design in that the wings are of cantilever type,
in general use, supplemented by the opinions of pilots and the whole of the fuselage, the tail planes and rudders ,
who have flown their various types. the wing struts and the central wing fittings are constructed
·unless one flies , this is the only natural method of ascer- of welded steel tubes. The reconnaissance type carries
taining this data because our knowledge of control surface its petrol tanks in the landing chassis.
design from a standpoint of scientific aerodynamical data The mistrust felt in some quarters against cantilever
is not reliable enough for practical application and is too wings in general is so unfounded and denotes such a lack
involved to give satisfactory results. ln other words, of knowledge of the stresses to be considered that we may
our methods in designing control surfaces have been really regard it as a thing of the past. ·
rule of thumb while Mr. Fokker has used the cut and try Reflections of this kind were not considered when the
system until he procured what he desired. order for these airplanes was given, but of course the con-
On the whole, approximately 8,000 Fokker machines tract stipulated various static tests. The actual strength
have been built to date, aiid no master criticisms have in all cas.es (direct wing loading and wing torsion ) was far
berm made against his type of construction by European beyond the requirements.
d~signers except in prejudical fashion. These were A certain amount of distrust is still felt in many quar-
directly attributable to lack of experience with his ters against autogenous steel welding in airplanes, spe-
methods. The ease with which any or all of his aircraft cially when the welded parts come in traction.
cl!,n be repaired or maintained has never been surpassed In the Dutch Military Flying Corps, however, through
hy any other type. a two years' experience with a small series of Fokker
The simplicity of the application of his detailed struc- D- VIII , Gnome-Oberursel 160-horsepower scouts, which
tural ideas throughout all his types eliminates any com- had a fuselage of welded steel tubes, sufficient confidence
plicated fittings and has contributed largely toward aiding in this system of fuselage construction has been gained
Mr. Fokker and his organization to bring out new types to warrant an order for a larger series of similarly con-
very quickly. structed machines. That this confidence was not ill-
Mr. Fokker has made trials with the landing gear gaso- placed was proven by subsequent events as described in
line tank set on fire and claims to have had very satisfac~ this report.
tory results. There was .no flame injury to the rest of the The types of machines are both well known , the Fokker
machine. He claims that installing the tank in the land- D-Vll being generally much appreciated by pilots (a
ing gear has been the most satisfactory method for protect- couple of these machines had been in use at Soesterberg
ing the pilot and machine· in .case of fire. InaBmuch as since 1918), while the C-I was a new design brought out
 83
since the armistice and th e first two-seater reconnaissance The Fokker C-I has proved i tself a fairly good recon-
machine designed at th e Fokker works. This type had naissance machine. Its speed is rather low , but its lift -
not been built in series and the Dutch Mili tary Flying ing power , rate of climb, and general maneuverabili ty are
Force received the first series of these machines. quite sufficient.
Both airplanes have th e same motor, B . M. W. altitude Weight, empty: 1,900 pounds.
type. 185 horsepower nomin al (B . H. P.: 200 at normal Contract load- petrol, oil , and mi litary load: 794
number of revolutions: 1.400 revolu tions per minute). pounds.
At Soesterberg some of the sco uts are equipped with a Maximum speed at ground le vel with co ntract load:
Mercedes, high-compression. o,·ersi7.ed , 180-horsepower 110 miles p er hour.
motor. Rate of climb fully loaded to 5,000 m eters (l 6,400
feet) : 21 minutes.
~ CTUA L Fl,YJ NG 'l'D1 E O N WHICH '!'HTS REPOll'I' IS BASED. The ailerons are rather small, making the machines
At the moment at which this repor t is compiled , accord- somewhat sluggish in maneuvering. Apart from this,
ing to the log books th ese mac hines have an actual fl ying controllability is ver y good and the machine 'is light on
time of ll,000 hours (10,868 hours and 30 minutes). controls. The 0- I stunts well , as does the D- VII , but
During this time not a single fatal acciden t occurred , good rolls and eve n half rolls are rather difficul t to perform
while only in one instance, caused by stunting at low with the former.
al titude-injury of a more or less seriou s character, The petrol tan'ks in t he landing chassis h ave no dis-
severe face wo unds- resulted to the p ilot. (Machine agreeable effect, ei ther in fl ying or landing. _T he machine ,
damaged beyo nd repair. ) though easy to land wh en the pilot is accustomed to it , is
Other accidents, though sometimes considerably dam- rather delicate in landing across wind.
aging th e machine, did not res ult in in juries of any serious- A ver y good feature of the machine is t hat it may be
ness to the occupants. I t must be kept in mind that H ol- stalled with impuni ty. there being no tendency to sli p
land is one of the worst possible countries fo r fo rced land- down on one wing or to nose-dive out of a stall.
ings ·owing to the smallness of the fields and the great In the Dutch Military Flying Force the C-I has been
number of dik es intersecting them. Near ly all accidents used as a ge neral-purpose machine . bein g equipped either
resulting in material damage were caused thro ugh land- for camera work (fixed cameras and cinematograph came-
ings ending in a ditch. • ras). for artiller y observation , or for ligh t bombing.
Of the 11.000 actual flying hours, only 850 hours were For bombing purposes some difficulty was encountered
flown in sco uts (D- VII ), these machines being kept in wi th the bulky petrol tanks in the landing chassis which
reserve so that onl y a few of th em are used fo r practice, obstmcted the view to a large ex tent. Ultima.tely this
etc. difficulty was overcome by changing the position of the
bomb-sight telescope .
The C-I reco nnaissance machines, therefore, have had
The observer's cockpit is not very roomy and the ob-
about 10,000 fl ying hollrs. U nless stated otherwise, the
server , when on general reconnaissance work , is rather
remaTks in this report appl y specially to the ' I airplane.
cramped between camera, wireless apparatus, etc . There
The number of C-I machines in actual use varied from
is no accommod ation for parachutes.
30 to 35, the remainder being kep t in stock or being in
cow-se of repair or revision. G ENERAL TE CH N I CAL RESULTS,
The C- I machine with the ' largest number of flying
hours in actual use has R80 hom s to i ts credit (two over- In comparisn to other machines the Fokker airplanes
hauls). have been strikingl y successful. Bearing in mind that
OVERHA U L RO UTIN E . the C-I as used was a first production , one may say that
it showed ver y few of t he troubl es generall.y inherent in a
In the Dutch Military F lying Force ever y airplane is ne w type.
subject to a complete overh a ul in the workshops after 150 The onl y trouble worth mentioning in this respect was
actual fl ying hours. In special cases this period may be· given by the undercarriage. Both the chassis itself and
lengthened after inspection hy the controlling engineer t he wheels were rather ·weak . This was specially so for
to an a.bsolu te maximum of 200 hom s , b ut the rnle is re- the very hard sand , gravel, and heather surface of the
vision after 150 hours. On an average every machine Soesterberg aerodrome. The tanks gave some trouble ,
makes in th.is period between· overhaul some 230 flights too. The landing chassis was altered and reinforced , as
with la.ndings. descrihed later on. and other wheels were mounted.
For school machines (some of the Fokker C-I machines The tail skid and its fittings were not sufficiently strong,
are equipped with dual con trol for instructional purposes) and the skid should have had eome more lateral play, as it
the ru le is inspectio·n and overh aul after 400 landings or occasioned in some cases torsion of the tail where sharp
100 hours. This is liable to a possible extension to 150 turns on the ground had been made.
hours maximum . On an average these machin es have An interesting fact is the comparatively large amount
now each some 680 landings to their credit. of distortion which t he steel t u be fu selage will take
without any externally visible deformation or loosening
GENE RAL FLYI NG SE RVICE RE SULTS.
of wires. Instances occurred where a machine developed
Both types of machines have gi ven full satisfaction in a a tendency toward tai l heaviness without any apparen t
general wa y. The Fokker D- VII is so well known that cause. A careful in vestigation of the fuselage structure ,
no further remarks as to i ts perfor mance. strength, etc. , fi xed in a trestle specially designed for the purpose,
are needed. showed that although ali th e wires were still in tension
 84
and the fuselage appeared all right, yet the tail plane In all accidents to Fokker machines the cockpits did
was as much as 11 inches out of line . By simply tighten- not suffer. Even in the case in which a pilot lost his way
ing or looseuing wires, keeping them all the while in at night and struck the earth in a ground mist during his
tension, very appreciable deformation can be obtained. downward glide before flattening out, thus diving, as it
Sometimes a vertical shifting of the tail-plane fittings over were, right into the very hard airdrome soil, the pilot
2~ inch,es was obtained. escaped without a scratch, although the machine was a
All fuselages when overhauled are now checked as to complete ' 'washout."
their being in line, while the wire tension is noted also. In a report of the Dutch National Aeronautical Research
There are three predominant factors when judging the Laboratory on tests on the strength of fuselages composed
relative merits of steel tube structures as used in Fokkers of seamless steel pipes joined by autogenous welding,
against the more orthodox constructional type of trussed which will be referred to later on, special attention is
fuselages with wooden longerons and wooden struts or drawn to this significant fact, which contributes greatly
wood and ply-wood monocoque fuselages. to the safety of the occupants and which may be ascribed
In an article in Het Vliegveld of March, 1922, Mr. to the large amount of shock absorbed by the deformation
Takens, technical officer, R. D. N., attached to the of the steel members in the front and bottom of the
military flying corps as works engineer, draws attention machine.
to these points: From a maintenance viewpoint this fact means, more-
First. Simplicity of overhaul and repairs. over, that the result of even the worst crashes is more or
Second. General accessibility. less local, so that repairs are not so extensive as in the
Third. Damage done to machine and danger to pilots case of wooden machines.
in crashes. This applies also to the wings, whose box spars are of
The steel tube construction scores under all three head- exceptional strength and therefore suffer but Ii ttle in most
ings. crashes.
First. Nothing could be simpler than the overhaul of a An observation which affects operation as much as
steel fuselage . After stripping it of its fabric the naked maintenance may be made with reference to the rigging
structure is open to inspection from all sides. and dismantling of the airplanes. The removal of the
It is easily cleaned or checked as to its being in line, wings is done in less than a quarter of an hour. The
repainted, and ready for use again. Compare this with rigging is an exceedingly simple job and in no way com-
the overhaul of a wood and ply-wood fuselage , all soiled parable to the rigging of a machine with ordinary wings.
and soaked by oil which has weakened the wood and dete-
riorated the ply wood·. Every cross-strut socket and STRUCTURAL MATERIALS .
fitting should be inspected, which is only possible by strip-
ping part of the fuselage of its ply-wood covering. In Not all the materials used in these machines come up
monocoque construction the inspection of the internal · to English or American standard specifications. Still
structure is even more difficult than in braced girder they have given ample proof of being satisfactory for the
fuselage construction. purposes for which they are used.
As to the facility of repairs, this will be dealt with later Without going into a detailed analysis of these materials,
on, but it is certainly better than with most of the ordinary some insight into their properties can be gained from the
· wood construction. following general data from tests taken with test pieces
Second. The accessibility of the fuselage structure · made out of the finished parts:
itself is far better than in most other constructions, but ·
more important still is the engine accessibility which
this type of construction affords. This is best illustrated Tensile
strength
by comparing a Fokker and a DH-9, both without motor . in tons Elonga-
Material. (of2,240 tion in
cowling, made as accessible as possible. In the Fokker pounds) per cent.
the different cowl sheets, fixed by wing nuts, are taken per square
inch.
off without more ado, leaving the engine perfectly free.
Magnetos, oil, and water pump are all of them accessible. (a) Steel tubes ................................ . 28. 6- 44 . 13- 7
In the other machine it has, first of all, been necessary (b) Sheet steel for lugs, wing fittings, etc . ..... . 28. 6- 31.1 · 25-10
(c) Steel bolts (high stresses) .................. . 60 - 66 8
to remove the air screw in order to get at the front engine (d) Other steel bolts ........................... . 39 - 61. 4 15- 8
cowl, and even then the ;1ccessibility, specially of mag- (e) Steel for t urnbuckles or strainers ....... ... . 42 - 57.1 8- 6
(f) Steel wire (bracing wire) .................. . 119. 3- 183. 4 7- 3
netos, oil, and water pump, is not half so good as in the
Fokker.
Third. Provided suitable ' materials are used and the (a) Although the elongation is'rather small, these tubes
tubes are not brittle, it is quite astonishing to see what will take a great deformation. They invariably conform
distortion in crashes can take place with Fokker fuselages to the compression test.
without any direct fracture . The autogenous welding of these thin tubes is a job
It certainly is no bold assertion when it is stated that which requires well-trained men; but under the assump-
when a machine lands in too small a field with full flying tion that the work is done by men equal to their task,
speed, completely wrecking its undercarriage in a ditch it is safe to assume that the welded parts are reliable.
and turning a somernault, ordinary wooden construction The interesting report of the Dutch Aeronautical Re-
would be reduced to smithereens, while the occupants search Laboratory concludes: Autogenous welded joints
might reckon themselves lucky if their injuries were only of seamless tubes (oxygen-acetylene welding), _if well
slight. carried out, are as reliable as other metal joints or con-
 85
nections. When inspecting a cut through a joint, little Second. The cups of the landing chassis fittings were
defects are ever found. When these are not too large in welded in a better fashion than in the original construction
extent and the crystallization of the two parts that meet because they gave way too quickly.
in the joint is continual, these defects have no appreciable Third. To obviate the difficulty of the tail skid twist-
influence on the strength. · ing the fram e at the ta.ii, if was found necessary to
The parts of the tube next to the joint are annealed by strengthen this part. It would have been better perhaps
the heat of the flame. The elastic limit in these parts is to change the place of the tail skid itself, giving it more
lowered , so that deformation begins there. lateral play, thus ta.king away the ca.use of the difficulty,
(b) This material has ·not given rise to any remarks. but as this would have necessitated far more work it was
The wing fittings of the Fokker are lightened by holes. thought sufficient to strengthen this pa.rt. Two methods
It waB found that in some of the fittings these holes had were used. The simpler one, consisting of 1·epla.cing the
been punched instead or having been drilled , thus occa- original 24 b y 1 millimeter vertical tube by a 28 by 2.4
sioning small hair cracks starting from the punched holes. millimeter tube, giving not only increased strength
These fittings were rejected and only drilled ones accepted. against torsion but slightly strengthening the whole tail
(c) and (d ) In a couple of instances small bolts were by the greater cu·cumference that can b e directly \'1-elded
found too brittle. In all cases these were tail-plane bolts in the V of the main girders. This has proved satisfactory.
and subject to vibration. A stronger type of tail skid than that originally mounted
By lightly annealing these bolts the elastic limit could is now b eing used also.
be lowered without impairing the breaking strength to a An interesting point to be considered is the ease with
dangerous degree, thus giving a higher percentage of which major repairs can be carried out. Entire tubes
elongation. can be replaced and welded in the old fuselage.
(e) As the test pieces were made out of the finished The report of the Dutch National Aeronautical Research
parts, they were perforce rather small,' and the elongation Laboratory may b e quoted as to the best way in which
numbers are therefore not quite reliable. such parts can be welded.
All turnbuckles, however, stood the double-bending In tensile tests of tubes welded together, with an inner
test. tube as reinforcement. the failure occurred at the outer
The other materials used do not call for ·comment. edge of the inner reinforcing tube, while the total strength
The wing construction follows · the same lines as that of of a tub e welded in this fashion was greater than that of
the D-VII, which has been amply ·descri bed . The box the original tube. In tests where the inner tube had been
spars are built up of an upper and bottom laminated fixed by spot welding to the outer tube the fail me occurred
beam of rather low-grade fir strips glued together, witl1 at a lower ma ximum stress. Probably this is ca.used by
webs of birch ply wood , the whole being covered with the annealing action of the welding flame in the neighbor-
fabric, doped, and varnished. In between the top and hood of the spot weld.
bottom flanges are glued reinforcing wood blocks at As a rule an inner tube makes the joint more reliable.
different intervals, the whole following the usual Fokker If it is desired to make it more reliable still by spot weld-
practice. A special note may be made of the exceedingly ing, then the spot welds must be placed at such a distance
efficient cold glue used in these airplanes. from the end of the inner tube that the original material
In the Dutch Air Service the "Lu ward" cold glue is not weakened by annealing.
(Schiitte-Lanz) is used and found to be both excellent In the Dutch Air Service all joints n ecessary for repairs
and easy to handle. are made in this fashion, with this restriction, that in
The ribs are of the same pattern as in the D-VII ; the cases where the tub es come in tension the butt joint of the
curvature of the leading edge is maintained between the outer tubes is ma.de perpendicular to tbe tube a.xis, while
ribs by a veneer layer cut away in triangular fashion and in cases where the tubes come in compression the joint
fixe_d on ribs and sp~rs. is made at an angle to the axis. The reason for this is that
The fabric originally used is a linen fabric of about 80 as failures never occur in the joint but always next to it
to 87 pounds per inch strength in warp and weft. at a place where the material is annealed by the heat
action of the flame, compression struts come in a better
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS .
condition when this annealed area is not perpendicular
Fuselage.-The fuselage is a very sound job as a whole to the axis.
and has given few difficulties. If these rules are observed and good welders accustomed
The only points worth note are: to the welding of thin tubes are employed, the repairs are
First. The transverse bulkhead in the motor frame easy and reliable. Of course difficult points require
which interconnects the front landing chassis fittings was rigid inspection, as was shown in one instance where at
too weak. the triple joint of the wing-fixing pyramid a hair crack
After long service a small ridge developed in the tubes was discovered starting from the small transverse tube.
as a result of compression caused by landing shocks. It was found that the joint had been carelessly made and
All machines were therefore altered by additional part of the material was burned.
braces welded to points other than original welds. This In the Dutch Air Service an inner tube is inserted in
form of reinforcement was chosen because the simpler the central tube of this pyramid.
way of using a simple T structure would lead to renewed It is therefore recommended not to paint such difficult
welding in the middle section of the original construction, points but to scratch (or lightly sand-blast) them bright
which would be weakened thereby. and then to varnish them with a transparent varnish.
 86
A point worthy of note·in this respect ( ea1ie of repairs) quickly at the critical point and, in a fe w instances, gave
is the simplicity of the workshop equipment when com- way. Heavier axles (55 by 5 millimeters) were mout1ted
pared to what is necessary for the repair .of wooden ma.- and more attention was given to lubrication of the axle
chines. Practically the only equipment needed for fuse- slots in the chassis.
lage repairs is a good, movable welding plant and a supply The next di.fs.culty was that there was too much lateral
of tubes of different sizes. When repairing wooden play of the axle. This caused broken wheels, because the
machines one needs, on the contrary, wood machinery shock-absorber h ands came in contact with the wheel
for the machining of struts, longerons, spars, etc., and if spokes. Distance rings were mounted , thus d oing away
no complete stock of fittings, etc., is at hand, the manu- with this difS.culty .
facture of these parts is another laborious job, necessi tat- The shock-absorber hands, consisting of two shor t tubes
ing at least a. die press. welded to the chassis and ending in a small flange, were
These facts a.re particularly important in time of war too weak. These were reinforced· b y mounting an inner
when the necessity a.rises of having repair shops in the t ube in each.
field behind the front line. Quite elaborate repairs to The wheels were too small and rather weak. They were
steel tnbe fuselages are then possible, whereas elaborate replaced by bigger and stronger wheels.
repairs can not be carried out with wooden fuselage. The diagonal bracing cables in the ch assi8 wen;) fixed
to the struts by small welded lugs. As soon as extra stress
TAIL UNIT. came on the cabl~s t hrough hard landings, tlie small
The tail unit, which is identical with that of the D- VII, welded lugs were torn out of the strut . The joint itself
has no t given rise to any trouble. As stated a bove , a never fa iled , but the lug was torn out bodily with the
co uple of tail-plane bolts failed in use. From then joint and a strip of th e tub e.
onward all bolts were lightly annealed . As a furth er safety All chassis were altered and reinfo rced.
meas ure, intended to eliminate dangerous results in case Taking everything together, the original landing gear
such a fracture might occur again, a simple fitting was was decidedly too weak a nd even in its altered fo rm is [ar
designed and mounted on all machines , serving to prevent from being ideal.
w rNGS.
the doubling-up of part of the tstil plane in case of failure
of a bolt during flight. It must be pointed out , however, The wing~ are of astonishing strength . especially in
that there has not been an. occasion to prove the usefulness crashes, and are exceedingl y simple in repairs. Even in the
of this fitting now that better bolts are used . worst accidents it is an exception to find a broken spar
which can not be repai.red with very little trouble. If
LANDING CHASSI S.
spars show a fracture after a crash, i t generally is in the
The landing gear was the only part of the C- T planes thinnest part of the wing tips and is occasioned by the
that was inadequate. crushing of the wing tip in striking the earth. Such
As it has a double function , being a landing chassis as fractures , which are rare, are easily repaired by making
well as a frame for carrying the petrol tanks, the different simple splices in the top and bottom beams, staggering the
difS.cul ties will be treated separately. scarfs according to the la.minat.ions, and fi xing · new ply-
(a) Petrol lank.< .-Th e general form of this tank is good wood webs oYer a greater area H1an that limited by the
and the diffic ulti es are only a result of faulty d e,ign a nd splice.
improper workmanship. The tank is divided in two b y The following dif:'icultie~ were experienced with the
a partition, one part being the chief tank, the other form- wing construction:
ing an amciliary tank. As both tanks are pressure tanks, The internal bracing is badly designed. The bracing
the tank walls are under pressure and the flat partition wires attack the spars at their weakest end where there .is
between the two tanks is not suf5.ciently strong to with- no strut or compression rib to take the resultant stress.
stand pressure combined with shocks from petrol knocking It is obvious that this faulty arrangement leads to spar
against one side when the other tank is empty. Frequent deflections at the points wh ere the lugs are attached.
leaks are the result and , this partition being absolutely These deflections were often of the magnitude of 6 milli-
inacces.9ible , repairs are difS.cult. '01' co urse such leaks meters and more.
only amount to the two tanks serving as one and do not As th.is result was discovered at the overhaul when the
incapacitate the machine. spars were already deformed., it could not be remedied by
The soldered seams of the tank are not strong enough . simply fitting a strut or compress.ion 'rib. Therefore a th.ick
These seams should have been riveted or flanged in some three-ply panel reinforced by two t riangul ar glued stru ts
way and then soldered. J n the first se rvice period , b efore was fixed between the spars at this place.
the tanks were overhauled , leaks were rather frequent The designer of the machine proffered the opinion that
and different forced landings were caused by loss of pres- this internal bracing is not needed as a drift t russ, because
sure th.rough leaks, either at the seams or at the joints of the wing is strong eno ugh without it, but that it serves
the fil_ler cup. more to keep the spars in place during assembling, an
The secondary difS.culty was that th e ply-wood cover, assertion which must be taken .. cum grano salis."
streamlining the tank, had to be demolish ed in order to Though th ere are no real compression ribs in the drag
get at the tank for repairs. These streamline fairings truss, still th ere are some doubl e extra strong ribs, intended
were, therefore, altered and made in two parts. to serve as compression ribs.
(b) Landing gear.-The diriculties in this respect started That a better drift bracing is needed is shown also in
with the axles. These were rather thi11 (55 by 2.6 milli- the behavior of these ribs . . In the lower plane the webs of
meters), and as the slots in which the axle moves vertically the innermost reinforced ribs have a tend ency to buckle
were not lubricated suf.i ciently, th 1c: axle wore very up . This h as been remedied.
 87
A fmther poin t noteworthy in this respect is that the feature of the .Fokkers is the double ~ileron con trol, which
wing spar fittings, especially of the lower wing, develop a should be standard on war machines.
little play after long service. This play sometimes The bearings of the control stick developed play too
amounts to 2 millimeters and is taken up by inserting quickly, therefore these are being changed in the Dutch
small flat wedges between fitting and spar. Air Service, and ball bearings are mounted instead of the
A quite unimportant alteration made in t he Dutch Air· original bronze bushes.
Service is the half rib which was put in the wing n~ar the The differen t cockpit fi ttings (gas and ignition handles,
fuselage because the veneer layer in this place suffered petrol cocks, safety belts, cockpi~ upholstering, etc. )
too much a.t the hands (and feet) of mechanics. were more or less of a p erfunctory nature, showing that
It was found that most wings cl id not need new fabr ic at these machines were equipped according to war-time ideas
their first overhau l. Therefore -the fa bric is often only of their time of service. They are quite sufficient for a
loosened at the points needing inspection and then re- machine which in the course of a couple of months is
Jr<1ired. After this a ll the paint is removed by a solution either wrecked or supersed ed by a new type, but for
that does not attack t he elope . The wing is t hen redopecl machines intended to serve during a length y period in
and repainted with a pigmented elope covering. Treated peace time more attention should be given to these details. ·
in this way the fabric can ge nerally stand 300 hours and The motor cowling, built up of different loose sheets,
more. The wing is then co mpletely stripped and covered fixed by winged nuts, is very practical, as stated before,
with new fabric at its second overhaul. but the interchangeability of th ese sheets leaves much to
Ju a few upper wings, f~r no apparent reason, the fa bric be desired. Practically no two cowling sheets and ma-
at the top was torn loose from a couple of ribs. As this chines have the holes and bolts in the same place. A lot of
happened only at a place where th ere is an inspection and trouble would have been saved if at the outset more atten-
entrance hol e for the aileron control cables in the lower tion had been given to interchangeability.
surface of the wing, possibly an explanation of this occur- This remark applies a lso to petrol tanks, radiators, ern-
rence may be foun d hy assu ming that through t his aperture, pennage, interplane strnts, etc.
giving direct communication between the pressme side Radiators gave some troubl e (leaks) owing to t heir rigid
(lower surface of the wing) and t he suction side (upper mounting. When mounted on fe lt washers very little
surface), the posit ive air pressure is bro ugh t to bear on the trouble was experienced with t he honeycomb type.
inner side o[ the fab ric in the upper wing surface, thus
CONC LUSIO!\" .
causing a far greater strain on the stitches than is normal.
Therefore not only was a better thread used tor stitching· The Fokker G-1, as we ll as the Fokker D- Vll, has given
the fa.bric to the Tibs but two small holes were mad e in the
· great satisfaction in service.
upper ~urface near the trailing edge. The different difficulties which were encountered are,
all of them , of a minor character and can be remedied with
DETAILS.
small troubl e.
The steering gear is good, t hough its construction does The general impression left by 11,000 fly ing hours'
not come up to th e English standard . A commendable service is an ex cellent one.
ENGLAND.

89
 ' '
RESUME OF BRITISH RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN
SERVICE AIRCRAFT.

WIND TUN NE LS. The model tests on th e Alula wing have not shown an y
.exceptional advantage, but the possibilities of large cor-
One of the striking things noticed in England was the rection factor advantage on full-scal e models were being
existence of wind tuimels at practically all the important explored. The d esigner mad e radical statements as to
aeronautical manufacturing establishments. As th ese the fallacy of correction factors that are no,v being applied
vary in scal e, dimensions, and charcteristics, it is very from wind tunnel mod el experiments to full-scale air-
hard to correlate the data in concrete cases for comparison. planes.
The principal purpose of these was to get relative data S'fA'£IC 'l'ESTS .
which would be close enough to show the immediate rela-
tive advantages even though they could not be applied The assumptions for carrying out th e static tests of air-
by correc tion factors to accurate full-s~ale machines. craft and for method s of calculating stress for aircraft struc-
The tests conducted are further valuable to ascertain tures have b een standardized b y the Air Ministry and as-
conditions ol fore-and-aft stability and for getting measure- sumptions are follow ed as in Pippard and Pritchard's Air
ment<; of relative resistances. Ministry Handbook of Strength Calculat ions.
Of course it is known that the more accurately th e load-
AE RODYN.Ui!CS . ing in flight is done, the lighter the airplane st ructure can
be made and, as heretofore men tioned , full-flight pressure-
.t large amount of full-scale work has been done for
zone tests have b een conducted and are being emplo yed
measuring the full-flight variations of different airfoil sec-
as a guid e to the attainment of a more accurate knowledge
tions. The English have used a thrust meter to advanatage
of the distribution of load and of stress. It has been found
in helping to evolve characteristic full-flight data.
to differ quite appreciabl y from th e model pressure tests
Other research work is being carried on at present in
in smaller scale. Finally, the more exact kno'\vledge of
the form of increasing controllability of airplanes at low
the full-size pressure distribution will certainly give more
speeds, endeavoring to attain efficient control disposition.
exact nature of loading and a lighter structure, and give the
Further investigations will be carried out in the near
indust ry more simplified assumptions which, though not
future on the comparison of water-cooled and air-cooled
strictly accurate, should in the main be accurate enough
engines from the standpoint of consumption o[ power for
for practical use. Furthermore, the British aeronau tical
cooling. Cooling with radiators will be compared· to di-
struc tU+al engineers are engaged in the simplification oL
rect afr-cooled cylinders. The direct merit factor as re-
accurate calculations for redundan t aircraft structural
gards water-cooled versus air-cooled power-plant installa-
members.
tion in a hypothetical airplane will be tested to d etermine
F LIGH'.I.' TESTS.
the choice from a view'p oint of the total resistance of the
machine in each case. ln most of the full -scale flight-test experimental work
The Brit ish research department is investigating the at the Farnsborough station the investigatorn were people
problems of control at low speeds; and the solution of this charged with the solution of flight-test problems, actually
problem may, in their opinion, give more advantage than carrying out their own fl ying problems themselves. This
the development of wings of high lift. is significant when one considers the advantage to the
STABILI'l'Y DATA .
investigator or scientist of getting this first-hand informa-
tion from full-flight testing himself. Tests are also being
A considerable amo unt of work on stability derivatives conducted in full flight for determining the regions of
for prediction of stability characteristics of aircraft is being varying pressure along the w·i ngs, along the fuselage , and in
done. They desire more practical assumptions for sup- the region of the landing gear and tai l surfaces.
plying data to airplane designers to aid them to anticpate
AILERO NS .
in adv~nce the stability properties of aircraft.
AIRFOILS .
Different adaptations of aileron counterbalancing fea-
tures have been evolved by different manufacturers to
It has been noteworthy that, with the Handley Page correct for and minimize the amount of fatiguing exertion
slotted wings, DH- 9's have been more efficient and have required of the pilot to maneuver the ailerons throughout
had greater climbing ability than when fitted with stand- the operating ranges for lateral control. In one instance,
ard wings. The lam.).ching run with the Handley Page ·the DH-34 and DH-29, the aileron demultiplying con-
wing was one-half that of the run when fitted with the trol system ·of leverage and angular range has ·been so
ordinary wing. designed that the high side aileron is moved through a
(91)
 92
greater angular range than the low side aileron . . This, in throughout. This is a very expensive wing construc-
combination with the counterbalanced aileron leading tion and is very difficult to repair. The fuselage steel
edge, offset from the aileron spar proper, allows for lateraltubing 1dea of structure is fairly well interpreted and
control with much less exertion than would normally be makes for a sound structure .
required. Mr. J . D . North, chief engineer of the Bolton & Paul
The latest Handley Page has the ailerons counterbal- Co ., says auralumin is a washout. Some information is
anced all along the leading edge in such a way that after current in English aeronautical circles that duralumin
obtaining the maximum positive and negative range of deteriorates with age and loses some of its physical charac-
aileron control position the leading edge of the aileron teristics. However, this should be investigated and traced
counterbalanced portion does not extend beyond the upper for authenticity.
or lower limits of the spar section . They claim this is a Welding has been absolutely discouraged in aircraft
decided advantage and makes lateral control easier. construction in England, but this action should not carry
much weight, inasmuch as the English have not had any
ADJUSTABLE TAIL SURFACES.
practical experience in the use of welded construction.
In large airplanes of the multimotored type different Their assumptions and conclusions h ave been entirely
schemes have been adopted for varying the tail settings theoretical and are prejudiced.
on the horizontal and vertical surfaces to correct for the RADIATORS.
longitudinal fore-and-aft trim, due to the variation of load
about the normal center of gravity and also for correction A la rge number of radiators installed on Brftish ma-
of directional control which is ordinarily upset by one chines are .still of the nose type. However, in the De
motor cutting out, thus making it difficult for the pilot to Haviland, Fairey, Bolton & Paul, and s everal others,
maintain direction with t he flexible rudder control. radiator installations have been placed in the partial
In the Bolton & Paul, and most of the other British free air position such as the engine und ersh ing tunnel
multimotored types or single-motored types requiring fore- type with honeycomb core.
and-aft adjustment, the stabilizer is variable in incidence The English have been employing very low caliber
at the control of the pilot from the cockpit. However, in ratios for their rad iator cores and have not ~ttained the
t he Vickers Vimy type, in correcting for one motor cutting ultimate efficiency of a straight core tunnel radiator that
out, the rudder bar in the cockpit is offset by a telescopic would ordinarily be the case if higher caliber ratios of
hand-loading spring arrangement fastening between the 35 ha<l been employe<l in these regions of high velocity.
rudder bar and floor structure of the airplane so as to neu- OLEO LA N DI NG GEARS.
tralize the effort required of the pilot to correct for the
One of the latest and most widely applied develop-
uneven thrust couple involved. In the Bolton & Paul
ments pertaining to airplane landing gears has been that
type a double-hinged rudder and fin combined is utilized of the Oleo shock-absorbing type and its use by the Bol-
so that the forward hinged portion of the fin part is set in ton & Paul Co., Bristol Airplane Co., De Haviland Air-
an angular position by means of a handwheel control in the plane Co., Armstrong-Siddeley Airplane Co., Handley
cockpit. The rudder proper is hinged to the aft end of Page Co., Vickers Co., Martinsyde Co., etc. The idea,
this adjustable fin and is coupled directly to the rudder- according to the different designers questioned, was to
bar controls in the cockpit. eliminate as far as possible the secondary rebound in
METAL CONSTRUCTION . airplanes which is prevalent with the rubb er shock-
absorbing type ianding gears. By applying the Oleo
One of the many problems in connection with alloy dashpot principle in combination with rubb er or spring
steels and nonferrous alloy in England has been the pro- shock absorbers, or in Oleo dashpot fashion alone, the
curing of the best metals for commercial use which have shock is damped more readily. In America there has
been evolved in laboratory tests. been no evidence of an Oleo type landing gear. This
ALL-METAL PLANES.
ought to be one of our next lines of endeavor in experi-
mentation on an airplane such as the Martin, or other
The English have been very slow to follow up the trend serious service types.
of metal aircraft development in France and Germany . PALMER TIRES.
The Vickers Co., the progenitors and patentees of dura- The Palmer Co. has recently developed a new tire for
1umin, did not have any duralumin experimental air- large airplanes requiring large wheels and large diameter
craft work under way in their factory at Wybridge that tires with a flattened tire caBing tread so as to allow a
could be seen. The only application of metal to aircraft higher resistance of these wheels in going over soft ground .
that was noticed there was in the use of high-alloy ste~l These should be tried out on our Martins.
tubing with external steel fittings . The Short Bros. Co.
are the only people to have used duralumin to any extent PURSUIT PL ANES.

on an airplane in England. Detailed description of their The 300-horsepower Hispano motor is not being used in
Sil·ver Streak will be found under the heading, "Short England at this time on any of their later t ypes. Their
Bros. all-metal planes." This is a very creditable inter- pursuit plane program, now and for the immediate future,
pretation of a duralumin fuse}age. will be with machines equipped with the Siddeley Jaguar
The Bolton & Paul Co. are using high-alloy sheet shapes engines or the Bristol Jupiter engines. Detailed cha.r-
and the Siddeley Co. is using in their all-metal aircraft acteristics of the Siddeley Siskin are included in an
high-alloy steel tubing and alloy sheet spars and ribs Admiralty performance report embodied in this report.
 93
OBSERVATION PLANES. concerned. The poor performance, small military load
The Bristols equipped with Rolls-Royce engines are carried, difficulty of handling, poor field of fire, and the
st.ill being used by t.h e English for their two-seater work. low ceiling obtainable, all combine to make them a very
undesirable type to develop from a military standpoint.
NIGHT BOMBARDMENT PLANES. The characteristics of their latest amphibians are approxi-
mately as follows:
The Handley Page .and Vickers Vimy bombers are on The Super-Marine, Fairey, Parnell , and Vickers
their program for night bombardment purposes. The types:
day bombardment types are still mainl y th e De Haviland Ceiling, average : About 16,000 feet.
class of aircraft. High speed: About no miles per hour .
TROOP CARRIERS. The Super-Marine amphibian is the flying boat type
An interesting type that the English have been experi- with a Napier Lion engine mounted in overhead fashion.
menting with and building in small quantities are the There is a gunner to the rear of the wings in the hull, and
Vickers troop carriers. These machines are standard, one gun is located forward.
multimotored, bombardment types, redesigned to carry The Vickers type is analogous to the Super-Marine type
troops lightly equipped. A similar type is b eing con- so far as disposition of load and general arrangement is
structed by the Siddeley Co., having two Napier Lion concerned. The blind angles caused by the tail unit and
engines. These ships have been principally evolved for by the main wing structure are considerable. The loggi-
colonial use where troop transportation is a problem. If ness of the types is very pronounced . They would afford
this type is warranted in our service program, we could a very easy mark for land pursuit planes in case of war.
follow suit by adapting one of our large bombardment The Parnell and Fairey are of the fuselage twin-float
types, with provision made in the fuselage for locating biplane seaplane type. These machines offer a better
the troop load and their light field equipment, such as . range of gunfire for the rear gunner due to underslung
rifles, ammunition, food, etc. This type is quite analo- rudder, but, as a whole, they have the same disadvantages
gous to a large commercial multimotored type. If it were of logginess, poor visibility, and very mediocre per-
decided to develop this type, it might be advisable to do formance.
so as a commercial ship and to study adaptability for this LARGE FLYING BOATS .
use.
TORPEDO PLANES. The British seem to be giving considerable importance
to the development of large flying boats by allowing con-
The Blackburn Co. and the Handley Page Co. have tracts for large multimotored flying boats of the Fairey
been awarded experimental contracts on torpedo-carrying N-4 type.
machines. The details of the latest Handley Page torpedo-
carrying type have not been divulged, although a Black- Fairey N-4 type flying boat.
burn torpedo-carrying type has been purchased by the The hull of the flying boat is approximately 66 feet in
United States Navy and is now in this country. Specifi- length, including rudders. The lines of the hull are quite
cations of the Air Ministry torpedo type have been pro-
similar to the hull of the F-5 flying boat. The hull wa;i
cured and are included in this report.
built to Air Ministry design and has the following char-
As a result of the extensive torpedo-carrying airplane acteristics :
experiments that have been can-ied on by the British it Area of wings: 2,900 square feet.
would seem advisable to carry on experiments with the Area of tail: 350 square feet.
torpedo-carrying type in our service and to evolve a type
Rudders: 50 square feet.
specification for it, following very closely the specifications Fins: 50 square feet.
advanced by the British.
Elevators : 50 square feet.
AMBULANCE PLANES .
Ailerons: 83 square feet.
Span: 139 feet.
They have also evolved in practice an interpretive Height : 29 feet 6 inches.
ambulance type airplane by changing over the standard Length over all : 66 feet.
Vickers Vimy passenger-carrying machine. Specifica'tions Chord: 12 feet 6 inches.
for the Air :Ministry type airplanes have been included High speed: 105 miles per hour.
in this report. Power plant: 4 Rolls-Royce Condor 600-horsepower
Inasmuch as a satisfactory ambulance type airplane has engines mounted in twin tandem eggs between
not been built in this country with reference to number the wings.
of patients carried, equipment, desirable landing speeds, Float displacement with full load: 32,000 pounds.
etc., it would seem quite necessary, inasmuch as there is The hull is not divided into water-tight compartments.
practical use for this type of airplane, that we give it serious The runway extends along the whole interior of the hull.
consideration in the future. The preliminary considera- Gawline tanks are secured in cradles on each side of this
tion should be layout and disposal of the load, with runway. It is intended to provide sleeping accommoda-
marked facilities for landing in very mediocre fields. tions for the crew. In the tail two large portholes, one on
each side, are provided with water-tight doors so that four
AMPHIBIANS. machine guns may be mounted there.
English amphibian development has been successful in J Fan-driven Servo motors are installed in the tail for aid-
so far as the application of removable landing gears is ing the pilot in controlling the ship.
 94
This machine is situated at the Isle of Grain Naval Air contemplating to allow $200,000 as a prize for the develop-
Station and has been developed principally because of the ment of a helicopter to fulfill certain conditions prescribed
belief in some na,ial circles that seaworthy flying boats of by their experts. · There is a decided antihelicopter senti-
great range and of large size which can follow the fleet and ment throughout the entire h eavier-than-air industry m
operate with it wherever it goes. for fleet reconnaissance England.
work. are more practical than other types. They claim Mr. Brennan has designed and built a h elicopter at
that landing on capital ships is impractical and that capital Farnsborough which is being tested in secret.. This heli-
ships in battle formation would not alter their course in copter, acco1·ding to claims, has risen from the ground with
ord er to e nabl e craft to retmn to them. its own power with 250 pounds weigh t . The natme of ex-
periments with this type has not been divulged. but it is
Vickers Valentia type, and lhe /.arge Fairey A tlanta powered und erstood that Iurt her flight tests will be made very soon.
·,uith.foitr Rolls-Royce 600-horse,JOwer Condor engines.
:ENG-INES.
SeawOl'thy tests are being mad e on these large-type flying
boats which weigh as much as ] 5 tons. Inasmuch as the The British are striving to produce a suitable airplane
laun ching and landing of them is a large task, it is neces- engine that will h e absolutely reliable and have a long life
sary that they he capable of being moored out on the open hetween overhauls. These fundamentals they consider are
sea for a considerable length of time. most important for reliability in the operation o[ aircraft.
DECK FLYING.
· They are also endeavoring to rP.duce t.h e fuel consumption
in the different aircraft engines. Experiments are being
A considerable number of experim ents are being mad e in conducted at Farnshorough ~o d etermin e the rnla.tive ad-
flying off and landing on th e decks of airplane carriers. with vantage of fuel injection over the conventional carburetor
a Yiew to ascertaining and d eYeloping shipboard aircraft for systems on our prese nt-day internal combustion types.
open-sea warfare. It is hoped that th e development of · They arc also trying to use shale oil in developinp; Diesel
t heir amphibians may be the solution to this problem. cycle units. Diesel type single-cylinder units are heing
Although aircraft eq nipped with wheels may take off used in the dynamometer laboratory at Farnsborough. Ex-
from a capital ship with ease. it was thought that capital p eriments are al so being conducted with alcoholic fuels.
ships should carry scouts equipped with skids instead of Mr. Taylor, the dy namometer engine expert, stated that
wheels. taking off from greased troughs and then landing on the advantages of direct. injection would be a high-flash
ail'craft carriers. This was Commander Busteed 's opinion. point fu el with reduced fire risks, higher compression and
It is accomplished by having an attachment fastened on efficiency , more economical fuel consumption, a fuel sup-
the landing gear for engaging with wires strnng forward or ply independent of prei,sure h eads, reliabil~ty not inter-
aft on the deck of th e carrier. · fered with by dirt in fuel. and th e entire elimination of
The English ship planes for landing on aircraft carriers magneto type of ignition.
are all equipped with a harpoon spring-locking hood de- In certain tests a single air-cooled cylinder that they
vice. This hook has a pitch between th e hooks of appar- have developed has given as much as 200 horsepower.
ently 8 inches to allow for hooking over cables strung fore They hope that a 1,000-hornepower air-cooled engine will
and aft along the decks of the aircraft carriers. The hook be possible. Such an engine would be d esirabl e with a
engages with these cables and keeps the plane from swerv- aear 0
reduction of about 2 to 1 for the propeller.
ing off the deck. It is a very simple adaptation. mechani- The results of development tests of the Bristol Jupiter
cally so und and practical in its application. although it and Siddeley Jaguar engines have convinced the British
means an increase in h ead resistance. These h arpoon motor experts of the practicability of design, construction,
hooks a re fastened on th e landing-gear ax les. and operation of light air-cooled engines.
Important consideration should b e attached to the pur-
TRAINING l'l, A NES .
suit development in Great Britain, particularly as to the
The Avro training machin e is still the standard English type in volved , that is; the maneuverable and climbing
t raining type, and one of their latest Avros that was for- type with radial air-cooled engines. .The Siddeley and
merly powered \Yith rotary e ngine has been changed over Bristol ractial , ai..r-cooled engines have passed the Ad-
with the Hispano 160-horsepo,Yer motor. miralty tests. This type should b e studied from a stand-
The British hav e a large number of ~ieuport Nighthawks point of adaptation to airplanes for which it would be de-
that were designed for the ABC nine-cylinder air-cooled sirable. '
engines. This~machine is now undergoi~g tests at Martle- Inas much as we haYe not d eveloped radial air-cooled
sham with the Siddeley Jaguar 3-50-horsepower. radial, air- engines beyond 200 horsepower in this country, it is advis-
cooled e ngine , in order to adapt. this type to t heir pursuit able that we immediately expedite the development of a
program. The Siddeley Si.skin. however. is a more ads 400.lwrsepower type with the limitation of 2 pounds _per
van ced type, having better maneuverability and climb horsepower in weight, or we should encourage the Ameri-
and eq ual in speed to the Nieuport Nighthawk. can manufacturers to , procure rights for the Siddeley
Jaguar engine and the Bristol Jupiter type. This should
HELI COPTERS.
be done after exhaustive · tests have heen mad e in this
Very little enthusiasm is being shown in Great Britain country on the experimental Jaguar and Jupiter that we
over the possible advent of )lelicopters. However, the have pw-cbased or will purchase in the near future.
British Air Ministry appreciates the possible advantage to The 450-horsepower Napier Lion engine is being most
this type for ultimate adaptation . inasmuch as they are · extensively used in English military and commercial
 95
types. ·This engine has been fully service tested and and turn it over by hand . The starting can be controlled
proven . either by the pilot or the observer from the instrument
MOTOR MO UN TING R. board . Practically all of the English service and com-
mercial airplanes have been equipped with propeller
The motor mountings on the more advanced types of front flange connecting clutch for adaptation to field
airplanes in England are of the cantilever pyramid type. starting of the airplane from an auto truck portable engin e-
They are built _attachable so as to allow for the ultimate driven starter.
and immediate replacement of engines while in commercial There are two well-known types of field starters in
or military service. England ; one, the Aircraft Disposals Board Ford moto r
The fire walls, according to the latest English ideas, car starter. It is very practical, very effective, and very
should be of the metal-faced , asbestos-core-lined type, and well liked at all the airdromes that we visited in England.
holes that would ordinarily be pierced through the fire Another well-known auto starter is the Crossley Motors
walls for allowing the passage of controls, wires, etc., should model. This is a much larger auto unit and has a vertical
be minimi7,ed to the greatest extent. Where rods or wires extension starting tower capable of being regulated in
absolutely have t.o he put through the fire wall , it will be height for starting motors in huge airplanes with the
necessary to use the gland connection so as to absolutely motors high off the ground , such as in the Handley-Page,
do away with any chance of flame or gasoline seeping Vickers Vimy, DH- 34, and similar types. Of course, the
through. main disadvantage is the fact that these are external means
~; NGINE MUFFLEHS.
of starting and really do not solve the integral self-starter
A great number of contrivances have been rigged up in installation on aircraft, which has been attempted in the
England for the muffling of engines. Bolton & Paul Co. Bristol type.
has gotten up a partitioned aluminum casting air-cooled Personally, itis believed that for home airclromes the idea
exhaust manifold , 011 the outlet extremity of which is of a field auto truck starter is sound and deserves attention.
fastened a light steel gauge exhaust manifold extension FUEL SYSTEMS.
with a closed end. This pipe is about 3 inches in diameter
The trend in commercial aircraft has been to locate
and about 6 feet long. It is perforated throughout all its
separate fuel tanks out and away from the fuselage, either
length on the outer half, away from the fuselage, with underneath or on top of the upper wing in gravity feed
rectangular slots of about 1 inch by one-eighth inch. This fashion or on top or underneath the lower wing and fed
apparently helps t-0 dampen out the noises due to the to motor with a fan-driven fuel pump .
explosion enough to permit communication by word of With the latest type military aircraft, pressure systems
mouth between pilot and observer. The aluminum ex- are being avoided and fan-driven Vickers gasoline centrif-
haust manifold is partitioned with telescopic joints ugal pumps are being installed on most of the machines
extending between each pair of cylinders in the bank so in conjunction with the gravity auxiliary system.
as to do away with the possibility of cracking and reduce On multimotored airplanes it is desired as far as possible
the strains due to cooling. It is cooled by projecting to have independen t fuel supply system for each power
aluminum fins so as to obviate the danger of fire which so plant, working independently or in tmison at the control
often occurs from hot manifold s. of the pilot. The separate gravity tanks are also at the
'
SUPERCHA RG ERS. control of the pilot. In these large multimotored air-
planes, auxiliary direct feed hand pumps of large caliber
A DH-9 has been fitted· with a supercharger which i8 are installed within easy access of the pilot so as to permit
very similar to our General Electric type. Although filling of the gravity tanks from the main service tanks
results of their tests have not been divulged , it is signifi- in case the fan-driven gasoline pump system shoulcl fail .
cant that they cl.!l,im a practical solution for their typ_() .
FIRE HAZARDS .
They also claim. to have realized sea level horsepower at
very high altitu.des. The necessity for variable pitch air A great deal of attention is also being paid to the neu-
screws is just beginning to receive consideration. They tralization and elimination of all existing lire hazards.
have experimental projects for furth er developm ent. Toward this end the British have organized fire-preven-
tion committees made up of the most representative
START ERS.
enginee1·s to investigate and make reco~endations of
Different principles for automatic engine starters have practical. measures to reduce the danger on standard
been tried in England. One proposed by Major Norman, power plant installations and fuel systems. It is desired
formerly of the R. A. F. , is constructed by the Bristol to evolve a machine as nearly as possible resistant to
. Airplane Co. This starter consists of a single-cylinder, dangers of fire, whether in the air, on crashing, or running
light-powered, air-cooled engine and small compressor on the ground.
PETRO FLEX.
which forces a pressure Inixture into all the respective
engine cylinders in time, thus throwing the engine over. One practical result so far that helps is a hose connection.
This self-starting arrangement takes its gasoline from the Mr. Blaisdell has developed a gas hose called petro flex
main service tank and is not prohibitive in weight, weigh- which seems to stand all tests that is has been put to. The
ing approximately about 45 pounds installed. fact that rubber joints in gasoline lines have been a con-
The installation that we witnessed was in a DH-4. The stant hazard in existing fuel systems has lead the Air
small motor was installed directly back of the observer's Ministry to evolve an all-metal coupling, thus making the
cockpit and the observer could turn around in his cockpit complete circuit entirely metal. ·
 96
The fire prevention committee has recommended ~l :tc"'\ This blows a siren whistle which is directed into the bowl.
ing tanks away and out from the fmielage, fastening them The sound entering this bowl is echoed in a straight line.
on the wings, and thus obviating the danger of leaking The pilot of the incoming airplane, desiring to locate
gas from the damaged tanks getting into the region of this airdrome in a fog, endeavors to travel along this beam
the hot exhaust. of sound where the intensity is the greatest. Inasmuch
Experiments are also being conducted with Pyrene as this sound beam is intensified in one direction only, at
fire extinguishing systems similar to the Burke system the control of the operator on the ground, and if the inten-
developed at McCook Field. sity of this sound beam b ecomes less audible to the pilot
of the airplane he immediately tries to get into the zone
PROPE!, LERS.
of high intensification of sound and thereby tries to effect
All possible impetus is being given toward the develop- his course in this manner. This is purely exp erimental
ment ·of all-metal air-screws because of demands for their and it is not known whether or not it will be entirely prac-
adaptation on service colonial type machines in the East, tical. However, these experiments should be closely
in Mesopotamia, and in Egypt. The employment of observed and may introduce some possibilities of solution
wooden propellers of the conventio!J-al type has not b een of this difficult problem .
satisfactory in these countries. The British are not aware Considerable work is being done in developing naviga-
of th e advantages of the American Bakelite propeller for tion instruments. The necessity for this has been mani-
this work. fested in a large measure by the experience gained in the
BOMB INSTALLATION. continental commercial air services.
The gyro i nstallations to run the turn indicator a,re oper-
The trend of bomb installations is to put them under ated by energy from the propeller slipstream on the latest
the fuselage. This obviates the large head resistance type in England.
that would be inheren t with exterior wing installation LIGHTHO USES.
such as was used in the war.
The English have developed lighthouses at their Croy-
MACHINE-GUN INSTALLATION. don airdrome which have a concrete conical base termi-
nating in a centralized pillar, at the top of which are four
The fixed machine-gun installations are practically all
electric lights with overhead reflectors which reflect the
of th e exposed type, being placed on a level with the pilot 's
light against the projected face of the conical base. This
shoulders. I n cases where ammunition required for
is a very easy landmark light to be observed at night,
two fixed machine guns is in the neighborhood .of 2,000
without any hazardous glare.
rounds, machine guns are staggered in a fore-and-aft
sense and the ammunition boxes paced one in front of AERIAL AIRCRAFT CARRIERS.
the other to permit minimum fuselage displacement.
Experiments have been carried out by the English at the
On most of t he single-seater machines spade grips are
Isle of Grain with a view to determining the practicability
being employed with motor cut-out switches for use in
of hooking on a cable suspended on each side of a battle-
connection with rotary engines. Two gun triggers are
ship or from an airship. These tests were made by the
situated in the heart of the grip so as to ease the control
Royal Air Force pilots with a Sopwith Snipe. A three-
and manipulation of the gunfire wh en in combat by the use
eighths-inch cable was snspended in this experiment be-
of the thumbs instead of the hand. This permits retain-
tween four poles (two at either end) situated 200 feet apart.
ing control of the ship with the least effort and allows the
The two poles at either extremity were far enough apart
pilot to get much better sighting without recurrent handi-
so that a machine could very readily pass between them
caps of being obliged to finger around for the trigger
and en~ e the main three-eighths-inch cable on flying
control. ·
·directly underneath. This is fastened to the two V wires,
W IRE LESS GENERATORS.
which in turn are fastened to the two poles at either end of
Wireless generator installations are nearly always the course. On the main cable. a wire loop, approximately
effected on military type 'aircraft in the lower wing, 18 inches in diameter, was loosely fastened. About 18
either in the leading edge of ·wing; on the fuselage side, inch es above the top plane of the airplane a hook about
or fixed on a bracket fastened to the front spar. There 10 or 12 inches in diameter was fastened, clearing the
was not ·a single installation on the landing-gear struts periphery of the propeller zone by about 18 inches. This
in England. main cable was situated about 25 feet above the ground.
I NSTRUMENTS. From the success achieved in this experiment it is obvi-
ous that the possibility of hooking on the bottom of a diri-
The instrument section at Biggin Hill has designed and gible is absolutely plausible. The main precaution to be
constructed a sound beam airdrome indicator for use at taken is in keeping the plane upper wing hook at a reason-
airdromes in h elping pilots to find their landing place in able distance above the propeller so as not to hit the cable
case it is impossible to see the ground because of fog or with the propeller . It would be highly advisable to have
clouds. This apparatus consists of a big, parabolic, con- some pilots volunteer to make experiments in this country
crete bowl whose concave section is about 15 feet in diam- with one of our analogous types.
eter. This is suspended on a rack about 25 feet above the
THE ALULA WING.
ground. This bowl can be operated manually at will to
face in any direction within a h emisphere. Immediately 'Lie Alula wing, designed by Alex Holle, has been
to one side of this installation is a manually-operated air ,Jrcveloped by the Commercial Wing Syndicate of London,
compressor with storage tank with hand-operated release. England. This "ing has a varying section tapered out
to a point at the extremities of the wing tips. The air A plate is to be affixed in clear view of the pilot, stating
foil is twisted from the root out toward the tip in order to that engine is not to be run at the maximum revolutions
decrease the angle of incidence. According to the de- per minute stated in (c) for a period exceeding five minutes.
signer, it will be possible to entirely obviate the encl losses Tankage, including service gravity tank, is to be pro-
prevalent in all present types of wings. The Alula wing vided for-
is not a specific air foil but a theory which the designer Fuel, 80 gallons.
states can not be proven in the wind tunnel but which will Oil, 6 gallons.
give a very high lift wing for weight caniers if tried on a Water, 2 gallons.
full-scale model. Gravity tank with a capacity of not less than 16 gallons
The Royal Aircraft Establishment conducted wind is to be provided.
tunnel tests and then had a wing built and fitted to a Gasoline feed may be either:
Martinsyde F-4 fuselage. They claim that there was no (a) By Vickers or other approved gasoline pump from
marked advantage or improvement over other types. the main tanks dirnct to the carburetors with a by-pass to
This was also the conclusion of the French and Italian a. gravity tank so situated that in normal flying position
technical sections and of Doctor Junkers. there is a minimum effective gasoline head of 20 inches
There is no actual physical evidence in Europe to prove above the gasoline inlets to the carburetors.
the superiority of the Alula wing. (b ) By Vickers or other approved gasoline pump from
the main tanks to a gravity tank, and thence to the car-
AIR MINISTRY TORPEDO MACHINE buretors. In this case the gravity tank must be so situated
SPECIFICATIONS. that when the machine is flying at its maximum climbing
angle there is a mininmm effective gasoline head of at
D. OF R. TYPE 8. least 20 inches above the gasoline inlets of the carburetors.
The area of the main gasoline pipes should be such that
SPECIFICATION OF PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS TO ACCOM-
the flow or gasoline sufficient for maintaining full power
PA NY THE GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL
is exceeded by 100 per cent when the carburetor unions
CONTRACTS.
are uncoupled and the supply is in the condition of
This specification is to be regarded for contract pur- minimum head.
poses as being part of the general specification herewith, The cooling and gasoline systems are to be in accordance
and as subject to the same conditions. with the published requirements of the director of research.
l. General requiremenis.-The aircraft is to fulfill the Provision is to be made for rapidly emptying the main
duties of " Torpedo-carrying aeroplane for fleet use." petrol tanks.
The aircraft is to be designed to accommodate the full 3. Load to be carried.-The load to be carried on the ac-
equipment specified in paragraph 6. ceptance flight is to be as follows:
The aircraft should have a good degree of positive sta- Crew (1): 180 pounds.
bility in all directions, and trimming gear should be fitted Torpedo Mk. VIII: 1,500 pounds.
so that the tail plane can be set to insure that the aircraft Torpedo dropping and adjustiD.g gear: 75 pounds.
will fly horizontally at any speed within the flying range Wireless telerhony set: 70 pounds.
without requiring attention from the pilot. Torpedo heating gear: 40 pounds.
The aircraft must be controllable at all flying speeds Aldis lamp: 5 pounds.
and good controllability near stalling speed is essential. Instruments : 40 pounds.
Special attention should be paid to maneuverability. Accessories: 200 pounds.
The aircraft must answer all controls quickly and must Fuel, SO gallons: 584 pounds.
not be tiring to fly. Oil, 6 gallons: 60 pounds.
The c1:ew and armament are to be arranged as specified Water, 2 gallons: 20 pounds.
in paragraph 7 of this specification. · 4. Coniract performance.-The performance with iull
The arrangements for alighting and taking off are to load as specified in paragraph 3 and with engine revolu-
satisfy the special requirements laid down in paragraph 8. tions not exceeding those stated in paragraph 2 (b) is to be:
The aircraft is to b e constructed in conformity with the Speed at 2,000 feet, not less than 95 knots.
published requirements of the director of research. Rate of climb at sea level not less than 750 feet per
2. Power unit.-The engine is to be a Napier Lion (of minute_
which the following particulars may be assumed). The Service ceiling, not les,g than 15,000 feet.
engines will be substantially as outlined on the attached Length of ruh required to get off not more than 150 feet
installation print. in a relative wind of 20 knots, or to the satisfaction of the
(a) Weight, dry: 840 pounds. director of researcl1.
(b) Normal horsepower, 2,000 revolutions per 5. Structural strength.-The strength of the main struc-
minute: 450. ture is not to be less than the following standards when
(c) Maximum horsepower at 2,100 revolutions per carrying a full contract load as specified in paragraph 3.
minute: 468 . Load factor on front truss with center of pressure·
The propellers are to be so designed that the revolutions forward, not less than 6.
per minute stated in (c) can not be exceeded.under normal Load factor on rear truss with center of pressure
circumstances. The engines are to be installed in con- back, not less than 4t.
formity with the published requirements of the director The failing strength of the fuselage is to be determined
of research. ~ by the method described in the Handbook of Strength
14799-23- - 7
 98
Calculations HB. 806 . The factor required in the limiting Particulars of the arresting gears as fitted to H. M. ships
nose-dive case is not less than] .5. and _of all experiments on flotation gear will be supplied
. The load factor mentioned above will be determined by on application to the. director of research.
the method in the Handbook of Strength Calculations HB. 9. Miscellaneous. - The aircraft is to be fitted with
S06. hoisting slings suitably attached. The slinging gear is
6. Equipment. - The following equipment is to be pro- to be designed to take three times the " all up " weight
vided for, and the contractor will be required to supply of the aircraft.
ancl fit all parts necessary for its install ation. A pem1ant is to be run from the hook of the slings to
(a) Mark VIII torpedo: the sternpost, being run along the top longeron , to which
Length, 16 feet 7 ."4 inches. it is to be attached by breaking strips. Suitable holding-
Diameter, 18 inches. clown rings are to be provided under the bottom planes.
Center of gravity, 112.9 inches from aft end. The wings are to be designed to fold easily, and with
Provision to be mg.de for carrying alterna- wings folded the maximum over-all dimension s of the air-
tively either the Mark VIII or Mark IX craft are not to exceed:
torpedo . Win th, 17 feet 6 inches.
(b) Torpedo dropping and torpedo depth adjusting Length, 37 feet.
gea1·. Height, 13 feet.
(c) Torpedo heating gear. With wings spread the following dimensions must not
(d) Aldis lamp. be exceeded:
(e) Bomb sight. Span , 46 feet.
(!) Bomb gear for two smoke-produ cing float bombe Length, 37 feet.
or two 520-pound high-explosive bombs. Height, 13 feet.
Weight of smoke bomb , provisionally 300 Tall span, 15 feet.
pounds. The distance from the leading edge of the forward main
(g) Wireless apparatus as specified. plane to tip of rearmost fitting on the aircraft must not
(h) Navigation and recognition lighting equipment. exceed 29 feet and 6 inches.
The followi11g instruments of approYed pattern are to The maximum weight per wheel in pounds should not
be fitted in pilot's cockpit. exceed 12 times the product of the wheel and tire
Air-speed indicator. diameters in inches with the aircraft carrying full con-
Altimeter. tract load.
Watch. The aircraft is to be designed to resist as far as practicable
Revolution indicator. the corrosive effects of sea water.
Oil-pressure gauge. 10. Contracto1·'s trials.- The contractor may be required
Fuel-flow indicator. to demonstrate in the air and with his own pilot that the
Cross level. aircraft is safe to be flown by an officer of the Royal Air
Fuel-level indicator. force.
Radiator thermometer. 11. Delivery.-Delivery ;vill be to the officer command-
Compass. ing, Royal Air Station, Martlesham Heath, unless other-
Torpedo-depth indicator. wise directed. The first aircraft to be delivered within 12
Pyrene fire extinguisher. months of the receipt of instructions to proceed .
7. Disposition of crew and armament.- The pilot must 12. Acceptance.-The aircraft will be accepted on de-
have a good view downward and forward for the purposes livery to the above station, but the contractor will be re-
of deck landing. He must also have a good view forward quired to make good at his own expense any defects in
from the horizon downward for the purposes of torpedo constn1ction or design which may be revealed while the
sighting. Torpedo-dropping gears and torpedo depth- aircraft is undergoing official trials at the above or any other
adjusting gears must be led to the pilot's cockpit. service station.
The alternative bomb load is to be carried under the 13. Spare parts.-The following spare parts are to be
wings. supplied for each three experimental aircraft:
8. Arrangements for alighting and getting off.- The air- One complete set of streamline wires.
craft is to be designed to take off from the deck of an Three tail skids complete with all fittings.
airplane-carrying ship, with full specified contract load, One complete undercarriage.
in the distance specifi_ed in paragraph 4 of this specifica- One complete tail unit.
tion. Three propellers.
. It must be designed to land on the aft deck of such Delivery of spare parts to be made concurrently ·with the
a ship steaming into the wind and a relative wind speed first aircraft delivered, and payment for the aircraft will
of 20 knots can be assumed. not be deemed clue until this requirement is fulfilled.
Provision must be made for the attachment of suitable
THE ROLLS-ROYCE COMPANY.
arresting .gear hooks and propeller guard if necessary, and
for suitable restraining slings with quick release. The Rolls-Royce Co. has practically perfected their
The aircraft must be capable of landing on the water Condor 650-horsepower, 12-cylincler, water-cooled, V en-
(without torpedo) without turning over and must be fitted gine for service use. This engine weigh s approximately
with suitable flotation gear, so designed that the machine 2 pounds per horsepower, dry. and its characteristics are
will remain afloat for six hours in calm weather. as follows.
 99
llOLLS·ROYCE CONDOR .\ERO ENGINE. friction-damped pinion, so eliminating from a ll auxiliary
Serws 1 A. drives crank shaft torsional vibrations, and are totally
inclosed in a suitable casing. All gears are made from 5
General. - The Rolls-Royce Condor aero engine is of the per cent ·casehardening nickel steel, accurately fitted to
12-cylinder, water-cooled , V type, fitted with the epicyclic shafts running on ball bearings.
reduction gear, magneto ignition , and complete with pro- Cam-shaft drive.- The cam shafts are driven by means
peller hub and engine-supporting brackets suitable for of inclined tubular d riving shafts with bevel gear at the
tubular bearers. upper and lower ends. Out-of-alignment and expansion
The characteristics of the engine are as follows: effects are allowed for by hardened serrated couplings.
l\umber of cylinders: 12. The driving shafts are supported in ball bearings and the
Bore: 5~ inches. whole totally inclosed in tubular casings.
Stroke: 7! inches. Pistons.- The pistons are of special aluminum alloy
Normal B. H. P.: 650. and of the Zephyr type. The advantages of this type of
l\ormal speed (crankshaft) : 1,900 revolutions. per piston are that the crown or head is better supported and
minu te . the cooling of the piston head is considerably improved .
:Vlaximum speed (crankshaft) : 2,000 revolutions per Five piston rings are p rovided , arranged as four com-
mmute. pression rings above the gudgeon pin and one scraper ring
Normal speed (propeller) with 0.5537 reduction below, at the base of the skirt. The compression rings
gear: 1,055 revolutions per minute. are prevented from rotation by means of stops.
Fuel consumption at normal power and speed: 45 The gudgeon pins are of 5 per cent casehardening
gallons per hour. nickel-steel, hardened and ground. A special locking
Oil consumption: 1.9 gallons per hour. device is used to prevent both axial and rotational move-
Weight of engine, including propeller hub , car- ments.
buretors, magnetos, engine feet, electrical power Connecting rods. - The connecting rods are " H " section
starter, etc., but excluding reduction gear, ex- of the " forked" type, made from 3! per cent nickel-steel
Jmust boxes, radiator, oil, fu el , water and starter forgings , heat-treated to give a high Brinell, and machined
battery: 1,284 pounds. all over to redu ce weight variations. A divided white-
Weight of engine, as above , but including reduction metal-lined steel bush is gripped by the two caps of the
gear: 1,552 pounds. forked rod, the ends of the bush being provided with ex-
Weight of engine, complete with all the above but ternal grooves which engage corresponding internal grooves
without radiator, water, oil , fuel , and starteF formed in the forked rod. The other rod is white-metal-
batteries: 1,606 pounds. lined and works upon the center portion of the steel bush.
Cylinders.-The cylinders are separately mounted on the The small ends of both rods are fitted with " floating"
crank case in two rows of six , at an angle of 60° with each phosphor bronze bushes. All bearings are positively
other. They are of built-up all-steel construction, being lubricated under pressure.
machined from 0.6 per cent carbon steel forgings with the Crank shaft. - The six-throw crank shaft is machined from
heads integral with the cylinder barrels. The water jackets a nickel chrome steel forging, all the journals and crank
are die-pressed sheet steel, acetylene welded at the joints. pins being bored for lightness and to convey lubricating
The valve seatings are machined in the cylinder heads. oil to all bearings and connecting rods. All crank pins
Valves.-Two inlet and two exhaust valves are provided and journals are accurately ground to close liinits for size
per cylinder , operated by overhead cam shafts and rockers. and trueness of diameter. The crank shaft is carried in
The valves seat direct in the part spherical cylinder heads seven bearings of ample proportions.
and their stems are consequently divergent. The valves Crank case and bearings.- T he crank case is of special
are made from special high chroinium steel forgings, work- aluminum alloy, and is made in two halves of box section
ing in phosphor bronze guides. suitably ribbed to give the necessary stiffness.
Cam shaft and rocker mechanism.- The cam shafts are in- The main bearings consisting of divided phosphor bronze
closed in st.eel tubular cases, whi ch are mounted on the top shells, white-metal-lined, are held in the two halves of the
of the cylinders. Each cam shaft is pro vided with six crank case, long belts passing -through both halves adja-
aluminum b.:·arings which are in halves and bolted to- cent to each bearing.
geiher, and two one-piece bearings, one at either end. A shaft. driven from the timing gear is arranged along
To operate the divergent valves, tappets are interposed the inside of the lower half crank ,case and serves to drive
between the cams and each rocker, the latter being ar- three oil pumps- two scavenger and one pressure- together
ranged ,to swing in a plane coincident with or parallel to a with the water-circulating pump, these pumps being
plane in which its valve lies. bolted to the bottom of the lower half.
The ·c am shafts are machined from:'> per cent casehard- Reduction gear. - A compou nd epicyclic reduction gear
ening nickel-steel bar, and ground on the bearing surfaces is fitted on the front end of the crank shaft through which
and cam faces. The valve rockers are 31 per cent nickel- is transmitted the drive to the propeller. The annul us
steel forgings machined all over , having hardened ends driving gear is fixed on the flange of the crank shaft, which
bearing on the tappets and hardened adjustable end pieces rotates the three sets of planet gears round the sun wheel.
bearing on the valve stems. · The latter is the fixed member of the gear and is prevented
Auxiliary gear drives .- The gears for driving the cam from rotating by means of a friction anchorage in the form
shafts and all auxiliaries are driven from the rear end of of a multiplate clutch, the p lates being anchored to the
the crankshaft, through the medium of a spring-controlled casing and the sun wheel alternately , and pressed together
 100
by springs. This arrangement limits the maximum torque Water circulating pump and cooling system.-A centrifugal
which may be imposed on the gears, the clutch being de- water-circulating pump of ample capacity is fitted below
signed to slip if a certain torque is exceeded, due, for the bottom half crank case, being driven from the auxiliary
instance, to periodic stresses set up by propeller vibrations shaft through skew gears.
or preignitions. All water-pipe connections consist of rubber joints with
The gears and other wearing parts are machined from 5 a special patented type of clip, allowing of ample flexi-
per cent casehardening nickel steel. The planet gears run bility.
on ball or roller bearings and are mounted in nickel-steel Oil pumps and lubricating S1Jstem.-The lubrication of
planet cages which are bolted to the flange of the propeller the engine is on the "dry sump" system, the bulk of the
shaft. The propeller shaft is made of nickel-chrome steel oil being carried in a service tank separate from the
and supported at its inner end in a bearing mounted in engine. Two scavenger pumps and one pressure pump,
the crank shaft and the front end is carried in a roller are arranged on the bottom of the lower half crank case,
bearing of ample proportions. being driven from the auxiliary shaft. The scavenger
A double-thrust ball bearing is contained in the front pumps draw oil from the crank case and deliver it to the
end of the epicyclic gear casing to take thrust from the service tank and the pressure pump takes its supply from
propeller. the service tank and delivers it to the main bearings and
The use of an epicyclic reduction gear as arranged on other parts under suitable pressure.
the Rolls-Royce aero engines prevents any reaction from A compound relief valve regulates the pressure in the
the driving pressures in the teeth of the reduction gears main system and also adjusts the pressure of an auxiliary
being transmitted to the crank-shaft bearings, and an low-pressure system which supplies oil to the hollow cam
efficiency is obtained which is far greater than can be got shafts, their bearings, and drive mechanism.
with any other type of gear, owing to the fact that the Control mechanisin.-The control mechanisms for igni-
direction of motion is· not reversed ; also the gear only tion, throttle, and mixture regulator are fitted on the
converts part of the horsepower. Lubrication of all engine, but connections between the engine and pilot's
working parts is effected from engine crank shaft, and the seat are not provided by Rolls-Royce (Ltd.), being left
whole gear is totally inclosed in a gear casing which is to those responsible for the installation of the engine.
carried from the front end of the crank case. Revolution counter and air pump.-An arrangement for
Propeller hub.-The propeller hub is a 3} per cent nickel driving a revolution counter is mounted on the timing-
steel forging, provided with internal serrations engaging gear case, the connection being driven at one-quarter
similar serrations on the propeller shaft. To locate the crank shaft speed. An air pump for supplying pressure
hub radially and to secure it against any axial movement to the fuel tank can be supplied as an extra, being also
two opposed tapers are utilized, one consisting of a split mounted on the timing-gear case and driven from the
conical phosphor-bronze ring on the propeller shaft, and timing g!)ar.
the other of a conical nut on the extremity of the shaft, Exhaust manifold.-These are fitted one on each side of
each engaging conical seats in the hub. The loose flange the engine, being constructed of light sheet-steel pressings,
is fitted on serrations of the hub, the whole being provided acetylene-welded together. Suitable union atta(!hments
with a number of hollow bolts which pass through the are fitted for connecting the manifolds to lig:P,t steel
propeller. exhaust pipes.
Carburetor.-Two carburetors are provided, each sup- Engine-stw·ting gear.-An epicyclic starting gear is
plying one side of the engine. They are of a special fitted on the timing-gear case to which is connected a
Rolls-Royce Claud el Robson . type, fitted with needle- starting handle on one side and on electric motor on the
valve adjustment by which the flow of gasoline from other.
float chamber to jet may be regulated .from the pilot's Priming of the induction pipes is effected by the Rolls-
seat to suit varying altitudes. Special compensating Royce priming device, supplied with each engine, which
passages are · provided in the carburetor which maintain enables a highly atomized mixture of gasoline and air
under all conditions the same pressure in the float chamber to be injected into the induction pipes. This device is
as in the throat, thereby neutralizing eddy current effects. intended to be fitted near the pilot's seat, and connected
These passages also enable the float chamber cover to be to the induction pipes by a copper tube, a length of which
sealed, thus reducing the risk of gasoline leakage. In is supplied for the purpose.
addition, drainpipes are arranged below each carburetor Direction of rotation.-The direction of rotation of the
to drain away from the engine any gasoline which may be propeller is clockwise as viewed from the propeller end of
spilled . the engine.
Induction pipes.-The induction pipes are of large The engine can be used as either a tractor or pusher.
diameter, formed with bends and water-jacketed adjacent Spanners, tools, and spares.-A complete set of spanners
to each carburetor. Suitable nozzles are fitted in each suitable for carrying out any adjustments to the engine,
of the manifolds for priming purposes. together with a quantity of spare parts, are supplied in
Magnetos and ignition system.-Two 12-terminal high- tool box with each engine. A set of special spanners and
tension magnetos are fitted and are supported on the tools such as are required for dismantling and erection
auxiliary gear case from which they are driven by means are supplied at an extra cost.
of serrated couplings. Incorporated in the latter is a .il{aterials.- All materials used in the construction of
device for enabling a fine and positive adjustment of the these engines are produced in exact conformity with Rolls-
ignition timing to be effected. Two spark plugs of ap- Royce specifications, which are based on many years'
proved make are fitted to each cylinder. experience with alloy steels and nonferrous alloys. These
 101
specifications embody all the requirements of the standard THE DE HAVILAND COMPANY.
specifications issued by the British Air :Ministry, but are
Captain De Haviland has designed several new machines
much narrower in their scope and demand greater freedom
since the war. The most prominent machines that have
from impurities, also closely limit variations of heat treat-
been constructed are described below.
ment.
Testing of materials .-All mild and alloy steels are care- THE DE HAVILAND 14, DAY BOMB E R.
fully tested in the raw state, every bar and billet being
proved by heat-treatment, fracture, and Brinell test, to The De Haviland 14, day bomber, is powered with a
insure that the ra,v material is correct to specificiation. 650-horsepower Rolls-Royce Condor engine.
Each individual crank-shaft and propeller-shaft forging The main characteristics of this machine are as follows:
is tested separately. Camshafts, connecting rods, etc ., Weight, empty : 4,484 pounds.
are tested in batches, one forging being selected out of GaB, 178 gallons: 1, 280 pounds.
each batch of a specified number and after h eat treatment Oil: 160 pounds.
are required to pass the following tests: Crew: 360 pounds.
(a) Tensile (static). :Military load: 1,380 pounds.
(b ) Stanton (fatigue). Total weight: 7,664 pounds.
(c) Izod single impact (heat-treatment test). Speed at 10,000 feet: 122 miles per hour.
In the case of nonferro~s.metals, tensile test pieces are Rate of climb to 10,000 feet: 400 feet per minute.
taken from every large casting and from every main cast. Length, over all: 34 feet.
Testing of engines.-All engines are tested in accordance Span: 50 feet 5 inches.
with schedule of standard production and type tests as Area of wings: 618 square feet.
laid down for aircraft engines b y the Air :Ministry, and are Gap: 6 feet 5 inches.
carried out under the supervision of a representative of Chord: 6 feet 6 inches.
the Aircraft Inspection Department . This machine was designed by Captain De Haviland
These engines are of a type and design which have been for long-distance day bombing and was gotten out imme-
approved by the Air :Ministry, who issue air-worthy diately after the war.
certificates after the engines have successfully completed The engine is mount ed on t ubular bearers, which are in
the tests referred to . tmn supported on ply-wood bulkheads, and are very
ROLLS-ROYCE (LTD. ) .
similar to the previous De Haviland types. A large nose
F'EBRUAJfY, 1922. radiator is fitted and is completely shuttered.
The oil tank is mounted back of the engine. The gaso-
Rolls-Royce patents under which the Con dor engine is line tank is situated right in between the wings imme-
rnanufactured.
diately back of the engine and in front of the pilot.
Inasmuch as the fuselage is so deep, the gravity tank is
British formed in the upper part of the main tank, and an ample
Description. patent Foreign patents and dates.
number and head of gasoline to the carburetor is assured. Gasoline
date.
is fed directly by two independent windmill pumps
projected above the fuselage . These can be used in com-
Friction damped spring 15333/12 French, 459514. June 19, 1913.
device. July 1, 1912 ui9fi. A., 1088241. June 24, bination, singly, or gravity alone.
C3fgtfan, 154188. June 20,
The gunner and the pilot are situated immediately back
of the trailing edge of the planes and in close proximity
to one another. The pilot's armament consists of a Vickers
Pipeclips . , . .. ..... . .. . 104484 ui f . A., 1277398. Nov. 20, gun mounted on the decking. The gunner's cockpit is
Nov. 29,1916 9 7
provided with a scarf mount and his field of fire is improved
C~mpensatin&passages
Ill R. R. C-H. car-
I 126722 U . s. A . Application No.
217905. Feb . 18, 1918.
to the rear by doing away with the top tail bracing. The
bure.tors. tail bracing is accomplished by underslung steel tubes to
the bottom of the fuselage.
Friction anchorage of 129381
sun wheel. Nov. 12, 1917 The instrument board is provided with the Smith gaso-
Arrangement of three 130698 French 496491. Mar. 5, 1919. line-gauge, which is in the form of a U tube connected
or more radial valves Mar. 18,1918 U. S. A. Application No. with a graduated dial on the instrument board . When it
in part spherical cyl- 295327. Mar. ~6, 1919.
inder head. Caitran, 195352. March 20, is desireq to ascertain the amount of gasoline in the tank,
1 a few strokes on a small hand pump brings the pointer to
Italy, 174851/83. Mar. 31, 1919.
Copper- titanium-zinc
zero. If the pointer is 'watched, it will be seen to creep
153514 French ApplicationNo.140163.
aluminum alloy. Feb . 25, 1920 Feb. 16, 1921. steadily up to a figure which indicates the amount of fuel
U. S. A. Application No. left. For about 30 seconds the pointer continues upward.
446115 . Feb. 18, 1921, and For the next reading the pump is again called into service.
others pending.
In addition to the defensive armament referred to, the
Copper-titanium alu- 153823
nunum alloy . Feb. 25, 1920 De Haviland 14 carries a nest of six 112-pound bombs, car-
ried in two double and two single crates inside of the fu-
Antimony-magnesium- 162467 selage ahead of the pilot's cockpit. The fuselage floor is
titanium-alurninum Feb. 25, 1920
alloy , open at the points underneath the crates. To prevent the
I draft, the openings are covered with sheets of brown paper
 102
which are easily torn by the weight of the bomb. 'f.he but with the new nose it was necessary to install a low-
bombs are normally under the control of the bomber, who pressure gas system owing to the raising of the engine.
releases them by means of a series of toggles on the star- The wings are very heavy and weigh approximately 2!
board side of his cockpit. Provision has been made, how- pounds per square foot. The wing spars are built up of
ever, for enabling the pilot to discharge the bombs should spruce flanges with ply-wood sides, forming a box-spar
necessity arise, by a similar set of toggles in his cockpit. construction. The flanges themselves are ·laminated, and
In this machine the lower longero:µs are divided into consist of three strips of vertical surfaces glued together.
relatively short lengths, the ends of these lengths abut- These spars are also tapered from root to tip. The ribs
ting upon an aluminum block which serves as a base for are all different in construction and section, on account of
the ends of two lengths of longerons, one vertical strut, one the tapering in plan and elevation . The wings are en-
chassis strut, one cross tube, and divers wiring plates . . tirely covered with fabric in th e ordinary way. The ail e-
This is to obviate the clanger of crushing the wood at these rons are of the ordinary type and are slightly twisted after
vital compression points, as has ordinarily been found the the fashion of most German types of ailerons, near the
case at different tim es on conventional jobs. The under- extremities. No balancing has been provided, although
carriage is similar to the original De Haviland 4 type. the differential system of aileron control has been pro-
The guard has been placed right back of the main tail skid , vided ; t hat is, the aileron on the low side is not pulled
of sheet metal, and extends to an extension of the sternpost down to such an extent as the high side aileron, thus giving
clown to a point underneath the tail trimming king-post. the advantage of greater aileron reaction on the high
It also serves as an auxiliary tail skid and would prevent ailreon side.
danger to the trimming gear in case the tail skid was All controls work in ball bearings. Cables do not run
broken. direct to the elevator king-post but terminate on the
The tail planes and wings are of the conventional cranks of a transverse shaft some distance ahead of the tail
De Haviland design. plane. From these cranks steel tubes run to the elevatoTS
Quantities of these machines have not been built to as in the Italian Savoia type. Hinged joints are sur-
date. r.ounded with leather protectors and are well greased,
DE HAVILAND 29 MONOPLANE. practically the same principle as on motor car controls.
The undercarriage is practically of the famous DH- 18
Characteristics:
type with an Oleo rubber shock absorber unit in the rear
Structural weight: 2,687 pounds.
leg of the lateral landing gear vees.
Weight of wings: 1,110 pounds.
As heretofore mentioned, considerable ti-ouble has b een
Weight of machine, empty, with water: 4,200
experienced with tail controls at low speed, and the ma-
pounds.
chine is very heavy. However, Mr. De Haviland is pur-
Weight of machine, fully loaded: 6,600 pounds.
suing the tests of this machine with a view toward devel-
Area of wings: 440 square feet.
oping it and remedying the tail controls in the near future.
Area of rudder: 15! square feet. The tests on the De Haviland 29 monoplanes are now
Area of tail plane: 53 square feet. being carried out, bnt not much success is being attributed
Area of elevators: 32 square feet. to this type at present. _
Area of fin: 6! square feet . The fo:st one has crashe<l. and the main trouble expe-
Total length: 43 feet. rienced to elate has been with proper fore and aft controlla-
Span: 54 feet; bility. However, it is hoped by Cap tain De Havi land to
Chord at root: 12 feet 3 inches. remedy this fault in the near future.
Chord at tip: 6 feet.
THE DE HAVILA N D 34.
Tread: 8 feet 9 inches.
Motor, Napier Lion: 450 horsepower. The De Haviland Co. has recently gotten out a new type
The fuselage is constructed of spruce longerons and struts 34 commercial biplane, powered with a 450-horsepower
and is covered with three-ply veneer. The fuselage is Napier Lion engine.
considerably wider at the bottom than at the top. The The main characteristics of this machine are as follows:
main plane is an internally braced monoplane. The wings Length, over all: 39 feet.
extend out from the top of the fuselage. Span: 51 feet.
This machine has seating accommodation for 10 passen- H eight: 12 feet.
gers inside the cabin. Seats are arranged in two rows Wing area: 590 square feet.
along the sides of the cabin, leaving a passageway between Weight of machine, empty, with water: 3,365
the rows. Emergency doors have been provided in the pounds.
Pilot: 180 pounds.
roof to insure the passengers' exit in case of alighting in
Useful load- 10 passengers with luggage or about
.the water.
2,000poundsfreight: 2,000 pounds.
The engine mounting is of the detachable unit type. Gas, 80 gallons: 575 pounds.
The oil tank is carried under the engine and cooling is Oil, 7.8 gallons: 78 pounds.
taken care of by an engine underslung radiator, as has been Wireless and electric lighting apparatus: 120 pouucls.
used in the DH- 18 types. Petro flex gasoline tubes are Total weight, loaded: 6,318 pounds.
used throughout the gasoline system. Two gasoline tanks Wing loading: 10.5 pounds p er square foot.
are placed in the leading edge of the wings, one on either Loading per horsepower: 13.8 pounds .
side of the fuselage. As ordinarily designed the engine Cruising speed: 105 miles per hour. ,
was low enough to allow gravity feed direct to carburetor, Duration , at cruising speed: 3~ hour~ .
 103
This machine follows very closely the general arrange- This machine has since had its radiator changed over to
ment of the famous De Haviland 18. Its performance is the Lamblin type, similar to the one used for the 300-horse-
better than the 18 and it has a greater useful load. power Renault motor, and gave 17 kilometers per hour
The fuselage construction is entirely covered with more speed . This shows the advantage of substituting
three-ply veneer and the main passengers' cabin is about Lamblin (2), free-air type radiators instead of the conven-
12 feet long, 4 feet wide, and about 6! feet high. Eight tional free-air honeycomb-core type that was originally
seats are arranged in the main cabin, the ninth being installed on this machine.
placed opposite the lavatory, and, if desired, the seat next The gasoline tank is placed centrally and stream lined
the pilot can be occupied by a passenger, bringing the directly over fuselage on the upper wing. The fuselage
total capacity up to 10. and wings of the machine look very much like a modified
The engine installation is similar to the De Haviland 18, Nighthawk, except. that it has a single interior plane
of the cantilever type. Its entire mounting is slung by strut. Pilot James claimed this machine had obtained
four bolt connections. An underslung radiator is fitted, a speed of 212 miles per hour over a course.
which can be removed without disturbing the engine or AIRPLANE " MARS " LV SCOUT, WITH 230-HORS~-
propeller. POWER B. R . 2 ROTARY ENGINE.
Gasoline tanks are situated out, away from the fu selage,
underneath the top plane: two independent pressure sys- A·ilerons .- 'l'op and bottom , 9.3 sq uare feet each .
tems joined to a common junction box and filter. Total area, 28 square feet-65 per cent fix ed, 35 per cent
The wings, tail , undercarriage, etc., are very similar to movable.
the 18. The main feature on this machine is the differ- Fins .-1 top and 1 bottom; total area, 5{ square feet.
ential aileron movement, first experimented with in the Ru.dder.-Balanced type, area, 5} square feet.
type 29, cantilever monoplane. The idea of the differ- Landing gear .- V type, built of wood with quick
ential control is to get greater angular travel on the high release wheels, 700 millimeters by 100 millimeters, and
wing aileron or on the wing side that is necessary to exert the usual rubber shock absorbers. A h ydrovane is fitted
negative reaction. Ball-bearing controls are fitted through- in front for landing on water.
out. All cables that ordinarily pass through pulleys are Gims.-Arrangement is made to take two Vickers guns
attached to sliding, round rods, which slide in strong bear- lying along the top of fuselage , and firiiig through the
ings. These rods are about 18 inches long and thus do propeller, by means of mechanical or the Constantiiiesco
away with the chance for wear anrl tear on the cables that gear. One thousand two hundred round s of a.mmun.ition
has been so ordinarily prevalent and which has been found are allowed for.
to be very dangerous. All the controls are visible and ex- Fly,ing controls .-Single-control stick for operating lateral
tend on the outside. control and elevators, foot bar for rudder and lever for
The undercarriage is the same as on the 18, with a long adjusting tail. Control wires inside the body are arranged
shock absorber of about a foot in length in the rear leg of to give straight lead to wires.
the landing gear V , with an Oleo gear. The whole Total weight.-Total weight of the airplane is 2,210
landing gear can be removed from the machine by merely pounds. ·
undoing four bolts. ltfilitary load.-Military load is 401 pounds.
Loadfactors.-Wings: Factor of 7 on front truss and 5 on
GLOUCESTERSHIRE AIRCRAFT COMPANY. rear, working stress of 5,000 pounds per square inch for
i1ARS 1- IUGH-SPEED RACING TYPJ, .
spruce members. Tail: Factor of ll;; load of 30 pounds
per square foot. Body: Factor of 5 for front portion and
Particulars: rear portion with landing loads; rear portion also to have a
Engine, Napier Lion: 450 horsepower. factor of l!, with 30 pounds per square foot down load on
Chord, top plane: 4 feet 9 inches. taH. Landing gear and skid: Factor of 4!; provision 1s
Chord , bottom plane: 4 feet 9 inches. made to fit rack to carry four 20-pound bombs.
Gap: 4 feet 9 inches. 2,210
Load per square foot 270 =8.2 pound~.
Stagger: 13! inches.
Incidence: 1! 0 • 2,210
Dihedral: 174°. Load per horsepower 230 =9.6 pounds.
Areas: The stability of the machine is extremely good and can
Wings: 205 square feet. be flown with hands off the controls. All controls are very
Span: 23 feet. positive in action.
Flap, bottom wing only: 18 square feet .
MARS HI-DUAL CONTROT, TWO -SEATER, TRAINING
Top fin: 3.5 square feet.
MACHINE.
Bottom fin: 1. 7 square feet.
Rudder: 5.3 square feet. General design.-A two-seater machine for training pur-
Tail: 28 square feet. poses, having good stability in all directions and all controls
Elevators: 10 square feet. very positive in action.
Total weight: 2,500 pounds. Performance.- Maximum speed, 125 miles per hour;
Loading: 12.2 pounds per square foot. landing speed, 55 miles per ho,ur ; climb to 10,000 feet,
Loading per horsepower: 5.5 pounds. 13 minutes ; ceiling, 19,000 feet; flight duration, 2 hours.
Petrol: 50 gallons. Engine.-Bentley rotary, 1,300 revolutions per minute,
Oil: 6 gallons: 230 horsepower. The same engine that was used succese-
Water: 8! gallons. fully during the World War. ·
 104
Gasoline tanks.- Two 16!-ga.Uon main tanks, one at each Wings.-Total surface, 270 square feet ; span (top and
side of the body, near the center of gravity of the machine ; bottom), 27 feet 11 inches ; chord (top and bottom), 5 feet
one gravity service tank (7 gallons) located between spars 3 inches; gap (at right angles to chord), 4 feet 6 inches;
in top center section of wings. All tanks made of tinned wing section, R. A. F., 15; angle of incidence, 3°; dihedral
steel. The carburetor is fed by gravity from the service angle, 172°.
tank, which obtains its supply from main tanks by means Ailerons.-Top and bottoni, each, 9.3 square feet.
of a Vickers air-driven gasoline pump. 'fotal gasoline Tail plane.-Total area, 28 square feet- 65 per cent
capacity, 40 gallo115. fixed, 35 per cent movable.
Oil tank.-Situated on top of fu selage near engine. Fins.-O ne top and one bottom. Total area, 5i sq uare
Capacity, 8 gallons. feet.
Fuselage.- Wooden structure braced with tie-rods and Rudder.- Balanced type; area, 5! square feet.
fork ends, very rigid structure, stream lined off with fabric. Landing gear.- V type, built of wood, with 700 milli_
Wings.-Total surface, 270 square feet; spares (top and meter by 100 millimeter wheels and the usual rubbei
bottom), 27 feet 11 inches; chord (top and bottom), 5 feet shock absorbers.
3 inches; gap, 4 feet 6 inches; angle of incidence, 3°; Giins.-Arrangement is made to take two Vickers
dihedral angle, 172° . guns lying along the top of fuselage, and firing through
Ailerons.-Top and bottom , 9.3 square fe'e t each. the propeller, by means of mechanical or the Constanti-
Tail plane.-Total area, 28 square feet-65 p er cent fixed , nesco gear. One thousand two hund:red rounds of ammu-
35 per cent movable. nition allowed for.
Fins.-One top and one bottom; total area, 5! sr1uare Flying controls.-Single-control stick for operating
feet. lateral control and elevators, foot bar for rudder and lever
Riidder.-Balanced type, 5! square feet. for adjusting tail, control wires inside body arranged to
Flying controls.-Single-control stick for operating give straight lead to wires.
lateral control and elevators, foot bar for rudder, lever for Total weight.-Total weight of airplane is 2,180 pounds.
adjusting tail plane. All controls are in duplicate. Military load.-Military load is 401 pounds.
Load factors.-Wings: Factor of 7 on front truss and 5 Load f actors.- Wing: Factor of 7 on front truss and 5
on rear, working to stress of 4,000 pounds per square inch on rear, working stress of 4,000 pounds per square inch
for spruce members. Tail: Factor of l !; load of 30 pounds for spruce members. Tail: Factor of l! ; load of 30 pounds
per square foot. Body: Factor of 5 on front portion and per square foot. Body: Factor of 5 for front portion and
rear portion for landing loads; rear portion also to have a rear portion with landing loads, rear portion also to have
factor of l! with 30 pounds per square foot down load on ~ factor of li with 30 pounds per square foot down load
tail. Landing gear: Factor of 4!. on tail. Landing gear and skid, factor of 41. Provision
Total weight.-Total weight of aeroplane, fully loaded, is made to fit rack to carry four 20-pound bombs.
is 2,130 pounds. Pilot and passenger, 360 pounds. 2180
2130 Load per square foot 270 =8.0 pounds.
. 1oad"mg per square foot
Wrng 9 d
270 =7. poun s. 2180
2130 Load per horsepower 230 =9.5 pounds.
Load per horsepower -230 =9. 3 pounds.
The stability of the machine is extremely good and can
MARS 11 SCOUT, SINGLE - SEATER, " HAWK." be flown with hands off the controls. All controls are
very positive in action.
General design.-Fast single-seater scout of high per-
formance, extremely sensitive to control and having the COMMEN'l'S.
best possible facilities for view in all directions, also All of the Gloucestershire aircraft designed by Mr.
capable of getting off a gun turret and alighting on the Folland are geometrically similar and have the same
deck of an aircraft carrier. identical characteristics of construction and as many
P eiformancc.- Speed at 1,000 feet, 127 miles per hour; interchangeable parts as consistent in practice. These
speed at 10,000 feet, 121 miles per hour; speed at 15,000 machines are all very similar to the Nieuport Nighthawk,
feet, 113 miles per hour; climb to 15,000 feet, 19 minutes; Nieuport Goshawk, and Ses-5 series of airplanes. Mr.
ceiling, 19,000 feet. Folland was largely instrumental in the design of all
Engine.-Bentley rotary, 230 horsepower. these ships.
Gasoline tanks.__!fwo 16!-gallon main tanks, one at HANDLEY PAGE.
each side of the body at the center of gravity of machine; The most interesting thing about the Handley Page Co.
one gravity service tank (7 gallons) located between spars is still their slotted wing. The company is still building
in top center section of wings. All gasoline tanks are large machines, and a good description of one of their
made of tinned steel. The carburetor is fed by gravity latest models for commercial work is given below.
from the service tank, which obtains its supply from the
main tanks by means of the Vickers propeller-driven gaso- HANDLEY PAGE W IN G.

line pump. Gasoline capacity, 40 gallons. Mr. Handley Page's slotted air foil has been installed on
Oil tank.-Situated on top of the fuselage near the en- a De Haviland 9 and also on a monoplane, using a DH- 9
gine. Capacity, 8 gallons. fuselage, landing gear, and empennage. The theory of
Fuselage.-Wooden structure braced with tie-rods and the slotted wing is not yet susceptible of complete mathe-
fork ends, very rigid structure, streamlined off with matical treatment, but the effect can be dealt with in
fabric. qualitative fashion.
 105
The lift on any plane is due to' combined effect of a marked departure in high-lift sections and should be
suction on the upper surface and a pressure underneath. experimented with on full-scale models to ascertain the
While pressure on the underneath side increases contin- ultimate benefits to be derived from this type.
ually with increasing angle, the suction on the upper
THE HANDLEY PAGE W 8 B.
surface reaches a critical angle when between 10° and 15°
angle of inclination of the chord ,l ine of the plane to the The Handley Page W 8 B, equipped with two Rolls-
horizontal. After this angle is reached, steady flow of Royce Eagle engines is an interesting commercial develop-
the air is broken and burbling results. To avoid this ment.
effect and to obtain a continuous increase of the suction The main characteristics of this machine are as follows:
effect on the upper surface of the plane to much larger Weight , empty, with water: 7,700 pounds.
angles than 15°, the slotted plane was devised. Pilot: 160 pounds.
In its simplest form it consists of a n arrow slot extended Gas for 3t hours : 1,000 pounds.
transversely across the plane in the direction of the span. Oil, 10 gallons: 100 pounds.
It has a wide opening on the undersurface connected to 12 passengers: 2,160 pounds.
a narrow exit in the upper surface of the plane. The Cargo: 880 pounds.
exit is controlled by a hinged flap extending all along the Total weight: 12,000 pounds.
leading edge of the air foil section and is controlled manu- The performance is as follows:
ally from the pilot's cockpit. Maximum speed at ground: 104 miles per hour.
This operates by introducing a new live air stream to Maximum sp eed at 500 feet: 101 miles per hour.
the upper surface of the plane and prevents the burbling Rate of climb at ground: 550 feet p er minute.
state. It also allows a suction effect on the upper surface Service ceiling: 10,000 feet.
of the plane to continue to a larger angle than before Landing speed: 54 miles per hour.
with a consequent higher maximum lift plane. The per- Length: 60 feet.
formance of this air foil has been to effect landing speed Span: 75 feet.
that is much lower with a given wing area than we have Chord: 10 feet.
been ordinarily obtaining with the conventional air foil. Gap: 11 feet.
The slot arrangement is mechanically controlled from Area of wings: 1,456 square feet.
the pilot's cockpit by control of a hinged, counter-leading Gasoline tanks are placed on top of the upper plane,
edge, surface of air foil section which controls the width with the resulting advantage of a greatly simplified gaso-
and extent of the slot opening at the will of the pilot. line system. This obviates the necessity for extensive
It is practically impossible to get a good ratio of lift to piping and gasoline pump installation with complicated
resistance and high maximum lift with the same section. fuel systems. No rubber gasoline connections are em-
A good ratio of lift to resistance n ecessarily means a low ployed . Air Ministry type metal couplings are used
value of maximum lift while a high value of the lift co- throughout . Each tank is provided with a gasoline level
efficient means a low value of the lift to resistance ratio. indicator of the Clift pattern .
The H andley Page Co. hoped to realize the combination The mounting of the engine is not essentially differ-
of both by putting in this variable device which will ent from the previous Handley Page types.
admit of two different effects of the resulting air flow. Instead of a biplane tail, howe".er , as in the Handley
It is to effect this combination that the new design, known Page 0, 400-type, a single stabilizer and single elevator
as the slotted plane, was devised . have been installed in conjunction with a fin and counter-
The experiments with the De Haviland 9 show an balancing rudder. The ailerons employ the Handley
approximate increase of 40 per cent of the lift coefficient Page aileron leading edge counter-balancing feature.
with the slot opening. The second machine was a can- The large cabin will have accommodation for 12 passen-
tilever type plane. When tested out in the wind tunnel gers, and there is a smaller cabin of 70 cubic feet capacity
this second machine gave a maximum lift coefficient of for luggage in the rear. A tip-up seat is situated at the side
0.77 absolute unit unslotted and 1.035 when slotted. The of the pilot so that, if desired , a mechanic can be carried
full-si ze machine was loaded to 11 pounds per square there.
foot, and the machine landed at 43 miles per hour, corre- An adjustable tail is provided so that the pilot can
sponding to the lift coefficient of 1.17 in absolute units. adjust the machine for any conditions of load and speed.
This high-lift coefficient with the high-lift wings prov es, The equipment is made up of wireless telegraph appara-
according to Mr. Handley Page, that model results still tus, two air-speed indicators, two altimeters, two inclinom-
hold good as with wings of thinner sections. In this eters, two revolution indicators, two radiator thermome-
machine the opening and closing of the slot was carried ters, two oil-pressure gauges, two gasoline-level indicators,
out by means of the variation of the auxiliary plane two oil thermometers, two Pyrene fire extinguishers.
control by a lever beside the pilot. Very equal weight The pilot'and mechanic sit out in the nose of the fusel-
lifted in the same landing speed proves that this new slot age proper. 'l'wo two-wheel landing gears are situated
device is not heavier than ordinary construction. on either side of the fuselage underneath the engine
Mr. Handley Page is at present working on a torpedo mounting proper. The shock absorbers are installed
type plane, details of which are not available. This in the front legs of these.
machine is to be equipped with his slotted wing and ex- This machine will be used for passenger traffic between
periments conducted. On the whole, this wing represents London and Paris and on other lines to Eu!Op!jan points.
 106
THE BRISTOL CO. Tail trimming gear. - The tail incidence can be varied
by a lever and quadrant adjacent to the pilot to trim the
The Bristol Qo., of England, manufacturers of the well- machine under all conditions of speed and load distribu-
known Bristol Fighter and a long line of less known mili- tion.
tary aircraft, are still one of the leading aeronautical Dimensions.- Span, 57 feet, 6 inches ; length, over all ,
manufacturing firms in England. Their new Bristol JO-
40 feet, 6 inches; height, 11 feet.
seater commercial airplane and their Bristol Jupiter en- Weights.- Machine, empty, 4,000 pounds; fuel--gaso-
gine are two aeronautical accomplishments meriting full line, 90 gallons, oil, 6 gallons, 715 pounds ; crew (2) at
description. 160 pounds, 320 pounds; passengers (8) at 150 pounds,
The characteristics of the Bristol IO-seater are as.follows: 1,200 pounds; baggage, 350 pounds; wireless, etc., 65
General descriplion .- The Bristol IO-seater airplane is a pounds; total, 6,650 pounds. ·
single-engined tractor biplane, having an inclosed cabin Loading.-Weight per horsepower (Bristol Jupiter at
for eight passengers and an open cockpit for pilot and 400 horsepower), 16.6 pounds; weight per square foot,
mechanic. 9.3 pounds.
Engine installation.- The 400-horsepower Bristol Jupi- Pe,form.ances.-Speed at groun'd level, 112 miles per
ter engine is mounted on a readily removable swinging hour ; speed at 5,000 feet, llO miles per hour. Time to
mounting, which gives instant access to the back of the climb to 1,000 feet, l.} minutes; time to climb to 5,000
engine and dispenses with any necessity for removing fe et, 13 minutes.
cowling. This machine is being used by the Handley Page Co.
A steel fireproof bulkhead is fitted behind the engine on their Paris-London air line. So far the machines have
and all control connections pass through glands. No been equipped with the Napier Lion engine. However,
gasoline is carried. in the body aft of the firn bulkhead. they propose a8 they increase the number of these ma-
Saloon.- The saloon is entered through a door aft of chines on this line to install the n ew Bristol Jupiter en-
the lower plane and seats six of the passengers facing for-
gines. This machine is a very fine passenger-carrying
ward in separate chairs, the other two facing aft. The type and embodies practically the latest conception of
seats are collapsible and when folded project only 5 inches
pilot location, passenger location, engine installation, and
from the saloon sides, leaving a maximum of floor space if
disposition of fuel tanks. The fuel tanks · are located
it is desired to carry cargo in lieu of passengers.
underneath the bottom wing so as to obviate any danger
,vindows, which can be opened, are fitted the full of fire in case of a crash. The landing gear has a shock
length of both sides of the cabin and an e mergency exit is absorber in the rear leg of the landing gear V.
provided in the roof. Heating is provided by means of
hot-air muffs around the exhaust pipes. Behind the THE BRISTOL JUPITER 400-HORSEPOWEH 9- CYLINDER AIR-
saloon is a lavatory compartment suitably fitted. COOLED ENGINE .
The internal dimensions of the saloon available as cargo
space when no passengers are carried are: Length 10 feet The characteristics of this engine arc as follows :
6 inches; height at center, 5 feet 9 inches: width, 4 feet. Bristol Jupiter engine, air-cooled racljal: 380 horse-
Pilot's cockpit.-The pilot and mechanic are accomoda- power.
ted in a cockpit between the fire bulkhead and the front Code name for telegraphic and other purposes :
spar of the top plane, giving a very fine view. · A wireless Jupiter.
telephone and telegraph installation is provided for in Direction of 1'otation: Left-hand tractor.
the cockpit (but not supplied) , completely accessible to Numb er of cylinders: 9.
the mechanic. Bore: 5f inches.
Liiggage hatch .- Below the pilot's cockpit is a luggage Stroke : 7! inches.
compartment, 4 feet 6 inches long by 4 feet wide by 2 feet Rated full power a t normal revolutions per minute:
6 inches high, accessible through a trapdoor in the under- 380 brake horsepower. ·
side of the fuselage. Normal speed: 1,575 revolutions per minute.
Gasoline system.- The two main gasoline tanks, of 45 Maximum speed : 1,625 revolutions per minute.
gallons capacity each, are slung under the bottom planes Weight: 725 pounds.
at the inner interplane strut. Gasoline is drawn from Fuel consumption per brake horsepower hour: 0.6
either of these tanks by two Vickers centrifugal pumps pint.
coupled in series, and delivered through a Vickers hand Oil consumption per brake horsepower hour: 0.45
pump to the carbureters, auy surplus . being returned pint.
through a IO-gallon gravity emergency tank, fitted high up The engine to be constructed in accordance with gen-
on the fire bulkhead. Smith's capacity gauges for both eral arrangement, detail and installation drawings, super-
main tanks are fitted on the instrument board. vision sheets, schedule of parts, and material specifica-
Chassis.- The chassis is of the two-wheeled Oleoelastic tions, which shall first be submitted to and approved by
type. Elastic rings are used for suspension and the elastic the director general of supply and research, and to comply
carriers have been designed for ready renewal of these with the following general conditions:
rings. The Oleo plungers are fitted with a special type of (a) Special considerations must be given in the desigl\
tapered needle valve to contrbl the passage of the oil to enable periodical inspection, adjustment, and top
through the plunger to give constant oil pressure through- overhauls to be conducted in a minimum· of time and with
out the stroke of 8 inches. a minimum of labor (i. e., without removal from machine).
Flying controls.-Single control of the wheel type is (b) The engine must be capable of functioning satisfac-
fitted, all cable pulleys being 5 inches diameter. torily at all reasonable inclinations of the ma.chine.
 107
One set of tracings and three complete sets of prints of on th e engi ne, with proYision at each end of the counter-
approved general arrangement and detail drawings, shaft for a connection between the engine and pilot's
schedule of parts and material specifications drawn up control lever .
in accordance with standard Air Ministry requirements , Carlmrclors.--(a) Ad equate pro vision is to b e made for
together with six prints of installation drawings, enumer- h eating the mixture to insure effective vaporization of
ating all essential details and dimensions affecting in- the gasoline.
stallation to be supplied on placing of contract. (b ) A minimum of 3:5 per cent vac uum control must
Approval of designs and mod~fications.- All designs and be pro vicled on the gasoline system to compensate for
modifications are to be submitted to and approved in variation at a,ltitude.
writing by the directorate of research. (c) Arrangements are to he pro vided by interlocking
Materials.- (a ) Materials employed in the construction the altitud e and throttle control to enable tbe mixture
of the engine are to conform to B . E. S. A. standards and to h e brought to t he fully rich position when closing the
the sel ected schedule approved b y the director of re- throttle.
search. Id ) The carburei;ors must he capable of functioning
(b) Screw threarls for studs and bol ts employed in 'Lhe efficiently at the maker· s declared maximum B. H . P.
construction of the engine t.o he in accordance with t hose output with a gasoline h ead range from 12 feet to 18 inches,
laid down in T. D. I. 532. and to giv e unifoxm and ev en acceleration throughou t the
Tests of JJOwer, gasoline , and oil cons·u mption, slow run- th.rottl e range.
ning.- S1ipen ,ision of tesis, etr..- The engines will he de 0
Liibricating 7Ji7Jes .--All lubricating pipes of three-
signed to conform to and will be submitted to the condi- eigb ths-inch bore or l ess are to be welclless steel. N o
tions of the schecl ule of standard production and type lubricating pipes und er one-fourth inch bore a re to be
tests for aircraft engines, elated March 30, Hl20. employed. If a smaller .flow than a p ~pe of this size will
Fire prevention.- (a) Careful provision must b e made provide is required. the nipple is to be choked to give
for draining the carburetor and intake pipe to preYent the correct oil distrihu tion.
the accumulation of gasoline. Gasoliiie and oil connections.- (a) All gasoline and oil
(b ) Carburetors must he disposed in such a manner connections and controls are to be completed on the engine
that the intake can be led outside the aircraft cowl.i.ng as far as possible, so t hat the installation of the engine in
without interfering with the normal functionin g of the th e machine is rendered as simple as possible.
carburetor. (b ) All pipes are to be el ectricall y grounded to ' ·earth "
(c) To avoid danger from fire, .in the eYent of the car- in the engine in accordance with D . oE R. requirements.
buretor flooding , and popping back occurring, the air Gasoline pwn p. - A suitable and accessible drive is to
intake must be carefully fitted with tight joints not likely be provided to allow for an engine-driven gasoline pump
to break down through vibration. to b e fitted . The flange for mounting and spindle for
(d) No soft-soldered joints are to be used in the gasolj_ne driving the pumps are to be in accordance with the R.
piping of the engine. A. F. standard, size No. 2.
(e) Rubber gasoline pipes must not be employed in Starting ltrrangemerit.s.- Provision is to be mad e for the
the engine. No rubber flexible connections may he em- use of the Royal Aircraft E stablishment ty pe of starter.
ployed on th e engine . An approved t ype of nonreturn valve is to b e fitted to the
(f) In order to insure the reqwsite margin of' safety, cylinder, and suitabl e drive and distributing valves
to obviate failure with consequent danger from fire, all incorporated on the engine.
exhaust, induction, and air intake piping and joints R evoliition indicatoi· drive connection .- Sttitable drive
which would be normally inside the machine cowling must be provided for direct conn·e ction of th e standard
must be designed to withstand a pressure of 80, 50, and flexible shaft, running at one-fomth engine speed, for
25 pounds per square inch, respectively. th e revolution indicator.
Ignit·ion systein .-(a) Dual ignition shall be pro vided E xposed di·ives and wearing JJarts .- All exposed driv es
for with two spark plugs per cylinder. and wearing parts are to be protected from the ingress of
(b ) Two magnetos, B. T. H. type, A. Q. 9, shall be fine sand and foreign matter incidental to conditions
provided and fitted with an apprornd foJ'm of vernier prevailing under certain climatic conditions.
adjustment to the timing on the gear drive. The mag- Poi·t opening.s .- A.II uncovered port openings are to be
netos shall be of the latest type and embody all approved provided with suitable coverings to prevent the ingress of
foreign matter during transit and storage.
modifications.
Slinging of engines.- Suitable provision is to be made
(c) K. L. G. type F. 12 spark plugs shall be provided
b y permanent fixtures to the engine body for slinging pur-
(2 per cylinder). poses.
(d) The high-tension cables from the magneto distribu- Gun-control gear. - Brackets for carrying two C. C. gun
tors to the spark plugs shall be in accordance with Section gear generators, with cams for their operation, and the
I of B. E. S. A. Specification No. 3 E. 1. The plug ends n ecessary engine attachments and fixings to be supplied
of the leads shall be fitted with terminals of approved an cl fi ttecl .
pattern. Propeller hu b. - The propeller hub is to be designed in
Carburetor, altitude, and 'ignition controls.- The car- accordance with B. E. S. A. standard requirements, the
buretor, altitude, and ignition controls are to be inter- dimensions enumerated below b eing standardized to
connected and conveniently brought to a countershaft promote interchangeability.
 108
(a) Diameter of flanges. Pilot: 180 pounds.
(b) Distance between flanges. Gasoline (72 gallons) : 510 pounds.
(c) Diameter of propeller boss shaft. Oil (5 gallons) : 45 pounds.
(d) Number of bolts. Reserve water (2 gallons): 20 pounds.
(e) Diameter of bolts. Wireless apparatus: 100 pounds.
(f) Pitch of circle of bol ts. Passengers (8 at 160 pounds): 1,280 pounds.
This engine has passed the Admiralty 50-hour dyna- Baggage (8 at 30 pounds): 240 pounds.
mometer tests and has shown up very well indeed for an Total weight: 5,870 pounds.
air-cooled engine. It is very light. When one considers General characteristics:
its weight of l! pounds per horsepower, i t can be readily Length, over all: 37 fe et 5 inches.
seen what a stride this engine represents in the aeronautical H eight, over all: 14 feet 3 inches.
motor work. The diameter over all of this engine is Span: 46 feet.
approximatel y 50 inches. Of course this makes it rather Chord: 9 feet 3 inches.
difficult to cowl in a single-seater pursuit plane and makes Gap at fuselage: 8 feet 2 inches.
quite a large nose. Incidence of main planes : 3°.
Dihedral of top plane: 0°.
LUCIFER 100-HORSEPOWER ENGINE.
Dihedral of bottom plane : 3°.
Another type that the Bristol Co. has developed has Area of main planes : 785 square feet.
been the Lucifer 100 horsepower type with three cylind~1-s Loading per square foot : 7.5 pounds .
of the same size as are used in the Jupiter type. Dual Loading per horsepower (370): 15.85 pounds.
ignition is provided in the Lucifer and the total weight of Estimated performance:
the engine is about 300 pounds. -The normal revolutions F ull speed near seal level : 106 miles per hour.
per minutes are 1,600. This engine has been designed Climb to 6,000 feet: 13.25 minutes.
primarily to provide a comparatively low power unit. Fl).11 speed at 6,000 feet: 103.5 miles per hour.
The main considerations of the Bristol Co. have been Service ceiling: 10,850 feet.
reliability in long life combined with low cost of upkeep Landing speed: 42 miles per hour.
and ease of production. No attempt has been made to Duration at 90 miles per hour at 6,000 feet: 360
cut the weight, but to obtain the maximum durability miles.
and performance from the engine. The parts have been The Vickers Co . is also constru cting a number of Vickers
reduced to a minimum and everything sacrificed for Viking amphibian fl ying boats equipped with Napire
endurance and long life. This motor is not a military Lion engines. They are also constructing an experi-
type. mental model of a bombardment type with twin Napier
THE VICKERS CO. Lion engines. It has an all-steel fuselage and landing gear
and wooden wings. No characteristics of this type could
The Vickern Co.'s main project at the present time is be obtained, as it is one of the new Admiralty types that
building the Vickers Vimy troop transport. It is a twin is confidential.
Napier engined airplane equipped for carrying 16 troops It has been satisfactorily operated in experiments to de-
with their pernonal fi eld equipment. Most of these ships termine the practicability of using the Thames. Several
are going to b e used in Mesopotamia. The characteristics flights have been made upon the Thames and the Seine
of this type are analogous to the Vickers Vimy passenger- near Paris. Three passengers may be carried in the open
carrying type. This machine is now being equipped with cockpit. The maximum speed is approximately 120 miles
Oleo type shock-absorbing landing gear instead of the per hour. The minimum speed is 52 miles per hour and
conventional Vickers Vimy rubber shock-absorbing type. the cruising speed 82 miles per hour.
The Vickers machines are all equipped with the famous The Vickers Viking F--4 is an amphibian flying boat
Vickers centrifugal gasoline pump, and in case of the fail- with a better commercial performance than the Vib.--i.ng 3,
ure of this feed the pilot has in reserve a hand gas pump, and is fitte d with folding wings which fold forward in order
permitting the replenishing of the gravity tank by the to facilitate housing. The toal weight is 5,600 pounds;
hand operation of his pump . and allowing for a pilot, fuel and oil, 1,090 pounds is
The Vickers troop-carrier control systems are all com- available for a commercial load. The maximum speed is
pensated by telescopic spring arrangements connected 119 miles per hour and · the cruising speed 90 miles per
to the control in the cockpit. The fuselage of the Vickers h our.
troop carrier is entirely of monocoque construction and Four passengers can be carried, two in the forward
the wings and tail surfaces are of the conventional Vickers cockpit, the third in an aft position where the gunner
Vimy bomber construction. would ordinarily sit, and the fourth beside the pilot.
VICKERS 8- SEA'rER PASSENGER.
Alternately, the space provided for passengers cal). be used
for goods.
The Vickers Co . is getting out an experimental 8- The Vicke1-s Co. has adapted one of their Vickers Vimy
seater passenger-carrying airplane equipped with Rolls machines as an ambulance plane in accordance with
Royce Eagle engine. This machine has a monocoque Admiralty specifications for this type. This plane is proba-
fuselage with the pilot situated at the head of the upper bly the best interpretation of a,n ambulance type that has
wing, as in the Bristol 10-seater type . The characteristics been built by any nation to-day. A complete description
of this machine are as follows: of the machine is given under the heading, "Air Ministry
Wings, high lift : T 64. ambulance plane specifications,'' which follows this article
Weight of machine, empty: 3,495 pounds. in the report.
 109
AIR MINISTRY-DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH- Rubber as jointing material is to be eliminated as far as
VICKERS VIMY, MODIFIED FOR USE AS AM- possible from the petrol system . All couplings are to be
BULANCE AIRPLANE. of all-metal type (Air Ministry pattern).
The petrol feed is to be by approved pumps from the
SPECIFICATION OF PARTIC ULAR REQUIREMENTS TO main tanks direct to the carburetors, with a by-pass to a
ACCOMPANY THE CONTRACT AGREEMENT. gravity tank, so situated that when the aircraft is flying
at its maximum climbing angle there is a minimum
This specification is to be regarded for contract purposes
effective petrol head of at least 20 inches above the jet
as being part of the contract agreement, and as subject to level at the carburetors.
the same conditions. The delivery from the pumps to the carburetors must
1. General requirements.-The aircraft is to be a Vickers be via an approved release valve t o a distributor cock or
Vimy commercial type, modified so as to fulfill the duties cocks, so arranged that the following selections can be
of ambulance airplane, and is to be generally similar to obtained:
the experimental Vimy ambulance, except as hereinafter (1) Pumps to carburetors and gravity tank.
stated. (2) Pumps to carburetors only.
The aircraft is to be designed to carry the full equip- (3 ) Gravity tank to carburetors.
ment specified in paragraph 6 of this specification. (4) Off.
The aircraft must have a good degree of positive stability An overflow pipe of sufficient bore to deal with all
in all directions. excess petrol must be provided from the main tank to the
The aircraft must be controllable at all flying speeds. gravity tank.
The standard Vimy commercial elevator controls must be A petrol flow indicator is to be fitted in this overflow
so modified as to give increased elevator movement. pipe, in a position clearly visible to the pilot.
The passengers' compartment is to be equipped as An auxiliary hand petrol pump of approved design is to
specified in paragraph 7 of this specification. be fitted between the main and gravity tanks and must b e
The arrangements for landing and taking-off are to be capable of supplying sufficient petrol to maintain full power.
as specified in paragraph 8.
The bore of the main petrol pipes must be such that the
flow of petrol sufficient for maintaining full power i s
The aircraft is to be constructed in conformity with the
exceeded by 100 per cent when the carburetor unions are
drawings approved by the director of research or his
uncoupled, and the supply is in the condition of minimum
representative. head.
2. Power unit.-The engines to be installed are Napier A Jettison valve is to be fitted into each of the main
Lions, of which the following particulars are to be assumed: petrol tanks.
(a) Weight, dry: 912 pounds. Cooling system.-The cooling system must be in accord-
(b) Normal horsepower at 2,000 revolutions per ance with the drawings approved by the director of re-
minute: 470. search, and provision is to be made for the fitting of
(c) Maximum horsepower at 2,100 revolutions per auxiliary radiators, of such size as to make the system '
minute: 487. suitable for operation in tropical climates, as and when
The propellers are to be designed so that the maximum necessary.
revolutions stated at (c) can not be exceeded under normal The aircraft will be delivered with the standard radia-
circumstances. tors and the necessary suspension fittings for auxiliary
The propellers should also be so designed that the radiators. The auxiliary radiators will be delivered in
engine revolutions at full throttle, when the aircraft is separate cases at the same time as the airplanes.
stationary on the ground, are approximately 1,800 revo- 3. Load to be carried.- The load to be carried on accept-
lutions per minute. ance flight is as follows:
Pounds.
The engine installation is to be in accordance with the Crew (2) . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
requirements of the director of research. Attendant (1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
The exhaust manifolds are to be fitted with an efficient Patients (9 ) ................... . ..... . ........... . 1,440
silencer. Wireless equipment......... ..... ...... .... ...... 150
A plate is to be fitted, in clear view of the pilot, stating Water and tanks (medical) . ............. . ......... 110
the normal and maximum permissible revolutions of the Rations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
engine, with a warning to the effect that the.engine is not Fitted ice chest ...... . . .... . .......... ...... ..... · 100
to be run at the maxim revolutions as stated at (c) for Stretchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
a period exceeding five minutes. The throttle control is Electrical equipment................ ... .......... 160
to be of gate pattern, of which particulars will be supplied.
Service load .................. .. ........ . . . 2,600
An instruction plate is to be provided, worded as follows:
Petrol, 167 gallons ...... .. ... ... ... .. . .. ... ..... . 1,200
"The throttle lever must not be moved through the gate
Oil, 14 gallons ..... ...................... . ... . . . . 140
except when above 5,000 feet, or in case of emergency." 40
Reserve water, 4 gallons ... . _................... .
Tankage, including gravity tank, is to be provided for-
Fuel, 167 gallons. Total load..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 980
Oil, 14 gallons. 4. Contract performance.-The contract performance with
Reserve water, 4 gallons. the aircraft loaded to a total weight of 12,500 pounds and
The gravity tank must have a capacity of at least 32 with engine revolutions not exceeding those specified in
gallons. paragraph 2 (b), is ·to be: Speed at 6,500 feet, not less than
Petrol system.-The petrol s,ystem is to be in accordance 98 Iniles per hour ; climb to 6,500 feet, in not more than
with the drawings approved by the director of research . 16 minutes; service ceiling, not less than 12,000 feet.
 110
5. Structuml strength.-Th e strength of the main E quipment schedule (wireless)-Contimied.
stmcture is to be not less than the following standards
wh en the aircraft is loaded to a total weight of 12,500 Ite
pounds: Load factor on front truss with cen ter of pressure _ : enc~ No
I
Refer- Descr. pt ion. Quan-
t ity.I Suppl y. Fitted
by-

forwar<;I , 4; load factor on rear truss with center of pressure

back, 4 ; factor in terminal nose dive, 1. The above 37 I 10/1084 .. . Generator, hand R.A.F ...... R.t,..F.
driven, 1,500-volt .
factors, and th e failing strength of the fuselage will be 38 I0/54l7 .. . .Accumulato r , 1 ..... do .. . . ... . Do .
6 volts, 37 amp. /hr.l
d etermined b y the methods describ ed in the Handbook 39 . Coil, collapsible D · 1 . .... d o .. . ... . Do.
F. complete .
of Strength Calculations HB. 806.
6. Equipment.-The following equipment is to be pro-
1
I
Electrical equipment: Services are to be provided for
vided for, and the contractor will be required to supply
navigation lights; heated clothing (2) ; Aldis lamp ; R. L.
and fit all parts n ecessary for its installation, including all
tube ; internal light.ing; identification e quipment ; v\'. T.
necessary wiring, such installation to b e in accordance
supply; Holt flares ; kettle.
wi th the general instructions issued by the . director of
res.earch. Equipment schedule (electrical ).
Vi7ireless Equipment : C. W. transmitter type 21 ; Quan- Supply. F itted by-
recei ver mod el T. f.: earth system Part I ; D . F. for ground Item .\ Type . Descrip t ion. t ity.
use .
Eqiiipment schediile (wireless). 1 T 28153.. A ir screw __.... .. _ 1 R.A.F .. . R.A.F .
2 500 w . . . Generator, Mk.III 1 . .... do. Do.
3 No.3 ... . Generator cradle .. 1 ..... do.. Do.
4 Generator mount- 1 Coo tractor Cont ractor.
Descrip ti011. Quan- Suppl y . Fitted ing .
tity. by- {> No. 3, :Mk . I .Accumulator. . . . .. 2 R.A.F ... R.A.F.
· III.
6 No. 5, Mk ..... . do .... ....... . .. .. . do .. . . Do .
10/4869 L I Arm swivel ing, lelt- R. A. F. on Contrac- ill.
hand. repayment . t or. 7 No. 2, Mk. V oltage control . .... do . .. . Contractor.
2 10/1753. .. B rackets a I u m i - 4 .. . . do ........ . Do. III. box.
nmn suspension 8 30.0.30 ... An i.met er. . ... ... . 1 ..... do ... . Do .
I
fitted. 9 Lucas .. _ Switch box No . 8 .. 1 ... .. do ... . Do .
3 10/570 ... . Clamp aluminum .... do .. ...... . Do . 10 Rotax ..... Switch box N o. 3 . . 1 . ... . do ... . Do.
1 floor, 1 inch. 11 P . S . H . T . . Navigation lights .. 4 . . ... do ... . R . A.F.
4 10/124 .... Reel,aerial type3 .. .. .. do ... . .. .. . 12 Nav igation light ! . . ... do. Contractor.
5 10/243 ... _ Roller fitting . .. . . . . . do ....... . Do . mountings .
or 13 1 D. F .... . Id e ntifi cat ion 2 ... ·. . do ... . D o.
5A 2636... B ush ,steel,linch . . 1 . .... do ...... . Do. ligh ts.
6 G . 4957. . Saddles, red fiber, 6 . .... do ..... . D o. 14 1 U .P., old Ide n tificat ion ..... do . .. . Do.
l line P 3. patent ... switch box.
7 G. 6702 .. Saddles, red fiber, 25 . .... do .... . . . . Do. l o .New pat- W /T. switch .. ... . .. do .. . Do.
2 line P 11.· ent .
s G. 4954 .. Saddles, red fiber , 6 .. . .. do ....... . Do. 16 Cockpit lights ..... 2 .do . .. . Do.
9 G.320 .. .I T:r!f:afe~~tii.:::: :
17 I Holt.. N i ght l anding 2I .. do ... . Do.
.... . do. : . .. .. . Do. . fl ares, sets . ,
I
10
11
10/216... · \ TubeDexine,linch.
G. 1108. . Cable, electric, P 3 ..
. . . __ .... _.yards ..
. .... do ... . .. . .
2 . .... do ....... .
Do .
Do.
18 I ... . .. ...... Mul ti plug and
1
19 '{ 20
. . , socket.
8 a mp .. . }·' In g. and socket, {
4
I . do ...

}contractor
Do .

R . A.F.
12 5C/21... . Cable, elecrt ic, P 11 25 . . ... do .. ..... . Do. amp .. . 2-pm.
20 250 watt ... Electric k ettle ... . · \ ..... do. Do.
13 G . 6706 .. \ ca'ti1e;eiect,:i~~~~t· 8 .... . do .. . . .. .. Do. 21 Bifurcating box. . . R. A. F .. Do.
tern 482 . . . ya rds .. 22 Inspection l amps .. \ 2 . .... do .... Do.
14 G. 1095. . Cable, electric, P 13 5 ... do .... ... . Do. 2:l · As reqd . .. Cables,cleats,p ack- _. .. .. . Contractor Do.
. . . . . . . . .. yards .. ing and t ermin al I
15 10/1786 . .. Masts, bentwood, ... do .. .. ... . Do . blocks . I
telescop ic.
16 G. 1004 . Cable eyes, 2 BA . 18 . .... do ..... . Do.
17 G. 1003.. Cable eyes, OBA ... fi ..... do ..... . Do. Instrnments: The following instrnments are·to be fitted
18 10/2880 . . . Battery inert, 15- 6 R.A.l<' .. .. . R. A. F. I
volt. in the cockpit in accordance with the requirements of the
l9 10/2766.. . n O X battery , 90- l ..... do ....... . Do.
VOlt. director of resea1:ch. These instruments will be supplied
20 10/4576 .. . Case valve trans it, . .... do .. . ... . . Do. from R. A. F. stocks on payment unless ot"i}erwise stated .
3-valve.
21 10/736... . Cells, dl·y, type " R " 3 . .. . . do .. . .... . no. I
22 10/2789 .. . Case t ransit wave- 1 .. do ... .... . Do.
meter, CW N o. 3. Item. Description. N um-1 T ype. Rema rks.
ber .
23 10/2051... Control resista nce . .... do ..... . . . Do . i
and voltmeter.
24 · 10/117.... C o r d telephone . . . .. do . . ..... . Do .
with plug. 1 Air speed indicator. ..... Mk. IV a ..
25 10/161 8... Generator, H. T. l · ..... do ..... .. . Do. 2· A luminum tub ing for 5 -fo- inch . . _. 12-foot 6-inch
air-driven, 1,500 A . S. I. len gt hs.
volts, 150 watts. 3 ... .• do . . . .... ....... .... . 2 t inch . .... 3-foot lengths.
26 10/1303 ... Key, transmitting ... do ....... . Do . 4 Rubber t ubin g for · A. 2 ..... ......• I 5-foot length s with
C. vV . s. I. I screws.
27 5C/243 ... Lamp electric Min . 3 ... do ... . ... . Do 5 Aluminum tube clips
E. S. caps, 2.2 for A. S. I.. ... . ...... . 24
volts . (\ T pieces for A. S. I. .... . 2 .. . ........•
28 10/1806... Receiver, model T. . do ....... . Do . 7 . Altimeter ... . . ....... .. . 1 Mk. Va .. . O to 20,000 feet.
F. 8 Cross level. ....... ..... . 1 . .. do ...... .
29 10/11 5.... Receiver, telephone .. ... do ....... . Do . 9 R evolution indicators .. . 2 Mk. VI. . . On en gine nacelle.
"i th head gear, 10 F lexible drives .... ..... . 2 .. .. - - -- .... 9-foot lengths .
750 ohms. 11 R adiat or t h ermom eters . 2 Mk. I a .. 22 capilla ry.
30 10/2921... 'fransmitter, type ..... do ....... . Do . 12 Air-pressure gauge ... . _. 1 Mk.V ..... o to 5 pounds .
21. 13 Oil-pressure gauge ...... . 2 Mk. VIIO. o to 60 pound s.
14 Petrollev el gauge ... , . , ... . In tanks.
31
32
10/1123.. . Valves, type" R " ..
10/1120 . . . ValYeS, type" A" ·-
3 ...•. do .. ..... .
3 ... .. do .. . .... .
Do.
Do . 15 P etrol flow indicator. r ::::::::::::
T. D. prism atic,
Dewrance, con-
33 10/2562 .. . Wavem eter, C. W. 1 .. do ... .... . Do.
No.3 . t ractor supplies .
34 10/4911... Weight aerial, C. I. do ... , ... . Do. .16 Watch and h older. .. . .. . 1 Mk. V ... . . Fitted b y sqd s .
with spring . 17 Lighting set . .. . . . . set s .. 2 Mk.III .. .
35 10/1998.. . Windmill, 24-inch do ... . Do . 18 F ire extinguish ers ..... . . 2 Pyrene ... . Do.
pitch. 19 Compasses .. ...... .... . . 2 253 ..... . ·- Contract loan.
36 10/4589 .. . Wire aerial, R. 4 300 . .. .. do .. . Do. 20 · Pilot's safety belts . .... . 2 1
··· ..... ... .
. _.: ....... . .. feet ..
 111
7. Di,sposition of crew and equiprnent.-The two pilots are The fitting of the medical equipment is to be subject to
to be accommodated in the nose, side by side, and are t6 the inspection and approval of the director of medical
be provided. with full dual control. services.
Racks for two stretchers aTe to be fitted on the side of the 8. Miscellaneous.-Adequate provision is to be made
cabin opposite to the door. for towing and handling on the ground .
The racks are to be so arranged that there is sufficient A ·s ufficient number of holding-down rings are to be
lateral space to allow of lifting the stretchers on the racks fitted to the lower planes for th e purpose of sec uring the
without tilting them. aircraft in the open.
'fop racks are to be of sufficient height to allow reason- As far as possible the aircraft is to be interchangeahle
a.ble headroom to the patients seated under the stretchers. with the service type Vimy.
A door is to be cut in the front of the luggage compart- The dope scheme to be used is:
ment under the piJot 's cockpit, allowing of the loading and Five coats A . M. A. dope to B. E. S. Specification
removal of the sti;etchers. 2Dl00.
Suitable runners are to be fitted on the floor to facilitate Two coats · protective covering P. C. 12- B . E. S .
sliding the stretchers into the cabin. Specification.
A lavatory pan is to be provided. This must be of ap- Two coats protective covering V. 84-D. 103.
proved type fitted with an antisplach device, and a cover Red crosses on a white ground are to be painted 011
which is an accurate fit. The lavatory must not flush.into wings and fuselage as on the experimental aircraft.
space, but must have an easily removable container. The All Class I and II modifications approved for the service
flushing pump is to deliver 2 pints uniformly distributed Vimy are to be embodied.
round ~he circumference of the pan, at a pressure of 40 The undercarriage is to be moved forward and the tail
pounds per square inch. skid pivot strengthened as on the experimental aircraft.
A tank with a capacity of 5 gallons is to be provided for The following particulars are to be stenciled in a con-
flushing water. spicuous position on the side of the fuselage:
A suitable curtain is to be arranged round the lavatory Weight bare with water............... - - lbs.
pan. Fuel and oiL..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 340 lbs.
A drinking-water tank with a capacity of 5 gallons is to Total maximum permissible flying
be provided at the forward end of the cabin. The top is weight ........ : ................... 12, 500 lbs.
to be sufficiently accessible for the filling of chatties and August 17, 1921.
"Sparklet' ' siphons.
BOLTON & PAUL.
Stowage space is to be provided in lockers under the
pilot's cockpit for the storage of 60 pounds of food. The Bolton & Paul built a great number of Sopwith machines
lockers are to have sliding panels giving access direct from during the war, and have now turned their attention to
the cabin. · all-metal construction.
An ice chest of ''Iceland' ' pattern is to be fitted under Their most interesting machine, however, is a stick and
the pilot's cockpit and is to be provided with suitable wire machine known as the P-8 . It is a conve.rtible pas-
runners. senger, mail, or bombardment machine. Its ·c haracter-
Access should be by a hinged front cover, and the cold istics follow:
chamber is to be divided into two parts, one of which is to Crew: Pilot and seven passengers.
contain 2-quart size "Sparkl et" siphons. and one "Alad- Mail: 500 pounds.
din'' gallon heat-retaining jar. Engines, 2 Napj.er Lion, water-cooled, fitted with
A cupboard and bottle rack is to be provided at the aft four-bladed propeller 9 feet 6 inches diameter;
end of the cabin . performance : 450 horsepower.
Nine seats are to be fitted in the cabin. These are to Ground speed: 149 miles per hour ..
be of deck-chair type with folding arm rests, and are to be Speed at 10,000 feet: 143 miles per hour.
arranged to give enough leg room for comfort during a Speed at 15,000 feet: 138 miles per hour.
long flight. Ceiling: 25,000 feet.
The attendant's seat is to be at the forward end of the Climb to 15,000 feet: 15 minutes.
cabin, and he is to be provided with a folding table for the Weight, machine empty: 5,170 pounds.
kettle, etc. Fuel: 840 pounds.
The Triplex windows of the commercial Vimy are to be Load.: 1,870 pounds.
replaced by gauze and are to be fitted with blinds of sun- Total weight: 7,880 pounds.
proof material. Load per square foot: 10.5 pounds.
Scoop ventilators are to be fitted at the front end of the Weight per horsepower: 8.75 pounds.
cabin, on each side. They are to be so arranged that the Gas: 100 gallons.
slip stream is deflected to give adequate cabin ventilation Oil: 12 gallons.
when the aircraft is stationary on the ground . The inlets Endurance, loaded, at 10,000 feet: 2t hours.
are to be covered with jute sacking or other similar mate- Span: 60 feet 4 inches.
rial, and a syringe is to be provided for the purpose of spray- Length : 40 feet .
ing the sacking. Height: 12 feet 4 inches.
As much door space as possible is required for rapid Gap: . 6 feet 6 inches.
evacuation in case of emergency. Chord, top: 8 feet .
Two axes capable of cutting through the cabin walls Chord ; bottom: 6 feet 6 inches.
are also to be provided , one at each end of the cabin. Area, wing: 770 square feet .
 112
This machine was designed in 1918 by the , Bolton & [ metal to be used which gives them inherent properties of
Paul Co. and is of the single centralized fuselage type. rigidity and strength. The ribs are cut out of flat sheets
It has both bottom and upper counterbalanced ailerons. and slotted and flanged by press tool operation.
The two Napier Lion engines are set in the lower wings at The covering of the planes is made up of separate
the first strut station, out from the fuselage. duralumin panels about 12 inches wide. Any of these
A wide track twin-wheel landing gear has been provided can be removed and replaced without disturbing the
with the landing gear vees extending from underneath remainder.
the first lower wing strut stati.on. The axles extend from The fuselage is constructed wholly of dmalumin. The
the wheels and are hinged upward on the bottom fuselage simple form of fuselage is constructed of flat sheets of
1ongerons. dmalurhin fitted on in different shapes and offering a
The stabilizer, elevators, rudder, and fin a.re of the perfect stream-line surface. No internal bracing wires or
conventional monoplane type. This machine has very small fittings are used. The strength of the fuselage is
remarkable performance. uniformly distributed over its whole area, in consequence
The new twin-motored all-metal machine that is being of which concentrated points of stress are avoided. This
built b y the Bolton & Paul Co. for the Air Ministry is makes it less vulnerable in vital spots to riddling by bullets
practically identical in physical characteristics with the or shell fire. It allows of an admirable shape for dealing
P- 8 except for an extra wheel set forward to prevent with bending or torsional stress. The fuselage is stiffened
nosing over. by a complete set of duralumin annular channel ribs
economically spaced from nose to tail.
SHORT BROS. ALL-METAL PLANES. Twenty-five or thirty longitudinal duralumin channel
The Short Bros. Aircraft Co. are the most important stringers are attached in a radial sense ·the complete length
exponents of all-metal construction in England. Their of the fuselage. This form of longeron allows of a smooth
newest ship, called the Silver Streak, is typical of their smface around the whole fuselage and also permits a dis-
methods, so it will be given a detailed description, which tribution of stress to the entire shell.
should suffice to explain the practices and principies The engine compartment is built up of duralumi.n bulk-
employed. heads which support a tubular engine bed frame proper.
The undercarriage is a combination of pneumatic springs
"SILVER STREAK" ALL-METAL AIRPLANE. with Oleo shock absorber, eliminating the use of rubber
Characteristics of this machine are as follows: suspension.
Engine, Siddeley Puma: 150 horsepower. A fireproof bulkhead is mounted between the engine and
Area: 370 square feet. the pilot's compartment. A nose radiator has been fitted
Span: 37 feet 6 inches. to this machine. As a whole, this all-duralumin fuselage
Length, over all: 26 feet 5 inches. represents a very clean job and a minimum of head
Height: 10 feet 6 inches. resistance.
THE SIDDELEY CO.
Gas-tank capacity: 50 gallons.
Oil: · 6 gallons. The Siddeley Co., of which Maj. F. M. Green is chief
Weight, empty: 1,865 pounds. engineer, has designed and built the following interesting
Pilot and 400 pounds of freight, or pilot and pas- airplane equipment: First, the Siddeley Siskin single-
sengers-weight fully loaded: 2,700 pounds. seater fighter; second, the Siddeley Jaguar, 14-cylinder,
Maximum speed: 120 miles per hour. 350-horsepower,radial, air-cooled engine; third, the Siddeley
Cruising speed: 90 miles per hour. Lyn.x, 7-cylinder, 175-horsepower, radial, air-cooled engine.
Climb, 10,000 feet: 11 minutes. The manufactmers' descriptions of these two engines and
Range at full speed: 360 miles. the Siddeley Siskin follow:
Range at cruising speed: 450 miles. SISKIN AIRLP.LANE.
Load per horsepower: 10.5 pounds.
0
[Type, single-seater fighter. Designed and constructed by Sir W. G.
Load per square foot: 7.5 pounds. Armstrong. Whitworth Aircraft (Ltd.). Engined by Armstroqg
This machine is the only British all-metal machine Siddeley Motors (Ltd.).]
employing duralumin. The system of all-metal con- I. General. - The Siskin is a type of single-seater fighting
struction in this machine embodies the composite use of airplane originally designed for and supplied to the British
duralumin and steel. These metals are best adapted to Government. It has since been modified and improved
the particular purposes of airplane construction. Non- as the result of service experience so that it now represents
rustable steel is employed wherever weight allowance per- the most advanced design of this type of airplane that has
nrits of suitable thicknesses being used, combining local been produced. It is fitted with the Armstrong Siddeley
and comprehensive strength with a reasonable margin of Jaguar, 14-cylinder, radial, air-cooled engine for which the
safety. Steel is used, therefore, for the main spars, com- airplane was originally designed. Some of the earlier
pression strut wiring, lugs, flying wires, and in the parts models were engined with the A. B. C. Dragonfly.
most heavily stressed in the wings. All the experience gained in the Great War has been
In the main planes and the tail planes the ribs and embodied in this airplane. It is robustly constructed and
covering are of duralumin. All the control levers and the detail work has been carried out with extreme thor-
the landing gear are of steel. oughness and care. The landing gear enables it to be
The wing spars are of steel tubes of standard dimensions used in rough country, It is pronounced by pilots to be
and the use of these tubular spars enables a thickness of the most controllable airplane they have ever flown.
 113
The vision for the pilot is exceptional. The position of he obtains a view of the upper hemisphere which is practi-
the machine guns, two or three of which can be carried, cally umestrieted. The bottom plane is of na1Tower chord
is such that they can easily be controlled and adjusted than the top plane and offers but little obstruction to
during flight. vision downward. The fuselage is comparatively narrow
The performance of the airplane, particularly at high so that the pilot can get a good view over either side, which
altitudes, is an advance over any other machine carrying is of particular assistance in landing.
the same useful load. Its speed and climb, combined VII. Armament.-The two main guns can be carried
with its unusual maneuvering power, render it the most directly over the steel tube longerons of the frame, which
formidable fighting machine yet constructed, are of ample strength to stand the recoil of the guns. A
II. Type.- The airplane is of the biplane tractor type belt box can be fixed across the frame between the two
having the top plane larger in span and in chord than the guns with sufficient capacity to take about 2,000 rounds
bottom plane. The surface of the main planes is 260 of ammunition. An additional gun, if desired, can be
square feet and the weight fully loaded is 2,200 pounds. carried on the top plane and this can be arranged so that
The load per square foot is 8! pounds. The normal horse- it is possible to fix it in any position to fire from a few
power of the engine is 320. It is capable of devel- degrees from the horizontal upward. The mounting of
oping 360 horsepower at a higher speed. The load per the guns makes them particularly accessbile. No
horsepower is just under 7 pounds. The fuselage is of armament is ordinarily supplied with the airplane.
steel tube throughout and braced with tie-rods. This VIII. Load carried.- The normal load carried by the
construction is patented by the Armstrong-Whitworth airplane is 400 pounds, including the pilot but exclusive
Aircraft (Ltd.) . No welding is used in the frame. The of fuel and oil. Forty gallons of gasoline and 4! gallons
construction is such that there should be little deteriora- of oil are carried, which will give an endurance of from
tion except in the case of a bad accident. Should this one and three-fourths to three and one-half hours according
occur, the pilot is protected to a great extent by the to the speed and altitude.
strength of the steel frame wl:µch surrounds him. The IX. Performance.-Carrying the load specified in the
wings are of wood with hollow spars of ample section. preceding paragraph the speed will be 150 miles an hour
The interplane struts are of steel. Th~ construction is near the ground, 144 miles per hour at 10,000 feet, and 130
such that the airplane is extremely easy to erect, a mini- miles per hour at 22,000 feet. The time to reach 10,000
mum of truing up being required. feet will be 7 minutes; 20,000 feet, 25 minutes.
III. Airplane controls.- The pilot controls the airplane , The greatest h eight that can be reached carrying full
by means of a rudder bar and control column in the usual load will be 26,000 feet. The speed at which landings can
way. Fore and aft trim is governed by a handle at the be made is well under 50 miles an hour.
side of the pilot working an adjustable tail plane. The X. Landing.- The airplane is fitted with a patent land-
airplane is stable when trimmed to fly at its normal flying ing gear which is specially designed to enable the pilot to
speed and the controls are light and extremely effective. make safe landings at slow speed without shock to the
IV. Engineinstallation.-The Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar machine. It is possible to land the airplane in small
engine is mounted on a pressed-steel frame in such a way fields, and the shock of landing even on rough ground is so
that it can be withdrawn from the airplane without remov- reduced that the life of the airplane is much increased as
ing the carburetor or any other of its parts. The engine against the old machines in which more rigid landing gears
cowling is of the simplest possible construction and it is were used.
so arranged that it remains on the engine when this is The tail skid of the airplane is of robust design and is
dismounted. All ordinary adjustments to the engine can arranged so that it swivels with the rudder. By this means
be carried out without removing any of the cowling. A the airplane can be steered on the ground even at slow
large door is provided on each side of the airplane so that speeds with accuracy.
the gear on the back of the engine is completely accessible. XI. Structural strength.- The airplane is designed not
V. FueZ.-Gasoline is fed to the engine from the gravity only to have a high factor of safety but also to be as safe as
tank on t.h e top of the frame containing sufficient fuel to possible if damaged by enemy fire. A complete system of
run the engine for about tlHee".quarters of an hour. The bracing is prov ided to the lower plane in such a manner
remainder of the gasoline is carried in a tank inside the that the load of any wire can be taken by two other wires
body from which gasoline is pumped by a wind-driven if it should become broken. More than this, a wing can be
pump to the gravity tank. By this means the gravity shot away without the airplane collapsing in flight as
tank is kept full so long as there is gasoline in the main each plane is supported by independent bracing. A
tank. The surplus from the pump drains back into the factor of safety of 6 is provided over the normal flying loads.
main tank, first passing a gauge which indicates whether or XII. Controllability.-The control of the airplane has
not it is flowing. The throttle and altitude controls are
been particularly studied in order that the pilot shall be
worked by large levers at the side of the pilo't. There is no
able to obtain the maximum response from his controls
need to have a lever for the ignition , as this is controlled
automatically by a centrifugal governor. with the minimum of effort. The airplane was flown at
A fireproof bulkhead is mounted between the engine the British Royal Air Force Aerial Pageant of 1921 in a
and the gasoline tank and the air intakes of the carbureter mock flight as representative of the latest design of fighting
are taken well outside the airplane. scout and its maneuverability was universally considered
VI. Accommodation for pilot.-The pilot is placed with to be remarkable. This is of the utmost importance to the
his eye in line with the chord of the top plane so that he fighting pilot whose success in an aerial combat depends
can see either above or below the plane. By this means largely on his power to outmaneuver his opponents.
14799--23--8
 114
It has generally been considered that a maneuverable has been the subject of searching tests both on the block
airplane can not be stable. The Siskin airplane, on the and in flight.
other hand, is stable at ordinary flying speeds, that is to The exact price will depend upon the number of engines
say, it can be fl.own indefinitely without the use of the in the contract.. The approximate price will be as follows:
control column. This property not only relieves the pilot Seven-cylinder, 175-horsepower radial air-cooled aero en-
of anxiety but enables him to have a steady gun platform gine, complete with the usual accessories, £950.
when firing at his opponent. The following is the guaranteed minimum performance:
XIII. Equipment.- At normal speed: 1,500 revolutions per minute.
Two Vicll:ers machine guns and mountings. Horsepower: 175 brake horsepower.
Constantinesco gear. Gasoline consumption per brake horsepower hour :
Two belt boxes. ' 0.55 pint.
One gun sight. Oil consumption per brake horsepower hour: 0.03
Camera equipment, according to requirements. pint.
Bomb racks and release gear, according to require- Weight, complete: 450 pounds.
ments. Exhaust manifold: 25 pounds extra.
The design of the Siskin airplane has been differently Tests.-Every engine is thoroughly tested before de-
conceived than any other craft that was found in Europe. livery.
It is a single-bay truss type and the landing axle extends Guarantee.- Every engine is sold with a guarantee to
from the outer legs of the center section struts in the top replace any parts which fail through defective workman-
wing to the bottom outer strut points on the lower wing, ship or material within a period of six months from the date
and the main lift truss wires extend from the bottom wing of delivery.
spar root in the fuselage to the outer strut points on the The Lynx engine is the result of much experimental
upper wing. The counter lift truss, however, has been work. The following are the principal points which are
installed extending from the rear leg vees of the landing claimed to make it particularly suitable for use on an air-
gear to the bottom outer strut points. The machine in its plane.
fuselage and tail unit design resembles very closely the Cooling.-The cooling is beyond criticism and the cyl-
SE-5. This will be understood when it is known that inder design is such that complete freedom from distortion
Major Green was one of the original designers of the SE-5. is insured. Such things as broken piston rings or burned
The whole feature of the truss on the Siskin in its con- valves are unknown.
ception was to neutralize as much as possible the effect of Oiling.- The oiling system .is unique. The big ends of
gunfire in shooting away a part of the main truss on the the connecting rods are not onlv lubricated but are cooled
machine. For instance, it is quite possible to shoot away by a generous supply of oil, a s~ll part of which only can
the auxiliary lift truss from the landing gear to the bottom get to the cylinders. The engine is particularly clean-run-
wing without crippling the wing truss. It is also possible ning and the oil consumption in flight is well under 1
to shoot away ,the main truss wires witliin the wing cellule gallon an hour.
without completely shattering the wing bracing. It is also Carburetion.-The carburetion is thoroughly satisfac-
possible to shoot away the interplane strut8 without ·crip- tory and the gas distribution is practically perfect. The
pling the main structure. Of course, when I mention the engine can be throttled down and opened up rapidly
partial crippling of the structure, I mean that enough of the without missing.
structure has been left so as to allow for sufficient flying to Accessibility.-The accessibility is superior to any other
a landing field without injury. It is understood that it engine. Any cylinder can be removed in a few minutes
would be hardly possible with part of the truss shot away and it is easy to get at all accessories. ·
to execute any sharp maneuvers or acrobatics.
Mounting. - The mounting in the airplane will appeal to
This machine is very ordinary in its outline and does not all airplane designers as a satisfactory solution of a diffi-
represent the last word in refinement. The guns are placed cult problem. Four aluminum feet are cast on the crank
case carried well clear of the engine.
on the exterior of the fuselage. The machine as a whole is
primarily a maneuvering and climbing type, although it Ignition.-The ignition is by two 7-cylinder magnetos
has a fairly high speed. The machine's characteristics, by driven off the rear of the engine. Each cylinder is fitted
with two spark plugs.
virtue of its speed, climb , and maneuverability, are due
principally to its very light motor, thus allowing for a very Fuel consumption.- The fuel consumption at full-power
light machine and giving a light loading per horsepower, test may be as low as 0.525 pint per horsepower hour.
giving it a predominance in a measure over other machines The company is prepared to guarantee that the consump-
of this type, due to its large reserve horsepower. The in- tion would not be more than 0.55 pint per horsepower
hour at full load .
stallation of the motor is very simple and is effectively
carried out. Cylind.ers.-The cylinders have steel barrels screwed into
The Admiralty test report on this plane is incorporated hemispherical aluminum heads. The latter are thoroughly
· in this report. annealed in order to prevent growth and distortion.
MANUFACTURERS' DESCRIPTION. Pistons.- The pistons are of aluminum alloy and are
fitted with three compression rings and one scraper ring.
[Armstrong Siddeley Motors (Ltd.). Allied with Sir W. G. Armstrong
Whitworth & Co. (Ltd.)]
The gudgeon pin is of ample size and floats both in the
piston and in the connecting rod.
Radial air-cooled aero engine-175-horsepowe_r, 7-cylinder, Connecting rod.-The connecting rod system is unique.
type Lynx. The master rod proper is separate from the split big end
This engine represents the highest point yet reached in which is designed so that all the rods can be easily dis-
the development of the air-cooled aero engine. The design mantled. The wrist pins are floating.
 115
Crank shaft.-The crank shaft is in one piece of excep- The exact price will depend upon the number of engines
tional stiffness. It is supported by roller bearings every- in the contract. The approximate price will be as follows:
where. The propeller thrust is taken by a single-thrust Fourteen-cylinder 350-horsepower radial air-cooled aero
race, so mounted that i.t absorbs thrust in either direc- engine, complete, with the usual accessories, £1,550.
tion. The patented system of double oil circulation The following is the guaranteed minimum performance:
cools the crank shaft and big end. At normal speed: 1,500 revolutions per minute.
Lubrication.- The lubrication is on the dry sump Horsepower: 350 brake horsepower.
principle. Any excess of oil is collected in an exten- Gasoline consumption per brake horsepower-hour:
sion at the bottom of the crank case and pumped back 0.55 pint.
to the tank through a filter. The pressure pump delivers Oil consumption per brake horsepower-hour: 0.03
oil to the hollow crank shaft which is drilled with a double pint.
system of holes, out and return, so that the oil circulates Weight, complete: 709 pounds.
from the front to the extreme back and to the front again, Exhaust manifold: 40 pounds extra.
where it is freely delivered to the timing gear. This sys- Tests.-Every engine is thoroughly tested before de-
tem not only k~eps the crank shaft and big ends cool but livery.
makes the lubrication of the crank pins absolutely sure, Guaranty .-Every engine is sold with a guaranty to
as the oil is supplied to them from the out and return replace any parts which fail through defective workman-
lines. A second filter is inserted between the pressure ship or material within a period of six months from the
pump and the crank shaft. Both oil pumps and filter date of delivery.
are mounted in front of the engine and are consequently The Jaguar engine is the result of much experimental
quite accessible. research work. The following are the principal points
Timing gear. - The timing gear is of the epicyclic type, which it is claimed make it particularly suitable for use
the cams rotating at one-sixth crank shaft speed. It is on airplanes:
mounted entirely on ball and roller bearings. There are Cooling.-The cooling is beyond criticism, and the
two independent cams, for inlet and exhaust. The over- cylinder design is such that complete freedom from dis-
head valves are operated by push rods in front of the tortion is insured. Such things as broken piston rings or
engine and rockers mounted on ball bearings. burned valves are unknown.
Induction~- The induction system is composed of pipes Oiling.-The oiling system is unique. The big· ends of
radiating from a central chamber containing a fan mounted the connecting rods are not only lubricated but are cooled
on the back of the crank shaft. This not only increases by a generous supply of oil, a small part of which only can
slightly the volumetric efficiency but thoroughly mixes get to the cylinders. The engine is particularly clean-
the incoming gases and makes for almost perfect uni- running, and the oil consumption in flight is well under
form;ty of distribution. The mixture is heated, being 1 gallon an hour.
jacketed with lubricating oil. This not only serves to Carburetion.-The carburetion is thoroughly satisfactory
heat the mixture but also helps to cool the h,1bricating and the gas distribution is practically perfect. The engine
oil. The carburetor can be mounted any distance below can be throttled down and opened up rapidly without
the rear cover that is desired, by means of a junction missing.
piece which can be of any length required. This junc- Accessibility.-The accessibility is superior to any other
tion piece can be exhaust jacketed if desired. engine. Any cylinder can be removed in a few minutes,
Characteristics. - and it is easy to get at all accessories.
Number of cylinders: 7. Mounting.-The mounting in the airplane will appea:l
Bore: 5. to all airplane designers as a satisfactory solution of a
Stroke: 5!. difficult problem.. A steel pressing, which is supplied
Normal revolutions per minute: 1,500. with the engine, finishes in a flange in which are 16 holes,
Maximum safe revolutions per minute: 1,650. 25-inch pitch circle. This flange is carried clear of the
Brake horsepower at normal revolutions per min- engine, enabling a simple engine plate to be used.
ute: 175. Ignition .-The ignition is by battery and coil, with a
Brake horsepower at 1,650: 190. dynamo driven from the engine charging a small accumu-
Direction of rotation: Left-hand tractor. lator. A switchboard complete with cut-out is supplied.
Gasoline consumption : 0.525-55 pints per horse- Fuel consumption.-The fuel consumption at full power
power hour. on test is as low as 0.525 pint per horsepower-hour. This
Oil consumption: 0.03 pint per horsepower hour. figure was obtained during an hour's full-speed and
Weight, dry: 450 pounds . . full-power trial run at 1,650 revolutions developing 376
Weight per brake horsepower: 2.56 pounds. horsepower at the conclusion of the test of 50 hours.
Diameter over all: 43 inches. Absence of vibration.-'!.'he engine is extremely free from
MANUFACTURERS' DESCRIPTION. vibration at all speeds and on account of its excellent
[Armstrong Siddeley Motors (Ltd.). Allied with Sir W. G. Arm- carburetion system is remarkably flexible.
strong Whitworth & Co, (Ltd.) .] Cylinders.-The cylinders have steel barrels screwed
Radial air-cooled aero engine--350-horsepower, 14-cylinder, into hemispherical aluminum heads. The latter are
type Jaguar. thoroughly annealed in order to prevent growth and
distortion.
This engine represents the highest point yet reached in Pistons.-The pistons are of aluminum alloy and are
the development of the air-cooled aero engine. The fitted with three compression rings and one scraper ring .
design has been the subject of searching tests on the block The gudgeon pin is of ample size and floats both in the
and in flight. piston and in the connecting rod.
 116
·connecting rod.-The connecting rod system is unique. SIDDELEY CO.- MA.'OR GREEN'S THEORETICAL I NTERPRE-
The master rod proper is separate from the split big end TATION OF A NEW MULTIPLE AIR COOLED ENGINE TYPE.
which is designed so that all the rods can be dismantled.
The wrist pins are floating. Airplanes have been fitted with two or more engines
Crank shaft.-The crank shaft is in one piece of except- with a view to increasing the reliability of the power
tional stiffness. It is supported by roller bearings every- plant and also increasing the total horsepower by using
wh~re. The propeller thrust is taken by a single-thrust more engines of a given size. This has been done in two
race, so mounted that it absorbs thrust in either direction. ways, either by arranging for each engine to drive its own
The patented system of double oil circulation cools the propeller, as in the usual twin-engines type, or by providing
crank shaft and big ends. gea1ing so that one or more engines can drive the propeller
Lubrication.- The lubrication is on the dry sump or propellers at will.
principle. Any excess of oil is collected in an externion The disadvantages of the former type are well known.
at the bottom of the crank case and pumped back to the The chief disadvantage arises from the lack of symmetry-
tank through a filter. The pressure pump delivers oil one engine stopped, producing a tendency to turn which
to the hollow crank shaft which is drilled with a double has to be counteracted. The resistance of the stopped
system of holes, out and return, so that the oil circulates propeller is also considerable. Again, with an engine
from the front to the extreme back, and to the front again, stopped, the pow'er available for flight is insufficient to
where it is freely delivered to the timing gear. This fly properly with full load. Apart from these disadvan-
system not only keeps the crank shaft and big ends cool tages the airplane is apt to get rather complicated in its
but makes the lubrication of the crank pins absolutely design and the resistance is likely to be comparatively
sure, as the oil is supplied to them from both the out and high, due to having the two power eggs and the main
return lines. A second filter is inserted between the pres- body in separate units.
sure pump and the crank · shaft. Both oil pumps and Several attempts have been made to mount two or more
filter are mounted in front of the engine and are conse- engines in such a way that they can drive one or two
quently quite accessible. propellers. During the latter part of the war the Ger-
Timing gear.-The timing gear is of the epicyclic type, mans attempted to make airplanes of this type with a
the cams rotating at one sixth crank shaft speed. It is variety of arrangements. They were extremely clumsy
mounted entirely on ball and roller bearings. There are and heavy and of little practical use. We ourselves have
two independent cams, for inlet and exhaust. The over- designed and constructed gearing to connect four Puma
head valves are operated by push rods in front of the engine engines to two propellers for the Bristol Aeroplane Co.,
and rockers mounted on ball bearings. which they are now fitting into a large triplane.
Induction.-The induction system is composed of pipes This gearing was designed with a great deal of care and
radiating from a central chamber containing a fan mounted the weight of the transmission gear proved to be 11 pounds
on the back of the crank shaft. This not only increases per horsepower. It is possible that this could be im-
slightly the volumetric efficiency but thoroughly mixes proved slightly by using higher speed engines, but we do
the incoming gases and makes for almost perfect uni- not think that it is likely to be done for less than 1 pound
formity of distribution. The mixture is heated, being per horsepower at best. There is also the inefficiency of
jacketed with lubricating oil. This not only serves to the two bevel reduction gears to consider. When it is
heat the mixture, but also helps to cool the lubricating remembered that the average commercial aeroplane takes
oil. The carburetor can be mounted any distance below as revenue load about 3t pounds per horsepower, the loss
the rear cover that is desired by means of a junction of 1 to 11- pounds and the decrease of efficiency would
piece, which can be of any length required. This junc- seem to make the use of this type of gear impossible.
tion piece can be exhaust jacketed if desired. The German four-engine airplane which we have had
Characteristics.- the privilege of examining is :fitted with four 6-cylinder
Number of cylinders: 14. water-cooled engines driving onto a single propeller, and
Bore: 5 inches. mounted in the nose of the airplane. This type of gear
Stroke: 51 inches. is simpler than the type which we made for the Bristol
Normal revolutions per minute: 1,500. Co., but has been carried out in a clumsy way, and the
Maximum safe revolutions per minute: 1,650. whole installation obviously weighs so much as to make it
B. H. P. at normal revolutions per minute: 350. impossible. Having studied this and other attempts at a
solution of the problem, we have arrived at the conclusion
Maximum B. H.P.: 380.
that it is necessary to make engines specially adapted for
Direction of rotation : Left-hand tractor.
the purpose if the weight is to be kept within reasonable
Gasoline consumption: 0.525-55 pints per horse limits. We have tried various arrangements of power
power hour. units and have at length arrived at a solution which ap-
Oil consumption : 0.03 pint per horse power hour. pears to us to have the following advantages :
Weight, dry: 700 pounds. (a) The increase of weight of the power unit over the
Weight, dry, per B. H.P.: 2 pounds. lightest possible arrangement, which is a single-unit radial
Length, over all: 43 inches. engine, is about one-half pound per horsepower.
Length, engine plate to back of propeller: 25 7 (b) The increase of weight over a V type engine as now
inches. used for commercial work is less than one-fourth pound
Diameter, which may be covered by fore cowl: 29 per horsepower.
inches. (c) The loss of efficiency as against any other type of
Diameter, bearer bolt pitch circle: 25 inches. geared engine is practically nil.
 117
(d) The risk of breakdown due to the gearing connect- square foot is a little under 9 pounds. An estimated list of
ing the engines with the propeller shaft is likely to be weights is given in Appendix 2.
remote. The airplane will fly straight with one engine com-
(e) The complete power unit is self-contained and is pletely _stopped. It will b e possible to get off the ground
convenient for mounting in an airplane. The position for and to reach a height of about 4,000 feet with full load,
the auxiliary units, carburetors, magnetos, exhaust pipes, using two. engines only. The cruising speed of the air-
etc., is convenient, and the whole unit lends itself to the plane with two engines at 2,000 feet will be 90 to 95 miles
design of a low-resistance airplane. an hour. The gasoline consumption at cruising speed will
(f) The power unit consists of three separate engines. be 3 miles per gallon. Carrying 12 passengers, this is
When getting off the ground all throttles can be opened equal to one thirty-sixth of a gallon per passenger mile.
wide and the engines will run at their full normal revolu-
tions. When flying level at cruising speed the throttles APPE NDIX 1.- Estimated weights of triple power unit-Three
will be shut until the same revolutions are .obtained. 8-cylinder engines 5-inch bore by 5!-inch stroke.
Should one engine break down, then if the throttles of the Pounds .
remaining two are opened wide, the . full horsepower of Cylinders, complete, 24, at 21 pounds each. . .... . . 504
each engine will be available. By this means it will be Pistons and connecting rods, 24, at 7zpounds each. 180
possible to carry on at normal cruising speed with one Bearings, 18, at 7 pounds each .. . . . ............ . . 126
engine completely broken down. Crank shafts, 3, at 85 pounds each . ...... .. ...... . 255
Descr-iptwn of proposed power unit.-The power unit Crank case, 3, at 105 pounds each.......... . ... . . 315
consists of three V t ype air-cooled eight-cylinder engines. Valve gear, 3, at 40 pounds each........ .. .... .. . 120
Each engine is complete in itself except that it has no Incl uction pipes, 3, at 20 pounds each. . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
bottom half crank case. The crank shaft is carried com- Carburetors, 6, at 8 pounds each.... . .... . ... . .... 48
pletely from the top half of each engine. The three en- Magnetos, 6, at 16 pounds each. . ............... . . 96
gines are mounted on a single aluminum casting divided Oil pumps, etc., 3, at 20 pounds each..... . ...... 60
up into three compartments, each compartment forming Gear and clutches, 3, at 30 pounds each... . ...... 90
the oil sump for one of the engines. In the front end of Main casting, 1, at 150 pounds. . ... . ............. 150
this casting is mounted a short propeller shaft driven by a Main gear, shaft and propeller boss, 1, at 100 pounds 100
single spur gear. Each engine drives on this spur gear by Exhaust pipes, 6, at 14 pounds each...... . ..... . . 84
a pinion mounted loosely on its own crank shaft. This
pinion is driven through a free-wheel clutch keyed to the 2,188
crank shaft. Any engine can be started up from the pro- H orsepower at 1,850 revolutions per minute, 650.
peller by means of a friction clutch combined with the Pounds per horsepower of complete unit, 3.35 pounds.
free-wheel clutch . The whole unit is carried in front of
the fuselage of the airplane from the back of the main APPENDIX 2.-Passenger aii--plane fitted with triple-power
supporting casting. unit-Estimate of weight.
This installation could be made for a large range of Pounds -
horsepowers. Each unit is now of 650 horsepower. The Useful loacl, 14 people and baggage ....... . ... .. .. 2,800
cylinders are similar to those used on the Jaguar engine, Gasoline, oil, and tanks for 4 homs, at 95 miles per
5-inch bore by 5z-inch stroke . Each engine runs at 1,850 hour . ........... - .. . .. - . . ..... . ..... . ......... 1, 000
revolutions per minute, while the propeller runs at 750 Engine unit complete with propeller and starter . . 2, 350
revolutions per minute. All cylinders, valve gears, pis- Main planes, 1,070 square feet ........ . .... . ...... 1, 200
tons, connecting rods, crank shafts, cam shafts, magnetos, Landing gear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
and carburetors are identical and interchangeable. The Tail unit.. . . . .. . ......... . . . ... . ... . ........... . 200
estimate of weight is contained in Appendix 1, below. Ma.in body, complete with controls and seats .... . . 1,400
Cooling.-No difficulty is anticipated with the cooling Sundries... . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
of these engines. The air is taken into the middle of the 9,650
V and flows into the passages between the engines. Owing Horsepower , 650.
to the position of the cowling, the air is taken from that -Load per horsepower, 3 engines, 15 pounds.
part of the propeller which is of a diameter sufficient to Load per horsepower, 2 engines, 22.5 pounds.
make a draft even wh en the airplane is standing, so that it Load per square foot, 9 pounds.
will be possible to run the engines on the ground without
danger. The over-all diameter of the cowling is 4 feet 6 ADMIRALTY PERFORMANCE REPORT ON THE
inches. The magnetos and carburetors are completely SIDDELEY SISKIN AIRPLANE.
accessible.
Design of a commercial airplane.-Preliminary designs of Admiralty report No. M. 260.-Summary of tests of
a complete airplane have been made in which the multiple airplane No. C/4541,. Siddeley Siskin type, single-seater
u nit can be used. The airplane is of the usual tractor type fighter (high altitude).
with the pilot seated in front of the top plane. The sm- Engine, ABC Dragonfly, at 1,650 revolutions per
face of the main planes is 1,100 square feet. The useful minute: 320 horsepower.
load carried is 3,000 pounds. The load per horsepower is Propeller: Two-bladed.
just under 15 pounds with three engines working, and just Diameter 2745, pitch 2710.
over 22 pounds with one engine cut out. The load per Diameter 2740, pitch 2126. Wrongly marked.
 118
Military load: 398 pounds. Military load : 398 pounds.
Total weight, fully loaded: 2,181 pounds. Gun and reconnaissance loads: 218 pounds.
Gasoline: 40 gallons. Crew of 1: 180 pounds.
Oil: 4 gallons. Empty and gross weights-
Weight per square foot: 8.8 pounds. Weight of machine bare: 1,463 pounds.
Weight per horsepower: 6.8 pounds. Military load less crew: 218 pounds.
Speed at 3,000 feet (1,810 revolutions per minute) : Weight of machine in flying trim, empty (actual
146 miles per hour. weight): 1,681 pounds.
Speed at 6,500 feet (1,790 revolutions per minute) : Crew of 1: 180 pounds.
145 miles per hour. Gasoline, 40 gallons, including l gallon as dead
Speed at 10,000 feet (1 ,765 revolutions per minute): weight: 284 pounds.
143 miles per hour. Oil, 4 gallons: 36 pounds.
Speed at 17,000 feet (1,700 revolutions per minute): Gi;oss weight of machine with full load: 2,181
136 miles per hour. pounds.
Speed ll.t 20,000 feet (1,660 revolutions per minute): Engine-
130 miles per hour. Type: ABC Dragonfly. ·
Climb t,o 10,000 feet (indicated air speed, 75; revo- Maker: Sheffield Simplex.
lutions per minute, 1,555; rate of climb · in feet Maker's series No. and W. D. No. 5050- A60200.
per minute, 990): 7 minutes, 50 seconds. Lubrication system-
Climb to 17,000 feet (indicated air speed, 69; revo- System: Pressure.
lutions per minute, 1,535; rate of climh in feet Oil maker preferred: Wakefield Castrol.
per minute, 540): 17 minutes, 15 seconds. Maximum revolutions and consumption-
Climb t,o 20,000 feet (indicated air speed, 66; revo- Maximum revolutions permitted: 1,750 .
lutions per minute, 1,515; rate of climb in feet Horsepower at these revolutions: 335.
per minute, 350): 24 minutes, 15 seconds. Gasoline consumption: 0.94 pint per brake
Service ceiling: 23,800 feet. horsepower hour.
Rate of climb: 100 feet per minute. Oil consumption: 0.027 pint per brake horse-
Estimated absolute ceiling: 25,300 feet. power hour.
Greatest height reached: 22,700 feet, 35 minutes. Exhaust system-
Rate of climb: 175 feet per minute. Open except for leads from Nos. 2 and 9 cylin-
General description. ders.
Type: Single-seater fighter R.A.F. Type I. Separate for carburetor muffles.
Name of contractor: Messrs. Siddeley Deasy Co. Lead of exhaust pipes.
Seating accommodation: Single. Magnetos-
Engine: Type ABC Dragonfly. Number: 2.
Horsepower, at 1,650 revolutions per minute: 320. Make: A. E. 9TB .
Height, over propeller: 9 feet, 9 inches. Carburetor-
Span: 27 feet, 6 inches. Number: 2.
Length: 21 feet, 3 inches. Make: Claudel-Hobson H. C. 8.
Seat: Pilot behind rear center section. Upper Size of jets: 700 by 710; pilot's, 230.
plane cut away. Radiators-
Type of controls fitted: Stick, standard handle. Type: Air-cooled radial.
Undercarriage or float arrangement: Special design Air screws-
incorporated with under king-post bracing of Maker's series No.: A. B. 8979.
bott,om main planes. Drawing number-
Type: Two Oleo shock absorbing struts fitted. Marked: 2710.
Size of wheels: 700 by 100 millimeters. Measured: 2126.
Tail plane: Adjustable. Diameter: 240.5.
Loading- Fuel capacity-
Surface of main planes: 247 square feet. Gasoline-
Weight per square foot: 8.8 pounds. Position in fuselage in front of pilot, pres-
Total weight fully loaded: 2,181 pounds. sure: 28 gallons.
Weight per horsepower: 6.8 pounds. Position in top plane, gravity: 12 gallons.
Special features : Chassis and main plane structure. Oil : 4 gallons.
Armament- Top plane, span-
Pilot's gun, two Vickers: 88 pounds. Maximum: 27 feet 6 inches.
Ammunition: 90 pounds. Mean effective: 6 feet.
Total gun load: 178 pounds. Bottom plane span-
Miscellaneous gear- Maximum: 20 feet .
Changing boxes- Mean effective: 5 feet.
Oxygen apparatus} d Area, top plane: 155.8 square feet.
Electric heating · 40 poun s. Area, bottom plane : 91.4 square feet.
 119
Total area of planes: 247.2 square feet. S7Jeed tests.
Lateral con trol surfaces-_
Top plane: 8 feet 2 inches.
Standard height.
Per cent
of con- ti
I
Gasoline Revolu-
True air
Chord: 1 foot 6 inch es . standard sump- ons per speed.
density. tion. mmute.
Area: 24.7 square feet.
- - - - - - - - - - -1- -- - - - - - - - - - -
Longitudinal control surfaces-
Gallons Miles
Tail planes, top: 9 feet 6 inches . per hour. per hour.
Chord: 1 foot 6 inches. 3,000 feet. ... . .. .... ... . .. .. . . 93. 2 1,810 146
6,500 feet. .......• . .. . _. _.. . . . 83.2 1 790 145
Area : 24.8 square feet. 10,000 feet ....... •. ..... • .. . . . 74 1; 765 143t
13,000 feet ............. . ..... . 67. 3 1, 740 141
E levators, top: 9 feet 6 inch es . 15,000 feet . . _..... _......... _. 63 1,720 139
Chord: 1 foot 3 inch es. 16,500 feet ....... . ..... . ..... . 60 1,705 137
17,000 feet. .... . .. • ..•. .. • .. .. 59.02 1, 700 136
Area: 11.4 square feet. 20,000 feet. .................. . 53. 52 1,660 130
22,000 feet ... _......... .. .... . 49. 82 1, 620 125
Directional control surfaces-
Fins: 7.2 square feet.
Rudders , balanced area, 3.95 square feet: 10.7 Stability, controllability, etc.--Stability in all directions
square feet. is _satisfactory, except that directionally, with engine on,
Rigging- " rudder" is very pronounced. With regard to longi-
Thrust line horizontal- tudinal stability, the tail plane does not exercise a very
Main plane incidence: 4° 35'. marked effect, as with the setting '' full" forward, machine
Dihedral: 3° 30'. can be comfortably flown with engine on or off. Controlla-
Stagger: 2211 • bility and ease of maneuvering necessary for an airplane
Tail plane incidence-- of this type are excellent. The landing speed is slow and
Maximum: 5° . the machine exhibits no bad flying qualities. Diving is
steady, there being no tendency to bunt.
Minimum : 2° .
Power iinit.-Engine installation and gasoline system
Propeller clearance: 7 inches .
have proved satisfactory throughout the trials. Attention
Climbing tests. is drawn to the" spinner," which is built up around the pro-
peller boss and would necessarily require modification for
_p roduction purposes. Accessibility is normal.
P er General construction and desiqn.-In general the radical
cent
Time Rate Indi- of Petrol alterations (or additions) made to the standard method of
Rate of per cated con-
stand- sump-
Standard height. from climb. min- air main plane structure are to be commended. The system
star t . ute. speed. ard t.ion.
d en- of underbracing-gives the necessary confidence required by.
s ity . afighting scout pilot. The undercarriage design with the
- - - - - - 1 - -- - - -- - - - - - - -- -- - Oleo struts has given no trouble.
Gallons Certain detail designs require modification.-1. Fittings on
Stationary on Min. sec. Ft.-min. per hour.
gr ound... . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 1, 570 ........ . 102.5 top longerons carrying V center section struts. The modi-
1,000 feet........ . . . . . 37 1,560 ...... ... .. . ... . . 99.4 fied design fitted after failure of original fittings is satis-
2,000 feet........ 1 15 1, 500 1,568 78. 5 96. 3
3,000 feet.. . ... . . 1 53 1,435 . . . . ........ . ... . 93. 2 factory. .
4,000 feet. ... . . . . 2 35 1, 380 1, 565 78 90.3
6,000(eet..... . .. 3 20 1,305 .. . ... ... . .. . . .. . 87.4 2. Lugs carrying tail-plane bracing. These have shown
6,000 feet... . .... 4 10 1, 245 ... . .. ... .. . . ... . 84.5 signs of bending over. It would be advisable to raise the
7,000 feet. .. ..... 5 0 1,180 .. . . .•........... 81.8
8,000 feet. ....... 5 55 1,120 1,560 76 79. 2 gauge of these, also the si ze of streamline wire. The
9,000 feet... . . . . . 6 50 1, 035 ..... . . . . ..... .. . 76. 5 bracing haB the required factor of safety, but this size wire
10,000 feet. ..... . 7 50 990 1,555 75 74.0
11,000 feet..... .. 8 55 925 ... . ........ . .. . . 71. 7 requires very careful handling. The lower wires and l ugs
12,000 feet ....... 10 O 860 1,550 73. 5 69. 5
13,000 feet....... 11 10 800 ... . ..... . ... . . . . 67. 3 might also get damaged in taxi-ing.
14,000 feet....... 12 30 730 . .. .. ......... . . . 65.2 3. Tail-plane adjustment brackets on front spar require
15,000 feet ....... 13 50 670 1,540 71. 5 63.0
16,000 feet.. . . . .. 15 25 610 .... . ........... . 61. 0 modification to eliminate the slackness and the fouling of
17,000 feet.... .. . 17 15 540 . ...... .. ... .. . . . 59.0 the vertical fuselage struts when moved. On the port side
18,000 feet. . . . . . . 19 5 480 1, 530 68. 5 57.1
19,000 feet.. . . .. . 21 25 415 .. . .......... . .. . 55. 3 this strut will need replacement before further flying.
20,000 feet..... . . 24 15 350 1, 515 66. 5 5-3. 5
21,000 feet . . . . . . . 27 30 280 ... ... .......... . 51. 5 Arrnament.--Gun trials have not been carried out at this
22,000 feet...... . 31 30 220 1,500 63. 5 49. 8 station. The adjustable gun mounting has been carefully
23,000feet....... 37 10 ... .. . .. ......•. .... ... . .. 48.1
24,000 feet... . .. . . . . . . . ...... . .............. _. . ... . 46.4 examined and warrants proper firing trials. It is very
25,000 feet....... . . . . . . . . .............. . . . ........ . 44.8 simple and easy to manipulate, and very accessible.
1,000 meters..... 2 ·5 1, 420 1,568 78 92.4
2,000meters... .. 4 40 1,210 1,56
·_~ 76.5 83.0 Covers should be provided for the guns for high altitude
3,000meters..... 7 40 1, 000 1, 555 75 74. 5 fighting.
4,000 meters... . . 11 20 790 1 550 73 67.1
5,000 meters.... . 16 10 580 1' 535 70 60. l T. M. BARLOW,
6,000 meters..... 23 15 370 1; 515 67 54. 0 Major, Chief E xperimental Offtcer,
Airplane Experimenwl Station.
Estimated absolute ceiling, 25,300 feet. A. T. SHEKLETON,
Maximum effective height, 23,800 fe et. Lieutenant Colonel, Commandant,
Maximum h eight reached, 22,700 feet in 35 minutes, the Airplane Experimental Station.
rate of climb at this height being 175 feet per minute. MARTLESHAM HEATH.·
 120
PETRO FLEX GASOLINE TUBING. SPECIFI CATION F OR PETRO FLEX TUBING.

The Royal Aircraft Co. has conducted t ests on Blaisdell Short leng(hS of tubing for aircraft gasoline pipes.
petro fl.ex gasoline tubing which h as been found to with-
Layers of gut :
stand their fire tests, vibration tests, pressure t ests, and
HOD'- umber.
immersion t ests. • 0

Three-sixteenths inch .. . . ....... ....... . . . 4

The specifications for this tubing are attached.
One-fourth inch . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . _...... . 4
This report describes various tests on p etro fl.ex tubing
Five-sixteenths inch . .. __ .. .... . _. .. _.. .. - _ 5
to obtain data on its suitability for aircraft use. The
Three-eighths inch .. . . . ... . .. .... .. - .... . . G
tubing is made by the Blaisdell P etro Flex Tubing Co.
One-half inch . . _. _- .. . . _. ............ . - - . . 8
in lengths of 6 feet, with one-half inch diameter clear bore•
Five-eighths inch .................... . ... - . 11
The special feature of the tubing is an inner lining of 10
Three-fourths inch ........ _... : .. ... . . .. - - 14
to 12 tubes of animal gut drawn over each other, without
Horse-
longitudinal or transverse joints and covered wit_h a casing
of two and a half layers of doped fabric. The resulting Seven-eighths inch . . . .. . - .. . .. - . . . ...... . . 3
One inch ... . .. . ..... . .. . ....... . .... - ... . 3
tubing is shaped to a corrugated spiral form of one-fifth
inch pitch and reinforced by winding aluminum wire in Cement. - The tubing is cemen ted with a mixture of
the spiral groove formed. The following gives a brief special A. S. skin gelatin, glycerin, and formaldehyde.
resume of the various tests to which the tubing was Canvas.- Three-sixteenths and one-fourth inch, 4 ounces
subjected. per .square yard. Ligh t cotton wing fabric.
Flow tests.-The tubing requires a higher pressure to Five-sixteenths inch, two complete laps with one-fourth
maintain th e same flow as through a plain copper tubing inch , overlap one-sixteenth inch.
of one-half inch inside diameter. The extra pressure is Three-eighths, one-half, five-eighths, three-fourths,
proportional to quantity Q2.2 for the tubing with ext ernal seven-eighths, and 1 inch, 7} ounces per square yard.
reinforcing wire only . 1 Heavy cotton fabric . Two complet€ laps with three-
I
The maximum additional pressure required to maintain eighths inch, overlap one-sixteenth inch.
fl.ow through a b end of 180° with 9-inch radius is 2t per Glue. - The adhesive medium between the gu't and
cent. I
canvas and between t he layers of canvas to be a casein
Vibration test.- Tubing satisfactory for 13? hours when cement to B. S. S. 2 V. 2, as applied to hulls and floats
filled with paraffin at 4 pounds p er square m ch press tue (1 ,000 pounds).
and one end vibrated b y a cam of three-sixteenths-inch External jinish. - The canvas to be coated externally
lift rotating at 1,400 revolutions per minute . with pigmented oil varnish (red) to B . S. S. 2 X. 1, and
Pressure test.-Tubes after vibration t est satisfactorily after the external reinforcing aluminum wire is in posi-
held 50 pounds per square inch pressure. tion a coat of seaplane varnish to B . S. S. X. 17 is to be
Fire test.-The original tubing was completely destroyed applied externally to the tubing and wires.
by an external fire in 90 seconds. This was due to the External rein.forcing wire. -Three-sixteenths, one-fourth,
· highly inflammable dope with which the fabric was and five-sixteenths inch, bore tubes: Aluminum 17 S.
impregnated . Another batch of tubing in which the W. G. or copper 18 S. W. G.; pitch 71 per inch.
fabric was treated with a different dope burned through Thrne-eighths, one-half, five-eighths, three-fourths,
i n periods ranging from 2 to 4 minutes, though in one seven-eighths, and 1 inch, bore tubes: Aluminum 14 S.
special test the outside wrapping was only sligh tly charred w. F .; pitch 4 per inch.
after 15 minutes. The wire is to be clipped off flush with the end of the
Immersion tests.-The tubing is not affected b y gasoline last groove.
or benzole, but the original tubing was pervious to water. .Assem.bly.- The root diameters of the various sizes to
The second batch of tubing tested is treated to be imper- be as follows:
vions to water. ~ - - - - - - - . 1- --..--- - - - -----,,---- - ,
Joints. - The screwed-in joint supplied with tubing
satisfactorily withstood the vibration test, and a direct Size. di~ifer. Size. di:;;iter.
pull of 200 pounds failed to separate the joint from the
tubing. t inch .. . ... - . . . . . . . . -h inch. j inch.............. ,. inch.
,',- inch . . ..... . .. .. .. t inch .
Weights .-The following t:ible gives the weights of a ll inch . ..... . . __ .. ... pnch.
! inch. .... ... .... ... t inch.
t~~~::::::::::: ::: t:~~:
1 inch ..... ... ...... :! inch ,
foot length of three types of tubing:
P etro flex with internal wire, l l ounces }Original
Petro flex without internal wire, 1-t.- ounces batch . The tubing is to have plain ends and the limit on the
One-half inch inside diameter P. R. tubing (without bore of the plain ends is to be one-sixty-fourth inch
armoring), 2t ounces. minus 0.
One-half inch inside diameter copper tubing (20 The corrugated portion in the center is to be 11 inches
S. W. G. P .), 2-H- ounces. long a,nd equally spaced from each end of the tube.
General.-With the exception of the fire test, the petro The over-all lengths of the various sizes to be as follows:
fl.ex tubing, together with the special joint couplings, Three-sixteenths inch to five-eighths inch, inclusive,
gave very satisfactory results. Given b etter resistance to 3 inches long. Three-fourths inch to 1 inch , inclusive,
fire, the tubing would be eminently suitable for aircraft 4 inches long. ,
purposes, as, in addition to its lightneS1:1 and fl exibility, The beeswax used in man ufacture is to be remo ved fro m
it is truly gasoline-resisting, the plam ends of all short lengths of tubing.
 121
Long lengths of tubing for aircraft gasoline pipes. The face of the indicator is hinged and can be opened
easily in the air for inspection or replacing bulbs in case
The above specification applies in reference to material , of failure. Spare bulbs are carried inside the instrument.
limits, method of manufacture, except the corrugations, Approximately 50 sets of t hese instruments are now
which are continued to the ends of the tubing, the number being constructed for the R. A. F. and will be given
of layers of gut and the root diameters which are as follows: service tests in Mesopotamia in the near future.

Number SPECIFICATIONS FOR 1,000-HORSEPOWER NAPIER

of layers Root
Size . of gut . diameters. CUB ENGINE.
Number of cylinders: 16.
Hog: Arrangement of cylinders : 4 lines on 4 cranks.
-h inch ____ __ __ __- - - 4 ,-,.inch.
t inch. __ .. - - ______ _ 5 t i nch. Bore: 6! inch es (158.75 millimeters).
8 ~ inch .
f~~L::::::::::::'
~ inch .. . ______ .... .
11
14
t inch.
~ inch.
Stroke: 7! inches (190.50 millimeters).
J inch ............. . 3 J mch . Normal brake horsepower and speed: 1,000 brake horse-
t inc!L - - - - - - - _____ _ 3 i inch. power at 1,800 revolutions per minute.
Horse:
1 inch. ____ .. ______ _ 4 l inch. T otal swept volume of engine: 3,681.6 cubic inches.
Compression ratio: 5.2 to 1.
Direction of rotation of crank: Anticlockwise viewed from
Tubing for ground equipment.
propeller end.
The above specification applies in reference to material Direction of rotation of propeller: Clockwise viewed from
(except the internal and external reinforcing wire and propeller end.
number of laps of canvas), limits, method of manufacture. Normal speed of propeller: 752 revolutions per minute.
The external reinforcing wire is to be galvanized-iron T ype of gear reduction to propeller: Spur gearing.
wire, 12 S. W. G. Lubrication system: Forced to all bearings.
The internal reinforcing wire is to be lead-coated~iron Type of carburetors: Quadruple carburetor case with oil
wire, 15 S. W. G. sump.
Canvas, four complete· laps, with three-eighths inch Mixture control: Hand co ntrol.
overlap, one-sixteenth inch. Fuel consumption per h our: Five pints per horsepower
The root diameters and corrugations to be the same as hour.
for long lengths of tubing. T ype of ignition: Four magnetos.
End connections for ground equipment tubing will be , Direction of rotation of revolutio.n, counterdrive facing
specified as required. driving shaft on engine: Clockwise.
Starting arrangements: Distributor provided for gas
REID CONTROL INDICATOR. starter.
This control indicator is an instrument manufactmed
COMMERCIAL AVIATION-LONDON TERMINAL
by Vickers (Ltd.), and is designed to indicate to the
AIRDROME, CROYDON.
pilot the three possible deviations from a straight course.
It is intended for flying in fogs, clouds, or at night. ' It I. Organization.- Th e London Terminal Airdrome,
indicates the speed of the machine, the rate of tum, and Croydon , is a State-owned customs a.irdrome under the
the degree of bank of the machine for its rate of tum or direction of the controller general of civil aviation, and is
rate of side slip. the principal British air fort for the continental air
The instrument gives the necessary control indications services . . H ere aircraft entering or leavi ng th.is country
required by the pilot to regain control in fog and to mai~- can ob tain a customs clearanc<y as do ships at seaports.
tain a straight comse. The strain to a pilot of watching The airdrome is under the immediate control of a
a pointer has been overcome by the use of small electric civil aviation traffic officer who is helped by two assistant
lamps. traffic officers and by wireless, meteorological , and other
For indicating the bank of a machine the lamps are staff. ·
arranged in semicircular fashion. The top row of lamps The latest types of ground equipment affecting such
is controlled by mercmy lights and the bottom row by matters as night flying, meteorological information,
being synchronized with a gyro. The lights are arranged signaling; etc ., are installed.
to operate in accordance with the position of the machine Notice board , situated n ear the customs office, gives
and indicate each deviation. If the machine is turned full details of machines due to arrive or depart during the
to the right, the lights in the bottom row indicate out- day, of those actually in transit and of the times at which
ward to the right, and if it side slips to the right, the airplanes pass over Lympne Airdrome on their way to
lights in the top row indicate t o the right and outward. or from the Continent. A large chart also gives the posi-
The left-hand lights are red; the center lights, white; tion of machines in transit, notification of the positions
and the right-hand lights, green. To k eep a straight being received continuously by wireless .
course, the pilot keeps two white lights constant. A medical orderly is continuously on duty in a fully
The instrument is very sensitive and accmate and has equipped first-aid dressing station, and the services of
an adjustment for steadying in rough weather. Controls a medical practitioner are available at very short notice.
are fitted for putting the instrument completely out of A post office from which letters, telegrams, etc , may
action when not required, and afao for adjusting the be dispatch ed is situated on the airdrome (near customs
brillia,ncy of the lamps. office).
 122
II. Transporl services .-Air transport services to the the switches for the electric night landing lights and is
Continent were inaugurated on August 25, 1919, and have connected by telephone with the searchlight posts and
been operated from Croydon Airdrorne since March, wireless station. During foggy weather one of the civil
1920. These services, which have been carried out by aviation traCTc or.icers is on duty in the tower to ·bring in
British and foreign companies, have been operated to machines by means of wireless directions, should the pilot
Paris, Brussels, and Amsterdam. desire such assistance.
During 1921 two British companies ran regular services VII. Meteorological o.ffice.-A meteorological or.ice is sit-
to Paris during the year, and additional. British services uated on the aerodrome, from which are issued hourly
to Paris and Brussels are sanctioned to begin this spring. reports on the weather conditions prevailing on the Lon-
All transport companies operating regular services on don to Paris, London to Brussels, and London to Amster-
the cross-channel routes are in receipt of subsidies from dam routes. These are posted on a notice board at the
their respective Governments. aerodrome and distributed to the various air transport
In addition to these regular ser vices, special flights companies and to the aerodrome wireless station for
for business or private ptirposes are carried out·by British transmission to ·machines in the air. Special detail
firms to places at home and abroad. reports to cover any route or time are also issued on
III. Accommodation.-(1) Hangars, workshops, etc.: On .demand. Daily forecasts obtained by telephone from the
the west side of Plough Lane, which passes through the meteorological headquarters at the Air Ministry are also
station, are hangars, workshops, technical stores, gasoline issued.
stores, etc. Certain of the buildings are occupied by VIII. Night flying lights.-(1) Landing lights: For the
Messrs. Handley Page Transport (Ltd.) , Messrs. S. Instone purpose of indicating the proper direction in which ma-
& Co. (Ltd.), Messrs. Surrey Aviation Services, Compagnie chines should take off or land by night, landing lights
des Messageries Aeriennes (French), Compagnie des are provided in accordance with the international air
Grands Express Aeriens (French), Koninklijke Lucht- convention: These are arranged in the form ot two L's,
vaart Maatschappij (Dutch), and certain other private back to back, the short arms ot the L 's being at right
owners of machines. angles to the direction of the wind.
(2) Miscellaneous: On the east side of Plough Lane The lights consist of electric lamps below thick glass
is a garage maintained by Basil S. Poster (Ltd. ), and a covers, flush with the ground, so arranged on the air-
residential hotel established in Government buildings dr~me that the L's can be displayed to indicate the pre-
by Messrs. Trust Houses (Ltd. ), for the benefit of travelers, vailing direction of the wind. In the event of a change
pilots, mechanics, etc. of wind , the lights can be altered immediately from the
A level crossing similar to those used on railways is control tower to conform with its new direction.
provided over Plough Lane to enftble machines to cross (2) Local pilotage (cone) light: In order to assist pilots
from the hangars to the airdrome and vice versa. in locating the airdrome at night, a new and distinctive
(3) Or.ice plots, etc.: Along the main approach to the form of aerial lighthouse, known as the local pilotage (cone)
departure station are situated the passenger and goods light has been installed on the airdrome. This light has
or.ices of the Air Transport and allied companies. two parts, one a flashing lamp and the other a brightly
(4 ) Public inclosure: To enable members of the public illuminated cone, apex uppermost, which is conspicuous
to view the arrival and departure of machines on conti- from all directions. It is semiautomatic in operation, an
nental service, an inclosure overlooking the landing ground electric switch in the control tower actuating it, and is
has beeri provided. ' visible from a distance of about 12 miles.
IV. H. M. customs.-The customs or.ice is a fully (3) Searchlights: Three 36-inch searchlight projectors,
equipped customs clearance ·station where oL.'icers of the connected by telephone to the control tower, one at each
customs service are in corntant attendance to clear all corner of the airdrome, are installed for the following
outgoing and incoming aircraft. Before departure and on purposes:
arrival from abroad , machines proceed to the continental To throw upward fixed beams so that at night aircraft
arrival and departure station, where the passengers and may locate the airdrome.
cargo are subjected to the usual customs formalities. To light up machines which may have broken down on
An immigration or.ice, through which all aliens must the airdrome and enable work on them to be carried out
pass for passport examination, is attached to the customs during the night, and thus " clear " the airdrome by
or.ice and is in charge of the civil aviation traf5c oCTcer. morning.
V. Civil aviation traffic o.(ficer.- This building, which is To aid aircraft to land at night by throwing a widely
the headquarters of the civil aviation trar.ic or.icer, is divergent light across the airdrome .
immediately beside the customs station in front of the (4) Obstruction lights: All high buildings overlooking
aerodrome and, contains various or.ices required for ad- the airdrome, including the wireless masts, are marked
ministration purposes. The duty or.ice is open day and with red obstruction lights as a guide to pilots flying at
night and records all details of machines landing, arriving, night.
or departing. IX. Pyrotechnic signals.-Rocket and Very lights are
VI. Central control tower.- Although regular night fly- also used for signaling to and from aircraft in accordance
ing is not yet in operation, a central control tower has with the International Air Convention.
been provided. From this point the or.icer in charge of X. Compass swinging.-A compass swinging base
night flying can control the whole of the night lighting installed on the airdrome is available to facilitate the
apparatus, and can communicate with machines in the air correction of compasses and the services of an expert
by means of visual signals or wireless. The tower contains compass adjuster are available day or night.
 123
XI. Wireless telegraphy, telephony, anddirection.fin1ling.- Both Croydon and Le Bourget have meteorological sta-
Wireless plays an important part in the service of com- tions. Every hour from 7 a. m. to 6 p. m. wireless weather
mercial flying. It provides an efficient and speedy means reports are received from all the different airdromes sit-
of communication for: uated along the line between Paris and London. These
(1) The distribution of meteorological information. are Beauvais, Abbeville, Le Crotoy, St. Inglevert, Lymne,
(2) Messages from one airdrome to another, i. e., noti- and Tonbridge. These weather reports are reproduced
fication of arrivals and departures of aircraft, forced hourly on the meteorological chart which is posted at the
landings, etc. gate of the airdrome for general observation and infor-
(3) Ground to air signals. mation purposes. They are available for both pilots and
(4) Navigation of aircraft in flight. passengers. This chart gives the barometric pressures,
The Air Ministry is the center of the meteorological temperatures, and wind velocities, wind direction, and the
service and receives, by wireless, weather reports from all nature of the sky- cloud formation, presence of fog, etc.
parts of Europe. These -are passed to the meteorological To render these weather observations for different points
section, where a collective report is prepared and broad- more clear, a ground chart representing France and Eng-
casted by wireless four times daily. land is placed on the side of this main characteristic chart,
On the British section of the London-Paris route the indicating the visibility and general weather conditions
wireless stations are at the London Terminal Airdrome, by color~d disks at all ,the different points. A blue disk
Croydon, and at Lympne (Folkestone). indicates a clear sky, a blue and gray disk represents a
On the French section the wireless stations are at St. semiclear sky, a gray disk represents a cloudy sky, a black
lnglevert (near Calais) and Le Bourget, the Paris Terminal disk represents rain, a white disk with black spots repre-
Airdrome. sents snow, a yellow disk with an arrow represents a mist,
Haren (Brussels) and Soesterberg (Amsterdam) are the a yellow disk with a cross represents a heavy fog, and a
Belgian and Dutch stations, respectively. red disk represents a storm. Smaller white disks with
The only class of message dealt with are those directly significant numerals indicate the visibility in kilometers.
concerned with the service of aircraft; personal messages The direction of the wind is indicated by an arrow pointed
are not accepted. in the direction of the wind, and the number of barbs on
The installation at Croydon may be regarded as an up- the tail of the arrow indicate the force of the wind , each
to-date example of wireless apparatus in that it embodies one of these barbs representing 2 kilometers. This ground
the latest ideas and developments of wireless research in chart and the meteorological table are placed in front of
radio telephony, telegraphy, and direction finding. the aerial navigation control office .
XII. Routine.--On the departure of an aircraft its The character of the weather, whether rain, storm, or
name and destination are reported to the duty officer, sunshine; the visibility, direction, and velocity of the
and a message is written by him in the following form: wind are all thus characterized by the several disks with
Instone G. E. A. S. I., Pilot Jones, 8 passengers, the indicative arrow and are thumb-tacked to the geo-
16 packages, 3 bags mail, left 1635. graphical position on the ground observation point along
If the airplane is going to Paris, the message is addressed the route which the plane will fly.
to "Commandant, Le Bourget." It is passed by land On another chart situated to one side of this meteoro-
line to Air Ministry wireless station, from which it is logical chart are placed small, 1 : 100 scale, tin airplanes
transmitted to Le Bourget. The Croydon station is thus with national commercial air-line identification number
left free to work with aircraft. of the airplane, and located or thumb-tacked at the differ-
The average time taken between the departure of an ent points along the route on this map at which these air-
airplane and the receipt of the wireless message by the craft are situated in their flight from station to station.
commandant, Le Bourget, is 11 minutes. As the aircraft transport passes over different air ports
along the route, between Croydon and Le Bourget, their
COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT TRANSPORTATION BE- position is wirelessed to both stations and the position is
TWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE. shown on the board.
All aircraft are operated on schedule time. The sched-
Croydon, the main commercial airdrome of England, is ules are published in a small booklet called Aero lndirator,
situated 12 miles from London. The air lines running be- which is published under the auspices of the Undersec-
tween Paris and London operate between Croydon in retary of State for Aeronautics and Airplane Transporta-
England and Le Bourget, which is 12 kilometers outside tion Department in France. These time-tables are very
of Paris. similar to train time-tables and are profusely illustrated
Each passenger is allowed to carry 15 kilograms of with maps, instructions, duties, distances between sta-
baggage and is reqTu.red to have his passport viseed on tions, times of arrival and departure, postage rates, express
arriving at the airdrome. The passengers at each air- rates, etc. Monthly, a smaller edition of this Aero Indi-
drome must also present their hand baggage for customs cator is published for distribution, showing any changes
inspection. of schedule or information given in the larger edition.
 •

GENERAL.

(125)
 CONCLUSIONS ON TECHNICAL REPORT.

The aeronautical activities of France, Italy, Germany, An observation and torpedo-carrying type of airplane
Holland, and England have been considered in this report should be designed for the model "W" McCook Field,
from a technical standpoint. An effort has been made to engineering division, 750-horsepower type, 18-cylinder
abstain from making any comment in presenting the out- engine.
standing features of aeronautical development in each A single-motored night bombardment type should be
country in order that the development might be shown powered with a 600 Packard or model "W" engineering
in an unbiased way. division type of engine and our future multimotored
Based upon experience and the information procured bombardment types should be designed around the Liberty
on this inspection trip, some recommendations have been Packard 600 or model "W" engineering division engines.
made as to design of airplanes and motors, metal con- The development in a convertible multimotored type
struction, fuel systems, motor mounting, landing gears, of a troop-carrier and ambulance plane should be under-
wheels and tires, propellers, thermostatic control, bomb taken as one of our new types.
racks, Servo motors, and wireless, and a list of equipment A pursuit plane should be designed for the Siddeley
which it is believed would be advantageous for the Ameri- Jaguar or Bristol Jupiter type engine. This should be of
can Government to purchase abroad has been prepared. the climbing and maneuverable type, to ascertain at first
In making these reco=endations and drawing these hand the advantages of adoption of an analogous type of
conclusions, no attempt is made to discuss relative merit. power plant for one of our types of pursuit planes. The
The facts have been presented as fully as possible and all design and development of a suitable air-cooled radial
the information that could be procured has been incorpo- engine of 400 horsepower for pursuit planes and having
rated. Opinions have been formed after weighing the a diameter of about 45 to 50 inches should be hastened.
relative merits of the development in each country. This motor should not weigh over 2 pounds per horsepower
and should be further developed with an auxiliary super-
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS. charger for high-altitude work.
DESIGN. Further development work should be carried on with the
Corrections and interpretations should be established shock-absorbing mount for the 300 Wright motor.
as to minimum load strength factors required in all parts The Rateau type supercharger should be tried on a new
of the airplane structure. This would require more pursuit design.
accurate knowledge of the unit loads imposed in all the Single-seater armored pursuit planes should be of the
different evolutions of flight for all the different types. monoplane semiinternally braced type. The controls
This is absolutely necessary for the immediate and efficient should be designed in such fashion as to make them abso-
design of aircraft from a structural weight standpoint in lutely separate and independent in their connections with
view of the various and diversified interpretations and respect to either aileron. They should have independent
assumptions of the different Air Service engineers with circuits so as to allow the aviator to disengage either one
respect to their structural requirements. or the other of the ailerons at will and still have an aileron
AIRPLANES AND MOTORS.
under control in case of injury by gunfire. The same
should be done with the elevators.
We should purchase as soon as possible (in interpretative
form to 0ur multimotored bombardment specifications) METAL CONSTRUCTION.
the latest Junker 4-Liberty motored, all-duralumin, inter-
nally braced monoplane for service test, type adaptation It will be absolutely necessary for us to develop military
purpose, and observation of this type of construction for airplane types in all-metal construction. Metal airplanes
educational purposes. as evidenced in Europe can be classified under the follow-
The landing gears should be of the Oleo type. Wheel ing categories:
controls should be installed on all multimotored types 1. The Fokker type, embodying welded steel tube fuse-
and all control surfaces should be compensated. Wings lage, welded steel tube landing gear, welded steel tube
and fuselage should be designed in demountable fashion tail surfaces, and wooden wings.
with the minimum number of couplings. The two wing 2. The Junker type, embodying duralumin multiple
tips should disengage from the centralized wing unit or spar wings, steel landing gear, duialumin frame, and
center section supported to the fuselage and holding the duralumin covering for wings, fuselage, and tail surfaces.
load, power plant, etc. The fuselage should be detachable 3. Dornier tY.Pe, embodying alloy steel trellis type wing
at the rear of the main wings, this to render more easy spars with duralumin ribs and duralumin covering,
ground hand maneuvering and housing in case of repairs duralumin frame, duralumin covered fuselage and tail
or housing in hangars. surfaces, and duralumin landing gears.
(127)
 1~8
4. Breguet type, embodying duralumin tube and steel ing plane which is now being constructed, is recommended.
fitting fuselage construction, duralumin and steel fitting Fuselage should likewise be either of the Junker type of
landing gear, duralumin spar and wooden rib wing con- construction or of the duralumin type and steel fitting,
struction. alloy steel tube, or welded steel tube types of construction.
5. Wibault type, embodying duralumin tubing and steel 'This is to be absolutely determined with regard to the
fitting fuselage in Breguet fashion with Breguet type tail, relative advantages of acce'Ssibility, maintenance, ship-
but with steel landing gear, duralumin spars and ribs in ment, or consideration of housing in the field. If the
fabric-covered wings. machines are of such proportions that they are too large
6. Short type, embodying duralumin-covered fuselage to be housed in standard hangars, they should be of the
with annular duralumin channel ribs and channel all-duralumin-covered types of construction.
3tringers, duralumin tail surfaces and wings of alloy steel
tube spar, duralumin rib and duralumin-covered con- FUEL SYSTEMS.

struction. When practical, gravity gas-tank feed should be used.

These represent the principal combinations and adapta- All future fu el systems should be provided with an
tions of metal construction which are representative of auxiliary hand feed pump of large capacity from service to
foreign practice and from which we can deduce the best gravity tank on all bombardment types of aircraft. This
types for our future all-metal construction. would insure replenishment of gravity feed gasoline in
case of failure of the fan-driven pumps. Development
WINGS AND FUSELAGE.
should be continued on the fan-driven centrifugal type
On our training, pursuit, and day observation single- gasoline pumps. •
motored aircraft I would recommend the adoption of Service gasoline tanks should be detachable on single-
welded steel tube fuselage , tail surfaces, and landing gear. seater pursuit aircraft in lieu of the development of satis-
Mild steel should be used with fabric-covered fuselage and factory resistant covered tanks to resist crashes and incen-
tail surfaces. For the wing constructions I would advocate diary and spotlight ammunition.
the construction of wooden wings for experimental pur- Gravity gasoline tanks, however, on pursuit planes,
poses. Our development of sheet-metal types of adapt- should be of the crash-proof type.
able wings could be carried along in experimental fashion The excess gas required under the new specifications
for application to these machines when the wings are fully for single-seater pursuit planes over that of combat load
developed and proven. should be carried in removable tank, absolutely segregated
However, experiments should be carried out imme- from any internal integral part of the fuselage structure so
diately for the development of wings similar to the Wibaul t as to minimize to the greatest extent the excess cargo space
all-metal type with fabric covering and the Dornier metal- to be provided for in the basic structure of the pursuit
covered type. In the Wibault system we should employ airplane. This permits advantages of aerodynamic outline
alloy steel spars, duralumin ribs, and fabric covering. In and insures better vision. If this is not done, the struc-
the Wibault system we would have the experience of tural limitation will cut down performance on account of
developing an all-metal wing with the major stressed parts placing the added gas load.
of alloy steel and an all-metal wing construction with It is recommended that pursuit planes have a total gas-
fabric covering. This would give the advantage of ready oline capacity of three hours with three-fourths of an hour's
inspection in the field and in manufacture and would fuel in a removable tank. This would permit the .design
permit changing of fabric covering without detracting of a ship with two and one-fourth hours' basic fu el capacity.
from the inherent properties of all-metal construction. The three-fourths hour fuel supply, it is l!nderstood, will
In the Dornier system we would have an all-metal wing be in field removable tanks.
using alloy steel spars, dmalmnin ribs, and steel fitting. If possible, gas tanks should be placed on the main wing
A fuselage with duralumin covering should be designed. on multimotored machines.
This would be applicable to some of our internally braced
MOTOR MOUNTS.
construction or in the conventional Pratt truss type.
These two types of wings could be applied to any of our All motor mountings should be of the easily demountable
military types. The advantage in developing both the type with a minimum number of connections so as to facil-
Dornier type wing construction and the Wibault type itate the changing of motors in the field.
wing construction would be that we would have perfected
LANDING GEARS.
metal wings both with and without .duralumin covering.
The first recommendation is for welded steel fuselages. Oleo landing gear development should be pushed vig-
However, other desirable types of skeleton fuselages should orously and the purchase of several of these Oleo gears
be developed of the dmalumin tube and steel fitting type for adaptation to some of our existing types will overcome
or of the alloy steel tubing type. inertia at least in the development of this type. Our
On the larger multimotored monoplanes of internally designers and engineers in the field would see the practi-
braced construction with metal covering the Junker type cable adaptation and feasibility of such types as exist
of internally braced construction either in multiple spar abroad.
fashion as in the JL type or in the two-spar internally On large bombardment multimotored types the main
braced type as in his latest four-motored, passenger-carry- chassis wheel should be placed as near the center of gravity
 129
as possible to facilitate handling on the ground by ground RECOMMENDATIONS OF ARTICLES TO BE PUR-
crew; and auxiliary wheels to prevent nosing over should CHASED IN EUROPE FOR THE UNITED STATES
be installed i =ediately forward but not carrying the load AIR SERVICE EXPERIMENTAL STATION AT
of the airplane while taxi-ing. M'COOK FIELD.

WHEELS AND '!'IRES.

It is recommended that the following aircraft and arti-
cles of aeronautical eq uipment be purchased in E urope
New tires and n ew wheels should be d eveloped for large for stud y and test b y our engineering di.vision for the
bombardment type machines for use in soft, stick y, muddy purpose of determining their value for adaptation of prin-
ground . ciples in the solu tion of our problems. Negotiations for
PROPELLERS.
some of this equipment may already be under way. These
purchases should be made after conference with the chief
Experiments toward the simplification of steel propellers of our engineering division.
should be carried out with a view to mal-ing them easier F rance:
to manufacture. Our first lesson can be well drawn from (1) Breguet sesq uiplan .
the Siddeley interpretation of this type with tapered gauge (2) Wibault bombardment plane.
blade construction. (3) 600-horsepower Renault.
(4) Rateau supercharger fo r Hispano-S uiza engine.
THERMOSTATIC CONTROL.
(5) Lamblin radi ators.
Germany:
Thermostatic temperature control should be d eveloped
(1) Junkers new monoplane, with 4 Liberty motors.
for our future huge multimotored aircraft, employing three
Holland :
or more motors.
(1) Fokker observation plane.
BOMB RACKS.
England:
All bomb racks should be inclosed in the fu selage. (1) Siddeley Jaguar, 14-cylinder, air-cooled, radial
engine.
SERVO MOTORS. (2) Vickers hand fuel pump.
(3) Vickers centrifugal fan-driven gasoline pump.
E xperiments should be carried on for the development of (4) Reid fli ght indicator.
Servo motors for aiding in control of huge bombardment (5) Experimental adaptation of Handley P age type
multimotored machines of the n ear future. wing.
(6) Cook drift sight.
WIREL ES S.
(7) Siddeley steel propeller for Liberty engine ,
DH-4.
Wireless cabins should be installed on all ow· large bom-
(8) Rolls-Royce Condor, 600-horsepower, 12-cylin
bardment types and in passenger-carrying aircraft.
der engine.
P URCHASE . (9) Napier Cub , 1,000 horsepower engine.
(10) Bristol Jupiter.
R ecommendations of articles to be purchased i:n E urope (11) Si.ddeley Oleo landing gear for :Martin.
fo llow under next heading. (12) Bristol Oleo landing gear for XB l A.
14799-23--9
INDEX.

(131)
 INDEX TO REPORT OF INSPECTION TRIP TO FRANCE,
ITALY, GERMANY, HOLLAND, AND ENGLAND.

TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT.

P age.
A-12 bis Fiat engine, Italian . . .... . ..... . .. . ,..... ... . . .. ... .. .. .. .. .... '. ......... . ... . . ... . ... . .. ..... . 5'4
ABC engines, British ...... . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . ...... . .. . .... . .......... .. .... . ....... . . . .. .. ....... . . 94
Absence of vibration, Jaguar engine, British . . ............ . . . . . .. . ....... . ... .. ... ... . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . 11 5
Acceleration, full-scale model , French ........ .. .. . .. : . ..... . .. ... . .... . ...................... . .......... . 26
Acceptance of torpedo air planes, B ritish .. . ... .. ..... . . . ... . ........ . .... . ....... . ... . ..... . .......... . 98
Accessibility . . . ......... . . . ............ . .. . .. .... . ... .......... . .... . . . .. . .... . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . ... . . . 128
Engine-
Fokker airplanes, Dutch . .. ........ . . . . . .... .. .. ... . .. . ... ..... ..... . .. . . .. .. . .. ............ . . .. . 84
Jaguar, British ... . . . ............... . . . ........... . ........... .. . ·......... .. .... . ..... . .. .. .... . 115
Lynx, British . . ... .. . . ... . ........ .. .............. . . . ....... . .... ... ... . .. . .. .. . .. . . .......... . . 114
Spad 20 airplanes, French . . . .... . .. .. ~ . . . ..... . ... .... ...... .... ....... . . . ... . .............. . . . 27
Staaken airplanes, German .... .. ...................... . ..... . .. .. .. ....... . . : . ....... . . . ...... . 75
French . . . . ... . ...... . .... . .... . . . . .. .... . . . . ... . .... .. ... .. . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . .. , . ... . .... . . : ... . . . . . 8,9
Accessories, engine :
British .......... .. ...... . . . . . .. .. .... . ... . . . . .. .. .. .. .... ... . . . . ... .. . ... . .......... .... ... . .... . . . 117
French ..... . ...... . ...... . . . . .. . .. . . . ....... . . . . ... . ...... ... . . .... ... ... ... . . ...... . .. . .. . ....... . 10
Accessory controls, French ... . ... . .... . ........ ... . . ...... . ...... . .. . . ...... . ..... . .. . .. . ... . . . .. . . . ... . 15
. Accidents:
Fatal, F okker , Dutch .... . ..... . . . .... . .. .. ..... .. .... . . .... .. ... ... . . . . . ..... . ... ... . . . .. ... . .... . 83
Zeppelin, German . .. . .. . . ...... . ... . . . ... . ..... . ... . . . . . . . ... .. ....... .... .. . ... .... ... ... . ....... . 67, 71
Accommodations, Croydon "Airdrome, British ...... . .... . ......... . . . ................ . ....... . . . . .. ..... . 122
Activities:
Aeronautical, Italian . . ..... . . . ... . . . . ... .. . .. . .. : . . ..... . . ........ . .· .. . .... .. ........... _. _....... . 45
Dirigible, German .. . ..... . ................. . . . ..... . .. . ..... . . . . ... ............ _... _. . ... . .. .... . . . 69, 71
Adaptin g cl ut ches, French ...... . . .............. . . . .. . . . . . ·.· .. . .. . . . . . . ..... . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . 7
Adjustable-
Pitch propellers, German ... .... .. ...... . . . ..... . ..... ... . .. ... . . ... . . . . . . . ...... . . .. . . . ..... . . .. . . . 63
Propellers, use of, German ... . ...... . .. . . . . ........... . .. .. . . . . ........................ . ..... . .. .... . 63
Rudder bar, British ..... . .......... . ...... . ..................... . . . . . .. . . .. .. ... . . .. ... ..... . ..... . 92
Stabilizer, Spad , French .... . ...... ... .. ..· ... .. . . .... . . .... ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ....... . .. .. . . 28
T ail-
Handley P age, British .. .. .. .... . .. . . . . .. .. . ... . .. . .. ..... . .. . .. .. ...... .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . 105
Surfaces- ·
British .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . ... . . . .. . ... ..... .. . . ....... . ............ . . . ... .. ........ . .... .. .. . 92
P . R. B . flying boat, Italian .... . .. . ... . . . ......... . ........ .. . .. ....... . .... . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . 53
Adjustments, Reid control indicator, British .............. . .......... . ....... •....... . ..... .. . . ... . .. . . . . 121
Ad vantages of monocoque construction, Spad , French . . ..... . . . . . . . . .. . . . ....... . . .. ... . . . .... . .... .. ... . 28
Aerial-
Aircraft carriers, British. ·.. ....... . . . .. .. . .. . . .... . . ... . . . .. . ... .... . . . . . ... '. . . .. . .. ..... . .. . . .. . ... . 96
Armament Service, Italian . . . ... .. . . .. . .... . . .. ... . ........... . ..... . ..... . ....................... . 46,47
Time-tables, British . ....... . .... . ......... . . . . . .. . ... . ... . . . ..... .. .......... .. .. .. .......... . . . .. . 123
Torpedo, Italian . . .... . ....... . .. .. .. . . . . .... . .. ... . . . .... .. .. . .... . ... . .. ... . . .. . .. . ... . .. .. . .. .. . 47
Transport companies .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .......... . ..... . .. . . ... . .. .. . .... . . ... ......... . .......... .. . . 122
Handley Page T ransport (Ltd.) .. . . .. . . .... . . . ... . .... . ... . . . . . . ..... . .. . . ...... . .... . ... .. . .... . 122
S. Instone & Co. (Ltd. ) . .. .. . . . ... . .... . ..... . . . ................ ... ... . .. .. . . ...... ... ... . . . . .. . 122
Surrey Aviation Services ........ . . ... ......... . ........ . . . .... . ... . ... ... . ... . ... . ........ . ... . 122
Compagnie des Messageries Aeriennes . . .. . ..... . .. . .... .. .. .. ... ... ... .. .. . ... . ... . . . ... .. . . .. . 122
Compagnie des Grands Express Aeriens . .. . .. ......... . ........... . .. . . . .. .......... . ......... . . . 122
Dutch Aircraft Co ....... .... ... . . .............. .. .... ............. . . . . .... . .. . .. . .... , . . . . . .. . . 122
(133)
 134
Aerody namic- Page.
Balance, French ...... ... ..... . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Data, scientific, Dutch.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Outline, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section, French .. . .... :........ . .... .... ... ........ ... .. ... . ........ . . ... .... ... . . ......... . ....... . 7
Station at Issy des Moulineux , French... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Studies-
British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
French .. ... .. ..... . ..... .. ... . .........-... ... . . ............... ... .... .. ...... .. ... . . . ........ .. 25
Italian .. . . ..... ... .... . . .. . ...·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Aeronautical-
Activities, resume of, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Companies, commercial , British. . ... .. .. . ..... . .. . . ... ... . . . ...... . . ...... .. ...... ..... .. ........... 121
Designs, Fokker, Dutch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Development, !tali.an.... ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Material , obsolete, German..... . .. ...... .... ... .. . ........... . ....... . ......... .. ......... . ..... . .. 45
Policy, Italian............... .. .. .................... .. . ... .. .. . ..... ... ....... . ... . ........... . .... 45
Studies, Doctor Junkers, German. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Aeronautics, commercial, French .. . . .... . ................. .. .. .... : ..... .............. . . ... ... .. . ...... . 40
Agent for Mr. Pescara, French.......... . ......... . . .. . ..... . .... .... .. . . . . .... . . ... . .. .... . ... . ......... 42
Ai.leron con trols, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Ailerons: ·
British .. .. ... .. .... ... .. . .. .......... ...... .. . .. ..... .. . . . ... . .......................... .. ......... -91
Commercial airplanes, Spad , French.... .. .... . ................... . .. ........ ......... .. ... .. . .... . ... 28
Construction of, Nieuport 29, French ............. .. . . . . . . ... . .... ... . . . . .. : ........ . ........ . . . . .. .. _ 30
French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Mars LV, Gloucestershire, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Aiming devices for bombing, French ................... .. .............. ..... .. . ................. _. . . . . . . 17
Air attache, American, in Berlin, Germany . ............... . ......... . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Air-cooled engines .......................... : . . . ...... . ... . . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . . ............... _. . . . . . . . . 127
British ... ..... . . .... . : ... .. ... ..... . ....... .. ..... . ..... . ........... . .... .. ...... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 115
French......... .... ...... .. .................... . ............... . .. ...... . . . .. . . .. .................. 10
Lynx, British·........... . ........ . . . .... : .. . . . .. ... ..... .. .. . ....... .. ............ . ...... .. . _..... _. 114
Air-cooled multiple engines, British ....... . . .. .... .. ...... ... . . .... . . . . . . ... . .. . .. ..... ... . .. . . ... .. .... . .. . 116
Aircraft:
Bleriot Spad Herbemont, French . ........ . .... . . . ........ . ............................. . .. ... ......... 27
Breguet, French ..... .... ..... .. . .. ... .. . .. ... . . .. ... .. ... . ......... : ....... ......... ... ... .. .... . . . . 31
Cannon , French .. ... ..................................... .... . . ...... .... .. __ ... . .. _.......... .. ..... 21
Carriers, aerial, British ..... . . . . .. .... . ..... . . ........ ........ ... .. ... .... .. ........ . . .. _. ... ...... . . . . 96
Construction, resume of, German .. .. . . . ... . .. .................... .... . . _. .. . .. ....... . .. . ... .... .. . . . _. 63
De Haviland, British ............... .. ..... . ...... ... ... '. . . ..... . ..... . .. ... ... .. . . _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Farman, French... . .... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
French Service........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Hanriot, French ....... . .. . ...... . ... . ..... ........ .. . ... . ...... . .... ... .... _... . ......... .. . . _....... 37
Motors, table of, French ... .. .. ..... .. .. . . . . . .... . . ....... .. ... .. .... .. . . ..... . . .. . . ........ _.... .. ... . 40
New, Italian ..... ... .... .............. . . .. .... ... .. ..... .... .... .. .. . .... . .. . .... .. . . . .. . ..... ... . _. 45
Racing, French ....... . ......... .. .. . .... . .. . .. .... . ... ... ........ ... .... .. . . ... .... . _.. ... . . . . . . . . . . 8
Service, development of, British .- ...... .·....... . ..... . ... ... .. .. .. . .. . .............. .. ..... ... ..... . . . . 91
Spacf, French .. . .. . ........ . ... .. ...... .... . ....... .. .. ...... . . . . .. . . ... ... .. .. ............ ... .. . : . . . . 8
Storage of, French .. ...... . . .. ...... . .... .. ... . ......... . . .. . ... .. .. ....... . . _... .. .. _. ...... ... . .... 11
Table of, French. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Transportation, commercial, British .... . ............. . ....... . .. .. .... .. ....... ... ..... .. ..... . . . .... : . 123
Air deflector, French . . .. . ..... : . .. . . .. .... . ... . .. . . . ........ .. ......... . . .. . . . . .... . ... .. ...... . . .. ... ... . 33
Airdrome:
Croydon, England.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121, 123
Illumination, German.......... ... ... . .... . .... .. ........ .. . .. .... .. . .. . . ... ...... .. ... . ... . . .. ...... 63
London Terminal, British . .. ...................... ..... .. . . .. .. . . . . .... .. ... ... ........ . . . ......... __ 121
Soesterberg, Holland . ... ........ . .................... .. ... .... .... . .. . ............ .. .... .. .. .. . ·_... _.. 83
Air flow, visible study of, Italian . . . .... . ... ... . ...... .. ... .. . ..... . . ...... .. ............ . ... . .... .. ... . . _ 50
Afr foils :
British ............ . . ......... . .... .. ... . ..... .. _.... ... ..... . . _.. . ..... . .. . _...... . __ . ... .... ... . . . . . 91
French .... .. _.. . _... ........ .... . .. ... . .. .... . ........... _.......... . .. ... ... . . ... .. . _.... . ... .. _. .. . 8
Lachni.ann, German ............................ .. . . .... . . . ..... . ... ... .. . . . ,.·. . .. ... . . .. .. _. .... : _... . 63
Slotted, Handley-Page, British .... . . . ..... . ... . ....... . ............ .. . _..... . ... . .... . . ............. _. 104
Air Ministry specifications for Vickers ambulance airplanes, British ............... . .. .. .... . .... . . . ..... . . . . 109
 135
Airplanes: Page.
Accessibility of, Fokker, Dutch ...... . . .. ....... . .... . ..... . ... . .. . .. .. ... .. ... . .. . . . ........ . ....... . 84
All-metal-
Bolton & Paul, British . . . . . .... . . . ... .. ... . ..... .. .... . ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. . ....... . .. . . . .. .. . . ... . 111
Bombers, Wibault, French .. . ......... .. ... . .... . ..... . .... . .... .... . . . . ....· . ...... ... ..... . .. .. . . 34
British . ... . . . . . . . . .. . .... . .. . ............... . ... ... ... . ........ . ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .... . .... .. . 92
Altitude, Spad, French .. . . . ... . .... . .... .. ................... . ... .. .... . ........................... . 27
Ambulance ....... . .. . .. . ... . ..... . ........... . ....... ... ........ . .............. . .......... . ......... . 127
Breguet, French ...... . ... . . .. . . . ... . .. . ............ .. .... . ..... .. ... .. . .. . . .. .. . ............... . 32,33
British ..... . ... .. . ..... .. ..... . ..... . . . ......... .. ........ . .... .. . . ......... . ........... . ... .... . 93
Contract performance, British . . .. ..... .. ........ . ........ . . . . ... ... ... .. . . . . . .. . . . ....... . .. ... .. . 109
Cooling system, British . . ......... .. . .. . .. .... . ... . ... . ... . ... . .. . ..... . .... .. . . . : ... ... ... ... . ... . 109
Disposition of crew and equipment, British ............ ·. .. ... . '. ... . .... . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . ......... . . . . 111
Equipment for, British .................... . ...... .. ..... . ....................... . ............ . . ... . 110
Gasoline system, British . ......... . . . .... . ... .. .. . .. . . ...... . ..... , . ... . . . . ..... . ...... . .......... . 109
General requirements, British . .. . . . . . .... ... .... . . . . . ................................. . .... . ..... . 109
Instruments for, British ............ . . . . .. .. . ......... . . . ................ . . . . .. . .. . ... . : . .. . . ..... . 110
Loading of, British ..... ... ... . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. ... . .. . .... . ... . ....... . . . ................... ... ... . ... . 109
Miscellaneous requirements, Brit ish ................. . .... . ... .. .... ... .. . . . ............. . ......... . 111
Power unit, British ... . ... . . . .... .. ... . ............ . ... . .. . .. . . .... . ..... . . . .. .. ... . ...... . .... . . 109
P ump, gasoline, British ........... . ... . ..... .. .... . . . .. . .. . . . ... .. .... . ..... . ... .. .... .. .... . .. . . 109
Structural strength, British ..... . ...... . ..................... .. ... . .... . ... ... . . ..... . . . .......... . llO
Vickers Vimy, British .. . ...... . . .. ... . .. ... . . ...... . .. .. ..... . .. . .......... . ............. ... ... . . . 109
Wireless for, British . .. . ..... . .. ... . . .. . .. . . . .... .. .. . ..... .. .... . .... . .. . ....... .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . llO
Amphibian-
British .............. .. ..... . ........ . . . . ... ......... . ... . ..... . ............................ . .... . 93
Fairey, British ... . ... .... .............. .. ... . .... .. . .. .. ... . .... . .... .. . . . .. ... ·.. ......... . . .. . . 93
Parnell, British ......... . ... . . .. .. . ........... . .... . ........ ,...... . .................. ... ........ . 93
Super-Marine, British ..... . .. . . . .. .. .... . .... .. . ... . . . . ..... . . . .. .. ... . . . ... . ... ... . ... .. , .. .. . .. . 93
Vickers, British ... . ...... . ... ... ... .. .... . .... .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . ..... . . . . .. ... .. .. .. ........ . . . 93
Vickers Viking, British . . ... .. . ....... .. . .. .. . . . .... . .... . .... . .... . .. . . . .... .. ... .. . .. .. . . ..... . . 108
Ansaldo-
Italian . ...... . ... . .. . ........ .. .. . ....... . .. . ..... .. .......... . .. .. .. . . . .... . .... ... .. . . ..... . . . 45,59
A-200, Italian . . .. . ...... . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .... . . .. . .................. .. .... . .... .. .... . .... .. . . 59
A- 300--4, Italian . .. ... .. . .. ... ..., . .... . ....... . .... .. ... . . .. . . ... , . .. ... . ......... . .... . . . .. . . .. . . 59
Armored .. . ... . . .. .. ..... .... .. .. ... . . ....... . . . ... . . . . . . . . ..... . . ......... . ... ... .... . .. . ..... . .. . . 127
Fokker, Dutch .. . . . .. .... . . . .. . .... . . . .. . .... .. .......... . ... . ... . ............. . .. . . .. .. . ... ... . 81
1.'wo-place , French . ....... .. .. .. . ....... . ........ . ...................... . ...... .. ... . .... . ... . . . . . 22
Armament for ......... . ... . .......... . . . .. . ....... . . . . . ..... . .. . .... . . . .............. .. ..... . 22
Characteristics of ......... ... ... . ........ . . .. .. . . . . .. . . ........ . ......... . .... .. . ... ........ . 22
Equipment for . ..... . ...... .. ... . .......... .. ...... . .... . ............... . ..... .. .... . ..... ·.. . 22
Fuel for ... . . ........ . .. ... . ... .. ... .. . .... .. ... ... . . ..... . .. : .. . .. . . . .... . . . .. .. ..... .... . . . . 22
General requirements . . ... . ..... . ..... . . . . ..... . .... .. ............ . .... . .. . . ... . .. ....... .. . . 22
Attack-
French . ........ . ............... . ..... . .... . .... . .. . ...... . .... . ...... . ... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... .. . .... . 23
Ground, Italian ...................... . .. . ........... .. ......... . .... . .. . . . ............... _. . . .. . .. . 48
Armament of. . .. . ... .. . .. . . . . .... . .... . . . .. . .... . .... .. . . . . . . .. . ........... .. .... .. ....... .. . 48
Armor for . .... . . .. .... . . . .. . ........ . . . . . .. . ... . .... . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. ..... ..... ........ ... . .. . 48
Bombs for . ..... . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .... . .... .. ......... . ... .. ... .. ......... . .. . ... . . . . . ........ . . . 48
Climb of. . . ...... . . . ... . .. . . . .... .. ........... . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . ... . ..... . ......... .. .... . 48
Coefficient ot safety of. . . ........................ . .................... . ..... . .. . . . ......... .. . 49
Crew of. .. . ... . ........... ... .... .. ....... . . . . . . .. . . .. . .......... .. ... . .......... . .. . . . . . ... . 48
Endurance of. .. ... . . . .... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . ..... . .. ............. .. ........ .. ... . ............. .. . 48
Installations for ..... . ......... . .... . .. ...... . .. . ......... .. .... .. ... . . . .. . .. . . . .... ... ... . .. . . 48
Instrumen ts for .... . . ....... . . . : .. . . .. . ..... . ..... .. . . . . ..... . . .... . .. . . .. . . . ... . . ... .. ...... . 48
Speed of. . . .. .. .. ........... .... ... . ........ . .. . ..... . ........... . . . ........................ . 48
Wings and fuselage . .. ....... . ........ . .................... . .. . .............................. . 49
Aviatik, Italian . . ..... . ... . ....... .. .. . ..... . .. . .... . .... . .. . .. . . ... . ........ . . . ... . . . . . . ..... . .... . . 45
Balilla, I talian .... ... .... .. .... . .. . ...... . . . ......... . .............................. .. . . .... . .. . ... . 45
Berline, Spad, French ... ........... .. ........ . .......... . .. . . . .... . . . ... . ...... ... ...... : ... . ... . .. . 27
Bi motored, French .. . . . ... .. ......... . ...... . . . .. ... , ... . .... . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . .... . . .... . .......... . 10
Bleriot Spad Herbemont , French . ... . .. . ..... .. ........ . ....... . . . .......... . . . .. . ........ . .......... . 27
Bolton & Paul, British ........ . ...... . . ... . ... . ... . . ..... . .... . ... . ..... ... , . .. , ..... .. . . .. , .. . .. . ... . Ill
 136
Airplanes- Continued . l ' age.
Bombardment.and attack, French . ........ .. -.-- ... -.-.-.-... .. -.-.. -. . ........... ..... . . .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Armament for . .. ..... . ............. _._._. _____ . ___ ._._ .............. . .. _.·.. _.. _........ . ......... 23
Characteristics of. . . _.. . ... . . . . . ........... _.. .. . _. . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Equipment for ....... _. .............. _..... _.. . .-. _. _. _. ....... _. _, . _. ______ . _____ . ___ . __ ..... . ...... 23
Fuel for . . . .. ........ _. _..-.. _....... _.... . _. . ____ . ___ . _..... _... _.. __ . __... ___ . __ ............ _.. _. . 23
Bombardment-
Bolton & Paul, British .. . ... ........... . ....-........-... ........ _. _... __ . __ .. __ .,. _. ___ .... . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Day-
British ...... . .. . .. . .. .......... . .. .-.... _____. ___ ..... ..... . ... . .. ___ . _.. __ .......... . . .. ...... . _. 92
Breguet, French ...... .. ... . ............................... . . . ..... . ... . .... _............. __ . 32, 39
French ........ . ...... .. .. .. . . ... . ... _._ . . _____ ._ ............... ___ . __ ._ . . .. _... .... ....... .. _. 9, 24
Armament for . . ... . ........ • ...... ." ..... _....... _......... . ......... ... .. . . . ... ." ..... . . _. 24
Characteristics of. . . . . .... .. : . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... ______ ...... _.. __ .. ___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Equipment for .. . ... . . .............. _______ _... _.... . ....... ____ . _. _........ . ... : ........ 24
Fuel for ....... . ... . ........... . .-. ........ ...... . . . . . ...... . ... _. __ . _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
General requirements for . . ... . . .. .... . ...... __ ... _...... _. _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fiat, Italian .... ... ................................... ... . . . .. . _. .. . ... . ... .. ... .. . .... . ... ,, 55
Italian . . . . ........... . ......... . . . .. . .. _. .. __ ........... . ............... . . . . ........ . . . .. , ,,. 48
Armament for ... . . ......... . . . ...... . .... . .................... . ..... . .. ... .. ............ _ 48
Bombs for . . . . . . . . . .. . . .......... . ..... .. . ..... ...... . .·... ......... ........ _. . .... , .. . . . . . . 48
Climb of. . . .. . ........ . .. . . . ............................................. . .. ... . . _... _. . . 48
Coefficient of safety of. ...... ... _. __ ......... .. .. . .. . . ... . ..... . . . ... _. _... . ......... __ ... _ 48
Crew for . ... . ... . ........ . . . ..... ... ..... ..... . . . . .... . ........... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Endurance of ................. __ . . .. . .. ___ .................. . ...... . . . .. _.. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Installations for . . ... .. . . ... . . . ......... . .... .. . .. ........ __ ... _. . .. _.. _._ ...... , . . .. .... _.___ 48
Instruments for . . ...... . .. . ..... . . . .......... ... ... . ... _.. _. _.. . . . . .... . . . . ... . . . .... ___ . . 48
P reference conditions of. .. . •. .......... .. . .. . . . _. . . . . . ... . . . _. _.. _...... __ ... _. .... . .... _. . 48
Speed of. .... . ...... ..... ........ • .. .-•. ......... . .... __ .· .. .. ... _...... .. .. . .... _. _. . . . . . . 48
-De Haviland , British . . ..... .... .....-. .-. ........ . . . . . . .. . . _. . . .. . . . .. . _. __ . _...... _.... _. _. . . 101
French . ............ . .................................. ... . .. . ... .. . . . . . . .. ... _........... 7, 20, 22, 23,39
Armament for ....... ...... .... . .. . ....... ..... .. ...... __ .... _....... .. . . ............. . ... .23
Arangement of . . ... . .......... ___ . . .... _____ ...... . ... • _. _. ..-..-. ...•. . ...•......... _. . . . . 17
Bombs for . . ..... ... . .. ......... . ......... . . . .. . .· .. . . .• • ...· ..·.·.·.· •. . . ·... _.. • .......... _.... . 23
Characteristics of. . . . . ..... . . ............ . . .. . .. • .. _. __ . . .... ___ .....·... .... ... .. .. . ... _. _ 23
Equipment for .. . .. . . . .......... . • ................ . ... • .· . .. . . .... . _.· __.. __.-..-...· .. __ . . . . . . . 23
Fuel for ....... . ..... . ........ .. .. .. ... . . .." .. . .........· .... • ....·. _..-.· . .-.. _. _.. . ..... . .. . .. _. 23
General req ui..remen ts for .... . .... . ...................-....•.. . . ... . _____ . _. .... _. . ..... . ... _. 17, 22
Installation of tourelles on . . .... __ ...... . . . .. . . .. ..· ..· . . • _" __.. _... _._._ .... _... _.......... 17
Silencers for . . ....... . . . ...... . .. . ..... .. _. _. __ . _.. . _... • • , , .· , •. _. .· ____ . .. . .. ... _. . . . . . . . . 14
Visibili ty of . . ...... . ........ __ . _. . . __ . ___ .. . .. .. __ . .· .· _.· _..-_. ___ . __ .-... ____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Italian . . ..... . ........................ . .......... . ... • . •....· ..· .- • .-....· _• . . . .. . • . . ... . . .. .... _.... 45
. Night ... . ....... . ..... . ..... . . . .. - .. - . - .... - - ...... . ......... . ...... __...... ___ ......... _. . . . . . . 127
Breguet, French ......... . ......... . ...... .. ... . . . .. . . .. . ........ _. ... __ . _. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
British . . . ... .. . ........ ... ..... . . . .. . .. ..... ... . .. ........ . .. ... .. ... .... . .. . ...... _... . .. ___ 93
French ........... . .. .. .... . ..................... . .. .... . . .... _... __ . . .. _.. _.. . .... ... .... . . . __ 9, 24
Armament for ..... . ... . .......... . .. .... . .... _.. .. . ..... __ . _.... . _, _• . .. ... . . . ..... _. . . . . 25
Characteristics of. .... . ... _. _. __ . . .. _. __ .. . . ...... . _. _....... . .. ... .. __ .............. _. _. . 25
Equipment for .......... . . .. _.. __. . .... . .... . .. . ..... . ...... _.. _. . .. __ .. -. ... .... ..... .. _. 25
F uel for .. . ...... . .. . ......... .. ...................... . . __ ...... . .... .... , _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
General requirements for ......... .. ............. ... .. . .. .. .... . __ . _.. _.. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Italian . ... . .. . .... . .. . ....... . ....... .. . . ........ . .. . ..... _. _.. ___ _. . . . . ... . , ............. _. 48
Armament for ..... . . . . . .. ..... . .. ....... . . . ....... . . ... . . ..... __ __.. ·... _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Bombs for .. .. . .. ...................... . ... . . . . . ..... ____ ... ___ .·... . . _.. . ... . _...... __ ._. 48
Climb of. ... . . . . .. . . . .... . .... .. ... .. ......... . ....... . . . . __ . _.. .. _..... _.. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Coefficient of safety of.. ....... __ ......... _..... .... .. . .... ______ . _. _.. , . _. ·. ... . .... . . . .. . 48
Crew of. . . ........ .. . _... _. _. ....... . . . ........... . .. ...... ... _-..... . . .. : ....·.... . ... _. . . 48
Endurance of. ..... . ..... . ........ . ...... . ..... ..... .. . , . . .... , . . _.... ·.._.·. : .". : .. -. . . . . . . . . 48
Engines of. . .. . . .. ............... . .... ... . . . . .. .... _.. . . _... , . : . __ ..... . . .. . . . ........ __ . 48
Installations for ................. . _..... _.. _. . .... . .. _.... .. ..... . . _.. .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Instruments for . . .. ...... . ... . ... ........ ..... . . .. . ......... _. _...................... .. .. _ 48
Maximum speed of .. . .. . .... . . ... . .. . ........... . .. . .... _.. .. ........ __ ......... . ... _. . . . . 48
Three-motored, Potez, French .. . .. .. .. . .............. ...... .. .... _... . . __ ... __ . . . .. . . .. . ... a •• _ : .. g
Wibault, purchase recommended....... . .. ... ......... .. ... ...... . . .. . ... ........ .. . .............. 129
 137
Airplanes- Continued. Page.
Breda, Italian ............. .. ......... .. .......... . ... ...... ......... .. ........ .. ... . .. . ............. . 45,59
Sport type, I talian ........... . .... . .... .. ..... . ... ....... ....... . . . . ... .. ... . . . . . .. . . ........... . 60
Breguet-
French. .. . . .. .. . . ..... . .................... . ...... .. . . .. . ....... . ... . ...... . ... . ... . . .... .. ... . ... 9, 31
Medical equipment for. . . . ...... . . . . . . ... . .. . . . .. . ... .... . .. . . .. .................... . .... .. . .. 33
Leviathan, French ............... . ........................ .. .............. '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Comment on.. .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Sesquiplan, French.. . ... . .... . ..... . . . . ... . ..... . . . ... . ..... . .. . .. . . .. .... .. . ....... .... ......... 31
Comment on.. . ...... . ...... . .... . .... . .. . .. .... . ........................ . . .. ............... . 32
Description of installation.. . ............ . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
General description of .... . .. . . . .. ... ... . ..... . .. , ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Performance of. .... . . . ....... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Purchase recommended. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Bristol, British ........ ..... ......... . .. ...... ......... . .. .. ... ...... . .. ....... ....... . ... .. .. _. . . . . . . . . 106
Cannon, French . ........ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Caproni, Italian .. . .. . .... .. ..... . ....... .... ....... ....... ...... . .... .. . .... .. .... . . . ........ . .. . 45, 58, 60
Three-motored, Italian . . ......... . . . . ........ _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Caudron, French.. . . . ..... .. .. . ... . . ... .. . . . ...... . ..... ... . . .............. .... ............. . ....... . .. 9
Colonial-
British . . . . ............. ... ... . ..... . . ... . .. ... .. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
French . . . . .. . . ............ .. .... . . . . . ...................... . ........ . ..... . .... .. ........... 7, 20, 25, 39
Armament for... . ............ . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . ...... . . . .. . .. .. .... ... .... . .. . ........ . .... . .. 25
Characteristics of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Equipment for .. . ..... .. .. .. .. ..... . :. ... .. ....... . . .. . . . . .. .. . .... .. . .. . . .................... 25
Fuel for . ... .. ...... . ............ . .......... . ... ... ... . .... . ........ .. ....... ... .............. 25
General requirements for..... . .... . . . ... .. . . .. . ... .. ... .. ... . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. ..... .. . 25
Potez, French . .. . ...... . ...... . . ... . .. .... ..... . ..... . .... . .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Commercial-
Bleriot , French ... . .. .. . . . . ...... . ... . . ... . . .. . ...... . . . ..... - ...... . .. . ... - . - ........ ... - . . . . . . . . . . 28
Breguet, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Leviathan , French . ....... . .. . . . .... . ................... . .. .. . .. . . . ........ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Bristol-
British.. .. . .. ... . ........... . ....... . ........... . .. .. . . ........ .. .... . .. . .. . ........ . .. .. .. .. 106
Controls for . ... . ..... . .. ... . . ........ . ..... . . .. . .......... ... .. - .................. - . . . . . . . 106
Landing gear for............... .. . . ... ... . ........ . . . . . .... . . .... .. .. ... .. . .. . ... .. .. . ... 106
Ten-seater, British... . .... ... ... . . . ...... .. ....... .. ..... . ... . ......... . ..... . .... . .... . ... ... 106
British . . ...... . . .... . .. ..... . ....... .. .. .. . .. . ........... . ..... . .. . ........ - - .... - ... . - . . . . . . . . . . 93
Description of. ... .. . .............. . .......... . .. . .... .. ... . . .... .. . .. - ...... . .. .. . - - - ... - . . . 102
Multiple engined . ....... . ... .. . ... . . . ... . .. ... . .. .... . . -... - .. - .. - . - ..... - ......... - - - .. - . . - - 117
Pilot's cockpit ......... . . . . . ....... . ............. .... ........ ...... - . - . - . - .... . . . .. - - - - - - - . . . 106
Caproni, Italian .......... .. ........ . . . .. . -- . ........ . .... ... .... . - - ........ - .. . . . . . . .. .. -· ...... - 58
De Haviland 34, British . . .. .. .... . . .... .. - - - - .... . ...•. .. - - . - - - . - .. .. ... . - .. .. . . - . . - . -.. .. . . .. .. - . 103
Dornier, German ..... . .. ...... . ..... ..... .... . . ..... . - ........... .. ..... - - ....... ... - . - . - - - - - . . . 74
Farman Goliath, French ......... . .. .. .. . ....... . .... . - . - - - - - - .... ... . .... - - . ... - . - - .... . - ... - - - . . 36
Fokker, Dutch. . ....... . ..... ... . . .... . . ... . . . . . ... . .... .... . .............. . . .... . ..... . .... .... 81
Handley Page, British. . ... . ..... . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Instruments for . .. . .. . ... . . .. .... . . . . . .. .. ... . .. . .. . .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Potez, French ..... ........ . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Spad, French.. .. .......... . ..... . . . . . ... . ... .. . . . .. . . . ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Staaken, German ........... ... . . .. . ......... - - . . ... . ...... - . - - ...... . . . . .... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Construction, duralumin ......... .. ........ .. ... . . .... .. . . ......... .. ..... . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Corps d ' Armee, French ...... . . . .......... ... . - - - . . .. ... ... ............. . . .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Day, French .. _. ... . . . ... . ..... . .. . . . .. . .... .. . ... . . . .... . ....... . ...... . .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Deck fl.ying-
British . . . .. ..... ... .... . .... . . . .... . . .... .. .. . . ..... .. . - . - ... - . . ... .. ·. - ....... . . .. . . .... - - .. - - - . - 94
French ........... . ..... . ......... .. .. - . - - .. - . . . . . ... ....... . .. . - . ... '. .. .. . . .. . . - .. . .. - . . - -·- - .. . . 37
Hanriot, FreJ:lch . .. . ...... . ... . ..... . . ..... .......... . ..... . ... . . . ......... ... . .... . ..... . .. - . . . . . 37
De Haviland, British. . ..... .. ...... .. .......... . ... . ......... . ..... .. ............ ... . .. ... .... .. . . .. 101
De Haviland 14, British ......... .. ... .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . ... . .......... . ...... . .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Description of. ... . . .. .. . . _... . . . .. . . . .. .. ... .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Longeron construction ~f ... . ..... . ......... . ...... . . . ........ .... . ....... .. - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Airplanes-Continued. Page.
De Haviland 29, British . . . ... . . ... . .. ·- _. .. -- - -· .. .. __. . . .. . . ..... . ..... .. ......... .... .. . ..... .... . . 91
Description of. . .. .. . .. .. . .. _.. . . . ...... . ..... . ......... . .... . .. . .......... . . . . .... ..... . ..... .. . - . 102
Undercarriage for ... . .. . .......... .. ... . ... .. ... . ......... . .. . . . ............. . ........ . . .. .. . .... . 102
Wing construction of ... . ..... . .... _..... .. ... .. . ......... . ..... . .... . ... . . . . . .. .. .... . ..... .. ... . 102
De Haviland 34, British. ____ . .. _.. . ... ·- ... . ... .. . .. . .. . ................ . ..... . . . .. .. ... ... .. ... .... . 91,95
Description of. . .... . : ........ .. ......... . ... . . . ................. .. ............ . ............. . ...,.. 102
Details of construction of, French .. . ... __. . . . . . . . . ....... . .............. . ........... - ... .. .... .. . . . . . . 11
Dornier, German ... .... . .... .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. ... .......... . ........ . .. . ............... . . .. ... .. . . .. .. . 72
Farman , F rench . . . .. . .. . . . _.. .. . . ... .. . _. . __ .. .. . _.. . .... . .. . . .. ... ... . ..... . ...... - . .. . ....... . . .. . . 9, 36
Goliath, F rench ... . ... .. ... . . . . . .... . ... .. . . . . ....... . ...................... . .. ..... ... . ...... . . 36
Fastest in the world , French .. ... . _... _. . .. .. . . ... . ...... . . . - .. , ....... .. ..... . . . ... . - .. ...... .. - - .. . . . 30
Fiat, Italian· -- ·-· - . ... . ... . ... .. ......... __............ . ....... . . . ............... . . . .. .. ........... . 45,54
Fiat A. R. F., I talian . ..... . . . .. .... _. . ... .-. ... . ... ... ... ·- ··· . .. .. ··- · . ..... . · - - ..... . .. ....... . .. . . . 57
Fiat A. R. S. , I talian .. ·-·-·-··- . .. . ... · -· . . . . ................ . .... .. .... . ........ . . -- .. . . .. . . .. .. ... . 57
FiatB. R., Italian, descriptionof. .... . ·- ···-· ·· · ··· ·· ··· ·- - · · ·· · ···· -··· ·- ·· ·· ·· · · · -··· · ··--·--···· · -· 55
Fiat, wing foil, Italian .. . . . . . .. .... . . . . .. . .... . . . .. .. ... .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. ... .. .. ... ... . ..... . ...... . .. . 55
Fighter-
Breguet, characteristics of, French ........................... .. .... . .. . ... . ....... . ........... . ... . 33
Bristol, British . ... . .. . ...... : . . .... _.. . . . .. . ..... . ... __. . _. . . . ... _.. __ _. __ .. . _.. _... . _. . _. _. __ .. . 106
Low-altitude, French. _.... _... . . . ... . _.. . _. ... . .... _.... __ ... . ...... __. ........ . . _...... _.. _.... . 20
Armament for . . ___ . __ .. .. .. .. ... . ............. . _.. . .... . ... _... .. .. . . .. . ......... .. ..... _... . 20
Characteristics of . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . .... . . .. _. _.. . . .. ..... . _... . . .. .. . .. .. . _... . .... . ..... . 20
Equipment for ... . ..... . .... . ... . ... . ...... . .. . ... ._. .... .. .. _.... _... _. . . . . : ..... . .. _.. . _.. _. 20
F uel for .. . . . . .. . ... . ... . . . .. . . . ............. . . . . __ .. . ... ... ... ... .. _.. . . _.... _, ...... .. ..... . 20
Siddeley Siskin, British ... . .... .. .. . .... .. .... .. .. _. __ _... . . .. . . _.. . . . . _. .. _. _.. _...... __ . .... . .. . 112
Fokker, Dutch . .. . ...... . .... . ... . .. . . . .. . . . .... . ... . . . . .. . .... . . ... . . . . . _.. . . _... . . _... ... . .. _.... . 81, 82
Advantages of. . ... .. .... .. ........ . . .. ... . .................. . ............ . ... . .. . ................ . 84
Conclusions on ... . . .. . ... .. . .... _. . ........ _. . . ........ _.. . . . ... . ..... . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . ...... . . . .. . 87
Details of. _... ~ ... _.. . .. . .... _... _... . .. . .. __ ... _... ... .. . _........ .. .... . ... : .. .. ... ... .. ..... _ 87
Distortion of. . _. . . . . ........... .. ... .. ... .. .. . .... . . . _. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. ......... . ... _..... .. ... _.. . . 83
E longation of tubes of. ... . . . . . .. . ...... . ....... . .. . .. , . . ..... . ........ .. .. . ·.. ... .. . . : . .. . . . .. ... . . 84
Flying hours of. ...... .. . . . .. ............. . .............. - . .... .. . . ... . .. .. - - - .. - .. - - - . - - - . . - - . . - . 83
Flying service results ... ... . .. .. _._ . .. _.. .. .. . . . ...... . .............. ._............ . ... . .... . .. . .. _ 83
Fuselage construction .. . .. ... . . . . .. . . . ... . . _. . . '. .. . _. __ ... __. . _. __ _. . __ . __. __... _.. . __. _. _. ..... _. 85
Gasoline tanks of ......... . ...... . . . ... . .... .. _.... _. ........ . .. __ .. '. _. _. _.. _.. __ : .. . . _......... . 86
General data . . .. .. .. ..... . .. ... . . . .. .. .. .... . ........ _.. . _.. . _. __ .. . .. ___ . __. .. _.. __ ... .. . _.. . . . 82
General technical results . . ... . _... . _... _... _... . . _. . .... .. . . .. . .. .. . __ _. .. _...... . .... . ...... _. . . . _ 83
Inspection of. .. . . . _.. _. ...... . .. ... . . .. .. ....... . . .. ..... . ........... _. . _. . _. . __ ... . . . .. _.. . ...... _ 84
Landing gear of. ... ... .. . ... . ........ . .. .. . . ...... .. ... . . ... . ..................... . .. . ..... _. . . _ 83, 86
Main t enance and repair of .. . . . .. _. _......... . ... . .. _..... . .. . . . . . ...... .. ... _...... . ... .. . _. ... . 82
Number of . .. __ ............. - ...... . ... . .... . .. . .. . ..... . .... . ..... _.. . .......... . .. ... ....... . 82
Overhaul of .. . .. . ... . . . . .. ..... .. ... . .......... .. ..... . . . ... ... . ... .............. . .... .. . . . .. _. 83
Struct ural mat erials of. _... . ... .. .... . _. .. . . .. ................ . _... . .. . . . ..... . ......... . . . ... . . . 84
Tail skids ... .. ...... . .... . ... ... .... . ............. . .............. . ... . .. . .. . .............. . .. . 83
Tensile strength of_ .. . _ . . . . ... . . .. . . ... . .. . .. .. .. . ..... _.. . . . .... . ........... _.. _..... . . . .. .. . . 84
Wing const ruction of . . ...... ... ... . . . . . ...... . ... .. .. ... . ................... . ...... . ........ . . . . 85
Wings for ....... . .. .. . . . . . . . _: .. ... . . ..... . ... . . .... . . ... _.. .... . .. _.... _... . __ ... _.. _........ . 86
F l ying boat-
Dornier, German .. . .... . . . ........ .. .... . ... . ... . ...... . . _.. . _. .... _. . ..... . .... .. _...... . ..... . 75
Fairey Atlanta, British . .... .... ........ . .. .. .. . .. .. .... _...... _. .. .... . _. . . . . . ............ .. .. . 94
Fairey, British . .. _.. . .... , . . . . . ..... .. .. .... . . .... . . . .. . ....... _. . · -· .. .. . .. ..... . .... _... . ·- ··. 93
Large, British .. . .. . .. _... _.. . . .. _.. _.. _......... . . _.. . ........ . _........... .. .. .. .... _.. _... . . . 93
Multimotored, British .. .. . ....... . . . .... . .. .. .. .. . .. . ... ....... __........ . ....... .. ......... _.. . 93
Two-engined, Dornier, descript ion of, German .. . ..... . . ... ... ... . ...... . ... _. . .. . . _. .. . ...... __ . 74
Vickers Valentia, British .. .. . ..... . .... . ....... _. . . _....... . ... .. ..... . .. ___ .. .. ... . . _.. .. ... . . 94
Flying t ime of, Fokker, Dutch .... .. .... . _. ..... .. . _. . .. ... . . . .. ... .. . . . _.. . ........ . . . ...... . .. _... . 83
Four-mot ored ... . ............ . ................ . .. . .... . . . ... _........ . . . ... _.. . ...... . _... . .... . ... . 127
Caproni, I talian . . .. . .......... . .. . ...... .. .. .. _. .. . .... . .... . ... . .. . ... _... .. ... , ..... _... _. ... . 58
Farman, F rench ... . .. ........ ... .. . . .. .. . .. ... ... . .... . . .. . .. ... . .. _. . _... ... ... . _. . . _. _.. . . _. . 36
German ....... . .. . ..... . ......... . ... .. .. . . . _. .. . _. . . . .... . ... _.. . _. __. .. . ....... ... __._ .. .. . . 116
Junkers, German ... . . . .. . ..... . .... .. ..... _.. _. .... . .... _.... . .... . ..... _. _.......... . ........ .. . 76
Monoplan e, Junkers, purchase recommended .. . ......... . _...... __ . . .... : .... . ....... _....... . . . . . 129
Spad, F ren ch . . .... . . . . ... ... . .... .. ... .. _... .. ... . . . .. . .. . ........... . .... .. .. . . . . ... . ..... . .. . . 29
 13!)
Airplanes-Continued. Page.
French, table of ... .............. . ......... .. .. .... . . .................. . .... . .. ..... - ... .. . . .. .. ... . 39
Gabardini, Italian . .. .... ......... .. . ...... ... ... . .. . ......... .. ... ......................... . .... . . . 45
Gearing, British ........ . .. . . .. .... ..... . .. ... . .. ... .. .... ... .. .. .. .. ......... . ... .. . . ........ . ... .. . 117
Gloucestershire, British . . .... . . . ........... ....... .. ... ...... .... . ............. . .... _.. . . ... .... . . 103
Comment on ..... ..... .. . .... . .. ... .. ........ . .. .. . ... ... . . ... . .... . ..................... . .. . . . 104
Gourdou, French .. .. . ... ......................... ...... ..... . ... ... ... ..... . ..................... . . 9
Handley-Page, British ... . ... . - . .. ........ . . . .. . ...... . .......... . ... ... ... .. .. .... ..... .. .. .. ... . 91,95
Landing gear for ........... ................... .... ........... . . . . .. .. ..· ............. . ....... ... . 105
Hangars-
Concrete, Italian .. .................... .. .. .... ............. ..... ... ... ... .... . .. .......... . ... . 60
French .... ..... .. ... . . . ...... . ....... . . .. . .. . .. ...................... . . . .. ...... . .... . .. ... ... . 40
Hanriot-
French ......... . .... . .......... . . . ....... .. .. . ................... ... ............ ....... . . . .... 9, 37, 45
14 bis; F rench. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
For deck flying, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Types of, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Heating of, F rench...... .... . .. .. ... .... . ... ...... ... .......... .. .................... .. .. . . .. ... . .. 40
Heavy, French .......... . ............... . .. .... . . ... .. .. ... . . .. .......... . ... . .... . .... , . . . . . . . . . . . 10
High altitude, Fr.e nch. . .......... . . ..... .... . .... .. ........ .. . .... ............. . . . ............. . . ... 10
Hydroplanes, Spad, F rench .... ........ .... .. .. .... ... ...... ·. ....... .. ... . ............ .. ..... .... .. .. 27
Italian . ... . . ................ ... . .. . .... . ....................... . ..... . ....... . .... ........... . .... 45
Junkers, German . . ... ...... . .. .. .. . .......... : ..... . .. ... . .. ... .. ... ... . . . . .. . ..... . ........ .... . .. . 76
Controls for, German . . ... . . .. ................ .. ................ .. . ... .. ... . ........ . . ......... . 76
Junkers, JL-6, German .. .. . .................. . .. ...... .................. .. .... . .. . .. . .... . . . .. .. . . . . 76
Landing gears of, Oleo, British ......... .. .... . ..................... . ... . ......... .. .... .. ...... ...· .. . 92
Large, Junkers, German .... .... ·........... . .............. .. ... ........ ·.................. ·. . .. ... . . .. . 76
Latecuere, French ..... .... . .. . ...... . ............. ... ............. . .......... ........ . . .... . ...... . 9
Low-altitude, French ....... . . . . ... . ......... . ... . .... .... .... . . ... .... .. . ............ ~ .. .... .. . . .. . 20
Macchi, Italian ......... ........... .... ·.. ........ .. . . .. . .... .... .. ..... . ... . .... ..... . ......... . .. . 45,52
Marchetti, Italian ...... . ....... .. ...... : .............. . . . . .............. . ... . ..... . . .. ... . . .. ...... . 45
Marine type, Spad, French . . .... .. . ... . . .... . .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . ................ ...... .. ..... . 29
Mars LV, scouting, British .......... .. ........... . ...... .. ... . ............. .. ... _~. .... _... .... .. . 103
Medium-altitude, French ... ... . .. . .. .. .. ... . .. . ... . . ... ..... . . .. . . ... .. .. ........ .. ...... . . .. . . . . . . . 10
Metal -
Four-motored, Junkers, German ........... .... .. . .. . . . ............... .......... .......... ... . . . 76
Marchetti, Italian ........... . ............... . .......... . ......... .... ... .. . ... .. . . ... .. . . ...... . 46
Monoplane, multimotored ... .. .............. ....... ..... . .... .. .. ...................... .... . . . .. . . . 128 .
Morane Saulnier, French . .. .. ..... .... .. .. .. .. ... ... . ... . ... . . . . . . . . ...... ..... . .... .............. . . 9, 35
Multimotored ........ , ..... ..... . . . .. . .. ............... . .. .............. ........· ... . ..... . ........ . . 128
British .. .. ............. .... ·. .... . . .. .. . .. . ... . ... .... . ... .. . .. . ... . . . . ..... .. . ... _._. . ........ . . 93,95
French. ·. .. ...... . .. . ... .... . . . .. . . . .................. .... .. ...... . . .... . . .. .. . .. ... .. . . ... _. .. . . 10
Control of. . . .... . .... . .. .... . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. ... . . .. . . . ..... . .. .. ... ... . . .. .. . .. . .... . . . .. . 7
Italian .. .. .......... . .. .. .. .... .. . ........ . ........ . . .... . .. ·_. .... . ............... ........... . 48
New, Italian...... .. ........ . .. . . ... .. .. . ........ .. .... . . .... ... .. ... ..... . . . ..... . ........ .. . . . ... . 45
Nieuport, French ... . ...... . . ........ . .. ................... . . ... .. . ......... . . _. . . . .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . 9, 29
Nieu port 29, F rench . ... ......... . ... ..... .... ....... ... ....... ... .. .. . . . ..... .. . . .. .. . ... 8, 9, 28, 30, 39, 41
Characteristics of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Construction of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Description of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
P erformance of . . .· . . .... ..... ............. .. ... . .... . ... . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Nie uport Nighthawk, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Night, French ............ . . . ........... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Observation ..... .... .... ·.. . .... . . . . .. . .. .. . . . ... . . .. ..... . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
British..... .. .. .. .. . .... ..... ............ .. ... ...... .... . . .......... ... . . . ... . . ..... . . . . ..... .. 93
Farman, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Fokker, Dutch . .... . . .... ... . .... . ... . .... . ............ ............... ..... ... . .. .... ........ . .. 81
French . . . . . .. .. ........... ... ... . ...... . . .. .. . . ..... .. ... ....... .... .. ... .. ....... . . .. . 9, 20, 21, 32, 39
Armament for........................ .. ................ . ... . . ... . ... ... . ..... . .. .... . ........ · 22
Characteristics of. ... .. . . .. .... . .. . .. ............ - ........ . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Equipment for.. . ........ . .... . .......... .. .. .. .... . . ... . .. . ......... . . . .. . .... .... . ......... 22
F uel for... . ............... . .... . ..... ...... .... . ... .. .... . ...... .. .. ............. . . . .. ....... 22
Gen eral requirements for. ... . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
 140
Airplanes-Continued_
Observation-Continued . Page .
Italian ____ _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - - - - -·- - - - - 45
Potez, French._._ ... _._._. - . _... _..... - . - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - -·- - - - . - - - .. - . - - ... - - - - - - - - - - . - 34
Spad, French _ ... _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - . - - - . - - - - .. - - - . - . - . - - - - . - - - - - . . .. - .... - - - - . - - - . - - .... . 29,39
On order, Fren ch _. ___ . _______ . __________ -·- ____ . ____ ._ . ___ __. __ _. __ _____ . . __ .. __ .. __ .. _. - - - - . - - - - .. . 9
Passenger-
Bolton & Paul, British ____ .. ____ .. . . ___ . .. __ . . ___. __. . - - __ __. ___. ____. ___ _. .. _. __ - . _.. _. __- - - - .. - _ 111
Bristol, British ..... _. ___ .. __ ____ .. ___ ._ .. . .... _._._ .. __ ._. ___ ._._ ... _._._ ..... _. ___ ._ .. _._ .. ____ _ 106
Cabin for ..... _._._ .. - .... - . _... - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - . - . - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106
Cabin, heating of, British ___ . _____ . - . - .. - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . __.. _.. ............ - _- - - - - - - - - - - - . - . . 106
Carrying flying boats, Dornier, description of, German ..... __ - ____ ___ . ____. ___ _. . ___. . __ .. __ . _- . . . . . 75
De Haviland, British. ___.. __.. ..... _......... _... _... : __ .. _._ .. ___ . ___ . __ .......... _- - - - - - - - - - - . 102
De Haviland 34, British ____ . _____ _.. -. ______ . __ ____ _____ ______ ................. _____________ __. . __ 103
Dornier, description of, German .... _.... _.. . __ . ___ ._. _. __________ .. ______________ . ___ _. __ : _. ___ - . _ 74
Eight-seater, Vickers Vimy, descri ption of, British _____ . .... __ ._._. ___ ....... _.......... . _____ . ___ ._ 108
Handley Page, British ________ . __ .. _. __... __ ... ·____ . __ __ ______ _. ____ . ___. . ______ . ___ . ______ .__ ____ 105
l\forane Saulnier, French. _. __ _. . ___ ___ __ __ ___ ____ __ ___________ ......... _..... _____________________ 9
Multiple engine, British .. ·---· - - -- -- -- - - ---- - --- --- - - --------- -- --- -- -- - - -------- · -- - ---- - - -- --- - 117
Description of.. ___ . _. ___ ... __ _. _... _._ .. _. _______ __ ______ .. _._ . . . _. ____ __ __ _-.·. ___ __ .. __._._ 117
Staaken, German .... - - - - - - - - - . - _- .. - - . - . - ... - ... - - .. . __ _. _- ____ . ___ -.-. ___ _. ___. _. ___. ___ _....... 75
Vickers Vimy, British_ . . _. __. _. _____ __. ___ _. ___ . ____ __ . ____ ........... .. ............ __ .. __ . _____ 108
Polymotored, French .. - - - - - - . - - . - - . - - .. - .... - ............ _.. __. ___ . __ .. ___ . ___... _. _... _... _... _. . . . 25
Potez, French ...... . ____ . - - - - . - - - . - - .. - - - - - - - - - . - - - - . - - - - - - - _- .. _- _- ___ . _. __ _. . ___ _. ___ .. - ___ . - - - - - . . !J, 34
P. R. B., Italian. __ __.......... _.. ___ .. _._._ . _. _. ___ __. ______ ................ ...... ......... _.. _.... _. 53
Produced in Italy during 1921. .. . ___ ___.. _- - . - - . - - .. - ... - - . - ... _. __ . __ __. ____ ___ __. ___ . __ ____ __... ... - 45
Program for new, French .... _- - .. - - . - - - - . - _. - - .. _.. ___ . __ __ __ _____ ..................... ___ ________ _. _ 9
Pursuit. .. ____ __........ - - - - - . - . - ...................... ___ . _____ __ .. __ .... .. ........ ... _______ . ___ 127, 128
Pursuit and reconnaissance, French._ .. ____ __ _______ _________ . __ ___ . ___ _____ __ . __ . __ . __. ___ __. __ ____._ 20, 21
Armament for ....... ___._ - .. - ..... _........... _... _. _. _____ __ ........ . ............... . ... ... ____ . 21
Characteristics of. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - . - - - . .......... __. . ___ . . ____ ____ . ___ . __ ___ __. ______________ 21
Equipment for._._ ..... _____ . __ ___ __. _.. _.. _.... ___ ....... _. _. _. _. __ . _.. _. ______ _.. . _. ___ . _______ 21
Fue.l for __........ __ . _- - - - - - - - - - - - - ...... .. ......... _... ______ .. __ ....... _..... .... . ......... _... _ 21
Pursuit and night reconnaissance, biplace, French._ . ___ .. __ . ____ _. ___ _..... _......... _. . . _. __ ... __ . __ . . 21
Armament for .... ______ . . ... __ .... _.. _.. __. _. __ ____ ___ ___ . _........ _... _... _... _. . .... __ . . _.. _. ___ 21
Characteristics of. _____ ______ ___.. __ .. . _. __ . ____. _. . ___. ___ ____ _. ____ .. ___ ... _......... _......... __.. _. _.. _ 21
Equipment for._ ... ___ . - - - - .. - - . _. - - .. _. _. . __.. ____ . ____ . _...... _......... _. _. _... _.. ... _. ___ . _.. 21
Fuel for ___ ....... - - -1 .. - - •• - ••. - • . • . • . • . - • - • • . • . . . . . - . - . . . - - . . . . • . . • • __ _ _ •• __ _ . ___ _ . • __ _ _ • _ _ • __ • . 21
Pursuit-
Biplace, French .. : - - ... - - ........ - . - .. . .. - . - ..... - - - . - - - .......... _.... _... _. _. _.. ___ __... _. ____ 7
British .. - ---······---···--······-·· - -·-··----- - -- - - - - ------- - -- -- -·- --· - -· - --- - ----- - -·- - ·--·--··· 92
Day, Italian_. _...... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - . - - . .......... . - . . - - - - . - - . - - ....................... . . __ . __ . _ 47, 49
Armament for . . __ ... _.. . -.- - . - - - - - - - ... - - - .. - ...... _. __ _____ ___ __. . ________ .. ___ ... ___ ... _. . . . 49
Climb of. ____.... __ . - . - - . - - - - . . - - - - - - - - . - - - - . - - - - - . - - - .... ___ . _.. ___ . ___ _______________ ... _. . 49
Coefficient of safety of. _____ - .. - ... . ............. __. . _. ___ .. _... _... _.. __ ... . _. __. __ __.. ____ . . 49
Crew of. _-. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - . - - - . - - . - . - - - . - - - - - . . - - . - ....... ...... _. _. _. _____ 49
Endurance of. .. _._ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - ..... ... _.. ____ . _... __ .... _. _.... __ . __ _. . __ 49
Installations for. - - - .. - . - . - - . _- .. _. . .. ...... _.. . __ . _. ____ . ___ _. __ .. . ___ . . ... __ . ______________ 49
Instruments for __ . ____________ .. - - - - - - - - - .. _. - . _. _. __ ____ _______ ......... _. _. ____ ... _. ________ 49
Speed of_ ..... __ _. . - - - - - - - - . - - . - . - - - - - . - - - - - - . - - - - - - __ _. __ __ _. ____ . ___.. ____ .. __.. ___________ 49
Fokker, Dutch---·· - --··- - - - - ---- -- - ----- -- ----- - - - - - -----·········- - ---- - --- - - -----·- ··· ·------ 81
F rench. - - ... - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - . - - ... - . - - - . - - . - - - - - ....... __ . __ -. ____ _ 7, 9, 20, 39
Armament for ....... - -- - - - -. - - - .. - - .. . - - - . - - - - - - - - . - - - - . - __ - - . __ .... _... _.. __ .. __... _. _.. __ . _ 20
Characteristics of. __ ... _____ .. __ . ______ .. _. _. _. __ ... __ _______ .. . ... . .... _.____ __________ .. __ . . . . . . 20
Equipment of __ ____ --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - ___ __ - _. _. _.. __ _. ___ . ___ . __ . __ __. ______ . ___ 20
Fuel for ...... ______ _. - - - - - - - .. - - - .. . - - - . - - _.. - __ __ . _______ .............. _. ___________ . . . . . . . . 20
Requirements of. --- · - -· - -- - -- - - - - - . - - - . - - - . - ... - _. . __________ .. __ .... . . ___ . ____ _. ____ . _____ . _ 20
Hanriot, French .. _. __-..... - - - - .. - - - - . - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - . _. _. ___ . __ . . __ . _. _.. _. . . _. __________ 37
Italian .. _. ___. . _... .. _- -...... - - .. - . - - ... . .... - - . - . - - - - - - - ..... . _.. _.. __ ... ________ ... __ . ___ ____ . . 45, 47
Mars II, Gloucestershire, British .. __ . - . - ... - ....... ____. __ _____ .. __ ... __ .. . __ .. . .. _________ ....... 104
New, French .. ___ ___.... _- - - - - - . - . - - .. .. ... . _- _... _..... _. _. ____ .... -...... ..... _. ____ . _. ____ .... _ 28
 141
Airplanes-Continued. Page.
Night, Italian ... .. . .. ...· .. . .... . ..... _... ___ _...... , . . .. .. .. ·.· ··_ ... ___ ._. ______ ____________ ___ _____ _ 47, 49
Armament for ... _. ..... .. .... ......... .. ... . _... . .. .... ... . .... . __ . . . . .... .. . ..... _. .. . . .... . 49
Climb of .. . .. _...... ... ...... _.... __ ... __ . _. _.... __ ... ___ . ___ .. __ . ____ .. ___ .. __ . __ .. ______ __ _ 50
Coefficient of safety of .. .... ......... . .... . .... . .... . . _.... _. ....... .. .... __ _.. _. __ . _. ___ . ___ _ 50
Crew for .. .... ... . ................... . ............. .. .............. . . ..... _..... _.. .. ..... . . . 49
Endurance of. .. . .. .... ......... . . . ... ... .. _.. .. _......... _... . _. ... _... . _.... _.. .. .. . _. . . .. . 49
Exhaust and mufflers for. .... .. . . ... .. ..... _.. ... _. _..... _............ .. ... ___ . ___ _. _... . __ ... ,19
Installations for ....... ... ..... .. .... ..... ... .... ... . ( ... _... _.. ... ..... . _.. _.. . __ _.. __ . _. . . . 49
Instruments for ...... .. . .. ...... . . ...... . ........... . .. .... ..... . . .. .... ... . . . . _. . ...... . .... 49
Speed of. ..... .... ...... . ......... . .................. ... .... .... ..... ..... _.. ........ . .. __ . _. 50
Visibility of.._ ..... . _. _. . . .... . ........... .. .. _. .... .. . .. . .. . .... .. . ... . . . .. . __ . _. _... . . . .. . _ 49
Potez, French .. .. .......... .. ..... ... . : .. .... ... .. _. ... ... __ ... . _. _. _... . _. _. . ____ . _. . __ . _. . 34
Seaplanes, Dornier, German . ........... . . . .. . .. _.. . .... . . ... ..... . . . _. . . ____ . _. _____ . __ __ __ . _ 72
Siddeley Siskin , description of, British .......... . . ..... .. .. _..... _. _.. . . . .. _. _. . ______ . _. '. .... 117
Sp acl, French ..... . .... ..... ... ..... . ............. ..... . ...... . ...... .. . _.. __ ... ... ..... ... . . 27
Wibault, French ... . . ... . .. ... . . . ... . . . ......... . ... . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. __. . .. _.. . _.. .... . . . _. 35
Racer, Fiat, Italian .... . ................ .. ....... . .... .. ............... . ..... . ·... .... . _. . . . . . . . . . . 54, 57
Racing-
French . ........ ..... ...... .. .. ..... . ... .. . ..... .... . . .. . . .. . ...... . ... . . . __ . _. _, . _.. _. _.. __. . 8
Gordon Bennett, Spad, French . .. . , ... ... .. _..... __ . .... . .... . . . _.... ... . __ _____ __ .. _. _. . __ .. 27
Mars I , Gloucestershire, British . . ... ..... ... _....... __ .. .. ____ .. _.. _...... __ ._._. ___ . _...... . . 103
Recommendat4>ns on .. .. .. .. ........ ..... . ..... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Reconnaissance-
French .. . ... .. ............. ... ........ . ... . ......... . .. . ........... .. . . . ...... _... . .. .. 7, 20, 31, 39
Italian ... .. . . . ...... . .......... ... ..... ... . .. ....... . ..... . . . . ......... . ............... _.... . 47
Strategical , Italian . . . ... . .. . ..... . . . .... . .......... . .. . .. ... .......... . .. .... . ... . ... .. . .. _. . _ 49
Armament for ..... . .... . .......... . . ... .. .... . . _. _.. _. . .... _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Climb of. . . .. ..... . ... . .... . ..... . ......... .. . . . . ... _.......... . . .... . _..... . . ... _. _.... 49
Coefficient of safety of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Crew of .. . ... .... .... . ............ . . ... . .. .. . _. . .. . .. . . . .. . _.. . .. .. . _.... .. .. .. . .. __ .. _. 49
Endurance of. .. .... ...... . -.- . ........................ __ .. .......... . . . . ... _. ___ ......... . . 49
Installations for ...... .. . . . . .. .. - .... ... . ... . ... _. .. . .. ..... . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Instruments for . . ..... ..... ... . . .. ..... .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . __.... ___. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Speed of ... . . .. .... ... .. _..... ..... .. ........... ... ..... ... _....... . _. .. .... _. _. . . . . . . . . 49
Tactical , I tali an ........ ... ........ ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Armament for . . . ..... . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Climb of. . .. . . ... . ... __ .. . ... .. . ..... . .. .... . .... . . . ... . . . .... . .... . ... _.. . _.... . _.... _. 49
Coefficient of safety of .. _..... . ... - . ... . - ........ .. ................... _...... _........... .· 49
Crew for . ... __ . .. .. __ ... ... .... - ... - ........ .. __ .. . . __ .. _... __ ........ . . _... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Endurance of. . . ..... _. _. . ... - - .............. _..... _. ..... . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Installations for . .... .. ..... . ...... .. . . ...... . .. ... . .. ... . ... . . .. . .... ... . ... . ... .. ...... _ 49
Instruments for ....... - .. .. . . .. - . - . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Speed of. .. ....... . ..... . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Ricci, Italian ... ... . _...... _... . . . . . . . .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Salmson-
French . ............. _.... . ... - - ... . - - - - . - - -- . .... .. .. . .. . . . ... . ..... . .. .... .... .. ..... .. . .. ... . 9
I talian .. _.. ..... . . . . __... . ... .. ........ .. . . . ...... . ...... . . ... .. . .. . .... ... . . .. . . . . ...... . . _._ . . 45
Savoia, I talian .. . ... . . .. . __.. - ....... - .. - . . ... .. . .. .... - . - ....... _. _.... .. ....... __ .... _... ... . __ ... . 45,51
Scouting, Mars LV, British ........ - . .. .. .. - ... .. - .. ....... . . -.- ... .. .. . .. ... .. . .. . _. . . ... .... . .. . . .. . 103
Seaplane--
I talian ......... _..... . _.. .. . _. . . . .. .... . . .. . . . _.. .. _._ ...... __ . _______ . .. ___ _______ ___ .. _.. ____ _ 46
Pegna, Italian .. _... ... -.- .. ... _.. .. - . . .... . .. - .. . ... . . . .. . .. .... . . . . _. _. .. . . _______ _. _____ __ ___ __ 46
Seats of, French . .. .. ...... .. ..... .. .... _.. . ... _... . . ...... . . ...... . ... _. ... _.. ___ _. __ __ _. .. ___ . __ . _. 10
Ship-
French ... .. ......... . .. _..... .. ... ... - - - .. - - ... ... . - - .. - - - . - - . . - - . - - - . - - . - ..... . . ... . .... .. ... . 9
Nieuport, French . . .. _....... __ ... . ....... - ---. __ .. ... • . . . __. ..... . ___ . __ . . . _____ ____ . __ ___ _. ___ _ 31
Short Bros., British .. .. ..... .. . ... . . .... ..... . ... . . . . . ... .. . ........... . .... .. .. . .. .... ... .... ... .. . 112
Fuselage of. . ... _. .. .... _.. . ....... - - .. .. - . - . . - ..... : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - . . ... - . - - - ... - - - .. . 112
Radiators for . ....... . . . ... ... ... . .. .. - .. .. . . ..... . ......... . . . . . .. . . .... .. . . ... .. .. . ... .. . .... . 112
 142
Airplanes-Continued . Page.
Siddeley Siskin, British ................ . ... • ..... . _. .. . _... . ... ... . ... __ . . ___ .. __ _.... _.......... .. . 94
Armament for ...... . . _. . . . _.... __ .. _.. . . . _... ...... . .......... _.... . __ ... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 118
Carbureters ............. . .. . . . ... . ... . . . . . _. . __ . _. _.............. __.. . ... .... . _.. _. ... __ . _. . . _.. 118
Climbing tests . . .. . ... ... ... .. _. . . .. ..... .. .... _. __ .. _................ . _. .. .... .... . .. _... _. . __ . . 119
Controllability .. ...................... . .... . . . .. . .... . . . .. . .... . .. . . __... .. .... . _. . .. .. ... __ . . . . 119
Controls of. .. . . . ... . . . . . ... ... ...... __ .. _.. __ .. . .. _.. . __ ... . _. _. . __.. . __ ... .......... . . . ...... _. 113
Descrip tion of. ._ ·_._ .... . ..... . ....... . . . .. . . . ........ .. . . .... ___ . .. __ ._.... . . . .. .. .. . . . ....... . . 112
Effect of gu nfire on .............. __ . . .. . . . _.. . _... . _.... _.. . ... _. . _. __ . _.... __ __. __ . _. .. __ . . . _. _ 114
Engines of. . __.. ..... .. ....... _............... . .... . .. ... .... . ........ _.. _. _. ... . . . .... . .... .. .. . 118
Engine installation on .. _.. . .... . .... . ....... __ .. ___ . _... __ ...... : . __ . . .. : _... __ .. . ___ .. __ .... _. . 113
Equipment for._ ... ...... .. ... . . . . .. _.. . . __. ___ ........ _...... _. _.... . ...... . .... . .............. _ 114
F uel capacity of. _ . _................... . . . . ... .. . . . ... . ............ _. _.. __ . __ .... _... . . . .. .. _... 118
Gasoline system . .... . . .. . .. _. _. . .. . . : . . . __ . _. . ___... _. . . __. . ... . ... _.. . _. . . .... __ ... _.. . ... _.... 113
Gu n i nstallation . ............... . ......... . ... .. ........ .. ... . . __ ... _._. ___ .. . ........ .. .... . .... 114
Landing gear of .. .. ... .. ........... . ... . . .. _....... .. . _.. . . . .. . ... ... __... . _. ... _. . ... . _.. . _. .. .. 113
Load of. . _ .. . ...... .. ... . .......... . . _. . . . ...... . . . ... . .. .. . . ....... . . .. .... _... _. . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 118
Lubrication . .. _... .... ......... .. . .. .. .. _. .......... . ..... . . . .. _...... . . _. ... _. . . _. . ..... _. . . . . 118
Magnetos .... .. . _... . ... . ... _. . _. . . ... ... ... .. _. ... _... . . ·..·. ·......... _.. _. __.......... . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Military load . . ...... . ................ . ___ .... . ....... ... ... .. .. . . . ... .. ............. _. . . . . . . . . . . 118
Performance . . . . ..... . .. _.. .... . _.. .. __ . ... ___ . _.... _·. . . .... . __ . ____ . __ . _. . . .. .. . . .. _. . . . . . .... _ 113
Performance report .... . ............. _.......... . ... . . . .. . .... . ..... . .. .. ... . ... _._ .... ·. ... .. .... 117
Power u nit . .. . . . ... _..... . . . .. . .... _. ... _.... _................ _.. . ..... . _.. . . _,__. __• . . . ..... __ . _ 119
Radiators .. _... . . . ... . . _. .. . . . .. . _.. .. __ . . __ . __................ : .. . .... ... .. . . . .. .. ............. 118
Special features.of. . . . ......... . ... .. .... . . . . .. ... . ..... . ......... . .... . . . _. . . _. _......... _. _.. . 118
Speed t<;ists . . _. .. _..... _.. . _. _.. ___ _. __ . _. _. .. _. . . .. . . . . __ . .. . _.. . __ ... __.. . _.... _... _.. _....... 119
Stability of. . . _.... . ......... .. . ·- .. . .. . . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Structural strength . .. . ... .. ... . . . __ .. . ... . ... _. .. . __ . . . .. . .... . . . __ -- - - -- - - _________ . . .. ........ 113
Trussing . . . . ... . . _....... . ..... . . . . ... . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . ........ . .. . . . __ __ .... .. _..... . . ....... 114
Weight of .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . .... ... ... . .. _. .. . .. _. ............. _.. . . . . . _. . __ .. . . ___.. .. ... . __ 118
Silver Streak , British ... __.... _. . . . ..... _. . . . .. _.................. _.. . _.. . . . . ·__...... . ... .. . . ...... _ 92
Description of . . _.......... . .. _... _. . ... _.. . _................... . . . . : ....... .. ... .. ... _. . . . . . . . . . 112
Single-seater-
Fiat C. R ., Italian .. . . . .. . ............. .. .. . . __ _. . ·... ... ... .. ... .. .... .. ..... . .. _..... . ... .. . . ... 56
Spad, French . .... . . .. . ...... . ......... . . _... . . .. _.... . ... . . . _. . . . ... ... . _.. . . _. . .. __ . . . . . __ . . .. 8
Sopwith Snipe, British .. . . _ . . . . _. . _. _.. _. .. . ___ .. ___ . . _. . ____ .. ___ .. __ .. ___ . _. __ ... _.. .. .. .. ........ 96
Spad, French .... .. _.. . . . _.. . . . . .... . ... .. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Spad 20, French ........... _...... . ................. .... ..... . .......... . . . . _.. .... . _. _. . _... . __ . .. . _ 27
Spad Herbemont , French ......... _......... .. . . .......... . ................... . ......... . ............ 28
Spad Herbemont S-34, French .. . . . . .. ...... .... ... . ............. __ ............ . ......... .... . . _.. .. _ 29
Spad, Italian ... .. . .. . . .... .. ... .. _. . ...... _. . . . .. .. _. _. ..... .. .. .. ........... _.... . ..... . ....... .. . 45
Staaken Zeppelin, German ...... . .... .. .... . ... ... ... . ........ . .... . ... .. .... .. .. . . . . .. . . .... _.. , .. __ . 75
Stiavelli , Italian .... .. .... . .... .. . . . .. _. .. . . - .. ... _. . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
SVA, Italian .... . . . __ .......... ____ .. ----- __. . .. . .................. . .... . .. . ..... . . . . . .. . . . . __ ___ .. __ 45
Tactical reconnaissance, Italian ....... . . . .... . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Tandem, Caproni, I t alian .............. . .. . ... . .. . ...... . ... . ... . .................... ·. . . ... .. . . .. . 58
Target, Italian . ............ ... ... . .. ........ . _. . _.. . .... . ... . . .. .. . . _... . . . . .. _. _. . .. . . . _....... _. . . 50, 60
Tires of-
Palmer. Brit ish . .................. _... __.... _.. . _. . . . .. . . . .. _.... .. . __. ... _.. _. _. _.. ___ .. __ ... . _ 92
Palmer flat-tread, French . ............... . . _...... . ... _..... . ... . ..... . ... .. . .. . . .... . .......... 32
To be purchased in Europe ...... . .... . ... . .... . . . .. . .. . . ... .. . . ..... . . .. .. . . ................. . _. ... _ 129
Torpedo . ... .. . . .... . .. . ............. . ... .. .... . ...... . ... .. .. .. ... . . . . ....... . __. .. .. . . . .... . ...... . 127
British.... .. . . ...... .. .. .. . .. . . . . ... . ... .. . . __. ........ ... ... . ....... . ... _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Acceptance of. ... .. ........ . .... .. ... .. _... . . .. .. _. . . .. .. ... ... . . _. . _. ....... _.. _.. . .. _. ... _ 98
Air Ministry specifications for ..... . . . . .. _. _. . . . . ..... . .......... . .... . ... .. .. . .. ... .. ... . .. _. 97
Contractor's tests . ....... . . . ..... .. ... . ... .. ...... .. . . . . .. .. ..... . . .. . _......... . ... .. . _... _. 98
Contract performance .. . .. . . .... . . . ... . . __. .... . .. .· ............. . ... __ . _. _... ___..... . .... __ 97
Cooling system . . .... . .. .. ... . .... . .... . ... . _.... . .... . . . .. . ......... _. .. . ...... .. . _. . . . . . . . . 97
Crew and armament for ...... , ... _... . . ·... _........ . . . .......... .. . . _.. __... __.... . . _.. ___ .. _ 98
Delivery of. ... ...... .. . . .... _. .. __ . .. _...... . ......... . ......... . .. .... .... . .... . .... __ .. _.. 98
Equipment for . .. . . .. .. ... ... . ........ . - . ... .. ... .... _... ... . . .. .- ............... . ... .. . __ . . __ 98
Fuel t anks for .... _... . . .... __ . . . . . _.. . . _. ...... _... . .. .. . . . ........ .. . _. _.... _. . .... . _. . ____ 97
Gasoline p umps for . . . ...... . ... .. .. .. _. .. ... ... ...... _. . . . . _. ..... ___ _.. __ . .. • . . ... . .. .. __. . . 97
 143
Airplanes-Con tinned.
Torpedo- Continued.
British-Continued. Page.
Landing requirements of...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Load to be carried... ... ........... . .. ... . .. .. . .... .... ... . .. . ...... .. . . . ... ......... . ....... 97
Miscellaneous requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Spare parts for........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Specifications for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Structural strength of..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Farman, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
l?okker, Dutch ........... . . . . ..... .. ........ . .... . ................... ... ... ...................... 81, 85
French . ................ .. ............................ .. .... . ... . ... .. ...... .. .......... . ...... . 9
Handley-Page, British .......·...... .. . . ... . .. .... ...... . ... . .... ... . . . .. . . . . . ..... . .............. 105
Touring, Spad , French ... • . . ........ .. ...................... . ....... : ................................ 27
Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Ansaldo; Italian .... . ...... . . . . ........ ........... .. .... : ..... ... ... . ................... . ......... 59
Avro, British. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
British................... . ........... . ... ... ... . .... ... ... . ....... . . . ..... . . . . .... . .. .. ..... .. . 94
French... . ......... . . . ................... . .... .. . .... .... . ....... . ................ . . .. .... . .... 7, 9
Hanriot, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Italian.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Side by side-
Dayton-Wright... . . .... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Spad, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Spad, French........................... .. .... .. . . . . . . ............... . .. . .............. . ... .... . 29
Two-seater, Mars III, Gloucestershire, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Trans-Atlantic Fiat, description of, Italian .......... . . . . ...... . ..... . ............. : . ·_.................. 57
Transport-
Berline, Spad , French ...... ... ... ....... ....... ... . .... .. ...... .. ....... .... . ... , ........... . ... 29
Breguet Leviathan, French.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Caproni, Italian... . .. .. ... ....... .... . ............ . .. . . ................. .. ........ .. ............ 60
Farman Goliath, French.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Spad, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Trimotored-
Monoplane, Morane Saulnier, French. . ............................ . ........ . . . . ... .... .. . . ... . ... . 35
Night bombardment, French.............. . .... ... . .. ..... . . .. .................. . ............... 24
Tri-place-
French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Armament for , French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Characteristics of, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Equipment for, French..... . .... . .... .. .. . ..... . ... . .... . . . .. . . . ... . .. ... . ..... .. ... ... .... . . 24
Fuel for, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
General requirements for, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Spad, French.................... . ........ .. ... .. ............................. . ................ . 27
Triplane, Bristol , British... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Troop carrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
British.... . ....... .. ............. .. ...... . ....... . ... ...... . . . ................ . .. ........ . ... . . 93
Vickers Vimy, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Twelve-passenger, Fiat, description of, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Twin-float training, French....... ..... . . . .... . . . .. . ................. . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Twin-motored, French .. .. ...... .. ................... , ...... . .. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Two-seater, Spad, F rench. ..... . ... ... .. .... .. ....... .. ....... ... . ................. . .. .. ... ... .... .. 8
Vickers Vimy, British . . .... ... .. .. .. . . . ... .· . ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Wibault....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 34
Wing construction, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Wings, folding, Potez, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Zeppelin Staaken, German .... . ............. . ............. ... ... ....... '. .... ... ................. .... 75
Air port, London, British . ................ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Air Service Engineering Division, United States .... . ..... ... ...... ....... . ...... . ... . .... . ... 38, 58, 76, 81, 96-127
Purchases for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Airships:
Comment on, Italian.. ...... ..... ... ... ... ..... .......... .... .. . ............ ... ........ . ............ . 51
Comparison of, German ...... . .... .. .·. .. ... . . . . ... ... . .... . ..... . . .. .. . .. . ... . ... .. ....... . .. ..... .. . 71
Compartments in, German ........ ....... ............................ .. ........... ...... ... .. .. ... ... . 64, 65
 144
Airships - Contin ued. Page.
Landing on, British . . . . . .. . . ... ... .......... . .... . . . ...... . .... . .. . ... . .. .. ... . .... . ............... . . 96
Property of whom, German ..... ... ......... . ........... .. . . ....... . ... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ........... . .. . . 65, 67
Semi.rigid , I tali.an ....... .. .... . . ... .. ... .. ..... . . ...... . ......... .. . . ............ . .... .. . . ..... .. ... . 51
Zeppelin, German ......... . ... .. .. .. ..... .. ....... . .................. . ... ..... ... ............ .. .... . . 63,69
Air station, Isle of Grain, England ... ........ . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . .... . .......... .. . . . ..... . .. . ..... . ... . 94
Aladdin heat-retaining jar, British . .. .... ..... .... . ....... .. ..... . . ........................... . ...... .. . . 111
Alcohol fuels, B ritish ...... . .......... . .. ... .. ... ....... _.. ... . _. _.. . . _. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . _. __ ... . .. . __ . . 94
Aldis sights, French .................................. . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . __ .. .. _... . _...... .. . . 34
All-metal :
Airplanes- .
Bolton & Paul, British .... . ..... .. . . . ..... . ........ . ..... . ....................... . .. ..... .. . . ... . 111
British ... ... ......... . .... . ...... . .. . : . . . . . . .... .. . ...... . .. . ...... . . . . . .. .. . .. ... ............. . 92
French ............. .. .. . ....... : .. . . .. .... . .. . - . - ......... - .. . - ......... - . .. - - - · - · - - · · · - - · · - · - · · 7
Short B'ros. , British .. .. ............. ... ___ ..... __ .............. _.. _.. . .. _.. __ ._ .... . . . ....... _.. . 112
Construction- ·
French ...... ... .. - ... .... . .. - ... - .. . .. - . - - - . - - - - - · - - - - - · · · · - · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · - · · · · · - · - · · · · · · · · · · · · 8
Zeppelin Dornier .Co. , German . . . ... .... ....... . .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . . ..... . ... . ..... . .. ... . ... . . ..... . . 72
Propellers, British ..... . ....... . ..... . .... __ .. .. . . ... ... __ .. . _... _..... __ .... _... . _. __ ... _. . . _.. _. . . 96
Allotment of n umbers to drawings, Wibault system, French .......... ... .. .. . . .......... . .............. . ... . 27
Allowance, ammunition, British . ...... . ......... ... . ......... . .... .. .. . ........ __ .. _. _.. ... . • . . .. ... . .. . . 96
Alloys:
Magnesium, German .... . .... ...... .. . . . ....... .. _... . . ... . . . .. ... . . . _.. . _. . . . .. _. .. . _. _. _.... __ ... . 63
Steel. .... . ......... . . . . . .. . .. . .. ______ ... __ . __ _. _. .. . _... __. _... .. ... . ___ . _. _. __ .. _... ___ _.. _. _. . . __ 128
British._ . . ... ... . .. ..... .. _.. . . ... . ... .. ... . .. ... . .. .... .... . __ .. . . _. _. _. _... __ _. __ _. ___ . . . __ .. _ 92
Alloy steel tubing .................... . __ ...... . ....... . ....... .. . . __ . .. _. . ___ ... _. _.. _.... __ . _. .. . _. _. _. 128
Alteration of airplanes, ease of, Fokker , Dutch . . . .. ............. . ........ . ..... . ......... _. ... _.. . . . . .. .. . . 81
Altimeter , French . . . .. . ...... .. ... . ....... . ..... __ _... . . ... . _.. ..... _..... _... . . . . ____ .. __.... _.. _.. ... . 16
Altitude:
Airplanes, Spad, Fren ch ........... . . .......... . . . .. . . . . ... . . .. ... . . . . .. .. _. . . . . __. _. . _. __ .. . _. .. . _.. . 27
High, airplanes, French . . . . . . .. .... . ......... . ... _.. . . .. . . . . .......... _. ___ . . __ _. _. . _.... . _... . _... . 10
Alula wing, British . .......... . .... . ... .. ..... __ . .... . _.. _. _....... ___ . . ____ . ___ ._ ._. ___ . .. __.. _. . __. .. . . 91, 96
Conclusions, British ..... . ................... _.... _. . .. _. . . __ .. _. . . . .... . _. _. .. . _. ..... . . __. . . . __. _.. _ 96
Description of, British . . . . ........... ...... __ .... _. . ..... __ . _. . _... _____ __ . __ . . _... __ ... _. . . __ . . . _. _.. . 96
Wind tunnels results of, British ... . ..... . . .. . .. .. . . ......... , . . ................ __... _... _.... : .. . .. _.. 97
Ambulance airplane . .. . . . .. ... .... .. .... . ..... .. .......... ... . .. . ... _. . .... . . _.. . . _.... . . . _. . . ___ _. _.. . 127
Breguet, French ............ . .................. . ... . .... . .... . .... . . _. __ .. ____ . ___ . __ . . ... . . _. . ... __ 32,33
British .. . .. . .. .. . . ... . .... . .... . . . ... . .. . . ... .. .. . ... . _.. _. . __._ . .. _..... __ ... ___ . __._ . __. . .. _.. . . _. 93
Air Ministry specifications for. .. .. ..... . ... .. .............. . ............. . . . . . . ...... . ...... . .... . 109
Contract p erformance ..... . . .. ... .. ........ .. . . . . .. . .. . __.. . __. __.. _........ _... .. . . . _. _.. _.. _. . _ 109
Cooling performance .............. .. .. . . _. . . _. _. ...... _....... . ........ _. . _.. __.. .. _. _.. . __ . .. . . . 109
Cooling system .. . . . . . . . .... . .............. . .. .. . _..... _... . _.. _. ___._ .. _._ . . _.. . : ._ .. . ___._._ . ... . . 109
Crew and equipment of. . .. . ... . ... .. . . .. . . ." . . . . ... . ...... .. ................. __ ... . . . ... . . . ...... . 109
Equipment for ....... .. . . ... . .... . ................... . .... ... .. . .... . .... _. . ............. . . . . . . . 109
Gasoline system .... . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. ... .. ... ... ... .. .. ........ . .. ... . . .. . _... . ... . ... ... . . . _. __ .. . 109
General requirements for ........ . .. . . . ... . . . . .. .. ... . .... . .... . ...... __ _.. __ ... __ . _. .. __ .. _. .. __ . 109
Instruments for . . .... . . . ..... . . ..... .. .. ................... . . .. ... .. ... ... .. . _.......... . . . .. . .. . llO
Loading of. . ... . ... .... ... . ................. . . . .. . ....... .. ... . ......... . . .. ..... _... . ...... .. .. . 109
Miscellaneous requirements ......................... . . ........ .. .. .. ... . .. _.. __.. _. . _. . _.. __ .. _. _. 111
Power unit ............. _. . .... . .. ........... . . ... ... . . . . . . _. . ...... . . _... . ... .. _.. . __ . . . . . _. ___ 109
Structural strength . . . . . . .... . . . ....... . ................ . ... . ..... .. ...... __ _. _.. ___ . __ . _. . . . _. _. . llO
Wireless for ....... . .. . . .......... .. ....... . . . .. . .. ... ... . . ... _... _. .. _... _.. __. _. . . .... . __ . _. _.. no
Ammunition:
Allowance, British.. ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Boxes, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
For Lewis guns ..... .. . ... .. . . .... . . . .. . . . ... .. .. . . . . .. . . ........... . .... .. ... _.. . ... . ..... . _.... 17
Amphibian airplanes: ·
British . . ... ... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Fairey, British. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Parnell , British.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Sup er-Marine, British . .. ...... .. ..... . ...... . . . . . . .... . . ..... .. ... . . . . : . ... . . .. . .......... . . .. .. .... 93
Vickers, British.. .. .......... . ....................... . .............................. . .. ... .. . ... . . . . 93
Amphibian flying boats, Vickers Viking, B'ritish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
 145
P age.
Anacostia, D. C................ _. .... . .... .. ....... . .... .. . _.. _.. ... .. . _... . . ..... __. . . .. .. ... _... ... . .. 53
Angles, duralumin :
French ...... .. .................... . ......................... . ....... _._ .............. : . .. __ . : ....... 8
Potez, French ....................................... . ... . ..... . .......... __ .... . ..... . . _. . ... . . . . . . . . 34
Animal gut gasoline tubing, British .... _. . __. . . . . ... _. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... . . _.. __ . . . ... _... . ... . ..... _. _. . . . . . 120
Annular fin radiator, French ...... . ..................... _. .... _... .. . .... .. . .... _...... . . _.. . .... .... . .. . . . 31
Ansaldo:
Airplanes, Italian .............. .... . . .... .. ................. . ......... . ............................. 45, 59
A- 200 airplanes, Italian .......... : ............................ . .. _.. . ....... _. . ... _. .. __ . . ........... 59
A- 250 airplanes, Italian ... . .. . . . . .. .. _. .. . _. :. __. .. . . . ... _..... . ... _... . .. ........... . ....... _...... . 59
A-300- 4 airplanes, Italian .......... _..... ' .......................................... . .. __ .... .. . . ... . 59
Co., I t alian ...... . ........... . .............. . .. _, ..... . ... . . . . .. . . . .. . _... . . _. ...................... . 46,59
Engines, Italian ....................................... . .. .. .................................... ... . 46,51
School airplanes, Italian ........ '. .................. . ..... _........ _.... .. .... . .... _... . _... .... .. ... . 59
Types, Italian ... . . . . ·......... . ... .. . _..... . . . . _.. . .. . .... . ·. .... . . _. . . _.... .. ........ . .. _.......... . 46
Antenna, French .................. _.............. . .................................. _. .... _. ... .... . . _. _ 19
An zani engines, Italian .... _.. _. .... _.... _. ...... . .. . ...... _... . ... . ... ... . _.... _. .. . _. .... _.............. · 52
Apparatus:
Oxygen, French ..................... . ... . ..... . . . ............................. . . _. .. . ..... . _. .. . .... 19. 24
Silencer , Fren ch .................................. . ..... _. _.............. .. . . . .. .. . . . .. _. . ..... . .. _.... 7
A. R. F. Fiat airpla;nes, description of, Italian .... .. ... ... . _.... _. .. . _. ... . . . ... .. . . ...... . .. _.......... _.. 57
Armament :
And equipment, French . ... . ....... _.... _.. _. . . . .. : .. ... .. .. _.. . ... . . . . ... .. _. . . . . ............-.... ·... 11
Ansaldo, Italian .. _............................. . ......................... . ............. . ...... __ . _.. 59
Arrangement of, French ... _.... . . . ... _.......... _. ....... _...... .. . __.... .. . . __. .. _..... _. . ........... 16
Breguet Sesquiplan, French....... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
French .... . .............................. -...................... ~....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20
General requirem ents for , French ................. . _....... . .....· ..... . .... . ... . .. . ........... _.. _.. . 25
Italian ............. . ..... . ..... . ... . . . . . .................... . .................. . ..... _. . ... . ... . . . __ 46
Low-altitude fighter, French ..................... ... . ... .. . .. . . .. . . . .... . . . . ... .. ... _. . ............... . 20
Machine gun, for French aircraft ................... . ................. . ...... . ................... _...... 25
Service , aerial, Italian ... . ........... ... ............ . ..... . .. . .... . ... ... ......... . ... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British ................ . ........ _. . . . . ..... . .... . ...... _............ . . . 113, 118, 119
Torpedo airplanes, British ............ ·..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Armchairs for dirigibles, Italian ... . ............... . . .. . .. . .. . ..... . . . . . . ... . .... . ... . ·....... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·51
Armored :
Airplanes .......... . ............. . .. . ... - .. - - -. .. - .. - . ... . .. . -..... - - . .. . . .... - .... .. - ............ . 127
F rench .......................... .. ... . .... _. .... . ........... . ........ . . . . __ ....... . . _... .. . .. . ... . . 7, 22
General requirements for. ........ . ..... . , . . .... _.... . .. . . .. ... . .. . ........ . .................. . 22
Seats , airplane, French ........ . ......................... . ...... _................... . . . .. . . _. ·......... . 22, 24
Two-place airplanes, French . ...... _...... . ....... ... .. _......... _. . .. _.... __. .. ... . . .. . ............. . 22
Armament for ............ . ....., .......... . . . ....... . .. _. ................ . ........................ . 22
Characteristics of. ... . .. .. .... . ... _. ... _.. ............................ . .... . .. ....... . . . .. . . _... . 22
Equipment for ............... _. ..... . . .. ... . .... . .... . .... . ... . ... - ...._.. .. ..... . ................ . 22
Fuel for ...... . ........... . ... . .. _...... . .. . . . .. . ........ . _..... _.................. _. ... _.. . .. _.. . 22
Armor for aircraft , French .................... . .. ... .. . .... ... ... . .. . . . .... _... _... ... . . . . _.. . . .. . . ...... . 23
Armstrong Siddeley motors , British . . ......................... . ..... _...................... . ........ _. . . . . 114
Arm, whirling:
French ................................................ . ... . . . ..... .. .. . ............................. , 26
Italian .................................. .. . . .. . . ..... - . . . .. . . . . - - . .. - - ... . - - ... .. ....... . .......... . 50
Army airplanes produced in Italy in 1921. ...... . ................. : ............................ .. .... .. .. . 45
Arrangement of:
Armament, F rench ...................................................................... . .. __ . . .. __.. 16
Bombardment airplanes, French. _.. . . _. ............................................... . .. . . ... __.. . . . 17
Cockpit instruments, French ............................. . . . . . ... _. . .. . ...... . ........................ . 16
Cockpit instruments and indicating apparatus, French ........... '.................... _. . ... . . .. . __. .. .. _ 16
Electrical equipment , French ............................. . .... . . . . .. . .. . . ......... _................ . 19
Photographic equipment , French ....... . ................ . ....... . ..................... . ..... . ..... _. . 19
Propellers, Dornier, German ....................... ... . . ............ . .............. ... __ . . . . ... . ..... . . 74
Arrivals and departures, Croydon Airdrome, British ....................................................... . 123
A. R. S. Fiat airplanes, Italian .. . .. , ................. . . . .......... . ...................... _. .... . . . ...... . . 57
Articles to be purchased in Europe._ ... . ..... . . _........... _.... . . . ... . . . ..... . ... . ... . ... . .............. . 129
14799- 23~ -10
 14-6
l'agc.
Assembly and disassembly, French ..... .. ...... . ..... ... .... .... ................... . ...... . . ...... ..... . . ]2
Assembly: '
Ease of, French ............. . .... . ......... . .... .... ....................... . ....................... . 11
. French . . : .... ............ . .......... . ... .... ............... .. . ........ . ........ . ........ .. . ... . ..... _ 11
Petro flex tubin g, British . ......... . .. . .... . ..... . . . . ....... . .......... ... ................ . ....... . ... . 120
Attachment of propellers, French ...... .. .... . ................................................ . . . . . ....... . 16
Attack airplanes:
French ... . ............. . .. .... . ........ . ....... . . . . ..... .... _....... . ........................ . .... __ . 23
Ground , Italian ........... . ......... . .... . . . ................... _. . . . . _. ....... . . . . .... . ... . . . . 48
Attack and bombardment airplanes:
Biplace, French ........ . . . .... . .. . ....... . .. . .. .. ............. .. . . ...... .... . .. . ...... . . .. . ....... . 23
General req uirements for ..... .... ... . ... .. . . . . .. . . .. . ..... . ... . . . ... . . . . ............................. . 23
Austrian prisoners in Italy, use of. ....... . .. . . . ... ............. .. .. . ................................ . . . ... . 60
Author's note on the technical report .......... , .. . ...... . . .. . . . ... . .. . . . ... . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . ... . .. . . .... . ... . 127
Autogenous welding, Fokker, Dutch .... . ....... . ............. . .. ...... . ...... . . . .. . . . ..... . . . . ........... . 84
Automatic--
Cannon-
Fiat, Italian . .. ... . ............. ·. ... . . . ....... . .. . . ..... ... ..... , ..................... . .... . . . . . . . 57
French . ....... .... ........... . ....... . . . .... ... ..... . ....... . ... . ..... . .... . ........... . . . . .. . .. . 20
Control, target airplane, Italian .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .... . ... . . . . . .. ...... ...... .... ... . . .. ......... . ..... . . 60
Glide, French ................ . . .. ......... .. .... ... .. . .............. . . . ................ . ..... . .. .. . . 10
Stability, Farman Goliath, FTench .. .............. . . . ..... . ....... .. ... . ......... . ....... . . . ..... . ... . 36
Starters , FTench . . .................. . ..... . ... . .... . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. ...... . .... . .... ·..... .. . . .... .. . 24,25
Auxiliary-
Controls, bombing, Frenh ... . . . .. . .. . .. .. ...... . .. . . . ....... . ....... . .. . . . ............ . . .......... .. . 18
Gasoline pump, British .. ..... ... ... ......•. . ............ . .... . .... . ............ . ........ . .. . . . ..... . . 109
Available motors for aircraft, French . . . . .. . ... .. .................... ·. , .. . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . .. . . .............. . 39
Aviatik airplanes , Italian .... . ....... . . ....... . ... . . .. ....... .. ...... ... .... . ........................ . .. . . 45
Aviophone, French .. . . . .... . ............... . ............... . ........ . .... . ...... . ....... . ... .. _. . .. .... _ 7, 17
Aviation , commercial, British ..... . . . .... . .. . . ...... ..... . ... . .. . . ... . .. ... . ..... . .... . ... _... . ..... .. .. . _. 121
Avro training airplanes, British .. . ..... ... .. .. ....... .. . . ..... . ...... . ............ _.. . ................... . 94
Axis of fixation, machine gun, French .. ................... . .... .. ....... . .... . . . ..... ... ... ..... ..... _. ... . 16
Axles, French ............... .. .... .. ... . ... . ..... . ....... . .. . ... . ..... .. ... ... . .. .......... . .. .. . ... . . .. _ 11
Baggage compartment, commercial airplanes, Spad, French ............ .... ........ ..... . .. ...... .. __ ..... _. 28
Bags, sand, for deck landings, French ......... . ...... . ....................................... _.. . . .. . ..... . 8
Balanced aerodynamic , French ......... . .. . ... . .... . .......... . . . ......... .. ........... . .. . ... .. . ......... . 26
Balanced control surfaces, French ....... . .. .... ........ . . ...... . . . . . .... . . ........... . .... . ......... . .. . .. . 9
Balance:
Issy des Moulin eux wind tunnel , French ..... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . ... . .... . . . .. . . . . .... . ....... .. . . . .. .... . . . 2(,
Propellers, F ren ch .. . . . . ..... .... ... .... .... . . . . . ... ... .. .. .............. . ........... .. .... . ... . .... _ 16
Tourelle, French .... . ........... . ... .......... .. . . .... .. .... ... . . . .. . . . . . ·. ...................... . . _. _ 17
Balilla airplanes, Italian . ........ . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . ..... . ........ . .. .... .... . ....... . . . . . ..... . .. ... .. ... . 45
Ballonets for th e L-72 , French ... ..... . . .. .. . . . .. . ..... .. ..... . ..... . ... . ..... . .. ... .. . . ... ... ... , ..... _. . 41
Balloons:
Meteorological, pilot, French . . .... . .... . .... . ... . .... . ............. . ..·: .... ... ... . .... .... ........... . 41
Observation, Italian ................................................. . . .. ... __ ..... . _......... . ... _. . 46
Batteries, storage, French ........... .. .. . . .. ... . . . .... . .... ... ............ .... ... . _... . ... . . .... .... . .. . ]9
Bayerische Motor Works , German ............ .. . . ..... ... .. ... .......... . . . .. .... ....... . ............. __ .. 77
Beam, sound reflector, British .... ... .... .... ..... ......... .... . ............ . .............. . . . .. . .. . .. .. __ 96
Bearings for Condor engines, British ......... ... : . . .. ... ..... . ...... . . .. ..... . . .......................... . 99
Beds for dirigibles, Italian ... . ........... . . .. .......... . ......... . .. . ... .. . . . . .. .. ... . . _.. .. .... ... . .. _. _
Belt , gunners' , method of fastening, French .... ... . .... . ..... .. .............. .. ........ . .... . ..... . .... _..
Bertine transport airplanes, Spad , French . .......... .... ... . . . .......... . .. ...... . . . . ...... .. _..... _. . . . . .
Berne deck flying, Hanriot , French ...... . .............. . .. . .. . ............. . .... . ... _.. . . .. . . . . . .. _.. __.
Bevel reduction gears, British .... .... . .. . .. .. , .... . . . . .. .. .. . .................. .. ........... _...... __ . __ _

!!:~~o!~ 1
~i~;! : :s~ -F~-~~·~h:: .· .-. -. ·.:: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::'. :::·::::::
Biplace pursuit airplanes, French ... ... ........ . .......... . ......... . . ....... . . . .. . . . .... .. __ . .. __ ._ . . _..
Bi place pul'Suit and night reconnaissance aiTplanes, French ............. . ....... . ............ _. ... .... . ... .
Armament for .......... . . .. . . .. .... . ...... . ....... . ........ . .... . . .. . ............. . .. _. __. __ . _____ _
Characteristics of. .. . . ... . . ...... .. .... . .... . .... .. .. . _....... . . .. ............ . ... _.... . . .. _. . ___. __ .
Equipment for .......... . ............. . ........ . . .. ... . .. . ..... . . . . __ . ... . .. . .. . ..... ____ _._. _. __ . __ _
Fuel for . . . ..... . ..... .. . ... ... ....... . ........ . ... . .. ... ..... .. . .. .... . .. _. .. .... . ... .... . . . . .. . .. .
 ]47
Page .
Biplane wings, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Blackb urn Co ., British ... .. . . ... .. . ....... . . . . . . .. . . .... .. ... . . . ... . ..... . . . ... . . . .. .. .. . ...... ... ....... 93
Blaisdell petro fl ex t ubing, British . . ... ...... ... ... . .. ..... ..... . . .. ....... ..... .... .. .... . . . . ... . .. . . . .. 95, 120
Blankets, h eating of, ambulance planes, French.... . . . . .. . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . ...... .. .... . . . . .. . . 33
Bleriot commercial airplanes, French . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . .. .. . .... .. .. . ... . . . .. ........ . . . . . ....... ... . .. . . . . . . - 28
Bleriot Spad H erbemon t Co., French. .. . . . .. . ... . .. .. .... . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .... ... .. . 27
Bleriot Spad Herbemon t t ypes, F rench. . ... .... . . . . ... .... ... . .. ... ... . ... ... .. .. . . . . ... .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 27
B. M. W. motors :
Dut ch..... ... . . ... . .. . .... ..... .. . ... . . .. .. . ... . . .. . . .. . ... .. .. .. ..... ...... .... . .. .. ...... ... . .. . 83
German . ... .... . . . . . . ... . ... .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .... . . . . . . ..... . .. . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . ... . . . ... . . . .. . . . . ... 72, 76
Conclusion , German ..... .. ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Di fference of m ake, German .. ... . .... ... ..... ..... ...... .... ... . . .... :..... .. . . . . . ... . . . .. . . ... . . 77
Fail ures of, German . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . ... . . .. . .. . .... .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. . .... ..... .... . : 77
R eport on , German ......... ... . .. .. . .. ..... .... ....... .... .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .... . . .... . ... ... . . .. .. 77, 78
Service results, German . .. .. ....... . ... . . . . . .. . .. : .. . . . . . ..... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .... . . .. . .. . . 77, 78
T ype, German,. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Boat bottoms, concave, Italian ... ... .. ... . . . .. . ... . . .. . .. ... .... .. .,. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . ...... . . .. ..... . . ·. . . . . 51
Boats, flying :
Large, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Savoia, Italian .... . ... . ... . . ...... .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . ... . ...... . ....... . ..... .. .. . . .. ... . . . . . . . .. 51
Bodensee, ex-German Zeppelin ... ·. . .. .. . ... ..... . . . .... . , . .... ...... . . . .. ... . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .... .. . ... ... . 71
Bolton & Paul , British .. .. ..... ...... .. . .. . . .... . . .. . . .... .... . . ... . . .. . . .... .... . ........ .. . ... . . .. . .. 92, 111
Bolton & Paul mufflers, British .. . . . ..... .. . .. . .. .. ..... .. . . ... . . . . ... . .. .. .. . . . ....... . ...... .. ... . . .. . . 95
Bolsheviks, effect on Italian aircraft industry. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Bolts, specifications for, French .. . . .... . . ... ... . ... . . .... . .. . . ........... ... .. .. .... . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . ... . 11
Bombardment airplanes:
Bol ton & Paul, British . . . . . .. . .. . . . ..... . . . . ·... .... . .... . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . ... . . .. . .'. .. . .... .. 111
Colonial, French . .. .... ... . .. . . ... .. ... . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . . ... .. ... . ... 25
Day-
British .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
French .. ...... ... . .. . . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. ... .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. .. . 9
Italian . .... . . . . . . ....... .... .... .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . ·. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . 48
Day and night, Italian .. . .. . . .... .. .. . . . ... . .. . ..... .. . . .. .. ... . .. . . . ..... . . .... ...... .. . . ... .. . . . . . 48
De Haviland , British. . . .. .. ... . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .... .. . . . . ..... . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . .. ..... . . ... 101
French . . ... . . ... . ... .. . . ... . . .. ....... .... ... .. .. ... .... ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... . . .. 20, 22, 23, 39
.Armament for .. . . .... .. . .. . . . .... . . . . . . .. . .. .... .. ... . .. . . .. . . . ...... .. . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
.Arrangem ent of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Bombs for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Cli,aracteristics of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Equipment for... ........ ... .. .. ... ..... .. . .. . ... .... . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... ..... .... ........ .. . . . . . . . . 23
Field of visibility of. ... . .. .. . ... . .... .. . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . .. .. . . .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
F uel for. . .. .. . .. . . . . . ..... . .. . . . .. .. ... ..... .... . . .... .. . ..... .. ..... ...... ..... ... . ... .. . .. . . . . . 23
General requirements for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 22
Installation of sigh ts. . .. .... ..... ... . . .. . . . .... . . .... . . .. . .. . . .... . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . 17
Installation of tourelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

~:~:~~:!:~f~~·.-.· :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Silen cers for .... . ....... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. ...... .... ....... ..... .. . . . . ..... .. . .. ... . . _. . . .. . . . .
18
16
14
Visibility of. .. ... . . ..... . . . . .. .. . . . . .... . . .... .. .... .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. ... . .... . . . . .. . 17
Italian . . .. .. ... . . . . . . . .. . . .. .... ....... ... . .. . ....... . ... . .. . . . : .. . . .. .... . . . . . ... . ........... . _... . 45
Night-
British . . . .. . .. ... .. ... . ... .. ..... . : .. ..... . . .... ... . . . .... .... . . .... . . .... . . ........ ..... .. . . . . 93
Farman Goliath , F ren ch .. .... .. . . . . . . . ... ..... ..... .... . . ..... .... . . .. .. . . .. . . .... .. .. .. .... .. .. . 36
F rench . ... . .. . . . .... . . ... . .... . . . ...... . . . ....... .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . .. .. .. ... . . . .. . . . 8, 24
General requirements for .. . . ... ... .. . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . ... . .... .. . .. . . . .. . . .. ... .. .. . . . .. . 24
Pusher , visibilit y of, French . . .. . .. .... . ... . . . . ..... . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . .. . ... .. . . . . .. . .. . .... . . . . . .. .. . 18
Three-motored, Potez, F ren ch . . . .. .· . . . .. . .... ... . .... .... .. .. . . . . . . . .... ... . .. .. . . . .. . ... ..... .. . ... . 8
Tractor, visibili ty of, French . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . .. . ... . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . ·.· . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . 18
Wibault , purchase recommended . ..... . .. ... . . ...... .. . . .. . .. . . . ... .... . . .. . ...... ..... ......... . . . .. . 129
Bombardm en t and attack airplanes:
French biplace . . ... . ....... . .. .. . .. ..... . . . . . ... .. . .. . . . ... .. .. . .. ... . .... . .. .... . . . . ... . . . . ....... . 23
.Armament for . . . . ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. ...... ..... ...... .... . . ... . . .... ...... . .... . . . . ..... ... . . . ..... . 23
Characteristics of .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .... . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... .. .. . ............ ..... .... .. . .. . •• 23
 148
Bombardment and attack airplanes- Continued. Page.
Equipment for. ______ _. .. ... ... .. ........ .... _.......... ______ ........ . .. .. .... . ............. .... .... 23
Fuel for .. ________ .... .. . '. ... . ... ...... .... .. . . ...... . ..... ... . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
General requirements for ..... _... _. _............ ...... ... __ . __ ... _........ ..... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Bombardment dirigibles, Italian .. . _.. .... . ... .. .... .......... ..... .. . .. . .... . . _. . ....... . . . ..... .... .. ... 51
Bombardment-
Of hangars, French ........................ _........... _. __ .. _.. ... ...... . ..... . .. ... ... .. .·. .. . .. .... 40
Regiment, French ..... _. __ . ___ . ___ .... . . . _.... : ......... .. ... ......... ..... _. ____ . _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 40
Ship, French .............. __ ............ _... ___ . __ ....... _.. __ .... . ............. .. .. _. ____ . . . . . . . . . . 7
Type, Morane Saulnier, French ........... ..... :_................. .. ... . ..... . .. . ·_. . . . ................ . . 9
Bomb compartments, French ... ____ ...... _.. _.. . __ ... _.... ..... ............... _...... . _... __ .. _... _... . . . 33
Bombers, all-metal, Wibault, French ........ . ... .. .............. _.. _. __ . _... __ . _.. . __ .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Bomber's seat, French ..... _._. ___ .. __ .......... . ........... . ................ . .. _.... _. _.... ____ . _.... .... 33
Bomb:
Flying, I talian.......... .. .... . . ............... . . . ... . . . . .............. . .... .. .. . ... . ..... ... .. ...... 47
Gas, Italian .... _. __ .... ... _. ___ ... __ .................................. _.. _. _____ .. _....... ___ . . . . . . . . 46
Installations-
British ......... .. . . ..................... _. . ....... _... .. ___ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
French . ..... ___ ........ _. _. _. __ ..... _. _. __ . __ .... .. . ..... .. .. ........... __ . _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 18
Large, French ........... _. .. _... _. ..... . .. . .. . ... __ ... ... ... ... ... . .. . ............... ... .. __ ._...... .. 7
Load-
Farman " Goliath," French. _.. _. ..................... ........ . . . . . .. ........... . . ·.. . . . .... _. . . . . . 36
French .. _...... . .. ... ....... _..... .. ....... _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Racks -
Control positions for , French. -. _....... .. .. _...... . ............... ................. __ .............. 18
Controls, French ..... ................ •........ ......... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
External, French ....... . ___ ... _.. . _.. . ............ . . .. . . .. . ... .. ....... .. ........................ 8
Fiat B. R ., Italian ........... _._ ...... •.... _........... . .... . ........................... _. ....... . 56
French .... __ ........ .. .......... . ......... _. .... .. ........ . _......... ... ... . . .... .. . .... . .. 18, 24, 25, 33
Horizontal, French ..................... .. .. . ·. . .. .. . . ............ __ ._ .... _...... . ......... .. ..... 18
Internal, French .... . .... __ .................................. . ......... .. .... . .... _............. . . 7
Michelin, French .... ...... .. . ..... . ....... ... . ........ _........ . . .. ._.. ........ . .. . ...... .. ..... .. 33
Recommendations on .... ......... ... .......... ... ................ .. ·.. ....... .......... _. . . . . . . . . . 129
Release mechanism, French .......................................... ... .. . . .. ......... . ......... . 18
Removable, French ... _....................... _...... _..... _.... ...... .. .... .... . ..... _....... _. _ 24
Specifications for strength of, French .. .. ....... . ............ .. .......... _... _.. .. . ... _... . .. .. .... . 18
Standardized , French ... . _..... ...... .. . ....... .. . . ... ................................. .. . ...... . 18
Vertical, French .... _............. .. ........................ _.......... _.. _............ _. ... .... __ 18
Sights-
French . ........... ........ _....... _. ....... _............ _. _. . .... ............... ..... . _. __ ..... . 18, 32
Goertz, German ... . ... . _................. _........... _.... _....... _...... __ ...... .. ....... .. .... . 39
Teleo, Italian .. _. . . ....... .. . .... . .... ... .. .... . ... .... ... .. ........ ..... .......... ........ _. ....... . . 50
Bosch magnetos, German .. . _. -......... _.. .. .......... _.. ... . ...... . .. .... . .............................. . 77
Bowden control, French ...... _. ___ .. . . .. . . • .............. . ...-.. ..... . ... . ... . . .. .. . ....... . ........ . . .... . 31
Boxes, cartridge, French ...... ·........... . . ... .. ....... .... . . ............... ... . ........ .. ........ - ....... . 16
Box spars, duralumin, Staaken, German ..... . .................................... . .. .. ... . . ..... . ... .. ... . 75
Brack Papa, expert pilot, Italian .. --.. - ................... ...... ........... - _... - - ................... . ... . 54
Brandenburg type floats, Fokker, Dutch .... .. .......... -, _.... _... .. .. ...... . . . . . ........ ... .......... _.... . 81
Brass work, specifications for , French ...... . . . . .... .. ................... . . ... ... ... ........ ... . ....... ... . 11
Breaking stresses, French ...... -....................... - ...... . .............. . ............ - ... - - ......... . 11
Breda-
Airplanes, Italian ........... _............. ... ..... . ............. . ...... .. .. _.......................... . 59,45
Engines, Italian .... .......... ......... .... .......... _...... _.......................... .. ....... -...... . 46
Radial engines, Italian ..... ...... .. ... . .......... . .. . ......... .. ... ...... . ....... _.... .. . . . . . ... . .... . 60
Brennan helicopter, British .......................... - ................ _....... ·.· . ............. .. .... : .... . 94
B. R., Fiat airplane, Italian .... _.. __ .... . ............................ . ........ _... __ ................ . ... . 55
Breguet-
Aircra.ft; French .................. - . - .. . ...... .. ..... . ...................... _............. . . ....... .. . 31
Ambulance airplane, French ..... ·. ... . : .. . ....... _._ .... _........... ........ ..... ...... ........ ..... . 33
Bombardment-
Day, airplanes, French ... _................ - .................... ... .................... __ ........ . 32, 38
Night, airplanes, French ......... . ..... ... .. ..... . .. .. . . ........... . ................... . ......... . 33
Commercial airplanes, French ..... . .... . . ...... - .. - .................... ... ....... ......... . .... ...... . 32
 149
Breguet-Continued. Page .
Co., French ... ..... .. ....................... ........ ............. . ..... . . . . .... . . ................. .. . 8
Fighter, characteristics of, French .. .. . . ... . . . .. . ................. . ........ . ......... . .... .. ... .. .. _.. . 33
Leviathan, French . . .. . .. . ....... .... ........... _. .. .. ...... . .. .. ... . .. .... .. . .............. ..... ... . 8, 32
Power plant of . . ... ......... .. ................... .. ... .. .................................... .. ... . 32
Remarks on .. . .... ....... . ..................... .. . ... . .. ...... ..... . ....... . ...... . .............. . 32
Metal construction, French ............ .. .. ... ............ . ... . ........ . . ...... ..... ... . ........... .. . 8,128
Plant, French . ............. ... .......................... .... . . ............. .. .... .. . . .... .... _.. ... .. . 31
Sesquiplan, French .................... .. . . . . ... . . . . . ....... .. ... . ..... ............... ...... ... .... .. . 31 , 35
Comment on . . .... ... . . ....................... . .... . .......... . ... __ ....... ... .. . ............ _.. . 32
General description of ......................... .. ........ ... .. ... . . .. .. .. ... . .. ... .. . ............ . 31
Landing gear of .. . . ..... . .... . . ..... ........ .. ...................... .. ... . ..................... . . 31
Performance of. .. . ........... . ...... .... ... . .... .. ...... . ............... .. ...... .. ... . . ... _. ... . 31
Recommended purchased ..... . .... . ..... . ... .. . . . . .... .. ... .. ... .... . . ..... .. .. ... .. . . . . ....... . . 129
Brescia, Italy, races at .. ....... ............ .... ....... . ...... ...... .. ... .. . ...... . ......... .......... .. .. . . 59
Bristol-
Airplanes, British . . .. . . .. ... . .. .. .. . ........................ .. . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Co., British .. ..... . ...... ·...... . ............. .. ... . ... . ...... .. ... .. ..... .. ... .. . . .... ..... .. . .. . .. 106, 116
Engines, British ..... ... .. . .. .. ........ . . .... . . ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Fighter, British.......... .. ..................... . ......................... ..... ... .. .. ..... ........... 106
Jupiter engine, British ....... .. ... . . ..... . ..... .. ... . ..... . ..... . ........ .. .. .......• .. ... ... _.. . . 92, 94, 106
DescriptioIJ. of..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Recommended purchased. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Oleo landing gear for XBlA, recommended purchased . ... . . ... . ........... ·........ . .. ... ...... . ... ...... 129
British aeronautical companies, commercial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

~rt:0
0
:~ ~ ~i.s
~::: : ·. ·. ·.·.· .·::::::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1/ ~~
Building for wind tunnel at Issy des Moulineu x, French....... . . .. .......... .. .... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Bulkhead construction, P. R. B. seaplanes, Italian.... .. ...... .. ... . ..... . ..... .. .. . ... ... ..... .. ........ . . 54
Burbling point, Handley-Page wing, British ..... .. .. . .... ... .. . . . .......... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Burke fire -extinguishing system, British .... . ..... . - . ...... - . .. - . - ... - .. . ..... - . - .............. - . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Buoyancy of dirigibles, German.. .. . . .... . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Cabin:
Commercial airplanes, Spad, French .... .... . . .... -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Dirigible, German .... .. ... .. ........ .. ... .. .... ·.... - . . . - - .. - ... - . - .. .. .. .. ... . . . .. ... - . . ... .. - - .. - . . . . . 72
Radio, Farman Goliath, French ........ .. ............... ·.. . ................... . .......... .. .... . ... . . .. 36
Cables, French . ............................. - .. . .... . . . ....... - ... - .. - - . - . - ... .. .. - .... - .. . ...... - . . . . . . . 19
Specifications for.... . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Calculations:
Strength, British......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Stress, airplane, British........ . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Cameras:
Adj ustment of, French ... .. ... .. .... .................. .. '............... . ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Armored airplanes, French ............ .... . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
French._ ...... .. . . .............. . ............... . . . .. . ..... . ...·.. ........ . ......... .. .......... 19, 23, 24, 31
Italian . .. ... .. .... . . . ... . .... . .. ..... ... .... .. .... ........... .. ........................... ....... .. 48, 49
Placing of, French ... . .......... ... .. .. . . ... .............. - ... .. .. - . . ... . . - .... . - . . .. - . .. - . . . . . - ... - . 19
Cannon, aircraft: ·
Automatic-
Fiat, Italian .... . .. . .. ................... ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
French .. . ......... .. . ... ........ .... .......... . . . . . . ..... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
French .... . . ......... ... ........ .. ... . ................. . .................... . ........... .... ...... . . . 20, 21 ·
Cannon engines:
Hispano, French .... : _.. ... . .... ................ . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . ... - . ........... - .................... . 13
French ........ . .. .. ... . .... ....... · .. , · ············· ·· ···························· ··· · ··· ·············· 39
Cantilever wings, Fokker, Dutch ..... . ...... ......... .. . .. . ... ............ .............. .. : ... . ....... ... . 82
Canvas-
And bands, specifications for , French ..... .... .... .. ... .... . . ........ . . . ... . .................... . ... . . 11
Petro flex tubing, British ............ . . ................. .... ....... . .. . . - . . . . . . . ....... ... . .... . . . ... . . 120
Capacity: ·
Cubical, of fuselage, French .... ... .. ....... . .. . .. ... . . ....... . ....... ...... .. ... .. .. ................. . 7
Dirigibles, German ... .. ........... .. . . . . .. .... . ... ... ... ........ .. - . ...................... ... .. ... - . . 65, 67
Gasoline, pursuit airplanes . . .. ......... . . . .. ... . .. . .. .. , .............. ....... . . . ....... . .. ..... . . . . ... . 128
 150
Caproni- Page.
Airplanes, Italian ____ . __ _._. __ . . ___ . . . __·_. . __ . __ _. _._. _. ___ ... . __ . _....... _. .... _........ . .. . .. 45, 46, 58, 60
Plant, Italian ..... _.. __.. __ .. __ ..... _. _. _... _...... __ .. _. _........ _. .. _... _... _.. . . . . . . __ . _. _.. __ . . . . 58
Seaplane, Italian __ ... ___ . _.. . ......... . .... _. .. . _.. . _....... _. .. _......... __ ........ _........ . .. _... _ 58
Summary of work of, Italian ... _._ . . . _.... . . . ....... . ... . ........... . ... . .... . ... . .. .. .. .. .... . . ..... . 58
Transpmt, Italian_ ... _.. . _. _. _. _. .... . ...... _. _... _. . ..... _. .... _. __ . . .. _.. _... _. _. ___ . _. _. __ _.... _. _. 60
Carbmetors:
Claud e! Robson , for Condor engines, British. _. _... _. . . .. _... _... _..... _... _.. __ .. __ .. _.. _..... _.. . .. _.. . _ 100
Condor engines, British ....... . . . .. _.... . .. __ . . .. _. .. _._._ . .. __ . . __ ... __. __ .. . _._._._ .. __ ._ .. . _...... 100
Controls for , French .... -------- -· ·· . . ... . . ... _..... . ...... _.. . ... . .... ___ ... _. __ ... __._. ___ . __ . .. __.. _ 14
French. __ .. ___ .. __ ........ _..... . . _. .. _..... _. ___ ... _. _..... _. _. ___ . _. _... _. . . _... _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15
Jaguar engines, British _. __ _._. ___ ._._ . . . . . . . . .... .. ..... . ... . . . .... _................ . ... .. . ....... . . . 107, 115
Ly nx engines, British ____________ ___... _. .... _. ........ . . _.. . .... . _... .. ... _. . . . _. .. _... _....... _._... 114
Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British .. _._._ . _.. . . . .. _. _.. . . . . . _... _. _. __. . . __ .. _... _... __ . . .. _. _. _.. . ... __ 118
Carriers, aerial aircraft, British __ ... _... _.. . .... ... ... . ......... .. ........ . ....... . ....... . ... . . . . .. .. .. .. . _ 93, 96
Carrying power of dirigibles, German . . _._ . . .... _...... . .... . . . _..... _. __ . . _._. __.. ___._. __ .. __. ___ .. _.. __ _ 64, 65
Cars, dirigible, Italian .. ___ . _... _.. _.. . .... _. _. .. _. . . . . .. . . . . _.. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . _. ...... . . ... . ... .. . .. ... _ 50
Cartridge boxes, French . . ___ ._._ .. . __ ... __ .. ____. _... _.. _.. . . _... _. . . . . . . ...... _... .. .. __ . ... . . . ... . .. _. . . 16
Caudron, French_ .. . _. _. .. .. _.... . ... .. _. . .. . . . ....... . . , .... _. ...... _.. . __ . . _. _.. _.. _. _... . _. .. _. _. _. . _. 9
Causes of fue , French_ . . _._ . . . _. . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . _. .. _. . . . ....... . _... _._ ... _._._ .. . __ .. __ .. _.. _-__ ... _ 15, 16
Ceiling, French airplanes. _.. .... . . __ ... _....... ___ .. . .. _. _. _. _.. __ ... __... _. . . _... _.... ... .. . . _..... . . . . . 20
Cement for petro fl ex tubing, British_. __ .. ___ . . ...... .. . .. . . . . .. . ....... _. .. .. .. . ..... _... . . .... . ... . .. ... .. 120
Central-
Control tower, Croydon Ai:rdrome, British _._ . _....... . _... _.. _... _. _. .. _.. . . . ... . . ....... . .. . . . . . .... _ 122
Fuselage, French .... ___ . _. _... _. . ... . . . .. _. .. . .. . .. _...... . ..... _.. . .. _. _... __ .. __ . _..... _. _. . . . . . . . 8
Centrifugal-
Fan-driven gasoline p u mp, Vickers, pmchase recommended ____ .. .. . . _............ . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Gasoline p umps-
French .... _. _. . . ___ . ___ .. . ... . - .. . _... _.. . . . .. _. - .... . .. . _........ _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Vickers, British._._. ___ .. . .. . . . . . ... . .. .. ... . . . . .. . . . . . . .. ....... _.. . __ . _. _.. __ . . . .. . . _.. . . . . . . . . 108
Channel flying, British ......... _...... _. _... _.. . _... _._ . . . .... . ..... . _...... '. . .. .. .... . _. . ... .. . ... . ..... . 122
Channels, d'uralumin:
French_ . . ...... . _.. . _. __ ........ . . .. .... . . . ... . . . . . .. _... _... . .. _._ . .... . . . ... _... . ... _. . . . ..... _. _.. 8
Potez, French_ ._ . __ . __ .. _. - . .. _.. _...... - _.... _. - .. _. . . .. . .... . .. __ ... _.. . _. . . .... . .... ... . .. . . ... . _. 34
Characteristics:
Breguet Sesquiplan, French .. _._._. __ __ .. .. - _..... _. . .... . .... _... __ .... . .... . _. _. _. __ ..... . ... . . . . .. . 31
French engines._._. __ . .. _._ .. _. _. _. _... _... _... _.... _.. ... _...... . ... . ... .. ... . .... _. . ......... ___ . __ 38
Fiat C. R ., Italian ... ·-···- · ··· · · ···- · ··· ·· ····· · · -·-·-·--- ·- - · · · ··- · ·· · - · ---····-·--· ·· ·· · ··- · ··· · · - - 57
Jaguar engines, British. _. ___ . ___ . _. _. _. ___ ... . ........ . _. .. _. _. . _.. . ....... _. . . . .. . . . ......... _. _. _.. _. 1.16
Low-al titude fighter, French ... _. ... . .. . .... . .. . .... . _.... _.... _.. . ___ . __._._ ... . _._ . . _... _... . ........ 20
Lynx engines, British __ _.. __ .. _._. __ .. . ..... _... __ . _.... . ..... _. .. __.. _.... _... . _.... . ·. .... . . . . ..... . . 115
Nondimensional, of airships, German . . _._ ... . _.. __ .. _.... _. .... .. ......... . ..... _._._. __ . _. .. . . . __ ._ . . 71
Pmsuit airplanes, French_ . _... _. .. _.. - _... . . _....... _. __... _... _.. .. . __ . __ .. . .... . _. .. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Chart, comparative, of Zeppelin airships, German . . .. _.... _._ ... __. . . _... _.... _. .. . ·.· . .. ... . _._ . ........ _. ... 72
Chassis, French observation airplanes ........ . ..... . . .. . ......... _. .... . .. __ ... _.-. . _. . . . .... _._._ . _. __ _._.. 22
Chemicals, effect of, on textme of fabrics, Italian __ .. __________ . ____ .. __. . . __ .. ____ .. _.. __. _____ . __ ... _..... 50
Chest, ice, ambulance airplane, British. _______ ____ __.. . ___ . ..... ... _. .. . . . . _.... _. ________ ... _____ _.. _____ 111
Chine guard base, P.R. B. , Italian_· · · ---- · ··· ··· ···-- ···-··· · ·- ·· -·---·--·--- · - - - · · ··- · --·--·--· -- ··· · -··· 54
Chretien sights, French_ - . - _.......... . - - .. - . .. ..... - ....... . . . .. __ . . . _.. ... . .. .. . . ... _..... _... . .. _.. _.. 31
Cianpiano, Italy _. . . - . - . .. - . .. - . .. - .. . . . . . ..... . . . .. . ... . .... . . . ... .. ... . __ ........ _.. _.. . ..... . _. .... 41, 47, 71
Civil aviation traffic officer, British. __.. __ .. - ... . . - .. . ... . . _... _...... _........ __ .. . _... . ............. _.... 122
Clamps, French_ . _.. . _............. . .... . ..... . _. _. ..... _.. . _. . . .. . . ... .. . . .... _. _. . . . _... . __. _. ... __. . . . 13
Claude! Robson carburetors for Con dor engines, British .. _.. . . .. _.. . __ . _. __ . . ___ ... _... . _.. _..... . ... _.. _.... _ 100
Cleaning of silencers, French .. . _.. . _. . _....... .. __... _.. .. ....... _. _.... . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . ... _... . _..... .. _. 14
Clerget engines, French . - ... .. - .... . .. - .......... . .. . .. . . - . ... .. . . . . ..... _.. . .. . .. . .... _.... . _. __ .. 13, 37, 38, 40
Clift gasoline indicator, British_ · ··-···-···· · -· · · ·_ .... _... _.. . ..... _.. _.. . . _.. . _... . . . . . . .... . ... _. ...... __ 105
Climatic conditions, effec t on all propellers, French. __ ._._ .... . .... _. ... . . . . .. ..... . ... : ...... _. .. ...... . . . . 8
Climbing tests, Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British._. ___ . .... . . . _. . .. _...... _.... _. ......... . . . . .. ... .. . .. __ 119
Climh , marine type airplanes , Spad , French . .. . __ ... _._ .. . _._ ...... _.. . . _. . . . . . _.. .. . .. . .. . _.. _.... __._ . . . 29
Closed circuit wind tunnel , Italian .. _. __ .. _. _.. . _... . .... . . .. ..... . . . _. __ . _.... _... __ .... _. __ .. . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Cloud flying:
British .. _.. _.. . . _. ... - .. . .. . . - ... - .... _..... _. _. __ . _. . . .. .. . .. . .. _. .... . _. __ . _.. . . __ . _....... .. _.. . . _ 96
Reid control indicator for , British . . __ .. . . .. . . ... _... ..... _.. _....... . . _. _._ ... . . _.. . . . . . . _. .. .... _.. _. 121
 151
Page .
Clutch es, dirigible, Zeppelin, German ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Cockpit instruments, F rench.. .... . . . ....... ..... ......... . ...... .... ..... ..... ...... . ..... . ..... ... .. . .. ]6
Cocks-
For gas tanks, French .... .... ........ . . . .... . ..... . . . ...... . ..... .. ..... ,. ... . ........... . .... .. .... . .. 13
French.. . ..... ... .................. ... ........ ... . . ... ...... ....... ... . . . ...... . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 14
Specifications for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Coefficient of safety :
Armored airplanes, French .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
French. . .... . ... . . ....... ..... ...... .... . . ........ . ... ..... ...... . . ... ..... . .......... . .... ... ... . ... 11
Collectors, wind tunnel , at Issy des Moulineux , France... . ... ... .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Golonial airplanes:
British... . . . .. ............. .. ........ . ..... . . ....... . .. . . . . ..... . ... ... ... ......... . .. . ... ..... . . . ... 93
French...... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 20, 25, 39
Armament for.......... . . . .... .... .... . ....... ..... . . . . ...................... ... .... . .. ... .. .. .... 25
Characteristics of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

:~ :~ ~~ -f~~: .· .· .·.·.· .·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: ::::::::::::::::::;: ~

General requirements for....... . . .. . ...... . . .. . . . . . ..... . . . .... . .. . ............. .. .. .. . ... .... .. .. 25
Potez. . . . ... ...................... . ....... . ............ .... .... . . .... ......... ... ... . .. .. ....... . 34
Comfort :
Crew , bombardment airplanes, French ....... . ... . .... ... . ... . ... . ................ . . . . . .. . . . ..... .... . . 23
French .. . ..... . . .. ...................... . ... .... . . .. . . ...... ..... ..... .... . ..... .... ....... .... ... .. . ]O
Gunner's, armored type airplan es, French .... . .... . . . . ...... .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . ...... ... .. . . .. . .... ... . . . 22
Comment on-
Breguet--
Leviathan , French ......... . . ... . .. .. ...... . ......... . . . .. . ...... . ................................ . 32
Sesquiplan , F!en ch ...... ...... . . . .. ..... .... ....... ... ..... ..... .. . . ........ . . . .... . .... ... . .. . . . 32
Duralumin, British . .... . . . . .. .. ... . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. ..... . . 92
Commercial -
Aeronautics, French . .. . .. .... ...... .... .. . ...................... . ..... . . . .... .. . . ... .. . ... .. . . . ..... . 40
Aircraft transportation , British ............ . .................... . . . .. . ..... . .. .. . .. . . . ...... . ... . . . . . . . . 123
Airplanes-
B leriot, French . .. . ·............ . .. ... .. ... ... ... ... . .. ... .. ... ......... . ....... . ... . . . .. . . . ..... . . 28
Breguet-
French .. . . ..... . ... . .... .. . ... . . ... .. .. . . .. .. .... ... ...... .... . . . ....... . .... ..... .... .. . ... . 32
Leviathan , French . ......... . .............................. . .. . .... .... .. . . ........ ..... .... . 32
Bristol, British . . ...... .. ..... . .. . . . .... .. ........ ... . .... .. ....... ...... . . ..... ..... . .. .. .. . . ... . 106
Description of. .... . . : . .. . .. ..... . .. . . ... .. . . . ..... . . .. . . . . . . .... .. . .. . . .. . . ...... . . ...... .. . 106
Luggage hatch ........ ...... . ..... . .... . ......... . . . . . .... . ..... . .. .. . .... .... ... . ... . ....... . 106
British . ... .... .... .. . ...... . .... . . .. .... . . . .. .. . . . . ...... . ... ...... .... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. ........ . 93
Engines .... . . . . ................... . ......... . ....... .. .. ... . .. . ... .. . . . ... . . . .. ... . .. . .... . . . 11 7
Identification number ..... . ..... . . . .... . .. ..... ...... ... ..... .... . . . ...... ... ...... ..... .... . . 123
Caproni, Italian .... .. · .· ..... . .... ....... .. ..... . .. .. ... . . . .. . . . .... . . . . .. . . ...... . . ... . . ... .. .. . 58
De Haviland 34 , British . ...... . . . ..... . ......... . . . .. ... . . . . ...... .. ... .. .... ...... . . .. ...... . . 103
Dornier, German .. . ......... . ... .. ............ . ..... . .... . ... . . . . .............. . ......... . ...... . 74
Farman Goliath, French . . .......... . .. . ... .. . ... . . . . . .. . . .. .. ... . ..... ... . ... . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 36
German .... ........ ... . ..... ...... ...... .... ..... ... ......... .. ..... ... .. . ..... ... . .... ... . .... . 63
Handley-Page, British .... . . ................. .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . ..... .. .. . ... . . . ... . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . 105
Instruments for . .................. . ............. . ..... .. .. ... .... ....... . . ... ·.. . ....... . .... . . 105
Metal , Italian ......... . ............ . ... ... . ...... . . . .... . .. . . .... .... ..... . . . .... ·. .. .. .. ....... . -16
Monoplanes, British, d escription of. ........ . ........... . ..... . . ... . .... ... . .... . . .. . . .. ..... . . . . . . . 102
Morane Saulnier, French ...... . . .. . . .... .... .. . .... .. . . .... . ...... .... ....... ... ... .. . ..... . . . ... . 9
Potez, French ...... . ........ .. .. . . . .. . ... .. .. . . . . .... .. . . . . . .. . .. ...... ... .. .. .. .... ... . . .. . . ... . :H
Produced in Italy ......... . .. ... .. .. .. ......... . ..... . . . .. . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . ... ... . . ... . . ... . . .. . 45
Spad , French .. ..... ...... . ... . ...... .... . . ... .... . . . ............................................ . 28, 29
Staaken , German ... .. . : ... . . ... . . . ........ . . ....... . . . . .. . . . . . .. ..... . . . . . .. .. ... ... . . . .. ...... . 75
Vickers Viking, British .... . ... .... .. . ... . . ... .. .................... . ... . .......... ... ....... .... . 108
Aviation, British ... . ... . ..... . . . .. . .... . .................... . . . .. . . .... ....... .... .. '. . . .. . .. .... . .. . 121
Companies, aeronautical , British ... . ..... .. .. . ... . ..... ... . . ..... ... ...... . . . . .. .... . . . . . ..... .. .. . ... . 121
Data, multiple-engined airplanes , British ... ....... . . . ........ ...... . .... . ... .. . ................... . .. . l] 7
Dirigible, T- 120, Italian .... . . ....... . ... ...... ... . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . ... ... . . . . . ... . . . .. ... .... .. . . . . . . . 5()
 152
Commercial- Continued. Page.
F lying, British . .. .. ... .. .. .. .... . .......... . ....... . ...... . .......... . ... ... .... . ..... ,. . . . . ......... . 116
Markets, Ansaldo, Italian ........ . . . .. . ..... . .............. . . . .... _. .. . _.. . . _.. ... . . .... . . . . __ .... _. . . 59
Seaplanes, Savoia, Italian . . .. . .......... . .. . .. . ............ . .... . .. . ....... . .... : .................... . 52
Committee, fire-prevention, British .... . .. . . ............. . ... . . . ...... . ........ . ....................... . .. . 96
Communication--
Disks, Farman Goliath , French.... .. .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
F rench .......... . _................ _. . .. _....... . . _. ... _.. . .. _. _. . _. .. . _..... _. _. . _. . .. . __ .. . . . . 16, 22, 23, 24
Intraplane, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Observation airplanes, French ... _... _. . . . . . ..... _.... _. . . . . . _.. . _. ... . ... . . ___ . .... . ..... . .. _. . : .... . . . 22
Commutators, French ... . ..................................... . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Comparison of-
Airships, German .............. . ..... . __ . . _.. . .... . . _. ... - . . . . _. . ..... _.. - ... . ... _.................. . 71
Dirigibles, German .... . .............. . .................... . ...... . ............. . ... .. .......... . ..... . 72
Water·and air cooled engines, British .. . . _... _. . _.. _. __ . . . ... . . . _.... . , .. . ... . . _._ . . . . _. .. . . _.. . . _. . .. : _ 91
Oompass:
Farman Goliath, French .. ..... . . . .. ... _.. . .... .. _. . . .... . .... . _. . . . . .. . ... . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. _. . ... . . . .. . 36
French .. . . .... . ... . _................ . .. . ...... . ....... _. : ......... . ... . .................. ·. .. . . ...... . 16
Mounting of, Farman Goliath, French . .. . ..... . .. ............... .. .......... . .......... . ...... ·.... . . . . 36
Swinging, Croydon Airdrome, British ... .. .... . .... . _. . .. _. , .... . ... . ... . ......... . .......... . .....-.. . 122
Compensation of multimotored airplanes, French .......... . .......... . ... . ..... . .... . .. . ................ . .. . 10
Components, vertical and horizontal , French .......... . . . .. .. .... . . .. .. . . .' . . . . .... . . .. .. . ... . _..... . .. . .. . 11
Composite construction , Italian ........................ . .... . ........ . ............. . ....... . ..... . ....... . 46
Compressed-air chamber, aerial bomb, Italian ............ . .. . .. . ... . .. . ....... . .... . .. . . . ... . ..... . . . ... . .. . 47
Compressor, turbo, French . . ...................... . ... . .......................... . .... . .............. . ... . 10
Concave boat bottoms , Italian .. ·...... . .......... . ......... ... .. . ... .. .... .. .......... . _... . .. . . ....... . . . 51
Conclusions on-
Airplanes, Fokker, Dutch ...................................... . ................ .. ............ . . . ... . 87
Th e technical report ...... . .. .. . . .. . .... . .. . ............. . .. . .. . ............. . _.. . . .......... . ...... . 127
Concrete:
Hangars .. .. .. . ..... . .. . ...... . . _.. . __ .. . . _. . ....... __ . _. . _. ......... _.... _......... . .............. . 40
Wind tunnel, French . .................... . .... .. ... . ..... . .. . . . .......... . .... . .......... . ..... . ... . 26
Condition imposed, fu-st, French ... ... . . . .. .. . . . .... . .......... . .... . ... .. .... . .. . .. . _.. . ... . _.. __. . . . ... . 19
Condor engine, Rolls-Royce, British (see full description under "Engine, Condor") ... .. . .. .. ... ........... : . 98
Purchase recommended . .. . ............. . . . ..... . ......... . . . .............................. . , ....... . 129
Connecting rods:
Condor engines, British ...... : .. ... . .... . .......... . ..... . ....... . ...... . .............. . . . _.... _.. _. . 99
Jaguar engines, British ...... _. . _... . _. . . . _... . .. .. _._ .. . . _.. . . _. . . . ..... .. .... .,... : .. . .. . . . ......... . 116
Lynx engines, British ... . .. . ....... . ... . ....... . ........ : ....... .. ... _......... ... . . . . . . . . .... ... .... . 114
Connections:
F lexible, French . ........ . . ,. ... . .......... . ............. . ..... .. ..... . . . . . . . ........... . . .... _..... . 14
Hose-
French . ... .......... . .... .. ... . . : ... : ........ . ..... . . . .. . .... . .. . . .. ........ . ........ . ........ . 12
Petro i1ex, British .... .... .. _. . ................ . .... _. . .. __ . . .... . .. . .... _... .. _.... __.......... . 95
Oil, French . . ....... . .. . .......... . ................................... . .................... . ....... . 13
Construction:
Dirigibles, change in, Italian ..... . . . _... . ... .. .. . . . __ . . ..... . . _..... . ................ . . . ...... _.. .. . . 47
Hangar, French ...... . .. . .... .. _.. .. ... . .................... . ...... .. . . ............. . . . . . . . . . __. .. _.. 40
Metal-
Breguet, French ............. . ...... . ... . ...... _. .. . ...... . ............. . ................ _.... _._ 41
British .. . ......... . . _. _... ... . ... _........... _..... . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . _.... .. ... _. . ... . . . . . ....... . 92
French .. ...... . ........ .... . . . . ... . .................. _.. . ... .. .... . ... . ..... . ........ . ........ . 7
Monocoque-
French . .... .. . . ... . .. . .................. . ........ . - ... . ..... . . - ............ . . . .... . ....... ... . . 8
Spad, advantages of, French . . . . .... . ................. . ..... . ...... ... ... . .... . _... _. : .. . . _._ .. _.. 28
Number of dirigibles, German ..... .. .. .... . .. _. .. . . . . . .. _. . . ... .. .. ....... ·.· ..... . . •-.. .. . .. . . . ..... . 64,65
Wings, Fokker airplanes, Du tch ... . . . .. .. ............. .. .... . ... .. .. _........... . ..... . .. _...... . ... . 85
Contact breakers, French . . ... . .... . ..... . ..... . ........ _. . ... _. _. . . _.. . . _... __ ... __ .. . .. . . .. . _. . . . . ..... . 12
Contractor 's tests, torpedo airplanes, British .................. . ..... . .. . .. . . . ...............,. .... . .... . .. . 98
Contract performance, ambulance airplane, British . ..... . ........... . . .. . . . . _. .. . . _. . . _..... . .. _. _. _. . ... _ 109
Controllability:
British ... . .. .. _. . .... . . .... . ... _...... _......... . ..... . ... _... _. . .. _. . . _. . . __ .. . . __ . __.. _. . __ . .. __. 91
Fokker airplanes. Dutch ...... . .... . . . .. . .... .. . . . .. _..... . ... .. . . . ........ . ............ _... . ....... . 83
 153
Controllability- Continued. Page.
French ....... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .... ... . . .. ... .. . .. . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
German .. .. ..... . ..... . .. . . ....................... . . . . ... ... .... .. ........ ...... .. . . . .. .. . .......... 63
Siddeley Siskin, British . ... . .. ... .... ........ .. ..... ...... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 119
Torpedo airplanes, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Control :
Automatic, target airplane, Italian ........... .. . ·... _·_. ... . . .. . .. .. .... ... ........ ... . ,c • •••••• • • •.• •••• 60
Cables, armored ships, French ....... . ... . ....... . .... . ............................................. . 22
Commercial aviation, British . . ... .. .... . .. .... .. .... . .... .. ... .... . . .... ... .. ........... . . ... ..... . . 121
Dual, French . .. .. ....... ... .. ... .._. _....... _. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . ..... . . ...... _. __ . . . __. . . . . __ .. __ ... . 11
Gun, British .. _................................... . _. . ... _..... _........... , ..... ....... ... .. .... .. .. . 96
Indicator, Reid, British ... . . . .. _. ... _.... . . ........ . ... . .. . . . . . . .. . _. ........ _·.. . . .... . . ............ . 121
Mechanical, French .... _. ..... ... .... ~ ...... .... . ... ..... .. .. . ..................... . .... . . .. .. .. .... . 1.7
Mechanism-
Aerial bomb, Italian ... _... . ... ... . ............... _...... ...... ........... .·.. . . . _. . . _...... .. . _. 47
Condor engines, British .. ... . ... ..... ... .. . .. . .... . .. .. . . . ....... ..... . _. . ..... ....... ....... ... . 100
Observer's, F rench. _. __ . _... ... ... ... . ... . ... . .. . . ... . . ... .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .... ..... ... ... .. _. . . . .. ... . . 11
Positions for bomb racks, French .. . . . .. _.. _... .... _.................................................. . 18
Surfaces-
Balanced, Fren ch ..... .. _......... . ... .. _............. _..... ...... .... _. _. _.................... . 9
British .......... . .. ... .. ... .. . ................. . . .... .. ... .......... ....... .. . ... . .. .. . . . _... . . 91
Fiat C. R. , Italian. __ . . _.... _.. _.... _. . .. .. . .... ........ ... : . ... . ....... ..... ... .. . ..... .. ·..... . 56
Fokker, Dutch .................. _......... , ... . .... . .. _... . .................................... . 81,82
French ..... . . .. ... ..... . . .. .. . . . .. .. .'.. .... _............. .- . ... . ____ . ____ . _. __ _. _. __ .. _____ . _.. _ 7, 9
Shape of .................................................................................. . 10
System, demultiplying, British ........ . . .... . . . . . .. . . ... ... . ... .. .. ... . . ........................... . 91
Thermostatic, recommendations on . ....... .. .... .. .. . ..... ........ ... .. ......... . ..... . ........... .. . 129
Tower, central, Croydon Airdrome, British .. _. . ... . . . ... . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .......... . . . . . ..... . 122
Con trols:
Airplanes, French ........... . . ... ... . . .. ... -.- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Breguet Sesquiplan, French ..................... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Caproni tandem seaplane, Italian·.. .... .. ... .......... .. . ............ .. . . ....... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Commercial airplane, Bristol, British.......................................... . . .. .. ... .... ......... .. 106
De Haviland 29, British ................................... _'. .. ... ...... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Double, French ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. ..... . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .... _. . ..... . .. . .. . . . . . . .............. _. 24
Engine, French ..................................... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Junkers planes, German_ . . _. .. ... ... .. ... . .. .. ... .. ... .. . .. . . . ........ . .... . ... . . . . ..... . .... . .. ... . 76
Mars LV, Gloucestershire, British .. . .. ... .... .. ........ ... ... . ... .. .... ........ . .. .... .. .... ... ... _... 103
Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British. _.. . . .. . ....... _. ___ . _.... . . .... ... . .. . . ...... .. . _... _....... 113, 118, 11!.l
Cook drift sight, purchase recommended .... .... . .. .. .. ... . .. ....... .. ... .... . . . . ........ . . . ..... _.. . . . . . . 129
Cooling :
Engine, study of, British ................ . ...... . , . . .... . ... . .. . . ... . ... ............. ... .... ......... . 91
French ..... . : ............................... _. .. . _..... _..... .. .. _.. ... . ..._. .... .. ... .. _........... 14
Jaguar engines, British . . ......... . . . . _.... . . . ... . . .. ... . .. . . ... .... . . . . .... . ... ..... . . . .. . . . .. ... .. .. 115
Lynx engines, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Multiple engines, British .. ... . . .. ........ . . . . . . . . .. .......... . ........ ......... , ....... . . . ... ... . .. . . 117
Surface, calculation of, French ..... . . .... . ......... ... _...... .... ... .. ........ . ... .... . ......... ... ... 14
System:
Ambulance airplane, British .. .. . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Condor engines, British ................................... : .. .. .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
German .. ........ ... ....... ... . . . . . . .. . .. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Nieuport 29, French .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Torpedo airplanes, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Cork lining for tanks, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Corps d 'Armee airplanes, French . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Correction factor :
Alula wing, British ..... _.. . . ....... . ... _...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
French ............. __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8
Wind tunnel, French ..... . . ... _. _.. . ... .. .... : .................................................... _. 26
Corrections, high velocity, French .. _... _. ... . . ....... ...... . ..... ·. . . . . . . . . .... . .. .. .. . ....... . . . . _....... 7
Covering:
Duralumin, wing, British. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Fuselage, French .............................. _................................................... . 9
Metal , on seaplanes, Savoia, Italian ... _. ... ....... ... ... . ... .......... . .. . ... . . ... . . . ... . .. . .... .. .. . . 51
 154
Co veri:ng-Continuect.
Wing-
Duralumin- P age..
Dornier, German ..................... _. . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... ... . .................... _... .. . ... 74
Junkers, German. . ... . ........ . . ....... ....... . .............. ........... ... . ..... . .......... . 76
Metal-
Dornier, German. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
French . ...... . _........ . _. _....... _. .. . ... . .... ....... .. .. ... ............. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Staaken, German . ......... ... .... .. ......................... - . ... ........ . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Cowling: _
French._ ._. _. _... _.. . _. .. _...... . .... . ... .. ... .. _.. . .. _.. . . . .. _... . .. . .. _... . ..... _. .... _. _. . _. . . 12, 16, 19
Machine gun, French . . . _.... _·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British .. ... __. . .. .... _............ . ..... .•. - ....... - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Crank case, Condor engines, British.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Crank shaft:
Condor engines, British.. . . .... . ..... .. ..... ..... .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Drives, Condor engines, British .. .... ..... ..... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Jaguar engines, British .. . . .............. _.. . . _........ .... ..... .. .. ......... . ........... . ... ... . . .. . 116
Lynx engines, British. . . . . ..... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Crash-proof gasoline tanks . ... . .. . ... . ... .. ... . ... .. - . ... .. ............ ... .. - . .. - . . . . .... . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Credit given to Mr. Stephan, Dutch. .. .. .... . .... .. ... . .................... ....... ................ . ..... . . 82
Crew:
Comfort of, French ...... . ........ ......................... - . . .. - . .. . - . .. - .. .. . . . . . . - . ... . ......... .. - lC
Disposition of, Wibault bomber, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
For night bombardment airplanes-
French............. .. .......................................................... .. . ... ........... 24
Italian ........... . _.. . .... . .... .. . . _... . .. ......... .. . ............... . . . . .. .... . _.. .. _.... _. . _. 48
Placing of, F rench ... . ... ... .. ... .. ........ . ... ........ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Torpedo airplanes, British... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Critical angle, Handley-Page wing, British ........................... . . . .. . . . .... . . ... . _.. . .. _.. . .... .. .... 105
Crocco:
Colonel,. Italian expert ... . ................... _.......... .......... ...... ·... _......... _.. ...... .. _. . . . 46
Wind tunnel , Italian .............................. - ........ .......... - . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Propeller for ...... . .......................... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Cross-channel flying, British .................. - .. _...... . ..... . . . ..... . . . . . ....... . . _.... _. . . . . _.. . . . . . . . . 122
Croydon Aerdrome, British . . .... . . . ....... .. ........................... .. ............ . . . .......... 12], 123
Accommodations .. : .... .. .. .. . ...... _. ... . . . . . ... . .... . - . ... - .. . ..... . .. . . . . . - ..... . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Arrivals and departures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Central control tower. .......... . ..... . . . ...... - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Compass swinging, British...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Customs service .. ........ .. .... . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Direction finding .... ...... ... ... .. ...... .. . ..... - .. ... . ... . . . . - . . ... . ...... . .. - . ... - .. . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Equipment of....... . ............... . .... ... ........... . ....... .............. .... . .... . ............. 121
First-aid station ....... . ...... _.. ........ .. . . ........... . .... . . ..... - - ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Hotel. . ... ... .. .... . ... . .......... ... .. .. ............. . ............................. .. ......... : . . . . 122
Immigration or.ice._ . _ . ... _. . . . ........... - . ... - . . . . . . . . - ... . . - ... - ...... ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·122
Landing lights ..... . ......... . ......... .. ........................ - .... . .. .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Meteorological or.ice .......... .. ........... .. ..... . ... .. .... . ................... ..... ...... - . . .. - - . . . 122
Night-flying lights ..... .. . ...... . .... . . - ... - - ... - - .... - .. . - .... . . ... - .... - - .. . . - . ... - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Obstruction lights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Organization of. ...... . _. ..... ...... . ... .............. ...... . ......... . . . . . - ......... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Pilotage lights.... . . .. . . ...... .. ... .. . .. . .. ............. . ..... . ....................... . . . .......... . . 122
Post ofS.c e ... .. . .. ... .. _. . .... . . . - . - . . ....... . ... . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Public inclosure ................ .. .................... ... . . ... .... .. . .... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Pyrotechnic signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Searchlights ............ .. - . ... - - . - ... - . . - ... . - ............................. . - . ... - - .... - .... - . . . . . . 122
Telegraph service ............. . ... .. ........... . . - . . . ·................... - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Transport service ........ ... . ....... ..................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Wireless direction finding ..... . .... . .... .. - . ... - .... - . . . - - .. . . - ... . - .. - .. - ... - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Wireless service ........ ....... . ........... ·.. ......... . ................... . ..... . ........ . . . ... . . .... 123
Wireless telegraph . ......... . .... . - . . .. - - .. . - ..... - . .. ... ... . .... - . - . . - - ... - . . ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 123
Wireless telephone..... . .................. ... . .... ......... . ......................... . .... . ..... . .. . . 123
Croydon, England .......... . .... . .......... . ... .. ............... - ......... - ..... - ... - ... . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Cub engine, Nap ier, purchase recommended. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
 155
Page.
Cubical content, F,rench. _... _. _.... : ...... _. _. _..... _. _..... _.......................................... . 7
Cuers, France .. ..... ....... ... . .... .. _. . .. _.. . . . _.... . . . . . . _.. .... ...... . .... ____ . _... .. . ............... . 41, 71
Curtiss engines ..................................................................................... .. ... . 39
Customs:
Commercial aviation, British ....................................................................... . . 121
Service, Croydon Aerdrome, British .............. ,. . ............ . . ... .. ... _... __ ... __. _.. ... .. . . . . .... . 122
Cut-out, French .................... . ......................... . ......................................... . 15
Cylinders:
Air-cooled , test of, British ... . ..... . ... . .... . . ... .. .. ... ....... . ......... . ... _... .. . ................ . 94
Condor engine, Briti8h ................ _............................. __ . __ ... _.. _....... _... _....... . 99
Jaguar engine, British ..................... . ......... . . . ... . . _. . ... . ... _. ... _.. .. _.. ... . . . .. .. _. . . . . . 117
Lynx engine, British .......... _..... _...... ... . . ........... _........... _. ...... __ .. ___ .. ___ . ___ . __ . __ 114
Darne machine guns, French ...... _._._ ...... __ .... __ . . . __ .................. _... . ...... . ...... . . . . . ... . . 31
Dashpot landing gears, British ............................ .. ...... _..................................... . 92
Data:
Commercial multiple-engined airplanes, British .... ... . ... .......... .. .. ... .. ... .. . . ... . . .......... . . . . 11 7
Scientific, French ................................ _........... ........... ..... . ..... .. .... . ......... . 7
Day-
Airplanes, French . ...................... _. _... _. _................. .. .... . ... . .. _... _......... _.. __ . _. 11
Bombardment airplanes-
Breguet, French .... _... . . . ...... .. .... ... ... .. . .. _. ... . . . _. _. _. _. _.... . _.... _..... _. _. .. _..... _ 32
British ... _..... . ... - ... - . . ·_...... _. . .................... - ......... - .... . .... . . - ... . - . ...... - . - . - 93
French .. . _.... ................. .... . ... ... . .... . .... . . _. . ... _.... ... _. _. ___ . _. _. _.. _. . _. . ___ . _.. 9,24
Armament for .. .. . _. . ... . . . ..... ___ ... __ . ... _..... __ ... ... .. _. _............. . .... . ..... .... · 24
Characteristi_cs of. ......................................................... . ... . .... . . . ..... . 24
Equipment for. ........ . ... . .. . ...... . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . __ . .. .... . . .. . . .. ...... ..... .. . ...... . . . 24
Fuel for ............. ...................... ..... ... ... ..... . .... . .... . .......... ... . .... . .. . 24
General requirements for .... ...... ........... .. ............ .... .................... .. .... .. . 24
Italian ..... .. .. .... . ·......... . ..... . . . . , . .. .... ...... ... . ... ......... . . . . ... . ........ . ...... ... . 48
Armament for ......................................................................... .. . . . 48
Bombs for ................ . . . . . . . ... . . . ..... . ... . .... . . . . . ....... . ..... . .... . . .... . . .. . .. . . . 48
Climb of ............ ... . . . ...... .. .. . . . .. .. ... ... . ... ... .. ... .. .... . . . ....... . .. . . . .... . . . . 48
Coefficient of safety of. ............................... . ... . ..... . . : .......... . ...... ....... .. . . 48
Crew of .. . ........ . . ... . . . . . ... . ... .. .. ..... . . . . . . ........ . ... ... ........ . . . . ...... ... .. . . . 48
Endurance of. ..... . . . .............. . . . ....... . ..... . ..... . ... . ............... . . . . . ........ . . 48
Installations for ........... _·... ........................... . . ...... . ....... . .. . .... . . ....... . . 48
Instruments for ..... . . . ... ... .. ... . . .... ... ... . .. . ... . .. .. . ..... . ... . . . ... ....... .... . . .. .. . 48
Preference conditions of ........ .. ... . ......... ... . . ....... . ................... . . ... .. .• .... . . 48
Speed of .... ... _·_.... ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. _. _ 48
Day pursuit airplanes, Italian ..................... .. . . . .. . ....... .. .. ... . . . . ...... .................. . ... . 48,49
Crew of ... ......... ...... .. ... . ... . ..... ...... ..... ................. ....... .... . ........ .. . . .. . .. . .. . 49
Dayton-Wright side-by-side trai1ring airplanes .. ... . ... . ... . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ... . . .. . .... . . . _. . . . . ... . . _. . .. . . 8
Deck fl ying:
British ...... . . .......... . .......... . ........................................ . _._. __ . ____ . .. . ... . . . . 94
Hanriot, French ....... . . ........ . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . ... . ... . ... . . ... .. ..... ... . .. .... .. ... . .... .. . 37
Hook device, British ............................................... . ....·............... . . .. .... ... . . . 94
Decling for Dornier flying boats, German ...... . . .. . ... . . . ... .. .... . . . ......... . .... . ... .. . ... . . ..... . . .. . . 75
Deck landings, F rench ..... . . . .............. . ... ......... . .. . .... . . . .... . ... . . .. .. .......... . ......... .. . .8
De Dion-Bouton motor, French ......... ... ..... . ..... ... ......... . .................... . .. . .. . ..... .. .. . . . 13
De Dion motors, F rench .......... ... .. ... . . . ..... ... . .. ... . ... . ... : .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. ... ... . .. . . . .... . 14
Defensive work. French .. ... .. . .................. . . . . . . . .. .. ........ ... . . . . . ..... . . .. ... ...... ... ..... . . 7
Deflector, air, French ... ............................ . ............................ . .... . .. .. . . . . ... . .. . . . 33
De Haviland -
Airplanes, British .. . . ... . . ...... ......... . ..... . ............ . .... .. .................... . ..... . ... .. . 101
14 airplanes, description of, British ..... . . . . . . .... .. . . . ......... . . ... _.... . .. .. . _. .. ... . . ... .. . .. .. . . . . 101
29 airplanes, British .................. . . . ... . .. . . .. .. . .. . ........ . .. ... .. ............................ . 91
Description of. ............................................... . . ....... .. . .. - ...... . . . ... . .. . ... . 102
34 airplanes, British ..... ...... ... ... ... .. .... .... .... . ........... . ..... . ... . . .. . . ...... ·.. . .. . . . . . . .. . 9],95
Description of. ......... . ............. . ..... . ........... . ..................... . .......... ... .. . . . 102
Bombardment airplanes, British ........... . ....................... . ............ . ... .. ... .. . .. .. . . : .. . 101
Captain, British manufacturer. ........ . ... : .... . .. .. . . .. ... .. . . .. . ... ... . .. .... ......... .......... __ . 101
Co. , British .................. . ........................... ... . ....... ........... . ... . .. . ....... . .. _._ . 101
Gasoline gauge, British ..... .. ... . ..... .... . ..................... . ...... . . . ... ..... . . ... . . ...... . .. . . . 101
 , 156
Page.
Delage, Nieuport, Sesquiplan, French ..... . . .... ........ . .. _.... ... ... .. .... : .................. .. . ..... . . . 8,30
Delayed fuse bombs, Italian ............... -. ... . _... . ................................................... . 42
Delivery of torpedo airplanes, British .. ... ..... . . . . ............... . .... ......... .. .... ... ... ......... ... . 98
De, multiplying control system, British .... .. ... . . . .. .. .. .... ... .. ..... . ... .... . . ....... . .... . .. ·_ ..... . ... . 91
Derivimeter, French .................................................................................... . 36
Design-
Drafting system, Wibault, French .... . . . .. .. ............ _. . .. . .. .... ..... ....... .... .... . ........ . .. . 26
Of propellers, French ......................................................... . . . . . ... .. ...... . ... . . 7
Recommendations ......... . . . .. .. . . . .. _... ... . ... . ....... . ... . . . ... . .. . .. ·. . . . _. ... ..... . . . . . . , ... . . . 127
Zeppelin, German . ......................... : . . ....... .... , .......................................... . 63
1
Designation of-
Dirigibles, German .................... _.. .. .. . ... ......... ....... .. .. ... . ... . .................... . .. . 65,37
Drawings, Wibault system, French ........ , ........................................ . ................. . 27
Designing, aeronautical , Fokker, Dutch ....................... .. ... . ........ . ... . .... . .. ... ... . ..... . .... . 81
Dessau, Junkers plant at, German .............................. . . .................................. .... . . 76
Detachable tanks , French ......................... _. _. _. ___ . . __ ... . _. _. _. _... _. .. . ..... . . ..... . . . . . ... . . 7
Details of-
Airplanes, Fokker, Dutch ................................. ; ................... . ..................... . 87
Construction of the airplane , French .. . ........ .. ....... .. . .. . . . . ..... ... . . . _.. _. . . . . . ... ... . . . . . ... _ 11
Deterioration, French ....................... _.. .. . .. . .. _. _. _. _____ . _.. _. _... _. _. _. _.. . . __ . . _.......... . _ 9
Development:
Aeronautical, Italian .... _..... . ........ . , . . . _......... . . . _. . .. ... . ... _........ . . . . _.. . .. _...... . . __ "' 45
French aircraft . .. .. ........................ .. . _....... . .. _... _. _. _. _. ________ . _. ___ . _. _____ ______ .. 7
German aircraft construction, resume of .... .... . . ..... . ...... . ... . .... . ... ... . . . . _. . .. _. ... . . . .. . .. . . 63
Lighter-than-air, Italian . ..... ... . ......... . ...... _. . . . ... .. ... .. ....... . . . _... .. . . . ....... . .... . . . . . . 50
Pursuit aircraft, French ........ . . ...... .. .. ... _. _. _.. __ . __ . _. ___ .... . ........ . _. _. _. __ . ____ .. ____ . _. 8
Research, resume of, British . ..... . . _.. _.... . .... _. ... . . ......... . .. ... . . . . ..... .. _.. ... ... . _. . , . _.. . 91
Seaplanes, in Italy ............. . ...... _. ... _. . _. _. __ . . __ . _. ___ . _. _... _.... _. _. ___ . __________ ___ ___. _ 50
Trend of, French ...... ..... ~ ......................... _.. ... _. _. _. ____ . _. _. ___ . _. _.. .. . _... _. ... _. . . 8
Work, Fokker, Dutch .... ... ... . . . . ..... . .. . .. ... ... . __. ... _... _.... _. _._._ . _._ . _._. ____ ._. __ _. __ .. . 81
Dials, indicating, French ......................... _-_.... _..... _. _. _. ___ .. _____ ... _. ·_. _. _. __ . _. _, ___ . _. ___ . 14
Diameter of-
Dirigibles, G·e rman ..... . .. . . . _... . ..... _. .. .. . . . . . . ... . ·... . . . . . . .. ..... _. _.. __ . _. ____ . . . _. __ . _.. . _. __ 64,65
Propeller , French .................. ___ . _. __________ . ___ . _. _. _. _. _. _. ______ ___ . _. ___ . _. _. _. _. ________ _ 10
Diesel engines:
British ...... ·.. ....... .... _..... _....... _._ .. __. _._ .. . _. _. _____ . ___ -___ __ ______ ____ _______ . ____ _____ _ 94
French ...................................... _. _. _.. . _. ___ . ____ . _. ____ . ___ . _. _. ___. __ .. . ... . _. . _.. __ 39
Diffuser, Issy des Mou line ux wind tunnel , French ...... . . _... . _. .... . ..... ........ _. . ... . . 26
Direction finding, Croydon Airdrome , British .... . ... ... .. . ..................... . . . . ...... . 123
Directions for-
Assembly , French ........ . . _. . ...... . .... _... __.... _.. . _. _. _. _. ____ . _. _..... ___ . ___ .. ___ . _. _______ _ 11
Maintenance , French ................................ . ... . . . . _..... _. . . __ . _. _. _. __. . _...... _..... .. __ 11
Dirigibles:
Accidents to, German ....................... _. . . ...... . ......... . ................... _..... . _. _. _.. _.. 67, 71
Activities of, German ..................................... . . . .... . ....... . .... _.. _. ..... _.... . .. . . _.. 69, 71
At Orly, French ..................... _.. . .. . ..... . . _._ ..... . . .. ... . ... __ .. . _.. _._ ._._._ . ____ ...... __ 40
Bombardment, Italian .............. . ~ .. ........ . . .... ................. ..... . .. _. _... _.......... __ . _ 51
Bombing of, Italian ........ . .. _......... _................ . . _. . . ...... _.... . .. . . _.. . ... . . ... . _. .. ... _ 47
Buoyancy of, German ......... _. .. . _. ..... . .. _............. . ... . .. . ........... _. . _. _. .. _....... . ... . 72
Cabins for , German ..... . _.. .. .. . ....... . . . . . .. . . . .... . .... . _.... ..... . . . . . . . ... .... . _.. _...... _. _. _ 72
Capacity of, German ........................................... _........................ _... _..... . . _. 65,67
Carrying power of, German .... . _... .. .. . .... ... ....... . ..... _.... _. .... . ... .... . _.. . . _. .............. . 64,65
Comment on, Italian .......................................... _..... _..... ___ .. . _................. _.. . 51
Comparison of, German ............................................................. _. _... . . . ... _. ... . 71,72
Compartments in, German .... . . . . . .. __. __.. ....... .. .. _. . .. . _... __ ... ..... ... _. ...... .... . _.. ........ . 64, 65
Construction-
Change in, Italian .... _. .. . ..... ....... _......... _..... _.... .. _......... _. ... _.. __........ _...... . 47
Number, German ............................................... . . ....... . _.. _.... _............. . 64, 65
Designation of, German ............................................................. __ .......... .. ... . 65,67
Diameter of, German .......... _.. _. . _... _. ........... . .. __... _... ... . ._...... -. . _._ .. _................. . 64, 65
Drag of, German ........................ _..................... : ..... : ............... ..... .. .. . . .. ·_... . 72
First trip of, German ................ _. ... _....... . ...... _._ ... _-_................... .. .... . .. _.. _. __ .. 67, 69
For United States Navy, German .... '. ...... .. ........ ........ ... . .... ........... ... .... , , ... . ... .... . 63
 157
Dirigibles-Continued. P age.
Gears for, German . . .... .. .... .. ... . . . . . . . .. .. . .. ....... .. . . . ... .. .... .. .. .. . ........... .. .. . : . . . . . . . 72
Hangars at Orly, French ..... . ............................... . . . ... . .... . ... . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .......... . -40
Horsepower of"motors in, German ...... . . .. ... . ... . ... .. . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. . . .. . ... . ... . . . . ... . ... .... . . 64,65
Hull and accessories, German ... . ........ . . .. ... . .... . . .. . . .. ... .. ... . . .... . .. . .... .. .... .. .. . . . . .. .. . 71
Italian .......... . ....... . .... . ................. . ......... .. ... . .... . .... .. ... . .... ... ... . .. . . . . . ... . 46,50
Keels, Italian .. . ......... . ..... . .. .. .... .. ... ... .. .. .... . .................. .. . . ... . ........... . .... . 51
Length of, German ..... . ...... . ............ . .... . ......... . . . . .. .. . . .. ... ... .. .. ... . ..... .. ...... . ... . 64,65
Lifting efficiency of, German .. ... . .. . . .. .. . .... . ..... . ... ... . . . .... . ... .... .. . ..... . .. . .. .. .......... . 72
List of, German .......... . ... . . .. . . ." .. . ......... . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . ....... ... ... .. .. . . . . . ... . ....... . . . . . 64, 71
Mark of, German . ....... .. ... .. . . .... . ......... . .............. . .............. . . .. ....... . ........... . 65,67
Mathematical calculations on, German . . . ... . . ... . ... . ...... .. ... . ... . ...... . ....... . ......... . .. .... . 72
Motors, number of, German ... . ....... . . .. .. . ... ... . . . .. ... . .... . ......... . . .. .. . ... . ... . ...... .. ..... . 64,65
New, Italian ..... . . ·.. .. ...... . .... . . .. . .. . .. ..................... . .... . ... . .. . .............. . ... . .. . 47
T - 120 . . ............... . .... . ......... . ......... . ... .. .... '. .. . - . ........ ... . - . - . .•... . •. . . . - · · · · - - 50
Nondimensional characteristics of, German ....... . ............... . .......... . ......................... . 64,71
Number of motors in, German . . .... . .... .. ........... ·... . .. . ... . . . ................................ . .. . 64, 65
Out of co=ission, German ...... . .......... . .. . . . ......... . .. .. ..... . .... ... .. . : . . . . . . .. . ... . ...... . 67,69
Passenger-carrying, German . ..... . . . . . . . . . ...... . .... . .. . . ... . ... . ...... . ... . ............ .. . . .... . . .. . 72
Paying load of, German .. . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . ... . . . .. . .. . ........ . .. . .. . .. .. . . . .... . ... . . . 72
Power plant installation on, German ............. .. .... . .... . .... . ........... . . .. ......... : ........... . 63
Propellers for , German . .... .. . _. . . ... . . . .. . ...... . ......... . .......·.. . ....... . . . .... .. ... .. . . .. .. ... . . 72
Property of whom, German ... . .... . ... ... ... .. ... ... . . .. . ... .. . .. ..... .. ... . .. . ........... . . . . .... . .. . 65, 67
67,69
:::::~sI;~~:~'. .~- '. ·.·.· .·: : :: : ::::: : :::::::: :: :: : :::: : : : : : : : :::::::::::: : :::: :: :: : :: : : : : ::::: :: :: 50
Speed of, German ... . . .. ... . ............. . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. ... .. . .... .. ... . .. . . .. ........ . ..... . ..... . 67,69
Structural weight of, German : .......... . .......................................... . .... . .. . . . .. . .. .. . 71
Useful load of, German . .. . .... . . . ... . . . . . .............. . . ................ . . .. . . .. . . . ... .. ... . ...... . . 72
Use of, German .......... . . . ...... .. ...... . . . ........ . .... . .. . . . ....... . .. .. . . ..... . ......... . ....... . 69,71
Velocity of, German ...... . . .. . .. . . ......... .. ... . ......... . ... . ... . ... . .. . ..... . . . .. . ... .. . . . . . .. . . . 72
War work of, German ..................... . ... .. ............ . ...... . . .. ................. . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . 69,71
Where built, German . .. . .... . ...... . .... . . . .. . .... . .... . . . ...... . .... .. .. . . . ............ . . ... . .... . . 65,67
Zeppelin, German ........ .. ...... . ........ . ....... . . . .. . . .... . ... . . ....... . .. . . ... . ........ . . ....... . 63,69
Disassembly and assembly, French ........ . ............. ... .. . . . . .. ....... .. ..... . .... . .... . .... . . ..... . . . 12
Disks, co=unication, Farman Goliath, French . .. . ... .. ... . ........ .. . . .. .. ... . . . . .. .... .. .... .. .... .... . 36
Displacement fins, Dornier, German ..................... . ...... .. . . .............. . .... . .. . . . ... . . . . . ..... . 75
Disposal of war material, Fiat Co., Italian . . .. .. . . . . : ..... .. .. . . . .. . ....... . . .. ... .. . ...... .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . 54
Disposition of-
Crew-
And equipment, ambulance airplane, British ...... . ..... ... .. ... .... . ..... . . .. ..... . ... ... ... .. ... . 111
Wibault bomber, French .... . ... . .......... . ................ . ......... . ... . ...... . ...... .. ... . ... . 35
Gasoline, Dornier, German ........ . .. . .... . . . .. . .... . . .. . . . ....... ......... . ..... . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . 74
Dissy=etric static tests, French . . .... .. .. .' ....... .. .. . ....... ... ... . ... . ....... . . . ..... . ............ . . . . 11
Distortion of steel tubing, Fokker, Dutch ... . . . . . ... . ................. . ... . ........ .. . . ... . ....... . . . ..... . 83
Distributors, French ... .. .... . . ............. . ......... . .... . . . . . . . .. . . . ... ... .. ... . .... . ... . . . .. . ...... . . 12
Diverging lens, French . . ... . . . .... . . . ..................... . .... . ........ . ... . .... .. ... .. ........ . ..... .. . 19
"Dixmude " . . .............. .. .. . . . ...... . .. . . ..... ..... . . .. . ...... . . . .... . ... .. ..... . ... . ......... .. .. . . . 41
Doors:
H angar-
French ..... . ....... . . ......... . ... . . . . ... . .. ... ... ... . ... .. ......... . . . ......... ... .......... . .. . 40
Zeppelin .......... . . . . .. . . . ....... . ...... . ... . . . .. ·.· . . ....... ........ ... .. . .... .. ... .. .. .. .. . . . _. 41
Steel , for experimental chamber at Issy des Moulineux .. ........ . ..... . .. . .. . . . .. ... . . .. . .... . ...... . . . 26
Trap, for aircraft, F rench . ....................... . .... . .... . . . . ... . .. .... . . . . ...... . .... . . . . .. ... .. . . . 17
Doped fuel , French . . ................. . .... . ....... .. ............. ... ..... . . . ..... . ... . .. .. ............ . . 39
Dope, protective, French .... .. .......... .. .. .. ... . .... .. ..·.......... ... . .. . . . .... .. .. .... . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . 11
Dornier-
Airplanes, German ........ . . . . . ....... . ... . . .. .. . . ...... . ................... . .............. ... .. .. . . . 72
Construction, Italian .. .. .... .. ............... ...... ..... . .. .. .. .. .. . .... . ... . . .. . .' ........ . . . ....... . . 46
Flying boats, German . . . . ....... .. . . .. . .. . ..... . .... . . .. .. . , ..... .. . .. . .. . .... . ... . ... .. ... .. ........ . 72,75
Decking for , German . . .. .......... ....... . . ... . ....... .. . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . ... ................. . 75
Metal constructioJ:\ . .... . ..... . .. . . .. ... . .... . ......... . . .. . . . ... . ... .. ... . .... . .... . .. ·.... . . . .. ...... . 127
Pass(clnger flying boats, description of, German .. . . . .... . ............. .. .. . . . ...... . . . ....... : . . . . . . . .. . 75
Two-engined flying boats, description of, German . . . .... . ..... . .. .. . .. .... . . . .. . .... . . . ............... . 74
Wing construction , method of, German . . .. .... .. .. ......... . ..... .. ... ........ . . . .. . .. . .. . ............ . 72
Zeppelin Co., German ... ... . . ........ . . . .. . .... . .... . ..... . .... ,. . .. .. .. .. . : . . . .. . .... . ........... ... . . 72
 158
Page.
Dorr, German expert..... . ......... . ....... . .... .. .... . ... . ..... .. ....................................... 63
Double-
Barreled machine guns, German........ . ... .. ..... .. ... . ............................................. 63
Controls, French... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Drafting system, Wibault, French.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Dragonfly engines, British ............ . ..... . .. -~.. . . ................ . . .. .. .. ..... . .... ... . .... .. . . .. . .. .. . 1]8
Drag values, full-scale model, French ........ .. .......................... . ... ·. ............................. 26
Drainage of radiators, French .. ............ . .. .. . .. . :. ..... .. ...... . . ..... . . ...... . . . . .. .. . ...... . ..... . .. 14
Drain cocks, French.... . . . ............................................................................... 12
Drawings :
Production, French............................... . ......... .. ... . .... .. .............. .. .... . .... . ... 11
System of, Wibault, French................................. . . . ..................................... 26
Drift sight, Cook, purchase Fecommended...... . ... . . .... ... .. ... . . . . . .. .. . ... .. .. . ... .. ..... . . ..... .. . .. 129
Drinking water, ambulance airplane, British...... . . .. . ..................... . . . ....... .... .. . ... . . .. ... . . . . 111
Dual-
Control-
French................... . .. .. . . . .. . .. . ... . .... . . . . . ........... . .... . ............... . .......... 10
Italian ......................................................... . .. . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Mechanism, French........... .. .. . .. . ....... . . . . . .............. . ..................... . ......... 38
Mechanism, Hanriot, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Durability of airplanes ................... ·_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Duralumin-
Airplane-
Description of, British...... . . . ... .. ....... . .... .. .... .. . . . .. . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . .... .. .. .. .. . .... . . . 112
Farman, French..... . .............................................................. .. .......... 36
Angles, Potez, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
British........ . .............. . ........ . ........ . ..... . . . ............. . . . ... ... . . ......... . .... . .... 92
Channels, Potez, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Comment on, British. . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Construction . . . . ............... . ................ ... . . . .... . . . ........ . , .......... . .... . ..... : .... 127, 128
Breguet Leviathan, French ...... ... ... ... .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... .. .... .. .. . .... . . .. ... . . . ·_.. ..... 32
Dornier, German .............. . ........ . ......... ·. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Farman, French.. . .... . ....... . . . ........ . . . ........ . ............................ . . . ...... . . . .. 36
French............... . . . ..................... . ... . .... . ... . . . ... . . .. ... .. ..... . . .. ............. 8.
German.... . .. . ......................... . ............. . ....................... . ..... . ... . .... . . . 63
Hanriot, French ... . .... . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Italian............................................................. . ..................... . .. . . . . 46
Junkers, German...... . .... . ..... .. ... . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. ........ . ..... . ..... .. .. . .. .. ... ... . . . .. 76
Morane Saulnier, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Potez, French......................... . .... ... .. . ............. . ........................ .. . . .... 34
Staaken, German... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Zeppelin-Dornier Co. , German. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Fittings, German............... . .... ..... . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . ... ... . . .. ... .. . . .. . ..... . . . . .. .. ..... . ... 63
Floats-
French.... . .... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
German.......... . ........ . .............................................. . ............ . ......... 75
French........................................... . .. . ........................... . . .. ..... . . .. .. . .. . 38
Gusset plates, Potez, French........ .. ....... .. ...... . . . ... . ... . ..... . ... .. ... .. ... . .. . ............... 34
Heat treatment of, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Industry in France . ........... .... . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . .... . . . .... .. .. .. .... . ... . . . . . . . .. . ............. 38
Pontoons, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Presses; French ....... . ... . ... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Protection of, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Riveting, German..... . .. ...................... .. ................ . .......... . .............. . .. . .. . .. 63
Shapes, French.......... .. .... . .............. . .. . . . . ... .. .. . . .. .. ... . . . . ... . ..... . .... . .... . ....... 8, 38
Shaping, French. . ..... ......... . ... . ..... .. ...... . ....... . .... .. ....... . ............................ . 38
Trellis work, French ............................... . . . . . ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Tubes, French.......... ... ........ .. ... ... .. . . .. ... .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . ..... . ...................... . . 38
Tubing, French.......... . ...... . ..................... . .............. . .. .. ..... . ........ . .... .. .. .... 31
Use of, in Italy ...... . .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ... . . . . .. ... .. . . .. . . . ... ... ·. . ... . .. . ... .. ... .... .. .. . ...... . . 46
 159
Duralumin-Continued.
Wing- Page .
Construction, Dornier, German................................................................ .. . 72
Covering-
British ... ........ .. ........ . ......... . ......... .. .. ... .. . .... .. ..... . ... .. .. . ....... . . .. ... 112
Dornier, German ... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ....... .. ....... _........ . . . .. ..... . _. . . . _. . . . ... . 74
Dutch-
Aeronautical Research Laboratory .... ........ _..... . ..... .. ............. .. ........ .. ........... . .. _.. 84
Flying Corps . .. _ .... . _... . _.. . . _. __ .... _. . . . _. .. . __... _... . .... _.... . ...... . . _........ _.. . . . ... ... . 82
Dynamometers, French . .......................... . _......... _. . ...... . . .. ....... _. . . . ...... .. ...... ... . 25
Eagle engine, Rolls-Royce, B1·itish .... _. ... _. ·_.... ... ... . .. _. . .. . ... ....... . . ..... . ... . ....... _... .. _... . 108
Ease of assembly and ma1ntenance, French .......... .. .. . ... ___ . . ...... . .. _..... _.. . ..... _............ . . . 11
Eckner:
Data on Zeppelins, German ..... . _._ .. _..... .. . .. ... .. . ... . . . .. . . ..... . . .. . ... . . ............. . ..... . 72
· German expert ..... ...... . . ....... , .. . ............... . _·....... .... .... ...... _... .... .. __ ... .... .. . . 63
Ecuador, purchase of Ansaldo aircraft, Italian . .. . ..... . . _.... _. ..... . . . .. . .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... . .... . .. ..... . . . 59
Eddies, slipstream, French .... . ....... .. ___ ... . _.. _.. . . . ... _.. ..... ·. _..... .. ..... . ... .... . ... ......... _. 14
Effect of gunfire, Siddeley ' 'Siskin,'' British . ... . ... . ... . .... . .... .. ... ....... . _.. . _._ ... _._ .. _.. .. . _.... . 114
Efficiency:
F rench . ...... . .. _........ __ ..... _. _. __ . _. _. _. _.... . .. _. ___ .. . _. __ .. _. . __. _.... .. .... ____ ___ _. ___ __ _ 10
Propeller, French ............... . . ... .. .. ... . . __ ............... . .. .. .. . .. .. . _........... .... . .... . .. . 10, 16
Eggs, power, Farman, French ....... ..... . .. .. ..... __ ... ...... .. . . ..... . ... . .... .. . . . ... .......... . . . .. . _. 36
Egypt . . . .............. . .... ... .. . ....... .... .... ..... .... . . .. . . ....... .... ... . ..... ... .. .. .... .. ... . ... . 96
Eiffel Tower Tunnel , French ....... .. ..... ..... ............. _.... ... . . _... _...... _._ . ..... ....... .. .. . . . . 25
E lastic cord stresses, French ...... .. ... .... .. .. ... ... .. . .... .... . . ..... .... ...... _.. _... _. __ . _..... . .... _ 11
E lectric- ·
Locomotives, Italian .. . .. ...... .... ... ........ ... ... . ... . _... . .......... ·.... . .. . . ..... . ... .. .... ... . . 59
Spark for study of air flow, Italian .. ... .. . ... ....... ..... .... .... ..... .... .... .. . ... . . ... ......... . . . 50
Electrical-
Equipment, arrangement of, French .... . .... . . . .. ... ....... . ........ ... ... . .. . .... . ... . .......... . .. . ]9
· Installation-
Breguet Sesquiplan, French .. ... ... ... .................. _.... _.... .. ... ... . .......... .. ........ . 31
French ........ ... ........ .. . . ............ ... ....... .. ....... .... ....... .. ... . ..... _____ .. _. . . . . 15
Elevators, French ..... ........... . .......... . .... .. .. _. . ... . ... _... .... .. .... . . .... .. .. .. . . _. _.... _.. . . . 10, 12
Eleven thousand flying hours, Fokker airplanes, Dutch ......... . .. . ... .... ...... ... . . .. .. ................ . 83
Elongation of tubes, Fokker airplanes, Dutch ..... ...... ......... . .. . ... ... ... . ...... .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . 84
Empennage:
Fiat B . R ., Italian . . , . . ............ .. .......... . .. .. ... . .. .. .. . _............ __ . ... . . .. . ......... . .. . 56
French .. . ..... ... . ... . .... . .. ... . .......... ... . ...... . . . .. .... . . . .... . . .. ... ... ........ _. .. . . . . ___ _ 11
Tests, French . . . . . . ........... . .......... . ... . . _... . .. __ _... •_.... .. _........ . ... .. ..... _____ . _... . _. . 11
Engines:
ABC, British . ........... ... .... . . .... ..... ... . . .... .. ..... . . . .............. _... _.. . ......... _. __ . _. 94
Accessories, British ..... . ..... . ...... . ................. . ..... . ....... . .. . .. .... . . .. ·.. ... . . ... . .. .... . 117
Air-cooled . . ............ . .. . ....... . .. ... ........ . .... ... ......... . ........... . ................ . ... . . 127
British ..... ... ....... ... ..... .. ......... .. .. . ........ . ·_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 115
French .......... . . . . . . - . . .. . .. .... .. . . . ..... ... .... ......... ... . .. . .. . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Lynx, British ..... . ... .... . .. . ..... . .... .. ... .. ... . .... ................ .... .. .. ..... .. . ... .... . . .. . . 114
Ansaldo, Italian ........ ... ...... . .............. ... ............... ........ ... _......... . ........... . . 46,52
Anzani, Italian . . ..... .... .. . . ... . . ...... . .. ... ... ....... ... ...... .. . . . .. .... __ ..... . ... . .. ... _.... . . 52
Armstrong Siclcleley, British . . ...... .. ....... .... . ...... . .. ... ... .. . ........ . . ... . .. .............. .. . . 114
Available, for aircraft, French .. .. . ... ... ...... ... .... .. ... .. . .. , . . ...... ..... .. .... . . . ........... ... . 39
Beel, Dornier, German . .. . .. ........................ .. .. .. ... . .... .. .... . .... ... ... . . . . .. . ... ..... .. . 74
B.M.W.-
·Dutch ..... . ... . .... .. ......... . ... ...... .. . . ... .. .. ... . . .............. . ..... .... .... . .. .. ... . . . 83
German ............ .... ... .. .... ............. . .. .. .. . . ....... .... . ... .... . . . ...... . . . . . . . ... . 72, 76, 77
Conclusions .... . . .. . . ........ .. ...... .. . . ..... . .. ..... ............. . .. .. ....... ... ... . ...... 78
Failures of. . ......... . ...................................... .. ..... . _. . . . _. . .. ....... ... . .. . 77
1iake of. ............................. . .. .. .... ...... - . ... - . . .. . .. . ... - . .. ....... .. .. . .... .. . 77
Overhaul routine ........ . ..... ...... . . .. ........ .. .. ... ........... .. .. .... .... .. .. . . . ... . . . 77
Report on .... ......... . .... . ..................... _......... . . ... ...... . .. ........... _.. .. __ _ 77,78
Service results ..... _.. .... . . .. . . .. ... .... .. . .... . _. ....... .. .... . ............ .. ......... .. .. . 77,78
Breda, Italian ... .. .... . . .... . .... ... .. .. .... .. . .. ....... . ... . ....... . ...... _. .. ......... .... .. . ... . 46
 160
Engines-Continued .
Bristol- Page.
British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Jupiter, British ... .. ..... . . .... . . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ............................. . ......... . .. 92, 94, 106
Description of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Recommended purchased. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 29
Test of.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
British . . ... ... ....... . ......... . .... .. .. ...... . ...... . . . . .. ..... . . .. ... . .. . ........ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Bugatti, French .......... ... ......... ... ... ......... . . ............... . .. . . . .... . .... . . . .. .. . .... ... 13, 40
Cannon-
French . ....................... . ........... . .. ... . ....................... . .. .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Hispano, French ........ . ... . ............ : .............. .. .................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Characteristics of-
British .......... . ..... . ........ ... .·..... . ............................. . ... . ... . . . ...... .. ..... . 115
French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·. 38
Clerget, French .. . ............ . ................................. . ............ . .... ... ..... . ... . 13, 38, 39, 40
Colonial airplane, French .... .. ............ . .............. .. .. _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Condor-
Bearings for. British . . ... . .... . .... .. .. . ... ... .. .. ... . . . .. . ... _.. .... .. . ..... ... _.......... . ..... 99
Carburetors for . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Connecting rods for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Controls for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Cooling system of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Crank shaft-
D.ri ves of. ....... . . . .. ......... . ........ . ........ . .... . . .. ... . .. . . . .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
F:or .... . .... .... . . ... ... ... . ... .. ... . .... . .... . ...... . .... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Cylinders of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Exhaust manifolds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Gear drives .. . ....................... . ........ . ................. .. ... . .. .. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 99
I nduction pipes . ... .............................. . .... , .. , . .. ... .. ..... ... . ..... . ....... . . ..... . 100
Instruments for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Lubrication system of. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Magnetos and ignition.. . .. . ...... . . .. .. ... .. ... . ...... ... ...... .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Pistons for ....... .. .. . . . . ........ . ........ . . . ..... .. ...·. . .......... ..... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Propeller hub of. ........ . ......... . .... . .................. . ......... . ... . ......... . ....... _.... 100
Reduction gear of ... .. . ......... . ..... . . . . . ..... . ........ . ... . .... . ................. . . ....... _... 99
Rocker mechanism.. ... ....... . .................. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Purchase recommended ......... ... .. . .... .. ....... . .. . . . ... . .................. . .... . ......... _.. 129
Rotation of .......... .. .. .. ... .. .. . ... ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Starting gear of. ........................... . ....... .. . ................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Testing of-
Engine. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Tools and spares for . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
• Valves of. . ................... . . . .. . .............................. .. ... ... ... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Controls-
For. French........... .. .. . . . . . ........... .. ..... . .... . ... . . . . ... . .......... . ... . .... . ..... . . . . 63
Jupiter, British .............. . . .... . . .. . . ..... . ....... . .... . ... . .... . ......... :. ... . ... .. ... . . . . 107
De Dion, French..... . ... . .... . .. .. . ... . ................. . ..... . .. .. . ... ... . ... . . ....... . ... .. . . ... . 4.0
De Dion-Bouton, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Development of, prize for, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Diesel-
British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
French .. . . . ............. .. ... . .... . ....... '....... . ... . .. . .... . ... . ... . ............. . ... .. .. . . .. 39
Dragonfly, British...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Eagle, Rolls-Royce, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Ex-German Zeppelin, French..... ... ... . .... . ...... . . . . . .... .. ... . .. . ... . ......... .. . . . . .. . ... ... .... 39
Experimental work on, French ............ - .......... .· . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Fiat- .
Italian ..... . ........ . .. . .... - - ..... . . : . . ... . .. . .. . .. .. ............ - ........................ .. 53, 54, 59
A- 12 bis, Italian.......... . . . . . ......... .... . .................... .. .... . ........ . ...... .. ....... . 54
A- 14, description of, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
 161
Engines-Continued.
Fiat-Continued. Page
A- 15- R , description of, Italian .. ... . ... . ........... . ..... .. . ...... ........ . ... .. ..... .. .......... 54
A- 18, description of, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
A- 300, Italian . . ... ........ .. ... ..................... ................ .... . .. . . .... . . . .... . . . . . . . 60
C. R. , Italian. ..... ... . . . . .. .. ........ ......... ........ . . . ...... ....... . ... . .. .... .. .... . ...... . 56
FrenclL .. . ........... ......... . .. .... . ... . .. ..... . . . .. . . . . .. . _. ... . .... .. . ..... . .... . ........ _. .. . . 19, 38
French aircraft, table of. ....... ....... . . . ...... ·_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Fuel consumption of, British .. .. .. . . .... .. __ .... . ... __ ... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Gearing of, British . ... ....... . ............. _. . .. . ..... .. .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Gnome OberW'sl , Dutch . .. . . _... ..... _... . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Heavy oil, British. _ .. _. _.. . _....... __ .. _. ________ . ______ ...... . .. .... _. . . . _.. . . .. .. . _..... _. . .... . . 94
H ispano-Su.iza . _. ____ . __ .. . .. _..... _. _.... _. ___ ______ ...... . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
British .......... . ... .. .. . . ........ . ..... . . . _. .. _... . . _. . .... . . . . .. . .. ... . . . . . . ....... . .. . .... . . . . 92 , 94
French ............. . ........ . ....... . .. . ............ . ... ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . ........ . . . ... .. . .. ·1:\ 38, 40
Italian . .... . .... ... ...... .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. ... . .. . ... .... . . ... . .... . ... . . . .... . .. ..... .... 46, 5 L
Mo un ting in Spad 20, Fren ch . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . ..... . ..... ........ . .. ... . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. ... .. . . .. . . . 27
Horsepower of, French .. _............ . ....... ... . . _.. __ . _.... .. .. ... .... . . ............... . .. . , .. . . ... . , . 39
Tnstall ation of, Siclcl eley Siskin , British ...... _. .. . .. . ... . . . . ... .. . . ... . . . . . . .... ... ... .... . ... .. .. . . . . · 113
lsotta, J talian ..... . .. . ......... . . . ... . . .... .. _........ . . . _... .. ... ... . _.. . .. ... . .. . . .... . . . .. . .. G2, 59
] talian ............... . . . ... ... . . .. .. .. . _. . . . _. . . . . ~ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Jaguar, British ......... . .. . . . ......... . .. . .. .... ... .. . ... . _..... . ........... .... . . .. . . . . . 02, 94 , 112 , lJ G, 127
Accessibility ...... _.. _._ ... . _.. . . . _... __.. . _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Carburetion........ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Characteristics ...... . ..... . . . _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Connecting rods . ............. .. . . . . .... . ........ .. . ... . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . ..... . .. ...... .... .. 116
Cooling ... ........ . ... ... . ......... .. .... . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Crank shaft. .. . ... .. . . ... . _.. . . _... __... _. . . . . _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Cylinders .. _. ... . _.. _. _. _... . . . . . ....... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
F uel consumption ...... . _. . . _.... .. ...... ..... .... . ....... . ... . .... . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. . 115
Guaranty .......... . ... .... ... .. ... _... _.. .. .. . __ . .. .. . .. _.. . ... .. .. . . ......... ... . . .. ·..... . ..... 115
I gnition . .. ........... ............ . ...... __ .. ..... .... ...... . ... . ......... .. ...... ... . .......... . 115
Induction ....... . .. . : .. . _........ ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Lubrication __ ..... . . _.. _... .. ........ . _.. .. ___ ........ .. .. .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Mounting .. . ....... . ..... _. .... .... .... ... . __._. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Oiling ... . _. _. . _.. ... .. . . ..... . .. ....... _.. _. ___ . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Pistons ............... ...... . . . . . ......... __ . . _... . .... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
PW'chase reco mmended . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Tim.ing gear_ . . . . .. _. . _.... . . . ............ . _. ____ . _. _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Vibration .. .. . _. .. _...... .. ..... . . . ..... _.. . . _. . ... ............ . .. .. .. . ....... .. ........ .. . ..... 115
Junkers, 700-horsepower, Germ an .... _.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Jupi ter, British . . . _. ___ .... __ _.. _... . . . .. _.... _.. _. ____ ._._ ... . ............................... . . . . .. 107, 127
Carburetors . . ... ... __ .......... _..... ____ . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . ...... ..... ....... . ............ 107
Controls for .. .. . .. . .. .... ... .. _.. . _... _. __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fi.re preven tion . .... . . . . .. _. ... . ... .. . ....... . . ... . . .. . . . . . .' . .... . . . ... . .. .. ........ . .. . .. . . . ... 107
Gasoline p umps fo r ._ .... . ... .... .. .. . _. _. __...... _..... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Gun-control gear of. .. _.... . . . ... _. . .. _. . . . ... _. _.. _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Ign.ition system . . ... _.......... . .......... . ...... . .. ....... . . . ......... ... .. ..... ...... . . ... . .. . . 107
Lubrication of. . ....... _... . .. .. . _. . , _........ .. ..... . ... ... . . ..... ... ... . . .. ... . . .. . . . . . . ... - . . . 107
Propeller hub of.._ . . . .. .............. _....... . _... _... . .. . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Starters ............. . .......... .. .... .... . . .. .. ..... . . , ... . .. . .. . ... ... .. .. ....... ....... ... 107
Le Rhone, Fren ch._ ...... ........... . .. .. . ..... . ... . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 37, 38, 39, 40
Liberty ... . .......... .. .. . ........ ..... . .. . ..... .. , ..... . . . . . .... .... .... .. . . ....... 13, 39, 40, 59, 76, 81, 127
Install ation in P . R. B. fl ying boat, Italian ... .. .......... .. ... . .. . ... . ...... . ... - - . - - . - . - . - ... - . . . 53
Life of, French . _............ . . . . . . _.... . . . .. ..... ....... . .... . . .. . . . .. . ......... . ..... ........... ... 39
Lorraine Dietrich, French ................. . .. _... . . .................. . . .. ... . . . . .... . . . . . .... 9, 13, 36, 39, 40
Lucifer, description of, British . . . . . . . .. . _... . .. ... . . . .. ...... . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Lynx, British ........... .. . . .. .. . ..... . ....... . .... ... ...... .... .. . . . . . . . ..... . ... . ... .... . ......... ... : .. 112, 114
Accessibility .. .... .- ... . .... . ... . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . ..... .... . . ... ........... . . . ... . . . . .... . .... . . .... 114
Carburetion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Connecting rods for.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Cooling . .. ... .. ............. . ........ .. __ . . . . ..... . ........ . .... . .............. . ............. . .. 114
14799- 23- -11
 162
Engines-Continued.
Lynx, British-~ Continued. Page.
Crank shaft .. . . ....... ... ..... .. .. . ...... ... .. . . . . . . ........ _.... . .... _. . . .. _... . ...... . .. ." ._.... 115
Cylinders for... . ..... . . ... .. ... . .... .. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Fuel consumption . . . . ... __ ......... _... _.. _._ ... . _.. . . _.. . . _.. . .. _.. . __. . _. . . . . . . . .......... _... 114
Guaranty ...... .... ... .. . . .. ... ... .. . _.... _........... . ........................ ·. ... . ... . . .. ...... 114
Ignition __ .. ___ .... _.. . . __... _... _. _. . __ . . _. .. . . .. . _.. _ .. . . _.. . . . .. _. . _. _. _. .. .... _... __ . __ . . . . 114
Induction .... __ . . ... .. .... . ... ... . __ ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Lubrication ..... __.. . _. . . __ _._ ._ . . ___ .. _. __ .. . ... _... . _... . . . .... . __ . _. . . _. . ..... .. .. . . . . _. _. . . _. 115
Mounting._ ........... __ ._ .. ... . _..... ... . ................... . ............... . .. ....... . .. ... . .. 114
Oiling._ , .......... . . .. _._ . . _. .. . ___ .. _. __ . _. . _._. __. . . . ....... . ... . _. _. . _. . _. _. . .. _. .... . . . . __. . 114
P istons for ....... . . . ..·. . . . . . . . .. .. . ..... : .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll 4
Test. . _........ _...... ... .. ... .. .. .................. .... . ... . ..... . . . . .. . ...... . . .... . . . . .. . . _. . . 114
Timing gP,ar ........ .. . . . ... . .. . . _. . . ...... _. . . ...... . ...... __ . .. .. .. .. ..... . ...... ......... . .... . 115
Maybach, German ....... . ... ... . . . . _. ........... . .. .. . .· .. .. .. .. . . .. . .·.. . . .. .. .. . . . . ............ . ... . 41, 76
Mercedes- ·
Dutch........... . . . . . .. . . .. . . . ..... . . ..... ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .... .. . . . .. .. .. ... ... .. . 83
German.-_.... . .. _. . __. . . _. __ . .. . _. . . . .. .. . . _.. . . _. . . . __. . .... . . . . . . . _.. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . _. . ... _ 76
Mountings- .
French ......... ... . ... . . ... . . . .. ... . ... . . .. . . ·- · · -'·- ·· · · ···· ··· · ··· ··· · · · · · · ·· · ···· · ········· · , 8
P.R. B. seaplane, !tal i.a n . .... .. ..... _. _. . ... .. . _... .. . .. ... . . .... . . . .... .. .. ·. .. . .... .. .. . ... . . . . . 54
Savoia, Italian . .. .. . . . ... . . .. . · - -- -- ···- . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .... . . . ... . .. . . .. .. .. _. . . . . .... . . . . .. . .. 51
Spad, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~9
Wright ....... _.... . . ...... ·.... ...... ___... __.. . . . ..... . .. _.... _. .. .... . . _.. . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . ... . . . . 127
Muff\ers-
British ___ ........ _........................................ .. ........ . ....... . . . . . . . . . . _. . .. __. . . . 95
Italian ____ ._ . . .. ... . .. . . _. . ......... . .. . . _.. . . . . . ... .. . . ... _.. . .... . .. . . .......... . . . . . . .. .... . . 96
Multiple--
Air-cooled, British ...... .. . .. . ...... . .. . . ... .. .... ... . .. ... .. . .. . . .. . _.. . .. . . .... .. ... _. . . . . . . . . . 116
Cooling of, British...... .. ................................. . ................... . ... . ........... ... 117
Description of, British .. ·. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Weight of .. . ....................... _.... _.... . .. . . . _... . . . .... . . . . . . . _... _. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Nacelles, removable, Spad, French . .. .. . ..... ...... ....... .. . : .. .. ............. .. ......... . . . . . . . . .. 28
Napier-
Cub-
R ecommended pmchased . . ... . .... .. .. , ..... . ...... . .. ... ...... . .... ·" ......... . ....... . .. . 129
Specifications for , British ... . ... . . : . ..... . .. . . .. .... . ........ . . _. _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Lion, British .... .. .... ... . . ....... _.. _. ... _. . .. . . . .. _... . _..... . ..... . .. 93, 94, 97 , 102, 103, 106,108, 109
New, Italian .................. . . . ....... ..... . ......... . . . .............. .... ... . ............ . ... _... 46 .
Obermsl, Dutch ..... . . .. .. . . . . . ..... . ...... . . . ... . . . . . ..... . ... . .. . _. . . . _. ............ .. ..... .... . . 81
Packard ... _........ . ..... . .. . .... .............. ...... .. ... . . ........... . ... .. ......... . . . . . .. . . . . . . 127
Panhard, French .... . ....... . . ... . .. . . .. . .. ... _. ........ _. . . .. . ... .... . ... . ... ..... . .. . .... .. . _. . . . . 40
Panhard-Levassor, French.... . .......................... . ................ ..... . . ......... . ... . . . .. .. . 13
Patents on, Rolls-Royce, British ..... . .... _...... . ....... . .. . .. .. ... . .. ... .. . . _.. . . .. . . . ... . . . . .. ..... 101
Peugeot, F rench. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Radial- ·
Breda, Italian .. ... . . .. ... . . . . .. . .. _. .. . . ... ... .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ..... . . . .... . .... . 60
British .. _......... . ...... . . . . . . . ..... . ... . . . .. .... . . . ...... . .. ....... . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. _. .. 94, 116
Recommendations on ..... . ... .. . _. _.. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . ...... . . . : .. . . ... .. .... . ............ .. ..... ·... _. 127
Reliability of, British . .... . ... . .. . . . ......... . .... . ........... . ............... .. .... . . . . ... . .. . . .. . _. 94
Renault-
British .................. . . . .. . ....... . ....................... _.... . . .. . . ......... . _... . . . ...... 103
French ....................... . ........... .. . . . .. . . . . .... - . ..... . . . .......... . ... ... .. . 13, 32, 33, 35 , 38
Renault 600 bis, pmchase recommended...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Requirements for changing of, French ........ _. . ........ . .. .. .. . . .. ...... . .. ..... ...... . . . . . . .... . . . . 7
Rolls-Royce, British . ......... . ....... . . - .... - .... - ........ . ... . . ..... . . . .. . .... . ... . ... . . .. . . . .. . ... 93 , 98
Rotary, B. R. , British. . ......... . ..... . .... . . .. ...... .. .. . ....... . . . .. ... ... . .... .. .................. 103
Salmson, French .. . .... .. .. .. . . ......... . .... . . . . - .... . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . .... _... 13, 36, 39, 40
Servo, British ................. . .... .. ... ... ....... . .. . . . .... .. ........ . . _.... .. . .. _. .... . .......... 93
Seven-hundred horsepower , Junkers, German . . .. . .... . . . . .. . ......... . ................... . .. . .. . . . . . _ 76
Siddeley Siskin airplane, British .... .. ... .. _......... . .................... _. . _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Spa, Italian... .. . .. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Spare, Italian . . ......... .... .. . . .. . ....... - - ... . ............ . ... . .. . ........... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
 163
Engines-Continued . P age.
Starters for, portable, British ..... .. . .. . . .. .... . .. . . . ... ... . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .... . _. __ ..... . . . .. !)5
Supports, French ... .. ... . .. . . .. .... . . ........ .. . . . ... . . ... . . . . ... . .... . . ....... .. . . . .. .. . _. .. _.. . . _ 15
S. V. A. , Italian ....... . ............ . . . .. . .... . .. . ... . . ............ .. . . .. . .. .. .. ... . . . . . . . . .. .... _... 59
Test stands, French ... . ....... . .. . . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . .. . ... . .... . ..... . ............. . . _...... _. ...... . 26
To b e purchased in Europe ............ . ........... ... . .. ......... .. . . . .. _.. _. _. . . . .. . . . _. . . .. _. .. ... 129
" \V" - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - ....... - ... .. . . .. ... ...... . .. . . . . . . .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Water and air cooled , comparison of, Bri tish. . . . .. . . .. . .. ....... . . .. ... . .. . .. . ... ....... . .. ... . . ... . . . 91
Wrigh t . ..... . ...... . . . ..... . ... . . . . ...... ..... .... . ...... ...... . .. .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . ... 39, 127
Equalizing system for machine guns, French.... . . .. ....... . .. ..... .. .... . ...... . . .. ......... .. . . . . ...... .. ]7
Equilibrium, longitudinal, French ..... . . ... . .. .. ..... ...... . . . ... .. .. ... .. . . . .. .. . ... . .. . . . . . . . _.. .. . . . .. 10
Eq1tipmen t, ambulance airplane, British.. . . . . . ... . . . ... .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .. .. . .. .. ...... .. . . ........ 110
Equipment-
And arma men t, F;-ench. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Croydon Airdrome, British . . ...... . . .. . . . .. . ........ .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 21
Electrical, arrange ment of, French . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . ..... . .. .. ·. . . . .... . ..... . . ... .. ... ... ........ .. . . ... . 19
French .. . . ... ... . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ligh ter-than-air, German. ... ... .. . ...... . .. .. ... . .......... . . ....... . .. ...... . . . .... . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . 63
Low-alti tude fighter, Fren ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Nigh t, F rench .. . .. . . . ....... . ...... . ... . . . . . . . ........... . . .. ... ... . . . .... _. _.. . _... _. _. _. _.. _. . . .. . . 19
Pho tographic, Fren ch ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Siddeley Si skin, British ..... ...... ...... . .. . . . ...... . ....... ... .. . . . .. . .. . . . ..... . ...... .... .. . ... . . 114
Storage of, Italian .. . ...... . ....... . . . .. . . . . .. . ... . . . ... ... .. ... . . . . . . . . . _- . .. . ..... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Torpedo airplane, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Wireless, Farman, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Europe, purchases in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Ex-German-
1
Dirigible Bodensee .. . .. . ..... , ...... . .. .. ......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Zeppelin, description of, French........ . .... . .. .... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Zeppelin L- 72, French. ........ ... .... ... .... ...... . .. . ... ..... ... . .... .. ....... . . . . ..... . . ........ .. 41
Exhaust-
Gas, French ....... . . ... . ~ .. ... . .. . . .. . .. . ..... ... .. .. .. . . ..... .. ... . ........ . ..... . . . .. ..... .. .. . .. . 14
Effect of ..................... . . . . .............. ... . . ...... . . .. . ...... . .. ..... . ......... : .... .. . 15
Manifolds for Condor engines, British . ..... . ..... . ... . .. .. ... . .... . ........ . ... . .. . . . ... . . . ... .. ..... . . 100
Night pursuit airplanes, Italian ....................... . . . ............. . .. . . . . ....... ....... ... ... .... . 50
Pipes, Fiat r3,cer, Italian ......... . .. .. .. . . .... . . .. . ... . .. .. ... .. . .. . .... . ............... . .......... . 57
Expansion of silencers, French . .. ... . .................... . ........ . . .. . . . . . . . ... .. .... . . . ....... . ........ . 14
Experimental-
Chamb er, wind tunnel at I ssy des Moulineux, French .. .. . . .... . .. . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . . .. . .. . 26
Field, Italian ....... . . . ..... . ......... . . . .......... ... .. ·.. . .. . .. . . . ....... .. .. .. . . . ........ . .... . .. . 45
Machines, drawings for, French . .. . .. . .. . . ... ..... . .. . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . ..... ... . .. . . . 27
91
~:! '
a;t!~:::~~~-o~~'.~' _E_n~I~~~ :: : :::: :: '.:: :: :::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :·:: : : 50
1Vork-
Engines, French . .. .. ... . . . . .... . . . . .. .. ... ... . .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... ..... .. . .. . ............... . 39
Fokker, Dutch .... . ... . .. . . . . . . .... . ..... . .. . ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. ... . . . .. . . .. . 81
Fren ch ..... . . ........ .... .. . ............ . ..... . ..... . . . . ... . .. . . .. . ... ... .... .. .. .. . ... ... .. . . . 25
Experimen talion:
French ............................ . . ... . . . ... . .... ..... ..... ... . .... . ... . ........... ... ... .. ... . .. . 7
German . .. ..... .. .. . ... . .... . . . ... ... . . ... . ..... . ... . . . .... . .......... .. .. .. .... . .................. . 63
Zeppelin, German .. . ..... . ......... . . . .. .· .. .. . . . . . .. .. . .. .. ... . . . . . .... .. . ..... ·. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . 63
Experiments :
Aerodynamic, French . . ·... . .. .. .... . . .... . . .. .. . ... ... . .. .. ........ . . ... . ...... . .... . .... .. .. . . .. . . . 25
Ricardo's, engines, German .... . ..... . ... .. .. ... ......... . ...... . . .. ..... . . . .. .. .... ·.. . .... . .... .. .·..• 77
Explanation of Wibault drawing system, French ........ .. . . ..... .. . . ..... . . . . . ......... . . . ......... . .... . 27
Explanatory note to program for French airplanes ... ... . . ... . . . .. : .... . .... . ......... .. .. . . . . . . ........ -.. . 9
Exterior bomb sights, French ...... .. . . .......... . . ... . . . . . .. ... . ... : . ..... .. . .. ... . ..... . . .. .. ...... .. . 18
E xternal-
. Bomb racks, French .. . .... ... ...... . ....... . . . ... . . .. . .. .. . .... ... .. ... .. .. . . . ..... . .. . .. . .. .. ... . . 8
Finish for petro flex tubing, British .. . . ... ... ... .... . ............................................... . 120
Reinforcing wire for petro flex tubing, British .... ... . .. ...... ... . . . . ............. . . .. . . . . . .. . ... .... . 1,20
Fabric:
Fokker, Dutch .... .. . . ......... ... . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. , .. - . .... . ... .. .. . ....... ..... ..... . ... . . . ... .. . 85
T ests, dirigible, Italian . . . .. ........ . ....... . . . ............ . . . .. .. . . . ... ... . ...... . .... .. . .... ...... . 72
 164
Page.
Factor of safety, FiatB. R., Italian. -·- --- -- -- -- --· - ····-································ · ·-·· · · -- - -- · -··· 55
Factors:
Correction-
Alula wing, British . ...... . .... .. ......... . ...... .. . .. . .... . .... . . , ...... - ...... ..... .......... . 91
French . .... . .... . .... . . . - .. - .. .. .... . ... . ......... . ............. .. .... . . - . - - - - - - .. - ... . - .... . - . 7,8
Resistance, French . .. .... . ... . ..... : ..... ... . - . .... . .... . ...... .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . ... ... .............. . 8
Failure of Italian triplane seaplane . ......... . .... . ......... .... ....... ....... ........... .... . .. ....... .. . 58
Failures, B. M. W. motors, German .... --- - --- -- --- -- -- -- - · ··· -· ·· · · ·· · ·- · · · -·· · · · - ··· --· ·· ·· -···· ····· · · 77
Fairey-
Amphibian airplanes, British. _ ....... ..... _.... _.. . .. ..... . ............ . .. . . .. . .... .. .. . . ... .... . . .
Atlanta fly ing boat, British ........................................ . ............... . .. . ............. . 94
F lying boats, British ........ . .. . ..... . _........................... . .. . ............. _.... _.. . . ... .. . . -93
Fan-driven-
Gasoline pump, Vickers, purchase recomm end ed ................ . ....... . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . ......... .. . . 92
Pumps, British .... . .. . ... .. .... ... .. ....... .... .... ... ....... . .. - . ... . . ... ... .. .. .. .. .. . ... . ...... . !lii
Farman-
Aircraft, French ....................... . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . . ... ...... . ..... .. .. . . . ... . . . _. . .... . . . :16
Four-motored airplanes, French . ..... .. ... ..... .................. . .. ... ....................... .. .... . 36
French . ......... . ...... . ... .......... - . . - . - . - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - !l
Goliath, French ..... ......... ..... .............. . . .. . . ... . ...................... . . .. ............... . . 36
Observation airplanes, French ... ... . .. .. . _. .. .... . ........ .... ..... . ...... .... ..... . .. __ .......... . . 37
Torpedo airplanes, French . .. . '. . . .. ... .......... ...... . . .. .. .. - . .. . - . . . . .. .............. ..... ....... . 37
Farnsborongh, England . .. .... ... . .... . _....................... . ... . . ............ .. ... . . ...... . . ..... .. . . 9],94
Fatigue of pilot, Frencli' . ... .................. . . _..... .... . . . ............. . . . .... _. . . . .. . ...... . ...... .. . 10
Ferrules, wire, specifications for , French ........................ . ....... . ............. ...... . . .. ........ . 11
Fiat-
Airplane A. R. F., Italian ..... . ..................... . .... . ......... . ...... .. .. . ........... . ... . .... . 57
Airplane A. R. S., Italian ... . .... ... ... . _.. . ......... . ... . . . . . ...... ..... ... . . . ... . . ... . . . _.. .. . .. . . 57
Airplane B. R.-
Bomb rack for, Italian ... . . _. . . . . . .. _................................. . .............. _.. . ... . . . . 56
Description of ... .. ....... . . ... ....... _. __.. . __ . . . _.... _... . _.... __ .... _. . .. _. . . . _.... . _..... _. 55
Empennage of .. . ............ . ............. . . .... . ....................... ........... . . .. .. ... . . 56
Fuselage of ... _ . . . _ . __ .. . .. . . . .. . ... _. . . _........... . . . ............ _..... .. _. .. .. ... . . _. . . . .. . 56
Motor apparatus of . . __ . .......... . ..... .. ............ .. ...... .. ......... . . . . . ....... . ..... . ... . 56
Airplanes, Italian .. ......... . .............. . .. . .... . .... . ...... . .. '. .................... . _.. . .. _.. . . 45
Airplanes and motors, Italian . . .. . ................ ... - .. . . - . .... ........ .......... . ................ . . 54
Automatic cannon, Italian .. . ... . ... . ... ........ .... ............. . ...................... _. ... __ .... . 57
Engines, Italian ..... . . . . . ... .. ... .. .. _.. _... . . . . . . . .... . .. . . ... . .. . . ... ... ............ .. ......... . 53,59
Engine-
A-12 bis., Italian . . ....... . ............. . . _..... .. . . _.... _...... . .... . . . . .. .. ...... _... . .... .. . . 54
, A- 14, Italian .. . ...................... . ...... ....... ............ .... .... ................. . . .... . 54
A- 15- R, description of, Italian ..... . . __ .. . __... . ... . _. . . . . ... ... . . _. .. . _..... _... .... .... .. .. ... . 54
A- 18, description of, Italian .... ........ . ........................... ....... ...... . .............. , 55
A- 300, Italian .......................... _....... . ........ . .. . . . . . _......... .. . . . _.... ___ .... . . . . GO
Machine guns ...... . ............. .. . . .............. .. ........... . ..........., .. .. . . . . .......... . .. . . 48
Racer, Italian .................. .. . ..... . . . .. . .. . ...... . ............ . .......... .. . . _. . . . . .. ... _. .. . 54,57
Single-seater,-0 . R. , Italian ........... ... . .......... . . ..... . .. _. ... _. ............. .. .... ........ . .. . 56
Twelve-passenger airplane, description of, Italian ................... : ........ ........ . . .. . .. . . __.... _. 57
Field limiters for machine guns, French ............... . ............ .. ..... . .... _._ ..................... . 17
Field-
Of fire, F rench ....... . .. ...... . ................. ...... ............... . . . . . . . ........ . .. _......... 16, 17, 18
Triplace machine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 24
Starters-
British .................. - .. .... .... - ..... . .. . ... .... .. .. . . _.... _..... . ....... .. . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
French . . . . ............ . ........ . .....- .. ...... .. ... .. . ........ . ............ ... . _.... . _. ... _. . . . . 7
Fighter, Bristol, British ... . ... _. .... _.. .. .... _.. ..... . . _. . . . _. ... _. . .. _.. . .. _. . . ........................ 106
Filters:
French . . ................ . . . .............. . -- ...... ..... ...... _. . . . .... . .. . ... _. . . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Radiator, French . . . .. . . ......................... . ........ . ... . ........ .. . . .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Financial conditions in Italy .. _ . . ... ... ....... . ................ . ...... . .. . . .. __ _.. . . _. . .. _. . . . . _. . . . . . . . 50
Finish, external, for petro flex tubing, British ................... . _........................................ . 120
 165
Fins: Page.
Displacement, Dornier, German . .... . ... . ... .... .... .. ............ . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... .. . .. .. . . . .. ... . . 75
Mars LV, Gloucestershire, British ......... . ........ . ........ . .. .. . ...... . .. . ... . .... . .. . .. ... . .. . . . . 103
Vertical, adjustab le, Potez, French .... ... ...... . . ........ . ......... .. ... . ..................... . ..... . 34
Fire :
Causes of, French ......... . ................ . .. . . . ......... . . . .... . .... .... ... .. ....... . ... .. ....... . 15, 16
Extinguishing system, Burke, British . . . . ................... .. ... . .... . .. . . .............. . ...... . .. . 96
Field of, French ......... . ... . .... ...... . . . .... . ... . .. . . . . .... . . . . . ... . .. . .. .. .. ... .. ... .......... . 16,17
Gasoline tank, Fokker, Dutch ..... . ............... ... .. . ........ .. ........ . . . .. ... . .... ... . . ... . ... . 82
Hazards-
British .. .... ...... . ..... . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .... . .. .. .... . ... . ...... .. - · . . . . . - . . - . - . · · · · · - . - . 95
F rench . ................. . .. . . . ............. . .. .. .. ... .. . .. . ..... .. ..... . . . ............... . . . .. . 12
Precautions against, French .. ... .. . ... . . . . . . .. ..... . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . ....... .. ... . ......... . 15
Prevention-
committee, British ... . .. .. ........ .. ....... ... .. . .... . ...... . .... .. .. . .. . ....... .. .. . . ....... . . 95
Jupiter engine, British .............. . ... ... ... .. . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . ...... . ... . ... . .... ... . . 107
Tests, petro flex t ubing, British ... . ... . ...... . ...... . .. . .... . .......... ... ..... . .. . . . .. .. . . . ..... .. . 120
Walls, British .. .. ... . .. .... .. ... .. . .. .. . .. ............ . . . .... ·..... . ............... .. .. . .. .. ... .. ... . 95
Firing through the propeller, French . ... . .. . . .... . ...... . ... . ... . .... . .... . ... . ...... , ......... . . . . .... . 16
Firing und er the fuselage, French ......... . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. _. .. .. . .. . . . ... _......... ... ... . .......... . . . 17
First-aid station, 9 roydon Airdrome, British .... .. .... . . . . ..... . .. . .. . .. ... . . ... .. ............ . ...... ... _. 121
First condition imposed, French . . .... . . . .... . .. . . .. .. ... .. ... . . . . .. .. . ... . .. ...... . . . ... _.. . ........ . . . . 19
First trip of dirigibles, German .. . . . .. ........ . ... . .. .. . . . .. , . .. . . ... . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .......... . .. ..... .. . 67,69
Fittings:
Metal, French .. .. . . ... . .. .. ... . . .... . .. . . . . .. . ... . . . . ......... .. .. .. .- . . . . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . . . ... . ..... . ]9
"\Ving, F rench . .. _. . . .... . ..... . ... . . . . . ... .. .. .. . . _. . . . .. ... . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. ..... . ]l
Wing spar, Fokker, Dutch . . . . ...... . ... . ... .. ... .. . . .. . .. . ... . ... ... . . .. . . .. .. .. ........... . ... .. ... . 87
Fixation axis of machine guns, French ............... . . ........... . ............ . ........ . . ... . .. . . ... . . .. . lG
Flange, propeller:
For starters, British ....... . .......... . ......... .. . . .... .. . ... . . .. ....... . . . ...... . ......... .. .... .. . . 95
F rench . . ..... . ...... . ... . . . . ... . . .. . .. . ...... . . . ... .. .. ... ... ... . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. ... . . ... . . 7
Flares:
French .. . .. .. . . ... .. ....... .. . . ...... . ... . ...... . . . .. . ... . ... . . . . ....... . . . .... . . .. . . .. .. . ... .. . _... . 25
Installation of, French . ......... . .... . .... . . . ..... . . . ..... . ... .. . .. ... . . . .. . . .. . . . ... . ......... . .. . . . 25
Flexible gasoline t ubing, petro flex, description of, British .. ... . .. .. ... . . . .. . .................. . . . . ... ... .. . . 120
Flight:
Data, full, British . . . . . ....... . ......... . ... ...... . ... . ....... . ... . .... . . ... .. . . ...... . . .. .. . ......... . 91
Indicator-
Farman Goliath , French ... . ....... . .. .... . .... . . ... .... .. . ...... . .... . ... . ... .. . ................. . 36
Reid, purchase recommended . . . .. ... ... .. .. . . . . ... ... . ... . ... . . . . . ... '. . . ... .... . ..... . . . . . . .. .. . . 129
Loading, British . .. .. ...... . .. . ..... . ... .. . . .... . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . ... ... .. .. ....... .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . 91
Tests -
British . . . .. .. : . .. ... . . . ... . . ... .. .. ... ..... . . . .. . .. .... .. . . . .... .. . . . . . .. . . .... . . ..... . . .. ..... . Ul
Wibault bombardmen t airplane, French . . . . . . .. . . .. ... ................ . ....... . ... . .. .. ... .. .. . . . . . 8
Floats:
Brandenburg type, Fokker, Dutch ... .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. . ... . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .... ..... . ... . .... . 81
Duralumin, French ..... . .. .... .. ....... . ...... . ..... . .... . . .. . ... . ... . ...... . . . ....... . ........ . .. . . . 8

~,:!:~, ~:::::;\!~::~n~;~j~~~~:Fr~~~h.·.·_·_ :::.:..·. ·.::::::::::: :: ::::: :::::::::::::::: ::::: :::::::::: ::

FloOl' guns, triplace machine, Frnnch .......... . . ... . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . ...... .
75
38
24
Floors of airplanes, French . . .. . ... . .. . ... .. . . ............ . ............ . ... . ................... .. ..... . ... . ]2
Flow tests, petro flex t ubing, British . . .. . . .. . .. . . • ... . , . ... .. .... . .. ·... . .......... . ........ .... .. .. . .. .... . 120
Flying:
Boats-
Dornier, commercial , description of, German . . ......... . ........ . . . . ............ .. .. . . . . ...... . .. . 75
Dornier, German ... . .... . .. . ....................................................... . ............ . 72,75
Large, Bri tish .. .. . ........ . ..... . .......... . .. . ... .. ......... . . . . . .... .... .. .. .. .. .... . .... . .... . 93
Multimotored, Italian . ...... ... .... . .... . _.. . . ..... ... . . .. . . _. ... .... . ... . . .. . ......... . .... ... . . 46
Savoia, Italian .. ........ . . . .... . ... .. ... .. .. . ........ . ......... . . . .. . ... .. . .. ... . .......... . ... _. 51
Bomb, Italian ................... . .. .... . .. . .... . ... . . . . . . .... _.. .. ... .. ... . . . . ......... . . . .. ... ... . . . 47
Cloud, British .. . ... . ... .. . .. . .............. .. . . ............ ... . . ......... . .......... .. ........... .. . . 96
Commercial, British .. .. .. .......... ... _.. . . .. . .... .. . ..... . ....... .. ... . ......... . ........... . .. .. . ... . 116
Corps, Dutch .... . . . . .. . ... .. . . .. . .... . ....... . ... .. .......... . . . .. . . . ...... .. ....... .. ...... . . ..... . 82
 166
Flying-Co11tinued. Pago.
Deck, British . . .......... . ..... . ............. . .... .. .... . ....... . : ........ ... .. . ............. . .... . .. . 94
_Fog, British ................ . ......... : .................. . ...... . .. . .................. . . - · · · · . - ... · · · · 96
Hours, 11,000, Fokker airplanes, Dutch .......... . . . . . ... . . . . .... . . .. .. ... . .. - . . .. . ....... .. . · ..... · · · · 83
Laboratory, Farman Goliath, French . .... . .. . . ......... . . . . ..... ........ . . . . ... . .... .. - - · · · · · .. · · · · · · · 3G
Performance, French . . ..... .. ..... . . .... . .. . . .... . . ......... . .. . ...... - . '. . · - · .. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 10
Time, Fokker, Dutch ... ....... . . . .. . . . .... . . . . . . ... . .... . .. . . .. ..... . . . ... ....... - . - . . - . · · · .. . .. . . . · 83
Fog flying ;
British ..... . ...... . .. . .......... . ........... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .... · ······ · ·· · · - · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 96
Reid control indicator, British ...... ... . ..... ...... ... . ............................. . .. .. ... .. . .... . . . . 121
Fokker: ·
'Ability as a pilot, Dutch ............. . ............... . .... ... . . . . . .. .................... - - .. . - ...... · · 82
Airplane fabric, Dutch .... . ... . ...... . . .. . . . . . . .. ... . .. . .. . . . ........ .. . . .. . - .... . . . . ...... · . ....... · · 89
Airplanes-
Dutch . .. . ..... .. ... . . .. . . .. .. ..... : ... . . ................... . . . . ... . ... . .... . . .... . . .. .... .... . 81, 82
Advantages of. ............ . ....... ... . . . .................... . . . ............. . .. . ..... .. . ... . 86
Conclusions on .. . ................ . .... . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .... .. .... .. . . .. ........... .. . .. . . . . 87
Details of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . .. . . . 87
Ease of alteration .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .... . ... .. . . ... . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . 82
Elongation d tubes . . .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . .. ..... . .. . ... . ...... . . . 8,J
Flying service results .. . .. ..... . ..... .. . ... . ... . .... . ......... .. .... . . . . . ...... . .. . .. . .. . .... . 83
Gasoline tanks for. . . . . . .... . . .. . .. ... .. . .. .... . . .. .. .. . . . . ... . ...... . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. .. . .... . . 86
General data·. . . ... ........ . . . ..... . . . ... ... . .... . . . .. . . . .. . .. ... . .... .. . ... .... . .... .. . .... . 82
General technical resul ts .... . . ......... . . . ..... . . . . . ... . .. .. .... .. . .. . . ..... ... ...... . . ... . . . 83
Inspec tion of. ..... ... ... . ... . . ...... . ... .. ......... . .. ... ... .. . . . . .. .......... .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . 84
Landing chassis of. .. . . . . . .. .. ..... .. ... . . .. ...... . . ..... . ...... . . ............ . .............. . 8G
Landing gear of. .. . ....... ... .......... . ............ : ... . . .. . . ... ... . . . . . . .... .. . . . . ... .... . . 86
Maintenance of. .. . .. . . . . ........ . .. . . . . . . ...... . .. .. .. . .. . ......... . ................... . .. ... . . 82
Number built .... . . . .. . . ... . .. .... . . ... ... .. . . . . ... . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . ... .. . . . . . . .............. . 82
Overhaul routine . ... .. . . .. .......... . . ............................................ . .. . .... . . . 83
Repair of. .... . . ....... .. .. . . ... . . . ....... . . ... ... . . . .... . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... ....... .. . . 82
Structural components . . . . ..... . ........................................... . . . . ......... . ... . 85
Structural materials ... . .................. . . . ..................... . ........................ . . . 84
Tail uni.ts of. ..... .. . . . ............. . ........................... : .... ...... ...... . . . .. . . . ... .. . . 86
Tensile strength of. .......... . . . ..... . .... . ..... . ... .. .................... . ...... ........ ... . 84
Wings for .. . .. . ..... . .... . ... .. . . . . ......... . ... .. . . .. . ... . .... . . . ... ... .. .. .. . .... . ........ . 86
Bombing .................... . . .... . .... . ........ . .... . .... . ....... . ...... . .. . . . ....... ..... . . . .. . 83
CoIIlIIlerciaL . .... . . ... . . ... . ...... . .... ... . . . .. ..... . .... . .. . ........ . .. . ... .. . . ..... . ... ... .. .. . 81
D - 7 . . . . ......... . ....... . .. . ..... ... ........ . .. . .. . . .. . . ..... . . .. . . ........ . . .. ... ... . . ... . . . ... . 81
D - 8 . ......... . . . .......... : ........... . .. . .... . ...... . ... . . ...... . . ... . . ..... . . . .. . . .. . . . . .... . . . 81
F- 3 .. .. . . .... . ............. .. . . .. ... ... . . . . ..... . ..... .. . .. ... . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . ..... .... . .. . 81
F-4 ..... . ... . ....... .. ... .. . . . . ....................... . . . .... . . . . .. . ... . .. . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . .... . . 81
Navy torpedo . . ... . . . ........... . . ... . ......... . ....... . ....................... . .... . ......... . . . 81
Observation ....... .. . . . . ......... . . . .. ...................... . . . ...... . .. . ..... . ... . . .. . .. . ... .. . . 81
Purchase recommended .... . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .... . .. . . . ... . ....... . . . . .. . . . ... . .. . .. . ... . . 129
Pursuit . . . .. .. ..... . ... . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . ............. . ..... . . .... . _.. . ..... . . . _.. . .... _. . . 81
Description of. ......... . : . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . ... . . ..... . . ...... . ............. . 81
V-40 .... . .. . . .. .. ...... . . ... . ... . .... . ...... . .. . .. . .... . .. .. ... . ... . .. . . . ... .. ........... .. ..... . 81
Fuselage construction, Dutch . . .. . . . . . .... ... . . . . .... ..... . . .... .. . . . ... .. . . .... . . . ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 85
Metal construction.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
M1:., advantages of, Dutch ... . .............. ." ... .. . . .. ...... . ... . .. . . .. . ... . ... . .. . . . . . . ... .. . ... . .. . . 82
Folding wings, airplane, Potez, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Foreign sales by Ansaldo Co., Italian . . .. . .. ....... . . , .. ...... .. . .. .... .. ....... ." .. ....... .. ..... . . .. . . .... 5_9
Formulffi for safety of aircraft, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Four-motored-
Airplane--
Caproni, Italian ............. . . ... . ..... . .. ... . . .. . ... .. .. .. . .. . ..... . : . .. . ...................... 5S
Farman, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
German.. . ... ... .. . ....... . . . . .............. . .. .. . .. .. . . . ... . .... . . .. .... . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . llG
Junkers, German.......... ...... . ... .. . .. . . .. ... ... . ......... . ..... ...... ..... . ... . .. .. ... . . .. . . 76
Spad, French . . . .......... . . .. . . .. .. . .. ... . , . .. . ..... . .... . . . . . .. ... . ........ .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. 28
Metal monoplane, Junkers, German.............. . ... .. .. ... . .. .... .... . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . ........... 76
Monoplane...... .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .... . .... . .......... . ... . . .. . . . . . . ........ . . . . .. ...... . .... ...... . 127
Staaken, German .. . ....... .. . . .. . .... . .. ... . . ........................... .'.... . ............ ...... 75
 167
Page.
Frame, ex-German Zeppelin, French.......... . .... . ... .. ....... . . . .................... . ......... .. ... .. .. 41
Free translation.. . .... ....... .......... ... . . .... .. .......... .. ................ . .. . ..... .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. ... . 9
French-
Aerodynamic-
Section..... . .... ...... . . . .. . ..... .. ...... . .. . ........... ..... .... . ... .. .... ......... . ... . . . .... 7
Studies ................ . ..... . ........ .. ... .... ........ ... .... -................ . ................. 25
Aircraft, table of. . .. ........... .. . .... ... .. .... .. . .. . ......... . . ... . .... .. .. . .......... . ............. 39
Airplane-
Cup race, Fiat racer, Italian ... ...... ... .. .... . .... .... ......... . .. .. ....... . . .... ............... . 54
Hangars............... . ...... .... ... .. . .... . . .. . ............... . .. . . . .... . .. .... .. ... . . . ........ 40
Airplanes-
Ceiling...... ... ..... .. ... ... .. .. .. ..... .. . . ....... ...... ....... . . . ... . .... . . . ...... .. ..... . ..... 20
Gas hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Speed of. ...... . .... .... .. ............................................ . .............. '. . . . . . . . . . 20
All-metal types.......... . .... . .... .. ...... . ..... . ...... ..... . .. . . . .... . . ... . .. .. .. . .. ... . . .. .. . .. .. 7
Bombardment-
Airplanes, night......... .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Regiment . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Types, specifications for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Engines... . .................... . ..... . .. . . . .. .. . ..... . . . ... . ...... .. .. . ....... . .. .. ... . ...... ... . .. 38
Horsepower of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Experimentation . .. ... ... . . ... ... ........... . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
internally-braced airplanes. ....................... .... ... . ..... .. . . ......................... ... ... .. 7
Marine service airplanes, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Meteorological pilot balloons.... . .. . .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Motors............... . .... .. ................... .. ... .... . . .............................. . .. . .. .. .. 38
· Program for new airplanes. . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
Research development, resume of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Seaplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Self-starters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Service aircraft . .... . .. ... . ...... . .. . .... . .................-....... . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Technical section......... .. . . . . ...... . .. . . . . . . . ... . . .. . .. ........ . . .... . .... . . ........... . . . ... ... .. 11
Training type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Type specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Friederichshaufen, Germany ...... .. ..... ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Fuel :
Alcoholic, British............................... . .. .... .. .......... .. .......... . .... . .... . .. . .. .... .. 94
Consumption-
British... . .............. . ...... .. ....... ........ ... ..... ................... . ..... . . ..... ..... .. 94
French.. ... ... .... . .............. .. ........... . . .. ... .. .. .... ... . ...... .. . . ... . .. ...... . . ...... 10
Jaugar engines, British...... . .... ... ............ ........ ........... ........ .... .. .. ......... ... . . 115
Ly nx engines, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Disposition of-
Dirigibles, Italian ........ .'.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Dornier flying boat, German. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Dornier, German ....... . ......... . ..... .... . ... .. :.. ... .. .. . ..... .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . ................ 74
Doped, French . .. .. .... . ............. .. ...... .. . ..... . .............................. . . . . ...... . . ... . 39
l<'rench .. .. . ..... . ................... .. ..............' .. .... ... ... .. · · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Inj ection, British.......... . .. . . ......... . ... . ... . ...... . ..... ... ..... . .. .. .. ............ .. .. ........ 94
In removable tanks, French ... ........ .. ..... ... ......... ... . .- . .. ... ... .. ......... . . . .... '. . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Low-altitude fighter, French ... .. ... ... ... .. . .... ........ . .... . ....... .. .... ... ... .. ... ..... . .. .. . . .. 20
Pumps....................... .... ... .. ........ . ...... . ............ .. ... ... .. .... . . . . . . . . ..... . ... . . 128
For torpedo airplanes, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Vickers, purchase recommended . .... .. . ......... .. . ..... .- . ·.............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Requirements, specifications for, French ......... . ... ·........... . .. ... . ............. ........ .. ...... . . 7
Supply, night bombardment airplanes, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
System-
Ambulance airplane, British. .. ........... . ... .... ............... . ............ .......... .. ........ 109
Breguet Sesquiplan, French... ...... ........ . .... ... ... . ..... . .............. .. ........ . ..... .... 31
British... .......... . ..... . .... .... ...... . ............. ... .... . . . . ................ .. . .. ....... .. 95
Co=ercial airplanes, Bristol, British.... . ...... . . .. ..... .. ....................... . ..... .......... 106
German ......................................... . ... ... ·· . . ·· ·· · - · · ·.............. .. ...... . .. ... 63
Recommeadations on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
 168
Fuel- Continued . / P age.
Tanks ................ . ....... . . . ...... ...... .. .... .. ... ... . ..... ...... . . . .. . ........ . 128
British...... . .. .. ............. . ..... . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. ..... .. ... .. .. . . . .. 102
Crash-proof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
De Haviland 14, British. . . .. . . . . .. . .. ....... ....... . . ... . ...... . .............. ... . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 101
De Haviland 34, British.. . .. .... .. ................. .. . .. .... . ..... . ......... . .. . . ... . . ...... .. ... ·10:3
Fokker, Dutch . .... .. .. . ....... . . ... . .. . . . . ... .... . . ...... . .. . ... . . . .. ..... .... ... : . .. ... ..... .. 83 d(i
French ............. . .... . ...... . . .. .. .... .. . .. ..... .. .. .. ........ .... .. . ... . .. ..... . .. . .. .... 9, 20. 21
Handley Page, British ... .... . ........... . .. . . . ....... . .. . . .. . . . . _.. ·.... .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .... .. 105
Mars I , Gloucestershire, Bri tish.................. . ............................ . ..... . .. ..... . . ... . 103
Mars III, t raining airplane, Gloucestershire . .. ....... .. . .. . ..... .. . . ...... .. ....... ............ ... 103
R emovable . . .... . .... .. . . ... . . . . . . ........ . ...... .. . ... . . . ....... . . . ....... . ...... . .. . .... . .. ... 128
Rubber-coat ed , Fren ch ........... . .. . ........................ . .......... . ......... ......... 22
pecifications for . . ....... . .. ... _. . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I '1
.
Torpedo a irplanes, British.. ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . ... .... . .... . ..... . .. .... . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ...... . . . . . 97
Full-
F light data, British ..... .. ........ . ........ . . . ......... . .......... . ...... . .. . ..... . .................. . !Jl
Power of French engines ... . ...... - - . . . - ... .... . .. . . .. ....... . . . .. _. . .. . . . ....... . ....... . . . ....... . . . ]3
Scale tests, French ....... . ..... . ..... . ... .. ... .. ........ . .................................. . ......... . s, 2(5
Functioning of motor, French ........ ... . . ...... .. . . .. . .. . ...... . . . .. _... . ........... . . .... ......... . .... . ]2
Fuselage-
And accessories, Fiat C. R ., Italian . ..................... . : . ..... ..... . . ... ... ....................... . 5G
Central, French ... . .................... .. ... . . . .. .. . . ...... . . _. ... . _. . .. .... . .. ... . . . .. . . .. ... '. _.. . . . . . 8
Con -truction-
Dornier, Gen nan .... . . . _. . . . ........... . ..... .. . . _.. . ... . .. . . .. _. . ... .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . ... _... __. . . 7-1
Fokker, Dutch .......................... . . ..... . .. .... . .. ... .. ... . ................. . .. ....... .. . 81, 85
- Nie upor t 29, French . . ... ......... . . . . . ... .. .. .......... .... . .. ... . . _. .. . ... . . .. ... . ...... ... .... . 30
Short Bros. , British . ..... .. .. . . . . ... ..... . ...... . . .... ........... . .... . . . .. .. . . . . . .............. . . Ll 2
Covering, F ren ch ...... . .. . ... . . ........ .... ....... . ... ... . .. . . . .. .. . . ........... . .. . _..... . . ....... . . 9
Cubical capacity of, French .... _._ ..... . ...... _. . .. .. . . _.... _.... _..... .... . .. .. . . ... . . ..... .. . . .. ... . 7
Fiat B. R., Italian ..... . .. . ... .. .. . .. . ........... ... . . ...... .. . ......... . . . .. .. . .-.... . ... _. . . . ... . .. . 56
Firing under , French ... . _.. . .. .... _... . . _. . _.... _. . ... . ....... .... .. . _. .. . .. . ..... . .... . . . . .. .. . ... . ]7
French ... _........................... .. . .. . ..... .. . . ..... .. ... . ...... . . . .......... . .. . . . ....... . . .. . . ll
Moran e Saulnier, French ....... . ... . . ..... . .... . .... ·. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . ... ...... _... . _.... _.... . . . . . .. . . . 9
Recommendations on ... . .. . . .... . ..... ....... .. . . ..... .. .... . . .... . ............ . .. . .. . .. . .. ........ . . 128
Spad 20, French . . . . ... . ... . ............ _. . . ...... . . . .. . ............ .. .............. . ... .. . ....... . . . 28
Tests, French .... . .... ;:_ .. . . ... . ... . .. .... _... . . .. ... . .. _.. .. _...... . . . _.. ... .. .......... ... ..... . .. . . 11
Wibault all-metal bomber, French ...... . . . .. . .. . ..... . . .. .. . ........... . . . ... . ........... .. . ..... . . _. 35
Fuses, delayed, bomb, Italian . . ..... .. .. . .. ... .. ..... .. . . .. ... . .. __ ... . .. . .. ... . . ... . _ . .. . _. . .. . . . .. . .... . . 47
Gabardini airplanes, Italian . . ... . ...... . . . . . ... . . . ... . .. .. .... .. . . ..... .. . .... . . .. . ..... .. . .. . .. . . ..... .. . 45
Gas-
Borribs, Italian ..... .. .... ... . ... . . , . ... . . _. . . . .. _.... _. . . _. . ... .... . ............. . ............ .... .. . 4G
Exhaust, effe ct of, French .. . .. . . . ... . . ......... . .. . . . . ...... . . . .. . ..... . ............ . _.. . ... . ... . .. . . 15 '
Hotu·s, Fren ch airplanes ...... . _. .. . ... __ . . _. . . . . . . . .... . .... . . .. . . . . . .. .. . ................. . ..... ... . :W
Gasoline-
Capacity, pmsuit airplanes . .... _....... ... .... .. . .. ..... _.... _. . . . _... _. ... . . .. ... .. .. ....... . . ... . .. . ] 28
Consumption-
Fi-en ch motors .. ... ... .. ...... ............. .. , . ......... . .. . _. ..... .. . _... . ... . . _.... . . .. . .. .. . .. . 13
Mult iple engin es, British ... . .... . . _.. . . _... . .. . .. ... . .. . . .. . . ............... . .. .. . . .... . ... . ... . . ]] 7
Content of Zeppelins, German ..................................... . . ......... . . .. . . . .. . ... ... .. .. . .. . 72
Disposition of-
D ornie r fiying boat, German ... ... . .. .... .. .... .. . ..... . ... . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .... . .. .. ... . .. _. . . . . _. . . 75
Dornier, German . .. .. .. . . .. .. .... .. .... .. . . ..... .. .. _. . ... . . . . . .. . . .. . . _... ..... . . . .. ... ... .. . .. . 74
Gauge for D e H aviland airplanes, British .. ... . . ..... . . ............................................. .. . . JOJ
Indicator-
British ........ .. . .. .... _.. . . __ .. . . . .. .... _.. . . _. .. . _. _. . _. . . . _... .. . .. . . .. . .. ..... . . _.... ...... __ 1C9
Clift, British .... .. .... .. . .. ...... . ..... . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . .... _....... ..... .. . .. . ..... .. ... . . . . . . . .. . 105
Pump . .. .. ..... .. . . .. .... . .. . ........ . ..... .. .. . ... .... ......... . . ... . . .... ...... .. . . .. . ...... . . .. . . . 128
Ambulance airplanes, British .. ..... . .. ........ .. . .. ..... . .......... .. . .. .... .. .. .. . .. . . . ... _. . .. _. 109
British . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . ... . .... . ... .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. _. .. . .. .. ..... _.. . .. . .. . _. . ... . .......... . !)5
Centrifugal, Vickers, British . . .. . .. . . . _... . . .. . .. .. . _. .. _....... .. . .. . .. . ..... . ............ _..... _. 10
 169
Gasoline-Continued.
Pump-Contin ued . l'a ge .
Controls, F rench ..... ... .. . ... .. .. . ... ... . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .... ... . . . .... . .. .. ........ . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . 14
Fan-driven , Vickers, purchase recomm end ed . . . ...... . . _. . . ... . . . .. . . . ... .. . ... . .. . . _.. ... . . .. .. . . 129
Fren ch . . .. . . . .... . .. . . . . ... . ... .... .... .......... .. . ... . . . . ...... .. . ...... ... .. . . . .. · ··· · ·· · ····· 7,33
Hand , British . .. ..... . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. ..... ... .. . . .. . . . .... .. . ... . .. . . . .. . . . . 109
Jupiter engines, Bri tish ... .. . ... .... . . . . . . . .... . ...... .. . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . ... ... ... .. .. .. .... . . 107
Sylphon , F ren ch . . .. . .... .. . .... ... . .. . ....... .. ...... . .. . ... .. . ..... ...... .. . . . . ... . . . .. ...... . . 31, 34
Torpedo airplan es, British .... .. ... . ... .. .... . . . . . ... ..... .. .... ..... ... ..... ..... .. ..... .... ... .. . 97
R eg uiremen ts-
For F ren ch machines ...... . . ... .. . . . .. .. . ... l . .. .. .. . .... .. ....... . .. .. . .. . . . . ... . .. ... .. . . ... . . 7
Specifications fo r, Fr en ch . . . . . . . ..... . . . .. .. .... . ... ... ........... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . ... . .... . 7
Rip panels, F ren ch . . ..... . ... . ... . . . ... . . . ..... ... .. ... . ............ , ...................... . ..... . . . 20
System --
Amb ulance airplanes, B ritish . .. ....... .. ........ .. ....... . . .. . ....... ... .... ... .... . . .. .... .. .. .. . ] 09
B ritish .. .. . .. .. . ..... . . ...... . .... . . . .. ....... . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. ... . .. . ...... . . . .. ........ . . . . 95
Commercial a i.rplanes, Bristol, B ritish ...... . ... . .. ... .. . . .. ...... . .. .. . .. . . . . . ..... . . . .. .. .. .. ... . 106
Siddeley Siskin airplan e, Brit ish ... . ...... . .. .. . ... .. . . .. . . . ........ . ... ... . . ...... . . .. ... . . . ... . . . 113
Tanks . ... .. ... . . .... . .. ... .. . ... . . ... . ..... ..... ...... ... ... .. .... .• . . . ...... ......... . .... .. . . .... . . . 128
Breguet Sesq uiplan , F rench .. .. ... .. .. . . .. .. . ....... . . .. ... .... . . ....... . . ..... . . . . .. .. .. .. ... . . . . 31
British . .. . .. . .. . ... . ... .... .. .... .... _. . . . . ... ... . .. . .... .. .. . .. . . . . . . _.. .. . . . . . .. .. .... . . . . .. .. 95, 102
Crash-proof.. ..... ..... . ... . .. . ..... . . . .. ... ... . . .. . ... .. ........... . . ..... ....... ...... .... . . . . . . 128
Day bomba rdment airplanes, Fren ch . . . . .. .. ... ... . . ... . .. . . ... . . ....... . . ... .. .... . . . ... ... . .. . . . 24
De H aviland 14, British .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]0I
De H avilan d 3,J, British . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... ... . .. .. . . ... .. . . . .. .. .. ... ........... .. . .. . .. . . . . . . ... . 103
Disposition of, Du tch ... ... .... . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . ...... ...... .. . . . ... ... . .. . .. . . .... .... .. .. . . 3·1
F iat C.R., I talian .. .... .. ...... .. . ..... ..... . ..... ... ... .. .. . . ....... . . . . . . . . ........ .. ........ . 56
F iat racer, I talian . . ... .. ..... . . . . . . ....... . . ... .. . .. . ... . . . . .'. . .. . .. . . ...... . . . .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. . . 57
Fires, Fok ker, Dutch.. . .... ... . .... ...... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . . . ... .. . ... . . . . ... ... . . ........... 82
F okker, Dutch . . . ... ... . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .... . . . .... .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .... .... 83, 86
French . . .. .. ..... . ....... ... .. . . . .. . .... ... . ..... ...... .. . . . .. . .... . . . .. . . . .. . ... . .. . '.. . . . . 12, 13, 20, 23
Handley P age, B ritish.. ....... .. . . . .. .. . . .... . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . ... .... .. .. ....... ....... .. . . 105
I nstallatiou-
Flying boats, British . . .... . .. . . . .... .... ..... .... .. .. .... .. . ... . . . . . .. . ... . ..... .. .. . . . . .... .. 94
In lan ding gear, F okker, D utch... ...... .. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . .. . . .... . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 82
Italian . ... ... .. . .......... . . . . ... ........ . . . .. ... ..... .. . . . . . .... . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. 48
Mars I , Gloucestershire, British .... . ...... ... . .. . . .. . . .. .. ... .. . .. . .. . . . .. ... . ..... . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . 103
Mars III , training airplane, Gloucestershire ..... . .. . . . : . . ... ....... ..... ... . .... . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Nigh t bombardmen t airplan es, F rench.. ... ...... ...... . . .. . . .... .. . . . ... .... .. ...... .. . . .... . .... . 24
P. R . B . seaplan es, Italian .... . . ... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . ·.· ...... . .. . ... .. . . .. . . ... . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . . 54
Protection for, Lanser, Fren ch...... . . . ... . .... ... . . ... ... .... ..... . . . . .. ... . . .. .... . .. . . . . .. . .. . . 33
Removable . . . ... . ... .... .... . ... .. ... .. . ..... . . ... . . ... . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . ..... .. ... .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . 128
F ren ch .... .... . ........ . . . ...... , . . . ........ . .. ... ............ . ........ .. .... . .. . . ... ....... . 23, 25
R ubber-coated , French .. .... . ... . ... . . . . .. . . ... . ............... . . .... .... ......... . ...... . . . . . . .. 22
Sa voia ai rplanes, Italian . . . .... . .. . . . . . . ..... . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... .. .. .. . ... .. 51
Specifications for, F rench . . .. .... ... . .... ... ... . .. . .... . . .. . . ... . . ..... . . . .. . . .. . . .. . ... . ..... .. . 1:3
Staaken , German.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,5
Torpedo a irpl an es, British ... ..... . . . . .. .. . . ... . .. . ... . .. .. . . . . ... . ... . ..... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . ... . . 97
Tubing, petro fl ex, B ri tish .. . .... .. . . . . . .. .. ..... .. .. ... . . . . . .. ... . . ..... . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. ... 95
Description of. . .. . .. .... ... .. ... . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . ... .. . . ..... . ... ... .. .. . . .. . . . . ... .. .. . . . .... . . .. 120
Ga.st machine guns, German. . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . .... . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . ...... . . . . . .. . . .... . ...... . ....... 63
Gauges :
F rench . .... ... . . ... . . . .. . .... ... ... . . ... .... ... ...... . . . . . . .. ..... ... . . . ... ..... . . . . ... . . ..... . .. . ... 12
Fuel tank, French . .... .... .. .. .. . . .. . . . . ..... .. . . . . ' .... .. . . ..... . .. ........ ... . . . . ... .... ... . .. ... . . l3
Gasoline, for De Havi land airplanes, British.. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ... . . . ........ . ... .. . ... . . . . .. . . . 101
Gea r drives for Cond or engine3, British ...... ...... . . . .. . ................ . . . ..... .... . . . . . .. ... .. . .. .. .. . .. 99
Gearing:
Airplane, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Engine--
Breda, I talian ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. .... . . .... . . .. . . .. . ... . .. . . . .. . . .. ... . . ... . . . . . ... ..... .. . . .. . . 60
Bri tish .. . .... . . . ... . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . ....... . ..... ... . . . . . .... ········· ·· ·. ··· · · ··· · · · · · · · · · IL 6
 170
Gears: Page .
Dirigibles, German.·...... . ..•........... . .............. _.. . _...... ... .... ...... .... . . . .. . ........... . 72
Landing-
Bolton & Paul, British . .. ........................................................ . ............... . 112
Dornier, German ............. ... ....... _... . . . . . . .. ............... _.. . .. ... . .... . ....... . ....... . 74,75
French ... . . .. .. ..... . ... ..... ............. .. ..... . ..... . . . . . . . . . ..................... . .... . ... .. . 11
Oleo, British . . .................... . .......... . ........................ _.... . .................... . 92
Recommendations on ... ........ . .. _. . ............. .. ....... . ...... _............... .... ..... ... . . . 128
Reduction~
Bevel, British ................ _. _.. _.. . . _................... .. ...... .. ...... . .................... . 116
Engine-
French .. . .. . ·......... _... . . . ... . .... . ... ... .................. . .. . .. . _.. . ................. . .. . 10,39
British ................... . . .................... . . . . .. . . . . __ . . ......... .. ....... . .. _.... _. ... . 94
General-
Data, petro flex tubing, British ......... . .... . . . .. ............ . ... . . . . ... ...... ...... ... .-. .. .... . .. . . .. 120
Description-
Breguet Sesquiplan, French .. .. . ... . . . .................... _. . . . ... . . ... . .. . ........... ... . . ....... 31
Condor engine, British......... . . .. .. . .. . ....... . . . . . .. . .. . . . .... . . ... . . .... . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . ..... . 99
Remarks, French airplanes . . ..... . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . ..... . ... .. ... . . . .. ..... .. . . .. . . . _. .. . . . .. .. . . . . _ 25
Requirements-
Amb ulance airplanes, British . . .. . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
French ............. .. .......... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]9
Generators:
French ................... . ... . . .. . - . .. - . . . . ·_ .... - - ................. .. ... . .. ........ . ...... ... ... .. 19, 31, 33
Mounting of, British ........ ... ........... . ............... ... . . ... . ...................... . . __....•. . . . 96
Speed of, French............ . ... . ....... .... . .. . . .. . . . . . ....................... . .. . .. . ... . .... . ...... 19
\ Vireless, British ...... . ................ . .. . . . ... ........ ... ..... .... . . . _.. . . _........._.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
German-
Airships ........................... ... .. .. .. . . . . .............. . ...... .. .... . .... ... . .................. 63, 69
Dirigibles, mark of ... . .. . .......... . ....... . ...... . ......... .. .. . . . . ... . ...... . ....................... .- 65, 67
Obsolete aeronautical material. .......... ........ ......... .... ............ . ... . ... . . .. _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Research development in aircraft constructidn ........ . ...... . .... . .... . . _. . . . ......................... . 63
Germany, effect of war on ... . ... . ......................... . . . . .. ... . . . . . . ..................... .. _. ...... . . 45
Zeppelins .................. . . . .... .. .. .. .... _...................... . .......... . ..... _.... _............ . 63 , 69
Glass, ground , French ... .. .... . .. .... ... . ......... ....... .. . _. . . . . . . ... . ........................ . ....... . 19,21
Glide:
Automatic , French ........... . .................................. . _. . .......... . ..... . ................ . 10
French aircraft ................ . .... ... ... ..... _.... . . . .. . . . . ...... . .. . .................. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 12
Glider, target airplane, Italian .......... . ......................... .. ....... . . . ... _. .. . ................... . . 60
Gloucestershire-- ·
Aircraft-
British ......... . .. .. . . .. ...... . .. . .. .... . . . .... . ... . ... .. .. . . . ... . . ... . . ... . .. .. . . . _.... ... . . ... . 103
Co., British ......... . ........ ... . . .. .. - · . . . . .. . . ... ...... . ....... . .... . ......... . . .. . ........ . .. . 103
Airplanes, comment on, British.. . .............. ....... ... ..... ....... . . ...... . . . . . . .... . .. . .... . ...... 104
Gloves :
Provision made for, French . ... ..... ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Use of, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Glue-
For petro flex tubing, British...................... . ............ .. . . . . . ........................... . . .. 120
" Luward ," use of, in Dutch air service._ ... _. .. . . .... . ... : ........ . ..........-........... . .. . .. . . ...... 85
Gnome Oberursl engines, Dutch ............. .... . . .. .. .......... . ........ . ... . . . . . .. .......... . ........... · 82
Goertz bomb sights, German ........... ... .... ...... .... . . . . .. . .. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Goliath, Farman, French ............. ... ... . - ..... .......... ........ .. ...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Goniometric instruments, French .. ........... ............ .. ... . . . ... . .. . ............ ........... .. . .. .. 21, 24, 25
Gordon Bennett racer, Spad, French . . . ....... ... . .. . . ... . .. . ...................... .. ... _.... .. .. . _....... , 27
Gonrdou :
French ......... : ........ .. .. . ......................... . ..... . . . ....... . ............ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Monoplane, French ...... . ................................. . .... . ......... . ...... _. . ................. 7
Gradometer, French .... .............. .................. . .. - .. ... .... ....... . ....... .... ... ....... . _.... . 17
Gravity tanks:
British ....................... .. ............................. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
French ...... ..... ........ . ................ - . . .... . . - .... . ....... ... ....... .. .... . - . . ....... , . . . . . . . . . 13
Greenfield type hose, French.................. .. ............. . ................... . ...... ..... ... . . ...... .. 40
Green, Major, aeronautical expert, British ....... . .. _. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
 171
I Page.
Ground attack airplanes, Italian ... .... . ... ................................................. . .. .. ... ... . . . 48
Armament foi· ............. .. ..................... .. . . .. . ... ......... . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ... . .. ... . .. .. . 48
Armor for .. . ..... . . . . . .. . ... . ... ......... . . . .... ....... . . . ... . ... ............... .... ...... .... ..... . . 48
Born bs for . ... .. ... ... .. ...... .... ...... .. .. ... .. . ...... . ....... .. . . . ............. . .. . ... . .. . .. .. .... . 48
Climb of. ...................... . .... .. . ... .. . . . .... . .. ... . .... . .. . .... .. .. ........ . .. ............... . 48
Coefficient of safety of. .................. ... . ...... .... .. .. .... . .' .................... . .. ....... . .. . .. .. . 49
Crew of. ................................. . .. _. ... ... . . ........ . ... . . ... . . . .... ...... . ........ . . ..... . 48
Endurance of. ......... . ..... .. . ... ..... ..... .. . .. ................................ .. .......... . . . .. . . 48
Installations for . . .. . .. ............. .. .. ... .. ...... .. .. .... .. ... . . . .. .. .. .. ...... ...... . ·. .... . .... ... . . 48
Instruments for. ... . . .. . .. ... . .. . ..... .. .. . . .. .. .. ... . .... . ... _....... . ..... .. ....................... . 4S
Speed of. ......... . .... .. .... . . ... ... .. . ....... ......... . ... ... .. . . . ... _.... . .. . ... . .. . . . ........... . 48
Wings and fuselage of. . ...... .... _........................... ... ......... . . ............. .... . _.... . . . 49
Ground-
Glass, French .... .. ... ...... ... .. ... . . .... _...... . ......................... . . . . ·.. ·........... . .... ... . 19, 21
Speed indicator, French . . .. .. .......... ...... .. ....... ............ ...... ............ . ...... . . . . . ..... . 36
Gro up, motopropell er, French .... _. .. . ......... . ... .. . . .... . ... . . _. . ... .. . . . ... ...... . .. .. . .. : . .. . . .... . . . 10
Guarantee:

Gun-
~3;:;re:;r~::~·tit;~~~:: ·.:::: .·.·.·.·. ·.: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::·.. ;.. 115
lH

Control-
British .. .. . .......... . . . . . . . ... . . ... .. . .... . . .. . ... . .... ... ..... .. .. . . . . . . . ..... .......... . .... ·- 91i
Gear, Jupiter engines, British . . ... _...... .... . .. . .. . . . . . ... .. ... . . . .. .. . . . . .... . ... . . ........... . . . l08
lnstallation-
Machine, French ..................... ... _. . .... . . .. . . .... .. . . ... . . ..... _. ... . .. . . . _.. . .. . ...... . 7
Siddeley Siskin, British ...... . ... . ............. ... .... .. ................ .... .. .............. ... . . . 114
Machine-
Installation, British ............................................................................. . 96
Lewis, installation of, French . . . ............ . ..... . _. ... ..... _. ....... .. ..... ... . .... . .... . . . .. .. . 17
Mounts on N ieuport 29, French ........................................................................ . 30
Gunner's belt, method of fastening, French . ... ..... .. ... . .. . _.. . .... . __ ........ _. . ..... . . _.. .... . . . .. . . .. . . 17
Guns:
Movable, French ..... ...... ............ .... ... ..... ... . . . ...... .... ....... ............ ....... .. . . .. . 17
Vickers, French .......... ..... ..... . .. _... .. . . . .... ." . .. ..... . .-..... .... .. . .. . .... . . . .. . ... .. .. ...... . 16
Gusset-
Joint construction, French .. ....... ... . .. . __ .... ......... . .... .. .... ... ..... : . .... .. .. . . ... .. __..... . . 8
Plates, duralumin, French , Potez ... . ... . ... ... ...... .................. . . ............. ........ . ... ..... . 34
Gyration, ra<li u.s of, F rench .. . ... . .. .. .. .... . . ..... . _... .. .. . ...... . . . . . ... .... . . _... . __.... ... . .. _.... .. . 12
Gyro installations, British ........................ . ................. ·.· ........ . ... . ... .. .... .... ... . .... .. . 96
Gyroscope, aeria l bomb, Italian .............................. ... ........... ... ..... , ............ - ... ..... . 47
Handbook, Pippard and Pritchard 's, British ..... ....... .. ........ .. ... . ....... . .. .. . . .. .... .. . .. .......... . 91
Hand fuel pump, Vickers, purchase recommended .. . ...... . ............ . . ... .. . ......... ... . ...... . . ..... .. . 129
Hand gasoline pump, ambulance a irplane, British ..... ... .. . ... _.. .... . ................ . .... ... . .. ........ . 109
Handley Page-
Airplanes, British . ..... .. ..... .. . . ..... _.. . . .. . . . . ... . . .. . . _.. . . ......... . . ... ... .... . .. .. ... . ..... . . . 91, 95
Commerical airplanes, British ...................... . .... ....... ....... ... .. .. ............. ......... .. . 106
Co., British ..... . ..... ... ......... . . . _. .. ........ _... . .... . .... . ... . . .. . . . ..... . ........... . . ....... . 104
Slot.ted wing, British .. ..... .. ...... ....... . .. ... .. ... .. ... .... ... .................... .. ......... .... . 91
Torpedo airplane, British . .... .... ...... _. ... . ... _. .. ...... . ....... . . ... .. . .. .. .. . ............ . ... ... . . 105
Type a ir foi l, British ........... ........ ..... . ................... , .. .. . ................... . ... .. ... .... . 63
vVing British,_,.... _._ .... ... .. .... . .. .... ........... .... .. . . . ....... . ... __ . ......... . . . . ___ ... . .. . .. . . 104
Burbling point of . . .. .. ........... ......... . .... ......... . ...... .. .... . .. .. . ........ . ............ . 105
Hinged flap of .. .. .......... . ..... ... .... .. .. .... . ... .. .... .. .. . . . .. . .... ... ... .. . ... ........ ..... . 105
Lift coefficient ....... ... . .. .... ...... .. .. .. _. . .. .. .... . . . . . . . .. _. . . . . .... _.. .. . . .. . . _. ... ........ . 105
Lift resistance ratio ... ....... ... .. . ...... ......... .. ... . ... ..... . . . . .... ........ .. ... ..... ..... . . 105
Mechanical control of ........ .... . _.... . .. . . ...... . _.... _.... _. ... _... . _..... .. . . . _. . . ........ . . . . 105
Performance of .................................................................................. . 105
Purchase recommended ....... . .... . ... . ... _.. . . ... .. . ..... .. . .. .. . ... .. ... .. . .... .. . .. ..... . .. . .. . 129
Hangars:
Airplane, French . .. .......... . ... ..... . .. . _. . .. . . ·. .. .. .... _...... . ... _. . .... .. .... _.......... . ... . _. 40
Bombardment of. .................... . ........................................................... . 40
Concrete ... . .. ... ... : _. . . . ........ .. . ... .... . ... .. _. . .... . . .. .. ............. . . . ... ... . .. .. .. ... . 40
Concrete, Italian . . ............. .. . .... .......... .. .............. .. .............. : ... : ........ . . . .... . 60
 172
H angars-Continued. Page.
Construction, French . . . ___ __. __. ___ _____ . ____ . ___ ___ ____. . . _. ... _. .. _. .. . _.. __ . .. .... _.... .. . _. . __ . . . 40
Croydon Airdrome, British. ____ ____ __ _... __ ______ . __ . __ .. _. _. . . __. __... _______ . . __ . __ .. _... __ . ___ __ .. . 122
Dirigible, at Orly, French . ____ ___ ____ _. __.. __ ____ ._. __ . ___ ___._._ . _._ . .. ________ .. _.. _.. __ _.. ___ __. . _ 40
Doors for-
French. __--- _-- _--- ___- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- - - .. _. __ ___ . _. ___ _. __. __ ___ . ____ ___ __ _. _________ ________ . _ 40
Zeppelin. ____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - 0 - - • - - - - - • - - • - • - - - • •• - - - • •• - • - • - - - - • • • • - • • - - - - - • - - - - - - - • - - - - - - • - 41
General remarks on. ___ ___ ___ ___ _. ____ ____ __ __ _____ __. ____ __ __ ___ ___. ___ ____ ___ ____ .. ___ ___ __ . __ ____ _ 41
Heating of, French . __ . . ______ __. __ ___ . .. ___ __.. . ___. _. . ..... ___ ... __ .. ___ . ___ _. . ___. . __ . ___ ___ ____ _.. 40.
Le Bourget, French. ___ ____ ___ . __ ___ __ ____ ____ . __. ___ ___ . _. __________ ___ . __ __ _____ . ___ ______ __. . _____ _ 40
Ligh ting of, French. ___ _____ __ . __. ___ ______ _,_.. . _.. _. __ . _.. ____ . ___ . ___ . . . __ .. ___ _. . __ . . _. . __ __ ____. _ 40
Night bombardment airplane, F rench. _____ ____ ___ _. . ___ . ___ __. __ ___ ___ . .. ___. ____ ._ . _... _... _. . __ _. ___ 25
St oves for, F rench . ___ ______ _____ . ___ _... ____ ... . ___ ..... _.... _... _.... __ ... ___ ...... . . _... _. ______ ._ 40
Zeppelin . __ ___._ . . ____ ______. ______ __ __ .- __ ___ __ _... _. _......... _. _.. __.. _.. ___ ... _. _.. _... __ .. __ .. __ . _ 41
Aircraft-
F:rench . _. . . . __________ ____ . _.. . ____ . __ ___ ..... _. _..... _... _. : __ ....... __ .... _.. . __ . . __ . . .. ____. . _ 9, 37
Italian. ____-._. __ __ . ___ __. ___ __. ___ . ____ . .... . _._._ ... _._ .. _.. ___ . . . _.. __ ....... ___ . _._. __ _. __ . . _ 45
Airplane-
14 bis, French. ___ . ___ - ___ _. ____ - _- ____ __ ____ . , ___. _____ _. ___ .. ___.. ___.. ___. _____ ___ _____ __. ___ . 38
Training, F rench . _______ __ ... ·. ____ .. __. ... _. .. . .. _. .. ..... _... _... . _... _. _. __ .... _.. __. _. ___ .... _ 37
Types. ______ _____ ___ ____ - - - - - - - - - - - . - . - - _- - . . ___ - _. - ____ .. _. ____ _- - ___ . - - - - - - _.. - - - . - . - - .. . - - - - _- 37
D ual-
Control mechanism, F rench . . _.. -. ·_ .. _._ .. __ ___. __ --- __. .. __. . .. _.. ___ . -- - _. _.. .. _. _.. _. __ . .. . ·-- 88
Mechanism, F ren ch . __ . __ __._ ._ . .. . . __ .... __ .. _. : . .. . _.... . _... _.... _. ... . .... . . __ . . - _. _. _. .. ..... 37
Metal construction, French . _. _____ .. .. __.. __... __ .. __ __ ___ __- __ . . . ______ ____. __ _. ___ __... __.. ___ ... _. 38
T win float tra ining airplanes, F rench . _____ __ . .. _.. . _._ .. _. ..... . _. .. __ .. _. ... __ .. .. ... _. . ..... _. . . _... 37
Harpoon h ook device for d!')ck fly ing, British . __ .. ___ ... ...... ... ... _.... _... .... __ .. .... . _. . . . __ . ____ . ..... 9,J
H awk airplanes, Mars II , Gloucest ershire, Brit ish. ______ _. . . . .. _.. . _... .. _... _. . _. ... _.. . __ . . _. _.... ... .... _ 104
H aw propellers, German. _____ -- - - - . . - - - - . - - . - - - - - ... . _- . ... - . - - _... - - - . ... .. . . . . ... . - - - .. ... - - - . - - .. - ... - 63
H azards, fire, British . ___ . ___-------- - - - - - . - - - - - - - - . - - . - - . - ... - - .. . - . . - - - . - - . - - - - . . - . - - . - - - - . - - - - - . - - - - . - - . 95
H ead resistance, F rench _______ ____ ___ __ __ . _. __ ._ .. _. _... __ ... _. .. _. ... . ___ _.. ___ .. . __ . _.. __ . . .. _. ___. _.. . _ 10, 14
H eating:
Airplane, Fren ch. __ _____ . ____ __ _. __ .... ___ _.. __ .. _.. . . _.. .. ... . .. . .... __.. ___ . . _. ... _.. ... - .. .. - . . - - 40
Apparatus, French. _. __ __ . . . _. - ___ . ___ __ __- - - _- _- ___ _. - ___. _- _. . - _- - - - - - - __- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - . - 21, 22, 23, 25
Arrangements, F rench . _. ___. __ . ___ __ .. . __ _____ . . __. . ___ ... __ .. __.. _- . .. _. . - - .. __ ... - ... .. - - . . - - - - - . - 21
Blanket s, ambulan ce airplanes, French . ___ __ ___ . ___ . ____ . .. ___. . _________ . . __ . __ ____ _. - __ . _- . __ . ____. . . 33
Hangars, F rench . ___ . ___ _____ __ ______ ... _____ - . . ___ .. __.. _.. . __. . __ . __ . .. _.. . - ____ . - - .. _- - . - - - - - - - - - - . 40
Installation , French . ___ __ __ __ ____ - - _. ___. ____ . _. __ .. _. ___ _. . _. _. - __- ____ . - - .. - ... - - . - .. . . - - .. - . . . - . . - 24
Passengers' cabin, commercial airplanes, Brist ol , British ... . __ ._ . . _. .. . _.. . __ _.. __. __ _.. __ .. ___. __ __. _. . 106
H eat-
R et aining jar, Aladdin, Brit ish._ .. __ . . _. ___ . ______ __ _. ___. _. __. __. __ ____ ____ - . - __ . _- - - . _- - .. - . - - - . - - - ] 11
Treatment , cl,uralumin , F rench .. . . _. ... . _. _.... . ... .. ..... ... _.............. _.................. - . . . . . 38
H eavy-
Airplanes, French. __ . ___ ... __ - . - . . . - - .. - . - . - .................... ... . - ... .. . - .. - ... - - - .. . ·... ... - ... - . I0
E ngines, oil, British ._ . . __. . __ - .. __ ..... - - - - - . - ... - _- . .. - _- - . - - - - . - - - . - - . - . - - . - . ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !H
.Helicoplane, Prescara, F rench . . . . __ .. .. _.... ____ .. . ....... . . . . _... . .. _......... . . _.... . _..... . .... _.. _... 42
H elicopter:
Brennan , British._. __ . . . _. - _.. - - - . - - ... . - . - - .. . ........... . - .. . . .. ....... - .. . . - . . .. - - . . ... - ... - - - - . . . 94
British . . . ___ _. . . _____ . ___ . .. - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - .. - - - . . - . - - - - - - - - . - - . - . - - . - . -. . . - .. - - . .. - - .. .. - ... - .. , . . - 94
Pescara, F rench ____ . ___ ... __ .. . __ ... ____ _- _. .. .. - ..... .. ...... . . - ... .. _..... - . .. . . - - - - - - - . .. - - - - . - - 42
H elicopters, prices for , British. ___. . __. . . - ... - - _. . .. .. . __ .... . ....... . _. .. .. . . _. ... _. .. _... . .... _... . ..... [)4
H elix maschinenbau propellers, German. _.. - _--- - .. . - - - - . - - - - - - - . . - - - . - . - . . - . - . - - . - - - . . . - . . . - - - . - - - - .. . - - - 63
Herbemont-
Racing type, French . ___ . _. ___ .. . _. .. _. _.. __ . _. ___ . . ___.. ___. . ____ . _.. __ _.. - _- _. - - - . . - - - - . - . - - . - . . - - 28
Spad Bleriot ai.J:craft, French. __ .. __... . ___ ___ .. .. . ... __ ... _. . _. ........ . .... _. ... .. . .. .. .. . . . - . . . .. - . 27
High-
Altitude airplanes, Fr ench .. . . __. ___ ... __ __ ____ ... .... _. . . .. _.. .. . . - . - . .. .... . ... - . . . - .. ..... - - - . - . - - 10
P oint, water system, :V:rench . ___. ____ - _- - - - - . - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - . - - - . . -- .. . - - - - . - . - .. .. .. . . .. - .... . - 14
Velocity corrections, F rench . ____ __. . __ . ______ .. _... .. _.. .. . __ .. _. " .. _·_... _.. ___ . . __ __. __ . ____ ._ . ___ __ 7
Velocity, French . ___ . __ _._ . _. ___ . . . _. . . - ___. . _.. . __.. . __. .. _.... . . _... ... ... - . . - . . . . - . ... ... - .. . - . . . . 8
Hinged flap, wing, Handley-Page, British . _. . . __ - - .. - .. ... .. . . .. . .. . . - .. - .. - - ... - - . - - - . - - - - - - . . - - - . - - - - - - . 105
 173
Page.
Hispano- Suiza engines .. ................................ .. .. .... .. ... .. . . .... .. . . . . . . ..... . . . . .... ....... 9, 81
British ... . ... . .... . .... . ..................... . ... .. .... .. ... . .. . . . ...... .. .. .. . ... ...... . .......... 92, 94
French ............. . . . . . ..... . ..... . . ............ . . . .. .. ... . . . .. .. .... .. ...... . .. . ... . .... . . . 13, 38, 39, 40
Italian . . . ... ... . . ... . ......... . ... . .... . . . .. .. . ... . ........ .. ..... . .... .. .. .. . . .. . .... .. ......... . .. 46, 51
Mounting in Spad 20, French. . . . ... ... . . . . ..... . . ... . ... . . .. . .... .. .... .. ... . ... ... .... . .... . .. .. ... 27
Hits by projectiles, effect of French... . .... .. . ... . ... . . . .. . ..... .. . ....... . . . ......... .. ... . ............. 15
Holle, Alex, designer, British ...................... ·_.. . .... . . . .. . . . ... . . .. . . .... . ..... . .... . ..... .. ... . : . 96
Hook-
Attachment for deck landings, French . ..... . . .. ........... ..... . ... . . . .... ... ... . ....... . .. . . . .. . .. . . . 8
F or deck landing, French . . .... .. .. . ..... . . . . . .. . . .. .. . ... . . . . . . . ..... . ... . . . .. ; . ... .. . . . . .. . . ... . . . 8
F or landing on wire, British . .... . ... .. .. ... . . . , ... . . . .. .. . ... .. .. ... . . .. . . .. . . . . ·_. . ~ .... . ... ... . . . . . 9G
Hor izontal-
Bomb racks, French ...... .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. . . .... . . .. . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . ... .... ... . ... .. . 18
Component stresses, French . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . .... . . .. .. .... ... . . ... . . . . . . ... . ... . 11
llorsepower-
Limita tion, Germa n .. .. ... . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... ... . .... . .. . ................ . ... . . . .. .. ... . ........ . . . G:3
Of motors-
French . ...... .. ...... .. . . . . . .. . .. ... . . . .. . . . . . . . ..... . .. . . ... . . . ... . . .. ...... . . .. ... .. . . . . . .. . . 38
Dirigibles, German . . . ...... . . .. ... ... . . .... .. . .. . . _· . . . . .. . .. . . . . . ... . .. .. . . . .... . ... . .. . .. . .. ... . G4, G5
Use of, French . . .. __ ___ . _.. . . . .. _._ .. . . _.... _._. ___ ._. ___ . ____ . __ __. ___... ____ _______ ___ .-. _____ _____ _ JO .
Hose-
Connections-
French . . ........... . . .. .. . .. .. ... . . . ... .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
P etro fl ex , British . .... . .............. . .... .. . .... .... . ... ... . . ... .. .... . . . ..... :. . ..... .. ... . . . . 95
Greenfield ty pe, French... . .... . .... . .... . ... . . . ... .. ........ . . . .. . .. . . . . . ... . ........ . . ... ... ... . .. . 40
Hot-air heating of hangars, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Hotel, Croydon Airdrome, British... . .... . . . ...... . ... . . . . ... . . .. .. . ... .. .... .. .. . .. . .. .. ............ . .. . . 122
Hourly consumption of French engines . .... . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ..... .. . . .. .. . ... . ... . . .... ... . ... . . . 13
Hours from motor, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 10
Houses, light, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Housing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Hub clutch, propeller, French ......... . ..... .. ... .. ... .. .... . .. ... ... . .... . .... ... ............. . .. : . . . . . 16
Hubs, propeller, French ... . .............. . ....... .. ... . .... . .... . .... . ... : ....... ... . ......... . ......... 14
Hull construction, Savoia, Italian ... . ............ . . .. .. . . . .. .. .......... . . . .. . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Hydrogen plants, F rench....... .. .. . ... . . .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Hydroplanes, Spad, French.... .. .... .. .. .. . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Ice chest , ambulance airplane, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Identification number, commercial airplane, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Ignition:
Condor engines, British . . .. . .. . ... ..... .....-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Jaguar engines, British .... . ....... . .. .. ·. . .. . ... . . . ... .. .... . ... . . . .. . ..... . . . . . . . .. . . .... . ..... .. ... . 115
Jupiter engines, British.. .. ... .. .... . . ... ....... . . .... . . . . . ............ . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . ... .. . . .. . . 107
Lynx engines, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll 4
Immersion test s, petro fl ex tubing, British . .. . . .. . ..... . .... . .... . ... .. .. . ... .. . .......... . .... . .... .. ..... 120
Immigration office, Croydon Airdrome, British ... . _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Inclinometer, French ........ . .... .. ... . .. . .... .. ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .... .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l7
Indicating apparatus for cockpit , French . ..... ..... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .... ... .. . . . . .. . .. . . ... .. 16
· Indication-
Of ba_n k, Reid control indicator, British. ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Of visibility, British.. .. ........ . ..... . .. .. ...... . . . . . . . ... . ... .. ... .. ...... . .............. . ... . . ... 123
Of weather, system of, British. . ....... . .. . . . .... . .... . . . . ... . . . . ........ . . . . .. ... .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. 123
Of wind velocity, British... .. . . .. .. . . ... . ... . ....... . . .... .... . . . .. . . . ... .. . . .. . ...... . ..... .. .. . .. . . 123
Indicator, airdrome, sound beam, British . . ......._. . . . ..... . . . ... ..... ............ . .... . ... ... . . ... . .. . ... . 96
Control, R eid, British... . . ............. . . . . .. .. ... . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .... .. .. . . .. ..... . ... .. .... . ... . .... 121
Flight-
Farman Goliath, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Reid, purchase recommended. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Gasoline-
Ambulance airplane, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Clift, British .. ... ... .... .. .. ... .. ... . . . . .. . .. ....... .. .......... . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..........._. 105
 174
Induction: P age .
Jaguar engines, British . ....... .. ... ... . .. .. . . ... . . .. . . . . . . .... . .... .. .. . : .... .. .... . .. . . .. .... . .... . . 116
Lynx engines, British ....... . .... . .. . .... .. . . . . .............. . .... . .... . .. . . . .... .. .... . .... . ..... . . 115
Pipes for Condor engines, British ............................ .. .. . ........... .... .... . .... .. ... . . . .... . 100
Inflating meteorological pilot balloons, French . . . ............................ ... . ... . . ............. .. ..... . 42
Inherent stability, French ......... -.- . . ....... . ....... . .... . . . . . ...... .... .............. . ...... . ....... . . 10
Injection:
Fuel, British . . .. .. . . . . ....... ... .... . ..... . . ....... .. ......... . . .. .... .. ........ . .. .. . . .. , . ..... . . . . 94
Oil, French ..... .. ... ... ............ . ... .. ............. .. ................... . . . .. ............ ... ... . 13
Inspection:
Airplane, Fokker, Dutch . . . ... . . ....... .. . _................. . . -....... .. ..... ... ..... .. ..... . . . .... . 84
Doors, French ... ... __ ... . . .. __.. __... _.. . .... . _. . ... _. : . ... . . .. .. .. ...... _.. . ... . . .... ......... .. . . 18
Opening, French. _. . __ .. ... _. _. _...... .. ... _. ...... . _. ..... .. ... _. ... ..... .. ......... . . ....... .. ... . 12
Installation:
Bomb-
British . _ . ... . _... . .. ... _. .... _. _.. . . . ........ .... ..... .. ...... .. .... .... ........... . .......... . 96
French .... _.... _-.. __ . _.. _.. _... _. . . . _... _. . __...... ... _.. ..... . . . ... ... .. . .... . . .. . ... .. .. . ... . 7, 18
Bomb sights, French . . . : .. .. _. ... . .. _. ... _. __..... . . . ... . . . ... . ..... .. .. .. .. . ....... . .. . _.... _. ... . . 18
Gyro, British ..... . ... _.. ........... __ ._ ..... . ... ... .. _.. . ................ . .... .. . ... . .... .. ...... . . . 9G
Instruments, French .. ..... .. ........ ..... ..... . .. ........... .... . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. .. ...... . . .. . .....' . . . 16
Lewis machine-gun supports, French .. . . . . . .. ... . .. . . ........... . ...... . . . ......... . ..... . . . ......... . ]7
Machine gun-
British ... . .. _. . _... .. ........... . _.. . ... _. . .. . .. .. .. .. ... . ..... . .... ........ . . _. . : . . . . .. . .. ... .. . 96
French . ............ . ...... . ........ . ........ .. ................ ... ..................... . .. . ...... . 7,16
Motors, French ...... . . _.... ........ .. ........ ... . . . .... . .... . .... ...... .... ___ __ . .. __ . .. _. . _. .. __ . . _ 10
Sight, French . . . .. ... ... . ... . . . .... .. . . . . .. ... ___ .. _._ . _..... ..... _._._ .. . _...... ___ . ___ . .. ........ . 17
Tourelles on bombardment planes, French ..... . ... _.......... _. ... . ..... . ............. . ........... ... _. 17
Twin wing motor, French . . ......... .. .... .. . . . __ . ... ... .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .... . .. _·..... _.. ... . . . ·. . . .. . ... . 8
Wireless, French ..... .... ..... ........ _........ . ............... . ... ..... . ............... . .. . .. . . ... .. . 19
Institute of Experimental Aeronautic~, Italian . .. . ........ .... .. .. . _............ ... . .. .. _... ...... . _. ..... . . 48
Instructions for-
Assembly, French . . .. .... ........ . ..... . ........ .. ... . .......... . ....... .. .... .. ... .... ..... _.. . 11
Maintenance, French ..... ... •. .. _..... . .. ... ... ... . . ...... . _........ ... _.. .. _. . __ .. .. _.. ___ . __. __ _. 11
Instrument board, French. __ ..... _........ . ... ... ...... .. __ .. . .... _.... . . . .... . .... . ... . ...... _____ . _. ___ _ 16
Instruments:
Ambulance airplane, British .. ........... .. ...... . ... ................... . .... ....... . ......... .. .... .. . 110
Bombardment planes, French ............ . . . .. .. . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . ... . .... . .. __ .. __ _____ ._. ___ ... __ __ _ 24
Breguet Sesquiplan, French .. _. ... _.... . .. . .... .. . ..... . . . . .. _.. .. .............. _. _. _. ____ . __ . . ___ . . __ 31
British ..... . .... . ..... . ............ _._ ......... . .... . _..... _._ ..... _........ __ .. __ . . __ . . _.. . ___ . ___ ._ 96
Commercial airplane, Handley Page, British .. . .... . . .. . .. ... ...... ... .. . . .. .. .... . ... .. . ... _.. . .. . __ .. 105
Condor engines, British . . ..... ............ . .... ....... .. ....... . .... . ..... . ......... . . . .......... _... 100
French . .. ............. ... . . . ... ....... . ................ . .............. . .... .. .. ... ....... . ... . . . . . 16, 24, 34
Gouiometric, French . . ... .. . ... . ... ..................... . . . .. . .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Navigation-
British .. . .... _. .... ... .. .. . ... .... . .... . .. .. . .. .. .. ........... . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9G
F rench .. _._ ... _.. .. _. __ _.. __. __ . ___ . __ ____ . _. __. _·....... ___ ... __ . _... __........ . .. . . . _. . _. _. __ . . _ 36
Night bombardment airplanes, French . ... .. _. . .... ...... .. .. _....... . ... .. ..... .... . ...... .... . ..... . . 25
P urchase recommended ... . . . ..... . ... . . .. .. . . ... .... .. ... . . ... ... .. .. ..... _. _.. _. __. _. _.. _. _. _.. ___. 120
Reid control indicator, British .............. . ... .. .................. ............. ... ........... .... _.. . 121
Spad commercial airplanes, French .. _. . . . . .... . .... .. .. . ... ... ... ... .. .. ... . ... ... . ....... . ....... _- .. . 28
To be purchased in Europe ... . .......... ... ... . ..... _._ .... . _.............. .. ..... _.. . . . ...... • .. . _.. _ 129
Training machines, Spad, French ... . . ... . .. . .. . . ... . .... . .. .... . .... . . . ..................... ..... .. . . 29
Insulation, ignition, French ... .. ..................... ... _... .. . ..... .. . .. ... ....... . . .. . . .... _____ . _. ___ _ 14
Interairplane telephone, French .... . .... .... ...... . .... ......... .. . . . .. .. ..... .. ...... ....... .......... . . 20
Interallied Control Commission .... . . . ... ... .. . ... . ... . ... . ... .... . .. ................ . . ... . .. .... ...... . . 76
Interchangeability :
Ansaldo airplanes, Italian ... .... .. ...... . . . .. . .... ... . .. . ......... .. ... .. . ... ....... . .. . .. . . .. . . . . _.. . 59
French ............. . ..... . .. ... .... ..... . . .... . ... . . .... . .......... . ..... _. _. . __ . ___ . . ___ .. __ . __ .. __ . 11, 12
Of parts, colonial airplane, French .......... . ..... ... ............. . .. ......... ....... ................. . 25
Of radiators, French .... . .. .. ... .... .. . .................. . . .... . . ... ... ... ... . .. ..... . ... ... .... .. .. . 14
Interior bomb sights, French .... .. . ....... . . ......... ... ... . .... .. ... . ................... .. ...... __ ·_... . . . 18
Internal bomb rack, French ...... ........ ...... . ... . ... .... ... . .... . ........ . .. .. .. . ..... .. .. . ... ... .. . .. . 7
 175
Internally braced- Page .
Airplanes, French . ...... . ............ . .. . .. . . . ....... . .......... . . . .. . ...... : ....... ·. ............. . . 7
Monoplane, French .... . ..... . ... .. ...................... . ... . ......... . ................... . ......... . 9
Pmsuit airplanes, Wibault, French .... . .... . .. . . . . ....... . . .. . . .... .. . . . .... . . ... .. .. .... ... . . . . ... . . . 31
Thick wings, Morane Saul nier, French . ........ . .... . . . ... . .... . . .. . . .... . .. . . . .. . .. . ... .. ... . ..... .. . . · 35
Interplane-
Co=unication, French . . .. ... .. . . . ... . ... . . . ................ . ....... . ....... . ..................... . 7
Struts, lack ·of, Dornier, German .. . . . ..... . ............ ... .. . . . ... .... . .. .... . . . . ... ... . . . . ...... . ... . . 74
Interpretation, mathematical , French . .. . ................. .. ............................ .. .... . ... . . . .. '. .. . 7
Isle of Grain , England .. .................................. . ...... . . ... .......... , .. . . . .. .. ......... . .... . 94, 96
Isotta engines, Italian ............ , . ... . ..... . . . ... . .. . ... . . .. .............. .. . . . . ............. .. .. . . .. .. . 52, 59
Issy des Moulineu x, wind tunnel at, French..... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Balance for ....... . ..... . ..... . .. . .. ... ... . ..... . ........ . . . . . .. .... . . ......... . . . ... . ...... . . .. . . . . . 26
Diffuser of. ... .. .. . ............... . ... . .......... . ... . . . ........ . . . ............. . .. . ............. . .. . 26
Experimental chamber ......... . ........ . .... . .. . .. . .. . .......... . . . ...... . ..... ... . . ..... . ......... . 26
Propeller for. . .. . .. . ...... . .. . .... . ..... . ........ .. . ... . . ...... . . . . .. .... . .. . ... . .. . . ... ......... ... . . 26
Speed of. ...... . .. . ... . ............... . ..... .. ... . . . ... . . .... .... ... . ... ... . . ... .. .... . ..... . . ... . . . . 26
Standard . .. . ....... .. ... . ...... .. . .. . ... .. . .. . ... .... . . .. . .. ... .. .... .. .. .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . ... . . .. . . . 26
Italian:
Aeronautical-
Activities, resume oL. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Policy....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Airplanes produced in 1921.. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Dirigibles ... . . .... . ....... .. . . .... . .... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... .. ... . ........ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Engines . ...... . ..... . ... .. .. . . . . .. ... . . ... . .... . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Equipment, storage of.. . . ... . . .. .. . . . . . . . .................. . ... . ..... . ........ .. ..........._...... . ... . 60
Experimental Station. __ . _._._._ . . . . . ........ . ..... ... . .... . .. . ..... . . . .... . _... . .... . .... . . _... .. .... 50
Flying bomb . . . . . .... . ........ . ... . . ..... . ......... .. ... . .... .. .. . ........ . ....... . ....... . ... . ..... 50
Seaplane, Caproni... . ... . . .. .... . . . .. .. ... ... . . ...... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Type specifications . . ..... . .. . ........... : ... . .. . .. ... . .. ..... .. . . .... . .......... . . . .. . . . . ... . . ... . . ... 47
Italy, policy of. . ....... ....... .. .. . ... ... ....... . ..... . . . .. . . . . . . . .... . ...... . .. . ................ . . . _. . . . 45
Jaguar engines, Siddeley, British .... . ... . ............ . . . .. ..... . ................. . . . ... .... ... . .... 112, 115, 127
Jahiel, lno M., agent for Pescara, French... .. ............... .. .. . . .. ... .. ....... .. ..... . .......... . ....... 42
James, British racing pilot..... . .. .. ..... .. .. . . . .... . ....... . . . ......... . .... .. ... . ....... . ... . . . .......... 103
Japanese agents in Italy. . .. . .. . .................. . .... . .... . .. . . . . . .. . . ...... . . .... . .. . . .. . . . ... .... . .. . . 47
Jets, carbmetor, French . ... .. ... .-. . .... . ... .. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
J L--6 airplanes, Junkers, German. .... ... .. ...... ... . . .... ... . . . . . .. .. . ... . ..... . ... .. .... . . . ... .. ... . .... 76
Joints :
Petro flex tubing, British..... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Welded, Fokker, Dutch.... ... .. . . .. .... . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Junkers-
Co., German . . .. . .. .. .. .. ._... . . . ....... .. .. .. ... . . ........ . ... . ....... . .... . . . . . .. . ... ........ . . . .... . 63, 76
Activities of. .............. . . ... . .. ... .. .................... . ... . ...... .. . . ........ . ... . ..... . ... . 76
Doctor, German expert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 76
Fom-motored monoplane recommended purchased. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Metal construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Seven-hundred-horsepower engine, German. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Type radiator, German . ...... . .... . .... .. .. . . . .... . .............. . ...... . ..... .... . . ......... . ... . .. 74
Jupiter engines, British .. .. . . . . . . ... . ... ..... .... .. . ..... . ...... . .............. . ... . ...... . .. .. ..... . . 106, 127
Carbmetors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Description of. . .. . . . ...... .. ......... . .. . ....................-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Fire prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Gasoline pumps... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Gun control gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Igni_tion system.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Lubrication of .. . .... . .... . . .. . ...... .. .. . .. . .. . ... . ............... . .. . .. . ....... . .... ·........ . . .. . . . 107
Propeller hub. . . .. ........... . ............ . .. . ......... . ... . ......... . ......... . ........ . ......... .. 107
Purchase reco=ended...... . .... .. . .. . . . .... . . .. .. . . .. . ... . .... . .... . .. . ..... . ..... . ..... . ........ 129
Starters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Keels, dirigible, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 51
Klaxon warning apparatus, French ........ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
 176
L-72: P age.
Ball one ts for, French ... .. . ........ . ..... .. . .... .. ... .... . .. .. ....................... ... .... . .... . ... . 41
Construction of........ .. .... . ... ......... .. ..... ......... ... ............. ... . ... .. .. ..... . . .. .. .... . 41
Dimensions of. ..... ......... . . . . ...... . .... ....... . . . ...... . ........ .. .. .. ...... ........ .. .. . ...... . 41
Ex-German Zeppelin ...... .. ............ . ... ...... ... .. .. . . .. ........ . ... ... . ........ . . .. . .... . .... . . 41, 71
Laboratory:
Aeronautical Research, Dutch .... . .. .. ............. . ... ... .. . .... ... .................... . .. ... .. ... . 84
Commercial airplanes, Spad, French . .. . ... ... ... . ...... . . . .... . .............. . .... .. ... . .... . ...... . 28
Experiments, F rench ....... ...... . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. ... . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . .... . .. . ... .. .. . ...·. ........ .. . 10
F lying, Farman Goliath , French .. ..... .. . .. .... .. . . ...... .. .. ........ ... .. ........... .. ....... .. .... . 36
R esults, French .... ........... . .......... . ... ... ...... ... .. . .. . ..... . ...... ..... .... ..... . ... . . .. . . . 8
· Lachmann air foil data, German ................... ... ..... .. ... ............ ........ .... . . .. ..... .... .... . 63
Lamblin radiators: '
British ................ . ......... .. ... ...... .. . . . .... ........ . ....................... ...·... - - - . - - - - - 102
J1'rench ...... .......... .. . ... . ... .. ................. . ..... ............... .......... .... . . .. 30, :32, 34, 35, 41
Construction of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Cost of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Shipment of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 41
Supports for.. . . . ....... .. . . . . ........... ..... ......... ...... .. ..... . . .... . ...................... ,11
ltalian............. .. ..... .. . .. ............ ..... . . ... ...... ......... . ....... . ....................... 59
Parts of, forwarded to Air Service Engin eering Divi sio n ..... . ............. ... .......... . . . . .. ......... . 4L
Purchase recommend ed.. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 129
Landing-
Airplanes on wire, British .............................. . ....... .. . ..... .... . .......... . ............ . 96
Chassis, Fokker airplanes, Dutch ...... .. ... . ... ... .... ·,·..... . . ... ... ........ ..... ...... .... ... . . ... . . 86
Deck, French . ............... . . .. . .. ...................................... . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . ..... 8
Gear:
Ansaldo, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Bolton & Paul, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Breguet Sesquiplan, French . .. ..... . ....... ....... . .. . ............. .... .......... . ............... 31
Colonial airplanes, French .................. : ... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Commercial airplanes:
Bristol , British_· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Handley Page, Bri tish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Spad, French............ . ... . .. .. . . . .. .. ............ .... . ......... ... .. . . ........... ....... 28
Dash pot, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Day bombardm ent airplanes, French................ ................. .. . ... . .... . .. . .. .... ........ 24
Dornier, German ......... .. .. . ....... . .. ... . ... .............. . .... ........ . ...... . . .. ... . . ....... 74, 75
Duralumin, Dornier, German . .. .. ... ... ....... . ..... . .... . ... . ... .. .. . .... . .. . ... . .. .. .'.. .. . ..... 74
Farman, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Fokker, Dutch . . .. .. ............ . ... .......... . ............. .. ....... .. . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .... : . .... . 83, 86
French . ... . ...... . ... .. ................... . ........ .. ... . . . .. .... ..... . . ........ . ......... . .. 9, 1·1, 23
Hanriot, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Insta~lation of gasoline tanks, Fokker, Dutch.... .... .... ... .... .. ... .. .. .... ............. .. . .. . .. 82
Junkers, German..... ... .... .. ........... . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7G
Mars L V , Gloucestershire, British. . . ......... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Oleo... ...... ............ .. ..... ............... . . ................. . .... . .. .. ........ .. ..... .. .. 127
Bristol, for XBlA, p mchase recommended..... . . ... . ... . ........ .......... ... . ............... . 129
Bri tish .. ....... ... .. ........ ................... . . ........ . ... .. . . ... .. . ....... .. ... . .. . .. . . 92
Siddeley, for Martin bomber , purchase recommended.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Potez, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
R ecommendations on ........ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
R emovable, British...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Replacement of, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Short Bros ., British....... . .......... .. ........... .. .......... .. ........ .... ....... . .... . ....... 112
Siddeley Siskin, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Staaken , German....... .. .. . . .. ................. ... .. .. ..... . ... .. . . .. . ..... ... .. . . . .... . . . . ... 75
Wibault, French .... ........ ....... .... .. ... ....... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Lights-
Croydon Aird rome, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
French........ ....... ................................................ .. . .. . .. ................. . 19
On airships, Bri tish........ .. ........ . . ...... . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Speed of colonial airplanes, French..... . .. . .. . .. . . .... .. ..... . ......... .. ... . ....... . .. . .. ........... 25
Langley Field wind tunnel, reference to. . .. .. .... ....... ....... . ...... . . ..... .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 177
Page.
Lanser protection for gasoline tanks, French .. .... . .............. ... ........ . .... . ....... _... _. . .. . ... . ... . 33
Large- •
Bombs, French ...... . . ..... ........ .. .. . .... .................. ... ....................... .. .. . ...... . 8
Flying boats, British .............. . . .... . ....................................... _.. ___ . .. ...... .. . . . 93
Latecuere, French .... .. . .. .. ... .... . ...... . .............. . ......... .... .. ... ... .... ...... ... . .......... . . 9
Lavatory:
Airplane, De Haviland 34, British .. . ... .. .. .... . ... ... .... ..... .. ....... ... . .... . ... .......... _..... . 103
Ambulance airplane, British .. .. ........... . ...... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ........ ... ....... . . .... .......... . lll
Co=ercial airplanes, British ............... _... _............................ . ...... . ... . ......... _.... _ 106
Layers of gut, petro flex tubing, British . ............. .. .............. . ....... ... . ..... .. .. .. ... . .......... . 120
Layout, structural, French . . ... ........................ . ... ...... .. ............. ... ................. . . . . . . 7
Leakage, gas tanks, French .. . .... . ...... . .. . .... . .................. . ...... ................ . ........ ... . . 13
Leak-proof tanks, French ... . .... . ......... . . . ....... . .................. . ... .. ... .. .............. . ...... . 20
Le Bourget, France ...... .... ......................... . ............ .. .. .... .. ............................ . 123
Hangars at, French .. .. .................. .. ... .. ...................... ..... . .-........................ . 40
Length of-
6
~!:~!i~~;,t~;~·::ni-iti~h:::::::: : ::::::::::::: : : : :::::::: : :::::::: :: ::::::: :: :::::::: :·:::::::::::::: \~~
Lens, diverging, French................ . ................................................................. 19
Le Rhone engines, French . ......... . ......................... ... .. ... . .... ...................... 13, 37, 38, 39, 40
Levers, French............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Leviathan, Breguet, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Transports........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Lewis machine gun installation, French............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Lewis machine guns, French, ammunition boxes for........................... . .... . . . .. ... ........ .... .... 17
Standard ..... . ............... . ... .... . .. ... .. .................. .. ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Liberty motors ... . .... .. ..... ..... ... .. ........................... . ........ . .... . . ...... 13, 39, 40, 59, 76, 81, 127
Installation in P. R. B. flying boat, Italian... .. ...................... .. ..... .......... ............... . 53
Life of engines, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Lift-
Coefficient, Handley Page wing, British ........ . _._ .. ... ........... .. ....... .. ....... ... ........... .. . . 105
High, of wings, British . . ..... .. ... . .............. .. ... ...................... ___ ... _._ ... __ ...... . . .. _ 91
Quality, French ........ .. ........ .. ... .. ........ .. ................................ . ... . ........ . . .. . 10
Resistance ratio, Handley Page wing, British .................... .. ....... .. .. .. . ...................... . 105
Slotted wing, Handley Page, British .......................... .. .......... .. ............... .. .. ..... . . 104
Lifting efficiency of dirigibles, German .... . .... . .................. . ......... . ... . ....................... . 72
Lighter-than-air-
Constructing establishment, Italian ... .. .. .... . .. ............ .. ... .. ........ .... .. .. ... ... ............ . 45
Development, Italian ............. . ......... ... ................ . .... ... ....... .. .......... ... .. ....... . 50
German ... .... . ............ . ..................... ... . ....... . ..... .. . ............ __ ................ . 63,69
Lighthouses, British .... . ..... ... .... . .......... .... . ... .. . . .. ............ ..... . . .. ........... . ......... . 96
Lighting-
Apparatus, French . ............. .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. ....... .. ... ... .. .. ... ..... ..... . .......... . .... . 21
Arrangements, Breguet, French ........... .. . .......... .. .. ..... ... .... . .. ........... ... . ......... ... . 31
Hangars, French .............. . ............. ... .. .. . . ........... .. ...... .. ... . .... . ... . ... .......... . 40
Issy des M:oulineux wind tunnel, French ..................... . ........................................ . 26
Sets-
Italian ........ .. .. ... . . ...... .. ................................ . ... . ........ . .... ... ..... . .... . . 28
Night, Italian ............ . ................... .. ... . .... .. ... . ... .. .......................... ... . 49
Lights:
Landing, French .... . .................. ... .. . . .. . .. .................... .. ... . .... ...... .. .... . ...... . 19
Navigation, French ............. ...... . ... ... ... ...... . .. . .............. .... . . .. ... .. ................ . 19
Night flying-
Croydon Airdrome, British .. . ..... .. ... .... ... ... .... .... ... . .... ... ... . .. . ....... . .. . ... , ....... . 122
Italian ... .......... . ............. .. : . - - - - - .. - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · · · · · · · - · · · · - · - - - · · · - · · 48
Reid control indicator, British .. ... . ... ............ . . .. . ............ . . ... ... .... . ........ . ... .. ..... . 121
Limitation of horsepower, German . . . . ... ......... .. ......................... . ............ . ......... ... ..... . 63
Lineal speed of propellers, French . . . ... . ... ........ .. ......... . .... .... ............... . .................. . 16
Links, machine gun, French .............. .. ............ .. ... . ........ .. .... ..... ................. . .... . . 16
List of dirigibles, German .................... . .......................... . ......... . ..... ... ....... ·.· .. ... . 64, 71
]4799-23- - 12
 178
Load: Page.
Ambulance airplane, British ......... ... .... .... .. ....... . ... ... ....... _. . . _... . _.. ............ . . .. . . 109
Bomb, French ............ . .... ... ........... .. ................... ... ............ . ... .......... . .... . 7
Carried , Sidd eley Siskin airplane, Bri tish .... .. __ . .. ... . ..... . . ..... . ....... _... _. ..... . ..... . ..... ... . 113
Military, F rench ... .. .. . ... . ....... .. ..... . ... . ..... .... ..... ..... ... .. ........ . . ....... . .. . .. ...... . 19, 20
Sidd eley Siskin airplanes, British . ... _.. .. _. . .. _._ . .... . . ... . .... . _. .. . __ .. . _.. . . _.... _.. . .... .. . . . .. . 118
Useful , of Zeppelins, German .... . ... . .. ..... ... ..... ... ... . . . ..... .. ........ .. ........ .. . .... ..... . . . 72
Loading:
F light, British ......... . . ........ . ....... . . . .. .. .. . . .. ...... _....... . .... ... ......... . ....... . . . ... . 91
Mars L V, Gloucest ershire , British .. . .... . .... ___ .. .. ... __ . ... ...... . ....... ..... ..... . .. . .. . . .... _.. . 103
Pn square meter, F iat racer , I talian ...................... . .. _. . ............ . ....... . .. . ..... . . . .. . . . 57
Sidd eley Siskin airplanes, British ....... . .. . .... . .. ... .. ........ .. .. .... .... . .. . .... . ..... . . . . ...... . 113
Location of-
Gasoline tanks ....... .... .. . .. . ......... . .... .. ....... . .... . .............. ....... ........ . .... . .. ... . 128
Observer, French .......... . .. _.... _. ... _. .. _. .. . _. . .. _. .. .. . . . _. . . . _... . _. ... _.. . ... . .. _. . .. _.. . . . . . 11
Loco motives, electric, Italian ... . ..... . . .................. .... .. ... .... . ..... .. .......... ................ . 59
London air port, British .. .. .... _.... _. .. . _. _. . _. . __.. . . __ . . . _..... . . . ... . . . . . ............. _. . . . _... . _. . . 123
London-Paris-
Air line ................. . . ... . ... . .... .. . . . .. .. ... .. ....... .... .. .. .. .. . . ..... . ... ..... ... .. ........ . 106
Air route , Handley Page machines...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
London Terminal Airdrome, British ........... . ... .. ......................... ........ ................... . . 121
Longeron construction of D e Haviland 14 airplanes, British .... . _... . _.. .. _... . .... . ......... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 101
Longerons, bo x type, Italian.. ..... . ... ......................... ... .. ... .. .. ............... ... . ....... .. .. 59
Longitudinal equilibrium, Fren ch ... .. ..... ..... ... ... . .. ..... . .... . . ..... . ....... .. .... . . .. . . . ......... . JO
Lorraine Dietrich engines, Fren ch . ... . ... . .............. . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. ....... .. ... ... . ... . . . . .. 9, 13, 36, 39, 40
Low-
Altitude airplanes, F rench . .. .. ............. . ........ .. ....... .. ............ . ...... . . . ..... ... . . _. . . . 20
Speed control, British ...... .. ..... .. .............. . .... . ... . .... . ........ . . ....... ... ........ .... . . .. 91
Lubrication:
Condor engines, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
French motors ..... ... .... .. . .... .. ... . . _... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Jaguar engines, British. .... . ..... ............. . ......... . ..... .... .. .... ....... ...................... 116
Jupiter engines, British. .......... . .... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Lynx engines, British ..... . ... . ........... . ... .. ............ ... . .. _... _. . .. _.... _. _. .. ... . .. . . . .... _. . .. 115
Siddeley Siskin airplane motors, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll8
Lucifer engines, description of, British .. .. .. . .. ... _.. .. .... . _. .... .. .. _... . . .. _._..... ........ .. ... . ...... 108
Luggage-
Compartment-
Ambulance airplanes, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Commercial airplanes-
British........... .. . ... ..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Spad, French .. .... . ..... .. .... . ... . __. .. ... ........ . .... . . . ....... . . .... .. . . .... ..... __. . . . 28
Space in Dornier paBsenger boat·, German ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Luminous instruments, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
" Luward " glue, use of, in Du tch Air. Service ............. . .... . .... ... ............ . .......... . ..... . _. . . . .. 85
Lympne Airdrome, British .............. ... .. ... . .. _. .. . _... ... .. _... . _. . . . _... _. . ........_....... ... _.... 121
Lynx engin es :
Crankshaft, British ............. .... . ... . __. . . _. .. . _... ..... _.. . . _.. .. _. .. . _. .. . __ .. . _.......... _. . . . . 115
Description of........ .. ........ ... . ....... .. ....... . .... ... .. . .... .. ... . ........... ... .. ............ 114
Lubrication of. ........ .. ... . ............... ..... ....................... .... . __ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Macchi-
Airplanes, Italian. .... . ..... ..... ................. . .. . . .. .. ................... .... .. ... .. ............ 45
M-1 5 land machine, description of, Italian . .... . . . ... _. . . . _. . . . _......... _.... _. . . _.. . . _.. .. _. . . .. _... . 53
M-18 school flying boat, description of, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Seaplanes, Italian .. . ... .. ..... ... . .. ....... ..... . _. .... _. ....... _. ... ... . _. . . . _... . ..... _.. . . . . . .. . . . 52
Types, Italian ..... ..... . . ... . ........ ... .. . ...... . ...................... ...... ....................· . . 46
Machine gun:
Disassembl y of, French.... . . . . .. ... ............... .... .. ....... . . . . ........... . ... . ........... . ..... 16
Double-barreled, German . . . ...... _. .. . _. ___ ... . _. . ___ . .. _.. ..... _. _.. . _... . _. .. . _....... . . __ . . . .. . .- .. 63
Equalizing system for, French... . ........ . ....... .. . .... . .. .. ... . .... . ....................... . .. .. ... 17
Fiat, Italian ..... . .... .. ... .. . . .. .. . ... . _. . . . _... __ . . . . . .. _; . . . __ .. . _. _.. _. . . . _. . . . _. . . . _... . . ... .. .. 48
Gast, German. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Installation of, F rench ... . . .. . . _.. . _.... _. . ....... ... _...... . . . . ... _.. . . _.. . _.... _.. .. . .... .. . .. .. _. . 7
 179
Machine Gun-Continued. Paga.
Lewis, installation of, French ... . .... .. ..................... . .... . ... . . . .............. _. .. .. .. . .. .... . 17
Links, French ........................ . ......... . ...... . .. . .. .. . .... ........ . _........... . ... .. .... . . 16
Moun ting of, _French ....... . ............. . . _·............ ... ....... . .... . .. _. _......... __ ... .. . : .. . . . 16
Movab le, French ...................... . ....... .. ........... .. .. ... .. .. .... _. ........ _. ... ... .... .. . . 17
Power of fire of, French ....... -.- ........ . . ... ........... ... .. . .. . . . ...... _. _._ ... . ....... __. . .. . . . .. . 25
Sights, Chretien, French ...... . .......... .. ... . ............. .. .. . .... . ... . . ........ . ..... . . . . . ..... . 31
Sigh ts, French. _. . . . ...... _... _..... _. _. ___ __ ...... : .. ____ ........... . ... . . . ..... . ....... . .. __ ..... . 16,34
'l'ourelles, French .. ... ... _. _. _.............. ____ . _... _... _. _. ___ . ___ __ . _.. ______ __. __ _.. . _........ . . _ 16
Machines. See Airplanes.
Magazine racks for Lewis m achine gun, French . . ...... ... ...... ... ... .. . . . . ............. . .. . . . .. . . .. ... . . 17
Magazines, photographic, French ...... . .. .. . . .. .... . . . .. .. .. .. ..... . ..... . . ... . .. . ............. ... ...... . 19
Magnesium alloys, German ..... . .... . .... . ....... _. .. . .... . ............. . .... _____ . _... _... _.. _. . _. .. ... . 63
Magnetos:
Bosch, German _ ... _.. .... _.. _.. . ....... __ _______ . _____ . ___________________ _____ _____ ___ _______ __ _. _ 77
Co ndor engines, British .. . ....... . ... .. ... . . . . . . .... . ........ . .... . .. .. .. ___ . . . ___ .... ___. _. ____ . _. . . 100
French .... . _. _... _. _. _.. __ . ......... : .... _____________ _________ __ _. ___ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ ______ ___. _: __ 12
Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British . ...... . ...... . . ..... ... . _... ... ....... .. ____. ____. ____ __. ___ . _.. . __ 118
Maintenance ................. . ..... . .. . . ..... . .. . . ............. . .... . .... . ........ .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. . 128
Colonial airplanes, French . .... ... . .... .. ....... . .. . ..... . .. ... .. . .. ... . .. ___ . __ __ __ .. .. _. . _.. . __ . . .. . 25
Ease of, French ........... . .. _.. . .... ____ ______ .... _______________________ ___ _____ . . ___ . _. ____ .... __ 11
French .. . ............... . . . .. : .... .. ........ . . . . . ............ .. ....... . . . . ... .. . ... ... . . . . .. . . . . .. . 8, 11
Junkers airplanes, German. __ __ ......... __ . ..... . .. _-__ . ___ . _..... . ... : ... __ ____ __ ___ _____ _. ___ .. . ... . 76
R eid control indicator, British . . . . .... . . . . . .... . . .. .. ... . ... . . . .. . ..... . .. .. .. ... .. . . .... . . .. . . . .... . 121
Management.of motor, French .... . ........... ... ............. .. . . ............ __.... . . . . . .. . . .. ... . .... .. . 12
Man hours required, Nieuport 29, French .. . . .... . ... . ........................... . .. . . .. . . ... .. . ..... .. ... . 30
Maneuverability :
Fokker pursuit airplanes, Dutch ....... . . . ... . ..... _-_............................. . .... .. .... . .... .. . 81
French .. _·____ .. _.... .. .. .. _________ __ ___ _____ _____ _______ ___ _____ _________ ___________________ .. .. . . 10,24
Hanriot training airplanes, French ..... . . . .. . ..... . . .. .... . .. . .. ....... . . . . . . .... .. . . . .. ... .. .... .. . . 38
Torpedo airplanes, British .. _... .. . . .. . ...... . . .. ... .. ... . __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ ~ _____ _.. . ... ...... . . 97
Manifolds:
French . ......... .. ...... . .... . .... . ..... . _........ __ . ______ __________ __ ____ _____ . _. _____ __ . _.. . .. _. 14
Load in, French ......... . _. _.. . .. .... . . .. ...... . . . . ..... __ _. __ . ______________ . __ . ___ __ __. _. _... ... . 14
Pain ting to indicate, French . .. .... ...... .. ........ . .. . .. .. . . ............. . ........ . . . . .... . .. . . .. . . . 14
Manometer, French . . ... ........ .... ... . .. . . . .. . : ..... .. . .... . __ ... _. ... _.. _. __.. . . .. ... .... __ __.. . . . .. . . 15
Manufacturer 's description of Fiat C.R., Italian . .... . ....... ... .......... _.... . ..... . . . . .. . .. _. .. . . ..... . 56
Map cases, French .. . ........ .. ...... .. ... .. ... .. ........ __ . __ ___ . _. __ ...... . _.. _. ___ . __ ___ . _... .. .. ... . 16
Marchetti-
A irplanes-
Italian . ... ........... . .............. _. _... .. .... __ __________ .. ____ __ .. . _. ... _.. . . , . . . __ . . . . .... . 45
Metal, Italian ..... . ..... ... . .. ... . . . . . ... .. . .... __. ___ ________ . ___ . _. _____ .. _........ . . . .. . . . _.. 46
Italian expert . ..... . .... .. ........... . ......... .. . __ . ___ . __ .... _..... __ ... _... . . ..... . _... . . __. . . . . 52
Marine type Spad airplanes, French .... . ... .. .. . . ............. . . _. . .... .. .... _. _. . .. .. .. . .. .. ....... .. .. . 29
MaJ:k, dirigibles, German .. .... . -.- ........ . ... . .. _........ .. .. . ... . _____ ._ .. _... _.. . . __.. __. .. ...... . ... . 65,67
Marking of-
Parts, French .. . ...... . ... . .............. .. ............ _...... . .. .. ...... _. _........ _. .. __ _. __ . ___ __ . 11, 12
Valves, F rench ........ . . . ......... . ................ _.. . _. __ ... . ... . . . . ___ . . ..... . _______ __ . .. . . ___ . 14
Mars II sco ut, single-seater Hawk , Gloucestershire, British ... . . ... .... ... ..... .. .... . ... . ... .. ... .. . . . .. . . . 104
Mars two-seater training machine, Gloucestershire, British ............... . ..... . ...... ... . . _. .... . ... ... ... . 103
Martin airplanes ........ .. ... . ............. . . . ..... .. ..... . ............ ... .... . . ........... . ... . _.... .. . 58,92
Martlesham Heath , England ... . ...... . .. ......... . ......... .. ........... . .... . ......... . .. .. ... . _. .. . . . . 94,98
Material-
'l'esting, French ......... . . . . . .... .. ..... .. _. _... . .... _.. _____ _.. ___ _____ _____ . _.. _.. ... _. _.. . . . . . _. . _ 26
Used in Condor engines, British ........... .. ... . ..... . . . ...... ... . . . . . . .. .......... . .. . : .. .. . . _... . .. . 100
Mathematical- ·
Calculations, dirigibles, German ......... . ...... .. ................. .... . . _.. _.. .. . . . . .. . ...... . ... . . . 72
Design of propellers, French ..... . ..... . ........ .. .... . .. . ......... .. .. . . _..... .... ... . .. .... . . .. .. . . 7
Interpretation, French .. ... .... . ....... .·. .. .. . .. . ..... . ......... .. ... .. . _.. . ... . .... . .... .. ..... .. . . 7
Maxi.mum power of French engines .. . .. ........ .. : . . . . .... . . ·_. . . ... .. . .. ......... .. ... . ... .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . 13
 180
Maybach- Page.
Co., activities of, German ... . .. . .. .... .... ... . ... . .. .......... . ........ . . . .......... . . . . .. . .. ... . ... . 76
Engines, German . . .... .. ... . ....... . .... .... . . _........ . ..... .. ... . .... .. .... _.. . .......... _. ______ .. 41,76
Mechanical-
Control. ...... . ... .. .. .. . .... .... . . . ... . ... ... ... . ... ....... . . . ........... . .. . ...... . .... .. . . . .. .. . . . 7
Starters, F rench .. _... . ....... _. .... . ..... . . . . . . . . . .... . . . .. .. ... . . .... .... . .... .. .... . .... . ........ . . 14, 16
i\Iedical-
Attention, ambulance airplanes, French ... . ... . ... . .. ·_ .. . . .. . . ... .. .. . . . ............................... 33
Equipment-
B reguet amb ulance airplanes, F rench ....... .. .... . ... .. .... . . . . .. . ....... ~ . ........ _·..... . ..... .. 33
Installation of, amb ulance airplanes, British . ... . .. ... .. .. .. . ... . . .... ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Mercedes engines :
Dutch . . . .. ... . ......... .. . . . . _.... .. ...... . ..... . .. ... . ... ... ... .. ... .. .. .. ... ... . . . . . ..... . . . . . ... 83
German . . ..... .. .... . .... . .... . .. . . . .... . . . .. .. ... . .. ... ... .. .. . . . ..... _........ . ...... _.... _....... 76
:\1ercury vapor lamps for fabric testing, I talian . .. .. ....... . ............ . .... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .... ... ... . ..... 50
Mesopotamia . .. ... . ... ... . .... . ... _..... . ...... . .. . .... . .... . . . . .. .. .. ..... .. . ... . . . . ..... .. ... . ... . 96, 108, 121
Metal-
Airplanes-
· Description of, British . . . ... ... ... . .. .... .. .. .... ...... . .. ... ... . ............... . ..... ___ ...... . . 112
Marchetti, I talian ... . ... . .. . . .. .. .. ... . ..... . ............. . .............. . _. . ..... . . _. . . . . . . . . . . 46
Construction-
Bolton & Paul, British ... . .. . ... . .. .. . .... . . .. .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Breguet-
Fren ch . .. . ... .. . . . ....... ... .. .. ... . . . . .. .. . ... . . .. .... . ... . . .. .. . .... ... .. .. .. . .. . . . . . ... 31,128
Leviathan, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
British . .. . ... . .. .. .... . .. _...... . .... . .... . ......... . ........ . .... . . _.. _._ .. _........ _.·. . . _.. . . . . 92
Comment on, British.... ... ... . .... . . . .. .. . ... . .. . . .. . . . ..... . ......... . ............ . .......... . . 92
Dornier , German . .. . ..... ... .. . .... .. ... ·_.. .. .. . . . . .... .. . . . .. . . .. . .... .. ... .. ... .. .. . . . .... . _.. 75, 127
Duralumin, Junkers, German. . . . . . . .. . . ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Farman, F ren ch... . . . . . .... ... . . . . . ..... .. .. ... .... . .... .. . .. ............. .. ........ ..... . .... .. . 37
Fokker . .. .... . .... .. . ... . ... .... .. .. . . .. .. .. ... ... . ... .... . . _. .. ... . . _. ...... .. ... . . ___. _. _. _. _ 127
French . . ......... .. .. . . . ... .. .. ..... . ...... .. . . . . . .. .. ... . ... .. . .. . .. ... . .. . . . .. . .. .. ... . .. _. . . 7, 8, 9

~~:~:!~·-~~~-~~~·-~_e_r~~~:::::·_-_·_·_·::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::·:::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::

Hanriot , French ... .. . .. . ..... ... . .... . .. .. . . . . . ... .. . ... . . . ... . .... . ... ... ............. .. .. . . . . . .
74
63
38
Italian . .. .. ... .. .. __ __. . .. _.. _... ______. ________ ____ . _•__ __ __ ___ _. ________ ___ _____ ___ ____ ___ _____ 46,48
J unkers . . ... . . ... .. . . . . ... .. . ..... . ... . ... . ..... . ... . .... - - ... . . - . - - - - - . - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 127
Morane Saulnier, French ... ....... . .. ... .... . ... .. .. ... .. ........ .. .. . . . .................. .. ..... . 35
Potez, F rench . .. . . . . . .. .. ...... . ... . ....... . .. .. ... . ... .. .. ... . . .. . .... ... .. . .... ... . _______ .. __ . 34
11
toct::t::n~f~t::~!: :: ::: ::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : '. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 127
Short Bros . ... . . ..... _. .. . . ... .. .. . . . ... .. ___. _. ___.. . __ . __ . __. . _. _.... __.. _. _. __ .. __ _. ___ . __. __ . 128
S taaken , German . .... . _. . _.... . .. . .... ... .. . ... .. ... .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . .... _........... __ . __ .... _. 75
Steel. .... _. _....... _. __ _____ _. . ____ _. _. ____ . ___ . . __________ .... _____ . _. ___.. __.. _____________ _. 128
Dornier, German .......... ... .. ... .. . ...... . .... . .... _......... __ . . _............... .. .. .. . .. . 74
Wibault . ... .. ........ . . . _. _.. . . . ....... . . ...... . .... . ... .. . .. . .. ... . ... . ......... _. _... . . . ..... . 128

::;::u~~::~:~:~a;~l:~~~--_.-_::::_·_-_·_-_: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Zeppelin Staaken, German .. . ................ .. ....... ... ... .. .... . . . _...... . ..... _... . .. . . .. ... .
72
72
75
Covering on seaplanes, Savoia, I talian ... . ..... .. ....... . ... ____ ... . ... . .... .. . . . ... ...... __ . .. _... __ ._ 51
Duralumin, for aircraft, French ...... . ..... . .. .. . .. ... . .. . .... . ............ . .. . ... . . . .... . .... _. __ .. _. 38
Fittings, French .. . .. . .... . ...... _.......... . . _.. _..... _... ... . _·_. . .... . ........ __ _.. ___ . ___. _. ____ .. 19
Floats, Dornier, ·German . . ... .. . . . ... ... .. .... .. ... . . . ... .. . ....... . ....... . ... . .... . ...... . ___ .. _.. __ 75
Monoplane, Dornier, German ... . ... . ... . .. . .. . .... . .... . . . . ... ....... . .. _.. . . . .. . .... . ... _. .. _. . __ 74
Pontoons,French .. ... . .. . .... . .. . . . .... . ... . . .... .......... _____. __ _____ . . . _... . . . _.... _. ___ _. ___ . __ . 33
Propellers, British .... ... ... . . . ..... . . .. . .. .. . . .. ... . . . .................... . . . .... . ....... _. __ . . __.. _ 96
Spars, Junkers, German . . ........ .. .......... .. ............. . . . ... . ........ . ... . .......... . ... . ..... . . 76
Testing, Italian . ...... . ....... . . ... . . .... .. ... . ...... . ... . . ... _.. _.. . __ . ___ __.. _.... __ ._ . __. . _. ___. __ 50
Wing covering-
Breguet, French ....... . .......... . ..... .. .............. . . . ... . .. .. . . ......... . . . . . . . .... _.. __. _. 32
Dornier, German . .. .. ....... ... . .... . ... .. .. _... . . . .... . _. .. _.. _. _. __ . _........ . . __ _. __ . ___ . ___ . _ 74
French . . . ....... . ..... ... ... . .. . .. . ............ . . . .... . ....... . .. . . . ..... _... . .... .. .... . . _. ___ 9
;\,I etals, properties of, Junkers, German ..... .. ....... . ...... . ... . . .. . . ......... . .. ... .... .. . .. . .. . ___. _._ . _ 76
 181
Meteorological-
Office- P age.
Commercial aviation, British ..................................................................... . 121
Croydon Airdrome, British ........ . ... ... . .. ... .. . .... ............. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .......... . .... . . . 122
Pilot balloons, French . ... ... . . ...... . ......... . .. . ....... .... ... .. . . . . . .. ...... ... .................... . 41
Method of comparison of Zeppelins, German .... . . .. .. . . . . .......... . . ... . ... .. . ............ .. ... . ... ...... . 71
:\1:ichelin bomb racks, French ............................................................................ . 33
Military-
Attache in Italy, methods of. ... . . .. ............. . .... . ... .. .... ...... . ... . ... ... ... ... .. ........ ... . 46
Load-
French ...... . .. .. .. ......... . .... .. . .. .. ... .. ... . . ..... .. .. .......... . .. . . ..... . . . . . .......... . 19, 20
Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British ................................................................. . 118
Miscellaneous requirements:
Ambulance airplane, British ........ . . .. ... . .. .......... . .. ... .. . . ...... .' ......... .. .. .. ........... . . 111
Torpedo airplanes, British .......... ..... .. ..... .... ........ .. .. ..... . . ............ . .............. .. .. . 98
Mobile surfaces, French ....... . .. . .... . ... .. .... . ......................................... . .... . .. . .. . ... . 10
Models-
Of dirigibles, Zeppelin, German .... .. ..... . ............... .. .............. .. .. .... . ............ . . . .. . 63
Wind tunnel, French . . . . . ... ...... . ... .... .... ... . ...... . . .. .. ... . ...... ... .... . ... . ........ . ...... . 7
Molds for duralumin, French .... ... .. .. .... .. .. ... ... ................ ... .. ... .. . ...... . ... . .............. . 38
Moment of inertia, Italian tandem triplane ............................................... . .. ...... . . . .. . .. . 58
Monocoque construction :
French ... ...... . .. . .... .. . .... ...... .... . - .. . - . - - ·. - - - - - - · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · 8, 29
Nieuport, French .................................. . ... . .. . .. .... .. . . . . ..... . ....... . ............... . 30
Spad, advantages of, French . .................. . .. . ........... ... ... ... ... ...... .. ... ... .. .. ......... . . 28
Monoplace pursuit airplane, French ......................... . ..................................... . .. .. . . . . 20
Monoplane:
Gourdou, French .·. .. .. . .. . ·.· . ... . ... '. ............. .. .. ........ .. .. . . ... .. .... . .... . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . 7
Junkers four-motored , purchased recommended .... ... . .. . .. . .... . ... . ............................ .. ... . 129
Metal, Dornier, German ...... . ..... . ....... ... ......... . . . . . . . .. ... .. ............ ..... . ..... . .. ..... . 74
Metal, fo ur-motored, internally braced Staaken, German .............................................. . 75
Metal, Junkers, German . . ... . ...... ....... ...... .. .. ...... .. .... . .... ... ....... . ... . . ........ .. ... .. . . 76
T arget airplane, Italian ............................................................................. . 60
Three-motored, Morane Saulnier, French .. . .. .. ... ..... .... .... .. .. ... .. .. ... . . ..... ...... . .. .. . ..... . . 35
l\forane Saulnier-
Co. , French .......... . . ... . ..... ........ . .. . ..... .. . .... . .... .... ........... _........ __ . . _._ .. __ .... . 9,35
Internally braced monoplane, French . ........... .. . .... ... . .......... .. ... . . .. ... . ..... .. ..... .. . . ... . 9
l\fotopropeller group, French .............................................. ~ .............................. . 10
Motor:
Apparatus, F iat B. R., Italian ................. . . . ..... . .... .. ...... ............ . . . . ..... . ... . . ....... . 56
Arrangement, Morane Saulnier, French ............... .. ... . ... .. ... .. .... . . ... .. ... ........ . ..... . . ... . 9
Bed , French ....... . . . .. . ......... .. ... . ........ . .. . .. ... . . ..... . .. .. ... .. . ... . . . ..... . .... . . . . . . . .. . 15
Changing of, French . . . ... . . . .. .. ...... .... .. .. ... . . . .. .... . ..... ... .... .. . .. .... ... . . .. . ....... ..... . 12
Gearing, Breda, Italian ............ ... .. .. . . .. .................. ... ...... .. .. ... ............. . .. . .... . 60
Mounts-
British .. . .. .. .... . .. . . . ... . . ... . ...... . . . ....................................................... . 95
Fiat C. R. , I talian ..... . .. . . . .......... . .. ·. ... . ... .. ... ... . . . . ... . ..... . . . . .. ... . . ............... . 56
French . ... ... .... . .. ...... . . . . ....... . .. . . . . .. . . ......... ... . .. ......... _...... . ... .. . . . . . . . .... . 8,9
Italian ................................. . ........... ... ........... .. . .... . . .. .. . . ... . ... .. . .. ... . 53
P. R. B . seaplanes, Italian ................... . . . ... ..... . ... . ... .. . . .... .... ... .. . . .. ...... .. .... . 54
Recommendations on ......................... . ... .. ... .. .. ... . ... .. .... . ... ... ... . ... ... . .... ... . 128·
Savoia, Italian . . . ... ... ... . .. ·.... .... .. .... . .. ... ..... . . . ... . . . .... ...... .. .... . . . . . ... . . . ..... . . 51
Spad , French ..................... .. . . .. .. .... .. . ..... .. ...... .. ... . . ........... .. , .............. . 29
Nacelles, removable , Spad , French . ......... ....... ..... . . ..... . . ........ . ..... . ....... .. .... . ...... . . 28
Replacement, F rench . .. ... . . . ...................................................................... . 21
Suspension of, I ssy des Moulineaux , French .. .... ............. .. ....... . ......... . ... . .. ..... . . . .... . . 26
Motors (see also Engines) :
Available for aircraft, French . . . . ..... ... . . .. ... .. . . . . ....... .... . . . ......... . . . . .. . . . . ... . . ....... . .. . 39
Horsepower of, in dirigibles, German . . . . ...... .... . . . .. .... . . ..... ... ... ..... .... .... . . . ..... .. ....... . 64,65
Life of, French ...... . .. .... . . . .. . ..... .. ... .. . ... .. . ... . . . .. ........ .. ... .... . . .. ... ..... . ......... . 39
Number of, French . ....... . ........ .. ...... .. ... .... ... .. .. .. ... ...... ... .. .. . . . ..... . .. .... . .. . ... . . 10
Oil and gas consumption of, F rench .................................................................. . 13
 182
Motors (see also Engines)- Continued. Page.
Recommendations on .................. . ....... . ................................. . ........... .. ... : .. . 127
Requirements for changing of, French ... .... ....... . .. . .. . . ..... . . ... .. .... .. . . . . .. . ....... . . . ... ... . . 8
Wind tunnel at I ssy des Moulineaux, French .............................. .... . _.... _. ............... . 26
Mounting:
Compass, F arman Goliath, French ... ·. . ......... ... .... , .... . ........ . ......... . ...................... . 36
Jaguar engines, British . ..... .. ..... .. . .. . . . . ..... ... .. . . . ... . ... ... . ........ . .... .. ............. _... . 115
Lynx engines, British .. ..... ... .... . ..... ... .... .. . .... ........ . .. .. .... . .......................... . ._. 114
Motor-
British ..... . ........ . .. .... .... . ..... . .... .. .... .. . . .. .. . . ........................ . . .. . . . . . ... . . . 95
French . . ....................... . .... . ...... . . . . . .. .. . ... ............................. . ..... .... . . 8
Recommendations on .......... . .............................. . ...... . ...... . ..... . . . . . .......... . 128
Spad, French .. ___ . .. _._._ ...... __ .. _..... _._ ..... _........ _._ ... ___ . ... __ . _______ __ _... _.. __. . __ _ 29
Wright . . ... . ....... . . .. .. ... . ... . .... .. ... .. ... .. .... . ..... . .... . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . ... .. ....... ..... - 127
Mud guards, French ..... _..... _._ ...... . .................. . .. _.. . __ . __ . __ . ___ . ____ .. _._ ...... _... _._ . . __ 12, 16
Mufflers:
Bolton & Paul, Bri.tish .......... .. _. .... ... .... .. ... __ ........ . . _. _............. _. . . __. .. __ . ____ _. ____ . 95
Engine-
British ... .. ......... . ........ . .. . ..... . . . . .. .. . . . ..... . ....... . ......... - . . . ... ........ . ... ...... . 95
Italian .... .. .... __ .................... . .. . .. . . ....... _... _._ . . . .. _._. __ _.... __.... _._._._._ .... _ 48
Night pursuit a irplanes, Italian .......... : . . . . . ......... . ..... .... . . .... ...... .......... . . . . . ... . .... _ 49
Multimotored:
Aircraft . .. ................ . . ... . ........ . ... .. ... . .... . ...... . ... . . . . . ... . ........ . ...... . ........ .. . 129
French . ... .. _. . .. . ...... . .. . .... .. . .... . ..... . . ...... . _............... _..... _. __.. __ __ ·..... __ .. _. 7
Airplanes .. . _.... . ... .. .... . .... ... . .. .. ... ... . . . .. . ..... .. .. ... .. .. . ..... ....... .. ...... . .......... 129
British . . ..................... .. .... .... ... . ..... . ..... . ............. ·: . ........ . .................. 93, 95
Control of, French... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
French........ .. .. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Italian .. _._ ... _... _..... _.. . . . ....... . ... . . . ..... . ................. ...... ...... . . .... . . ... . .. . . . 48
F lying boats, Italian..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Monoplane ............... . ... .. ... ... ... ...... . ......... ........ ...... . ·..... . ..... ..... ..... . . . . . . .. ]28
Multiple-
Air-cooled engines, British._ .. .... . ... ..... . .. . ... .. . .. . ......... ... ....... . . . . ... . . . . ... . ... _. . ... .. . 116
Engines-
Cooling of, British . .. ... ... . . . . . . .... . . . _. . .. _. . .. . . .. ... ... .. . ... . .. _... . . . . . ... . . . . .... . ..... . ... 117
Description of, British.................................. . ................. ... .. .... ....... . .. . . .. 117
Weight of, British ... .. .. .... ·, - ._ ..... _.. ... _... _... .. ___ ... _..... _...... __ ... _....... _........... 117
Spars, meta l, Junkers, German ........... . ... .. .. . . . ...... _._..... .. ..... . ..... . . . . ..... .. . . . .... . . ... 76'
Museum:
Junkers , German...... . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . ... .. ............. . ..... . . . . .......... ... ..... . ... . .. .. . . .. . 76
Zeppelin Co. , German ......... ·.... . ........................... . .......... . ..... . ............ . ......... 63
Nacelles:
Engine-
Dirigible, Italian ... .. .......... . . .. _. .. . . ....... . ... . . . . .. _.. . ... . ... . ........... .... .. . .. .. . .... . 50
Removable , Spad , French ....... . ..... . ... . _. .. ..... ... _... __ ... __ ....... _... _._._._._ .. . _._. . . .. 28
Ex-German Zeppelin, French ... _.. . .. . .. ... ... . .... .. . .......... . .. . . ... . . . _........ . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . 41
· Napier:
Cub engine-
Purchase recommended .. .. .. _. _. ....... ............... _. .... _..... _... _.. . .. _.. . ... . .... .. ... ___ 12 9
Specifications for , British . ..... _. . ... _...... _...... . .... .... . . ... ......... _. .. _._._._._ .... ___ ._... 121
Lion engines, British .... __ ._ ._ ... _...... __ .... _..... _.... _._ . .. _... _._ ... . .. __ _ 93 , 94, 97,102,103, 106, 108,109
Narrow propeller, French ...... _.... __ ... _. .... ... .. ... . _. . . .. _.... __ .. .. __ . ... . __ _._. __ ..... __ ._._ . ... _.. 10
National advisory commi ttee, wind tunnel , reference to, French ...... _... . ... _.... __... ____ ... .. _.. . . . .... . . 26
Naval airplanes produced in Italy . .. ....... .. ·.... .......... ... . ... _.... .......... . .......... .. . . . .. ....... 45
Navigation :
I nstruments-
British .......... _. _. . . . . . ..... .. . .... .. .. . . ... . . . . . ... . . .. . ...... _.. . ..... . .. . .... _....... .... ... 96
French ....... . .............. .. .. . _..... _..... _. . ..... . ............. _._ ... _................ _...... 36
German . . .... . . .. .... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Lights, French ...... _.... _..... _.. ... .. ...... . . . .. _................. _.. . .. _............ _... _........ 19
Streamlining of, French . .. . . ...... . ...... . .... .... ......... . ... .... ." . ...... . . . .. ................. 19
 183
Page.
Navy , United States .............. ... ...... . .. ... .... . ..... ... .... . ......... ... . . ......... . ............ . . 93
Dirigibl e for , German ................. ...... . .. . ...... . ................. . . .. . . ...................... . 63
Order for Zeppelin , German ............... . ..... .. ..... . .... . ............... . .. .. . .. . . .. ........... . . 63
Purchase of Macchi boats ............... . . . .' ... .................... . .. . .. .. .. ... .... . ..... .. ... . . .... . 53
Torpedo plane, description of. ... .. ............ : . . .. .. ... ...... . . . .... .. .... . ...... . .... . ........... . 81
Neustadt ........... . .......... .... .. . . .. . ... .. .. .. .. ..... . ...... ... ......... ... .. . ...... . . .. . . .. .... .. . 40
New:
Aircraft , Italian . .............. . . . . . .... . ... ............ . ....... ..... . ...... ....... . .. .. ...... .. .. . . . 45
Dirigibles, Italian .... .. . ... . ....... . .... . . .. . .. . ...... .. ............ . . . ......... ... :. ...... .. . .... ... 47
Nieuport-
Airplanes, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
29 , French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9, 28, 30, 39, 41
Characteristics of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Construction-
of.... .. .......... .... .. ....... .... ...... .. .. ... ............ ...... .. . .. . . .. .............. .. . 30
of ailerons of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
of stabili zer . ..... .. ..... . . . . . . . ..... .. . ... .... . .. . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Cooling system ..... . . ......... ....... . .... . ... . .... . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Description of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Gun mounts on... ..... ................. .... . . .. ........ .. ..... . ...... .. ...... .. .... .. . .... . . . . .. 30
Man hours required..... . ....... ......... ..... ... .. . . ... .... . ........ .. . .. ......... . ......... .. . . 30
Performance of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Truss,,ork on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Woman hours required.... . ... ........... ... . ........ . .... .. ..... ......... ....... . ......... . ...... 30
Co. , French .. .. ....... . .. . .. . ... ." ..... . . .. . . .......... . ... ... ... . ..... .. ... .... . ..................,... 8, 29
D elage Sesq uiplan , French.. .. ... ... .... .... .. ...... . ..... . ...... . ...... . . .. . . . . .... .. .. . ... .. ....... . 8, 30
Nighthawk airplane, British .. ..... . ......... .. ........ ... .... . ...... .. .. .. .......... . ................ 94
Racer , French. .. ... ... ............ . ........ ........ . ... . .. . ......... .. . .... .. ....... . ......... . ... ... 30
Sesqui.plan, characteristics of, French.. ... . ..... .......... . ............. ... ... . . . ...... . ... . .... . . . . .. 30
Ship planes, French........... . .. ........ ..... . . .. .... .. .. .... . . . .. . .... . ... . .... . .. . ... ...... .. .... 31
N ight-
Airplanes, Fren ch... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
Bombardment-
Airplanes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Breguet , French.. . .. ... ........ ...... . .... . ..... . ..... .. .. . . ... .... .. . .. . .. . .. . . ... . ..... . .. 33
British.. .................. ............... .... . . . . ........ ... . . ...... . .......... . .. . . .. . ..... . 93
Farman Goliath , French... . .. . . .... . ....... . .. . ...... . . . . .............. ..... ................. 36
French . ....... .. .. . . ..... . ... .. . ..... ... . .... .. ............ .... ... .......... . . . . .. .......... 7, 9, 24
Armament for........ . ... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Characteristi cs of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ·
Equipment for....... . .. .. .. ..... ........ . .. .. . .. .. .... . ... . . . .... . . . ..... . ... . ..... . .... 25
F uel for ... . .. .. .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Italian... .. ............... .. ... . .. . .... .. .. .... .. ... .... . . . . .. . ............. . .... . .......... 48
Armam ent for . ... . . . .. . ....................... . ................ . ..... . ... .. ..... . .. . . ... . 48
Bombs for . . ........... ... ... .. ... . . . ... . ......... . .. .. . . . .. ......... . ..... . .. ... ........ . 48
Climb of . . .................. .... . . . .. ... . ............. . . .... . .... . ..... ...... . .. ..... - . . . 48
Coefficient of safety of. ..... . ............ .... . . .. . . .... .... . ...................... - : . . .. - - 48
Cr ew for .................... .. . .. ... .. ...... . ... ...... . .... . ......... .. . . . .... . ......... . 48
Endw·ance of. ..... . . . ....................... . ....... ........ .. . .. ..... . . - - - - - · - - · · · · · · · · 48
E~gines for ... .......... .. .. . . . . . ... ... . ........... .. . . ........ - ... - - - . . - - - · · · · · - · · - - · · · · · 48
I nstallations for .... . .. ............. .. .. .. .... .... ......... . . ... ... ..... . .... . .. . ......... . 48
Instrum ents for ..... ... ..... ........... .. .... .. . .. . . .... : .. .. ........ . . .. - - - - · · · - - · · · · · · · · 48
Maxim um speed of. ..... ......... . ........ . . ...... . .... .. . . . . .. . .. ......... .. .. ...... . ... . 48
Ship , Wibault , French ... . .. . .. . . . ... ..... ......... . . .... ....... ....... .. . . ... : ..... .. . .. . .. . . . . . - 12
Equipmen t , F ren ch .. . .. .... ... ... ..... ... .. . ........ . ..... . ....... . . . . _. ...... ... . ...... . .. .- .. .. .. . .. . 19
F lyin g lights-
Croydon Airdrome, British ....... . .. . ....... , ... . ....... .. . . ........... . ....... . .. ... . ...... . - .. . . 122
Italian . .......... ... .................... . ... .. ... .... .. .......... ... . ............ . .... . ........ . 48
Ligh ting of Colonial airplanes, F r en ch ..... ... . .. ... .. ..... . .. ................ . .. . ............... - .. .. . 25
Pursuit airplanes, Italian . . .... ....... .. .... . . .. ... .................. ·.. . ............... ..... . ........ . 48,49
Nigh t hawk airplanes, Jieuport, B ritish . ........... ........ . ... ... .. .............. .. .............. - . .... .. . 94
Jomenclature for drawings , Wibault system , French .. . .. ... .............. .. . ............ . ... . . . .. ... ...... . 27
 184
P age.
Nondimensional characteristics of airships, German . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . . . ... . . . ... . ... .. .. .. . ... . ..... 64, 71
Nonrustable steel, British .. .. . . . . . . .... . . . ... .... . . . . . . ... . ... .. .. . . .... . . . . .... . . . ..... . . . .. .. ... . .. ... 112
Nordstern, ex-German Zep pelin ..... .. . . .. . . .. .. .......... . .. ... ... . ..... . ... .. . ... . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . ... . . . 71
Note-
Author's on the technical report ... ... . . . ... . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . .... . .... .. .. . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . .. .. . 127
E xplanatory, to program for F rench airplanes ... . _ ...... . . . ... .... . ... . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . ...... . 9
Number of motors in dirigibles, German ...... . . . .. . .. . .... . ... .. .. . .... . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. ... .. . .... . . 64, 65
Numbering of drawings, method of, French ...... . . . . . .. . .. . . ... . .... . ... . . . .. . . . . .... . .. .. .. ... ...... ... . 27
Numbers, constructional, for dirigibles, German ........ . .. ... . ... .... .. . .. . . . ..... . ... .. .. . .... .. .. . .... . . 64, 65
Oberursl rotary engine, Dutch . . . .... . . . . . .. .. ... ... .. . . . . . . . .. ...... . ..... ... .. . . .. . .. ...... .. . . . . .. . . . . 81
Observation-
Airplanes .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. .... .. . ... . . . . . .. ........ . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. _... . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . 128
British . .. . ... .. ... . .......... . . ... . ... . .. . . ... . . .... . . . .. . . ... .. .. . .. . .. . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 93
Farman, French ............ .. .. ... ·. .. . . . . .. .. ... . .. . . .... . ..... . . . ... ... . ... . . . . . . . . ... ... .. .. . 37
Fokker , Dutch . . ...... .. ... . . . . .. . . . . . . .... . .. .. . . .. .. . . .... . . ... . .. . ...... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . 81
P urchase recommended . .. . ... . ..... . . . . . ...... . . . . .. . ...... . : . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . ... .. .. . 129

Frenl~~~~~~t-f~~-: ._._·: : : :::::::: : :::: : : : : : : :: :: : :·: :: : :: : :-: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : _~·- ~~·- ~ · 32 , ~:

Characteristics of. .. . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . .. . ..... . . . . . .... . ... . . . . .. ..... . . . ... . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . 22
Equipment for ... . ... . . . .... . . . . . .. .. . . ... . . .. ... . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .... . . ... .. . .. . 22
Fuel for . .. . .. . . .. .. ... .. . . . . . .... . . . . ... . .. . . ... , . .. . . . . . . . . _.. . __. . _. .. _...... . .. _. . .. __ ._ 22
General req uirements for . . ... . . . . . ... .. ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. ... . ..... ....... . . . . . . ..... .. . 21
Italian .. ... . .. ... . ........ . ... . . . . . ... . ... .. . ... . . .. ... . . .... . ..... . . ... . . . . .. . . . _.. _..... . .. . 45
Potez, F rench ... . .. ... . .. . . .. .. . . ... . .. .. . . . . .... . . .. . . .... .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 34
• Spad, French . . . .. .. ... . ... . .... . . . . . ........ . . . . .. . .. . ... . __ .. __ ... . _. . . .. .. .. .... ... _. _. . , _.. _ 29,39
Balloons, Italian ....... . . .. . ... . ... .. .. .. . .. . . ..... . . . _. ... .. ... . . . .. . . ... . . . . . __. .. . . . .. . .. _.. . __. . 46
Observer :
Control for, French . . . .... . .. . . .. . .... ... ....... .. . . . . . . ... .. . . .. . . . .. .. .... . _. . . . _.. .. ... .. ..... . . . 11
Location of, French . .. . .. . . ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . ... . .. .... . .. . .... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. .. __. . ... . . . . _. 11
Observer's seat, folding, F rench . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... .. ... .. . . . .. .. . . . . ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .. ... . _. .. . . . ... . 22
Obsolete aeronautical material, German . ........ . . .. .. .. .. ... . . ... . ... . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . _. .. .. . . . __ 45
Obstruction lights, Croyd on Airdrome, British . . ............... . .. . . . . .. ..... . .. . . . . .. . . .. ....... .. . .. .. . 122
Odier starters, French .. .. .. . .... . .. . .... . . .... . . .. . . . . . . .. . ............. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . ... . . 7
Oil-
Consumption of F rench motors . ... .... . . .. ...... .. . .. . .......... . ... .. . . .. . .. . . ... . ... . .. .. . . . . _.. . . . 13
Injection, F rench .. .. ... .... . . . ... . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . ... . . . .. .. . .. . . ... .. .. . . _. . .. . . .. .. . . 13
Pump for Condor engines, British ... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... . .... . .... . .... . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . _. .. _. .. . . .. .. . . . . 100
Radiator, F rench . . . .. . ..... . ... . ... . .. ... . . . .. . .. . . . . ... .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . ...... .. _.... . . . .... . . . 10, 14
Reserve, in F rench engines . .. .. .. ... . . .. . . . .. . .... . .. . .... .. ... . ... .. .. . .. . . . . . . ... _. .. . . . . . . . . ..... . ]3
Spray, French . .. ... .. . ..... .. ..... . .. .. . .. ..... .. . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. ... .... . . .... . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... . 10
T anks, F rench . ... . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . ... .. .. . ... .. . ... . . . ..... .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . ........ . .. . ... . . ... . . 12
Temperature, French . . .. . . . . . . ............. .. .. .. . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . ...... . .. . . . ... ... .. ... .. . . . . . . _. 13
Oiling:
Jaguar engines, British . ...... . ...... . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . . ... . .. . ... . . . . . . . .... . . 115
Lynx engines, British . . .... . . . ... . ... .... .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .... .. .. . . . . . . .. ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Oleo-
Landing gear .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Bristol , for XB l A, p urch ase recommended. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 2!l
British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Short Bros., British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Siddeley, for Martin b omber, purch ase reco mmend ed .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . ... . .. ... . . ... . ..... .... 129
Shock absorbers, British . ...... . . . . . . .... .. .. . ... . . . .. . .. .. . .......... .. .. .. .. ... ... ... ..... .. . . . .. 102, 108
Opel Motor Works, German ... .. . . .. .. .. .. ... .. . . . .. . . . . . . .... . . . . ... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . : . .. . ....... . . ... .. . . . 77
Opening for i nspection, French . . .. . ... ... .. .. ... . . . ...... . ... .. ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]2
Ordnance offi cer, A. E. F ., Germany.. . . ..... . .. .... . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .... .. . . . . . .. . . . ... .. . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. 63
Organization of Croydon Airdrome, British.. .. .. .. . ... . .. .. ....... . .. . .... . . ...... . ... . . . . . .. .... . . ....... 12]
Orly, dirigible hangars at, F rench. . . . . . . . .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Ostfl ug Co ., German.. ... . . .... . .... . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. ... ... . . ..... .. .. .. . . . . . .. . ... . . . ... . .. .. ... .. .. ... 63
Outlet tube for antenna, French .. ..... ... ... . . . ...... . . .. . . ... . . .. . . ..... . .. .. .. .... . . . . .. .. . . .. ...... . . . 19
Outline, aerodynamic, F rench..... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Out of commission, time of, dirigibles, German ... . . ... ... . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . ... .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . 67, 69
Overhaul routine, B. M. W. motors, German .... . . . .. ... . . .. . . . . .... .. .... .. . .... .. . . . . .. ...... .. .... . . ... 77
 185
Oxygen apparatus : P age.
French . - -.. - -. - . - - - ....... - ... - - - . - . . . _- - . _. - . . ___ - . ____ ___ . __ . ____ ____ . ___ __ _____ _. __ ... . _. _ 19, 20, 22, 24
German·-··· · ----· · ·· · ······ · ·········-····-· · ···· - ······· · · · ··· · ············· ··· ·· ··· ···· ·· ········ 63
P ackard engines .. _ . _ ..... .. .... .. . ... . ..................... .. .. ... . __.... . .. . _.. . . ... .. ... ... ... ... . . . . 127
P ageant, R oyal Air-Force, British .. .... .... . ..... . . ... . ....... .... ... . ........ .... .......... ... ... . . . . _. . 113
P aints:
Protective, French .. . ........ . . . .................................................... . . ·. .. . . ....... _. ]1
Steel tubing, Fokker, Dutch ............................ . . . .. .. . . .. _.. . _. ..... . .. .. . . .. . ... _..... . _.. 85
P a.J.mer-
Flat tread tires, Fren ch ... . ... .. ....... .... . . .... . . . ............... _.. _........ . _.. __. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Tires for airplanes, British ...... .. _.. . .. . .. __ _. . ...... __ .. .. .. ................. . ..... . . . . . .. ... . . ..... 92
P anhard-Levassor, French engines . ..... . .... . . . . .. .... . ..... . .. . .... . . . ... .... .. ....... .. _. .... . . ... . . .. . 13
P an hard motors, French ... . ..... . .... . .......... . - . . .. . .. . - . ... ... .. ....... . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
P arabolic concave V boat construction, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Parachutes:
French ............. . . . ....... . .. . . . .. . . . .. .... . ....... .................. - ..... 7, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
Italian . . .... _. . . . - . . . . . . . .. - . ...... . - . - ...... - - . . . . . ... - ... . .... . ...... . .. - . .... . . . . . .. . ............ 46, 50
Parasite resistance:
French . ... .. ................... . - . . . . . .. .. ... . . . . .. . - ......... .. ... . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Wibault bomber, French ....... : .. - ..... . . .. ............. . .............. . ...... . . .. . . ....... . .. .... _ 35
Paris air port, French .... . . . .. . . ... . . . . .. .. . ....... . . .... . . . . - . ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
P arnell amphibian airplanes, British ... . . . ..... .. .. . . .... . ... . . .. . . . . . . .................. ... ..... . .. . ... _ 93
Parseval dirigibles, German ........ .. . - ... - ...... - .. .. . . . ... . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . - . . ... .. . - . ...... .. . _. . . . . . . . 63
P arts :
Interchangeability of, French_ ....... . ..... .. - ... - .. .. - . . ..... . . .. . . - ... - - - . ... .. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1r
Marking of, French . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Spare, French ... . ..... . .... ... ........... - .................. . ... - .... . . - . . .... - . . .. - . . ... _. ........ 11
P assages, bombardment airplanes, French ........ ·. .. ....... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
P assageway in. aircraft, French ....... ... .... - .. .... .... .. ....... . ................... . ..... . .... _.... . .... 7
P assenger-
Aircraft-
French. .. ... . .. . . .. . . . . .. . ..... .. ..... .... .... ... .... . . . ....................... . .. .... ... .... .. 7
Morane Saulnier, French .... ............ . .. . . ·... . . ... . ... . . . ............. . .. .. . ... .. . . .. . _. . .... 9
Airplanes-
Bolton & P aul, British . .. .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Bristol , British ...... .... ......... . .... . - - . - . ...... .. ........ . . - - . . ..... .. . . . ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
De H aviland 34, British .. .. ........... . . . - . . ... . .. . ..... . .. . ...... . . - . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Dornier, d escription of, German. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Handley Page, British ... ... .. ..... .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Multiple-engined, British ................. . ... . . . ... .. . . .. ·.. . ... . ............. .... . . .. . . .. . . _. .. 117
Description of. ..... . . .. . ....... .. . . .. .. . .... . . . . . . .. - .. . .... . .. ....... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Staaken, German . .. . ... . ..... . ..... . ..... . .. . . ... ... . . . . .. . . . ... . ..... .. . .. . . ... .. . . .... ... . _. . . 75
Vickers-
Vim y, British .. .. ... . . . . ... . . .. . . .. ... - .. ... . ....... . ... . . . . .. . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Viking, Bri tish ... . . . . . .. . . ..... . ... ..... . .. . ... .. ... . . . ... . ... . . ..... .......... . - .. . .. _. . ... 108
Cabin-
Breguet Leviathan, French .......... . .... . .............. . .... . ..... . ... . ...... ... .. .. .... _... . .. . 32
Commercial airplane--
Bristol , British . . . . .... . . . ... . - . . .. .. . ......... - . . .. . - . . ... . ..... ... . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
French . .. . ... ... .. - . . . . ... ... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - - - - . - . - ......... . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
D ornier, German . ... . -·· · · · · · · ·· · · · ·· -· · · -· · ·· · · · ·· ·· ··- -· ···· · ·· - ····- ····- · ···· ·,···· · · ··· ·· ·· 74
Carrying-
Dirigibl es, German. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
F lying boat, Dornier, desc ription of, German .. . . ...... . ... . .. .. . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Zeppelins, German . . . . ..... .. ...... . .. - .. .. - ......... - .. - . .. - - . ... - . ... .......... . . . ... - . . . . . . . 72
Compartm ent, am bu lance airp lane, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
P a tents :.
Condor engines, British . . . . ... . .. . ..... . . . . . - .. - . - . - . .. ... . .. . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
R olls-Royce, British..... ... .. . . .... .. . ... .. ..... .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .... .. . .. ......... . ....... . . . ..... . 101
Paying load of dirigibles, German .......... . . ..... - ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Pegna, Mr., I talian expert .. . . . . ... .. ... ...... . .. . . - .. . .... . . . . .. .... . . . .. .... . .. ... : . . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . 53
 186
Page
Pegna seaplane, Italian ............................................................................. : . .. . 46,53
Performance: ·
Breguet Sesquiplan, French ....... ..... . ... ................................. . .. .. . .... ... .......... . _. 31
French . . ... ... . ...................... .. .............. . . .. . . ..... .. . .. . . .. ... . . .. .. _. ~ ............... . 10
Handley Page wing, British ........ . . . ..... . ............................................. . .... :_. .. .. . . 105
Monocoque airplanes, French . ... . ........... . . . . . . _..... _.. _...... .. . _. .. ... .. _. .. _....... .... . . . . . . . . 8
Report, .S iddeley Siskin airplane, British ............................ _....... . ........................ 113, 117
Theoretical , fast ships, French ............................ _. ..... . . _. __ . .... ....... _... . .. _... . ... . .... 8
Periscope, French ....... . .... .................... .. . ... .. . ........ _. ·.. _..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Permeability tests of fabric , dirigible, Italian ......................................... _...... . .. .. . ... . .. . . . 50
P ersonnel, specialized, French ....... . . .......... . . _. _... . ... . _... . ... _.... . ... .. . . . . _... _. . . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . 11
Peru, pmchase of Ansaldo aircraft, Italian..................... . . ... ............ .. .......................... 59
P escara:
Agent for , French . . ..... . _. .. ........ _... ~ . . . __ .... . . . _. .. . . . ........ . ..... ·..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Helicoplane, French ..... .............................................................. .... . _. ..... ... 42
Helicopter, French .............. . .. .. . .. . .... . ......... . .. . . . ........ __....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Petro fl ex gasoline tubing, British.......................................................................... 95
Assembly of ... ...................... ... . .. .... . ... . ......... . .... . ... .. ..... ........ _.. . __. . . . . . . . . . 120
Canv as for. ........ . ... ... ... .. ..... .. .... .... ....... .. . . ..... . ................................ : . . . . . 120
Cement for. .......... _........ .. _... . .... ... . . . ....... . ...................... . ... ........ .. _. . .. . ...... 120
Description of. ... . .... . .. ... _.. .. ..... .. . . . .. . . ...... . . . ... ..... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
External-
Finish for. ............ . ..... .. .. _.............. . . .. . ........... .. . ... ... . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Reinforcing wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Fire tests, British ..... .- .. . _... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Flow tests . ... .... .... . ... .. ..... . . ... ...... .. . _. . .. . . _, ........ .... _... _. ...... .. .. .................. 120
General data ........... ·......................... ·................................................ . . . . 120
Glue for. ........... .... . . .. .. ... _... . ... .. .. .. . ... . . . ... .... . ...... . . . _. ... _..... _.. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Immersion tests .. .... ..... .. ............. ......... ... . ....... ......... ............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Joints, British . ........ .. ......... . ... . ... . ..... . ....... _. . .. ... .. ..... .. . .... . . . . . . ........ . . . _.... . . 120
Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Manufacture of. . . ........ .. ........ . . .. ........... . : ....... . : .... .. ...... .. .... _. ...... .. _.......... _ 120
Number of layers of gut ...... .. ... ... . . _.... _....... _........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Pressure tests.... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Specifications for ................ _....... .... ... .. ... _............ _....... . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Vibration tests ..................... . ....... ... ..... . .. _. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Weights... . .... .. .. .......... . ......................................... .. .. . . .. . ..... .. . ... .. ... . . . .. 120
Peugeot motors, French........................ . ... .. .. .. . . . . . .. ... . ... ...................... ... ..... ..... 40
Photographic:
Accessories, Bregu et Sesquiplan, French .... . _.. .. . ... . . . . . ...... .. . .. . .. _..... _ . . . ... . . . . ... _.... .. .. 31
Apparatus, French ....... .. ................ :... ....................... ....................... ........ 20
Arrangements, French .. ........... . ..... . ............. . ... _. . . _. .. .... . .. . ... _. ......... . . . .. .. .... _ 19
Equipment, French .... . .............. . .... ..... .... .... .. .. . ... . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 19
Magazines, French ...... . _. . ... . ............................................ , .. . ...... .... ... .... .... . 19
Material, German ........... .......... _... . ... . ..... . . . .. _.. .... . ... ... _... . _... .. ... ·... .. ... ........ 63
Piano wire, specifications for , French................................................................... .. . 11
Pick-up of motor, French .................... . . _..... . ..... . ...... .. ....... _..... _. ... .... . .......... _.. .. 12
Pilotage lights, Croydon Airdrome, British... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 122
Pilot balloons, meteorological, French ........ . . . . .. ................ . ... . ......... . . . ......... . . _....... ... . 41
Pilot's : ·
Cockpit, commercial airplane, British.................................................................. 106
Seat, French ................................... . . . .................... ·.· . ... .......... . . __ ....... . . . . 7
Pippard and Pritchard's Handbook, British........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Pisa, Italy ... ... . .............................. . .... . ... _....... ...... . .... .... .. .. ... ... . __ .... _. ..... _ 46
Pistons:
Condor engines, British .............................. ·.................... : .......... .... ...... .... _.. 99
Jaguar engines, British ..... ...... . .. . .. ... ........... _........... .. . . . ... ...... .. .... . . . ....... ...... 115
Lynx engines, British................................................................................. 114
Plane, top, location Qf, French ..... . ... . . . ........................... . . . ... . .... . _... . . _.. . . ........ . . ..... 16
Plants, hydrogen, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Plate holders, French .................-.................... z .......... . ... _.. . .... .. '. ..... . ...... . ... . . ... . 31
Plates, .changing of, French ..... . ....... . ....... . _..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
 •
187
Page .
Plugs, spark, French ..................................... . .... . .... . . ..... . ...... . . .. . . . ........ . ..... . .. . 12
Poland, purchase of Ansaldo aircraft, I tali an .......................................... , ......... . ........ . . 59
Policy of Italy . . .................. . ......................................... . ... . .. . .. . .... ..... ......... . 45,46
Polymotored airplanes, French . . .............. . .. . ....·.............. ...... .............. ..... ........... . 25
Pontoons, duralumin, French ...................... ·.· . . ... ....... . ... . .. . ..... .. ... . .... . . .. ............ . . 33
95
~~:ti~:c:~rl:~~~a2:~::ch~~~~hi-iiisi~:.·.·_·_·_::: :: : :: : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :·::::: :: : ::: : : : ::: 121
Potez :
Airplanes, French.................. . ........................................... . ... ... .. .... . ....... 34
Co ., French .............................................. . ................. . ....... . .. . . . ... . ....... 8, 9, 34
Landing gear, rubb er washers for , French. . ................... . ...... . . .. .. .......... ..... . . ........ . ... 34
Three-motored bombardment plane, French.............. . ....... . ....... . . . ................ . .. . . . . . .. 8
Power:
Eggs, Farman, French . . ... . ... ·................................ ' . ... . . . ......... .. .. .......... .... . .. . 36
For cooling, study of, British .. . .... . ......... . .. . ... ,- ..... . ............... . ............... . . ........ . . 91
Of fire, French aircraft . . . ............ . ...... . . .. ... . . .. . . . ... .. . ........... .. ........... . ..... . ..... . . 25
Plant-
Breguet Leviathan, French ..... .. . ...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
German. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Jnstallations, dirigible, German..... . ........ . ..... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Requirements for changing of, French..... . ............................ . ........ .. ...... . .. ..... . . 7
Requirements, French.... . ......... ....... . ................ . .......................... . ............ . 10
Unit-
Ambulance airplanes, British. . ... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British...... ... .. . .......... ...... .. . . . .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Prandtl, Doctor, German... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Pratt truss....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
P. R . B. seaplanes, Italian .......... .... . ...... .. ..................... . .................... . .......... 54
Four-motored flying boat, Italian ......... .. .. .. .... . ......... . ... . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Seaplane, Italian......... . ............ . ........... . . ....... . .. . .... . . . . ........... . .... . . ........ .... 53
Description of..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Precautions to be taken against fire, French....... . ........ .. .. .. . .. . .... . .... . .. ... .. ... . .... . ... .. ..... 15
Presses for duralumin, French................................. . ............. . .................... .. .... .. 38
Pressure-
At altit ude, French... . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Systems, policy against, Bri ti.sh...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Tests, petro flex tubing, British............. . . . ........................................ . ..... . ........ 120
Pressures, varying, British ............... .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Priming device, Rolls-Royce, British.... ... .... . .... . .... . .. .. .. . . ... . ... . . ................. .... .......... 100.
Prisoners, Austrian , in Ita ly, use of.. . ... . .................... . .. . .......... ........ . . ... . .............. . ... 60
Prize for engine development, French. . .. . .... . . . ..... .. .... .. . .... .. . . .. . . .. . ... .. . . ........... ..... . . ... 39
Program:
.French airplanes, kind of . . . .... . ... . .... . . . ..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )9
New airplanes, French........ . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
Propeller-
Balance, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Crocco wind tunnel, Italian ................. . . . ............. . .. .. .... . .... . __ . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Efficiency, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Firing through, French ...................... . .................. . .. .. ... . ..... . . . ... . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Flange- ·
For starters, British.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Hub-
Clutch, French . ... . . . ............... . .... . ................. . . .. . .. . . .. .. ......... .. ... . ........ .. lo
Condor engines, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
French.. . ............................ . .... . ...................... . .. . .... . .......... . . . .... .... 14
Jupiter engines, British........ .. .... . .. .. . . . . . . ..... . ............... . . . ................. . ........ 107
Specifications for, French............. .. ............ ... ... . ...................... ... . ........ ... . 11
I ssy des Moulineux wind tunnel, French. . .. .. . ... . . .... . ... . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Propellers: ' ·
Adjustable pitch, German........... . . . ...... . . . .... . ........... ... ..... . .............. . ..... . ..... 63
Arrangement of, Dornier , German. . . . ................. . .. . ................ . ....... . . ............. ..... 74
Attachment of, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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Propellers-Continued . Page.
Bakelite, American ... . ...... . .. . ...... . ............ . . . ..... . ..... .. . . . . ... .. .... .. .... . ... ... .. .. ... . 96
British . .. ..... . ....... . . . . .. . . ... . ........... . .. . .... . .. ... ........ . .............. .. .... . .... ... .. . 96
Coefficient of safety of, F rench . ...... . . . .. .. .. .. ... . ...... .. . . .. . ... .. ..... . . ... ..... . ..... . .. . .... . . . 16
Design of, F rench ..... ...... .. ... . ..... .. .. .... . . .. . ... ..... . . . . .... . . ..... ............ .. ... .. . .. . . . 7
Development of, French .... . ... . . .. ... . .. ... . .... . . . ....... . ............. . .. . .. .. ... . .... . ... . . .. ...... . . . 8
72
~~1;..i:11:~~~e;:~i:;:;_·_·_· _·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51
French . .. ... .. ... . .... .. ... ... .. . .... .. ... . . . . .. .. . .... .. . . .. . .. .. .... .. ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. ....... . 16
Haw, German . .._..... .... .... . .... . ... . ... . . . ... . . , . . .... ... .. ... .. .. .... . . . ...... . .... . .... .... . .. . . 63
Helix maschinenbau , German .... . .. .. . .... .. . ... .... . ... ... ... . . . ... . ..... ... ........ .. ... .. . . . ..... . 63
Lineal speed of, French .... ... . . . .... . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . .. ... . .. .... . ..... . . : . ... ... .. ... .. . . .. . ........ . 16
Recommendations on ... . ... . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .... . .. .. . . . . . . . .. .... .. . .... ~ . .. ... ... . ... .... . ......... . 129
Siddeley "Siskin" airplanes, British . .. ...... . .............. . .... .. .. ... ... .. . . . .. ... .. ... .. .... . .... . 118
Steel ................ ... .. .. .... . ........... .. ... .. .... . ...... . .. ........ . . . . .. .... . ... ....... ..... . 129
Siddeley .. ........ .. ............ . .. .. . . . ... .. . . .. . . ..... . ... . ........ . .............. .. ... .. ..... . 129
For Liberty engines, purchase recommended .. . . . ... .. .... . .. .... .. .. ... . . ...... . ... .. .. . . .. .. . 129
Variable pitch , British ... ... .... . . ..... . . . . ..... . ...... . ..... . .. .... .. . . . .. ........ . . . ..... . . .. .. ... . . 95
Properties of metals, Junkers, German . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . .... . ... ... . ... . .... . ......... . ... . . . . .......... ... . 76
Protection for-
Bombardment airplanes, French ............ .. ........... . .... .. .......... .... . .... .. .. .......... . .. . . 24
Gasoline tanks, Lanser, French .. . . .......... . ..... _. . ... . ... .. ............. .. ... . . . .. .. .... _........ . 33
Radiator, French . . . . ...... .. ....... . . . . . . .. ... ... . .. . . . . ... .. .... . ... . .... .. ...... . . . .. . . ... . . ... .. . 14
P ublic inclosure, Croydon Airdrome, British . ... . .. .. ... .. .. ....... . . . . ... .. .............. . .... .. ... . ..... . 122
Pulleys, French . .. .. . ....... . .. . . _...... .. ... . .... . .. ... ... . .. ... . . . .. ... .. ... .. ......... __ ..... ... . . . . . . 12
Pumps:
Centrifugal, French ..... . . . ...... . ..... . .. . .... . . . .. . ... . . . .. . .... . .... . ........ .. ... .. .. . ... _. . ... . 39
French .. . ..... .. . . . . .... . ... .. ........ . ....... . . . ... .. ....................... . ... .. .............. . . 12, 13
Fuel, hand, Vickers, purchase recommended . . .. .. .. . ... . .... .... . ... . . . ... . .............. ... . _... . . . . 129
Gasoline ..... . .............. _. , .. . .. .... _.. . .... . ... .. . . . .. .. ... . . . .. .. . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . _.. _. _. 128
British _ . ____ ...... _. _.. . ... . . . . _. __ . _____ .. _... _. ___ . ______ . __... __ .. . _. _. . . . .... __ . __ . ....... . 95
Centrifugal , Vickers, British.. . ........... . ........... .. ............. . ..... .... . . ....... .. .... . .. 108
Fan-driven, Vickers, purchase recommended.... . . .. .... ... . . . . .. . .............. . .... .. ........ .. .. 129

~~~~:~~·a:;1::~;: -B~·itish.·::::::::::: ::: :::::::::: ::::::::::: ::::: :::: ::::::::::: '. ::::::::::::::
Vi'ater, French ... . .... .. . . ...... .... .. . ... . ... ... ......... .. . .. ... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . ... ... . ... ... . .. ..... 14, 39
31
,!~
Purchases-
I n Ew·ope . . .... ·... ... .... . . . .. .. ............... . . . ... ... ... . ............. . .. ... .. . .. . _. . ... . . . .... . 129
Recommendations on . .. . .... . ... . ..... . ....... . ........ . .. ........ _.. . ......... .. . . ....... __ ......... . 129
P ursuit-
Aircraft, development of, French : ..... . . . ... . .... .. ..... . .. .. . .. ....... . ...... . ....... .. ... . .......... 8
Airplanes ... . . . ..........•.... . .......... - - .. - - . - ... - ..... - ....................................... 127, 128
Bi place, French.... . .... . .... ....... .. . .. ...... ........... . .. . .. . . .. . . ... . .. ..... .. ... . ....... . .. 7
British ......... . . . . ................. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Day, Italian . ... . ..... .. ..... . . ....... - - . ... . ......... . - ............ . ....... . ... . .... .. .... •... .. . 49
Armament for . . .......... . ........ - ... - ......... - ... - .......... ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Climb of. . ....... . . - ... - . . . . . ...... - . - - ........ - ..... - - ....... -: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Coefficient of safety of. ........... . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .... . ...... .. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Enclw·ance of.......... . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Installations for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Instru ments for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Speed of...... . .......... .. .. . ........ . ... . ............... . . . ... ... . . ... . ....... . ............ 49
French . . . ....... . . . .... . .... . .................... - ................. . .... . ............ . . . ... 7, 9, 20, 39
Armament for . . .... .. .. ... ... . ... . ... . ... . ................ . ...... ..... ........ . . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Equipment for.......... . .. . . . .. ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Fuel for . ... . ... . .... .. ........... - ... - ....................... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Propellers for . . . .. ............... .. . . .. . .. . ... . .. . ... .. . . ....... __...... .. ..... _... . .. . . .. . . 16
Requirements .................... . ... . ....... . . . . . ........ . ..... . . __ .... _. ............... . . . 20
Gasoline capacity . . . ........... ... ............ . . . . .... .. .. .. ..... .. ...... _... __ ............ .. .. . 128
Hanriot , F rench .. . . .. . .. .. . ... . ..... . ...... . . .. ... .. .. . ........ . .... . ..... . . .. . ...... . . . . . . . .. . 37
Italian . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . ..... ........... .... . . . .. ... .. . . . .. .... . . .. ... _..... . . .. ... . ..... . . . ...... . 45,47
Mars II, Gloucestershire, British .... . .... . .... . .. . . . .... .. ... . ......... . . . . ... . ..... ... .. ... ... .. . 104
Nieuport 29, F rench . . . . . . ... . ........ .. ... .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . ............. . . . ......... .. .... . 8
 189
Pursuit-Continued.
Airplanes- Continued. Page.
Night, Italian ........................................................................ _........ . 49
Armament for .................................................. . ...... _................... . 49
Climb of. ............... ... ........... .· ................................................. . . . 50
Coefficient of safety of. .................. _................... _..... . ... _..... . ...... ·......... . 50
Crew for .................................................................................... . 49
Endurance of. ............................................. - ..... .. .... .. ... ... .... . ........ . 49
Exhaust and mufflers ........... . .. . ............. . ........................... . .. . ....... . . .. . 49
Installations for ................................................................. _..... _.... . 49
Instruments for .... . ... .. ......... . ............. _........... .... _..... . .................... . 49
Speed of. ......................... ·......... . .............................................. . 50
Visibility of .... _................. . .. _.. .... ..... . ....... __......... _. ..... .............. .. . 49
Potez, French ................................................................................. . 34
Siddeley Siskin, description of, British .... _.............................. . .... _................. . 117
Spad, French ........................................................... ... ..... . ... ... ........ . 27,28
Wibault, French ........................... : ....................... . .......... .... ... .. ......... . 9,35
Pursuit-
And reconnaissance airplanes, French .................................................... _. . ... . ..... . 20,21
Armament for .. .... .. ....... .. .............. . ... ... ... .. ..... . .... . ........................... . 21
Characteristics of. ....................... . ................................ ·...................... . 21
Equipment for .................... .. ..................... . ............. .. .. .. .... . ........... .. . . 21
Fuel for .................................................... ... .. ........ ...................... . 21
Seaplanes, Dornier, German . .................... .. ........... .... .... ... ......... . . _. .. .. _.. ... .... . 72
Pyrene fire extinguishing system, British ................ . .... . ... . ............ ... .......... . . ..... ...... . 96
Pyrotechnic signals, Croydon Airdrome, British .... . .......... . ... : ........... .. ..... ... , ....... . ..... . . . . 122
Racer:
Fiat, Italian ....... . ... . ..................................... . ....................... . ..... .. .. .. ... . 57
Nieuport, French .. ...... . . _. ........ . . .... ... .. .. .. .......... . .................... _................ . 30
Races at Brescia, Italy ............. .. ................. ..... ...................................... . .. . . .. . 59
Racing-
Aircraft, French .............................................................. . .................... . 8
Airplanes, Mars I , Gloucestershire, British ............................................................. . 103
Racks:
Bomb-
Control positions for, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
External, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
French ........................ . - ........... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 25, 33
Internal, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Recommendations on ................... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Release mechanism for, French .. ..... , .............................................. ........ ... _. 18
Specifications for, French .................. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Standardized, French ..............................................·........ . .......... ..... ... ... 18
Magazine, for Lew is machine guns, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Radial engines:
Breda, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
British ... . ........................... . . ......... ... ... .............. ..... . .. ... . ..... . ... - . . ...... 94, 116
Radiator protection, French .................... . ... . . . .. .. . ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Radiators:
Ambulance airplane, British ........... .. ..... . ... .. ........ ............ ................. : .... . ...... 109
Annular fin, French . . ..................................... .... ...................... .. ........ . . _.. .. 31
British ..... ... ............... .. ....... . .................... . .... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
De Haviland 34, British...................... . ....................................................... 103
French ..........................................................................................·.. . 12
Interchangeability of, French ................................... . .......... . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Italian . . .... . ......................................... ... .. .... ........ . ....·. ......... ... ........... 48
Lamblin-
British ...................... ... .. . .... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 34, 35, 41
Construction of. ........ .. .......... . ...... . ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Cost of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 .
Shipment of. ............. : ............... . ................ . ........ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Supports for ............ . ...................... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
 190
Radiators-Continued.
Lamblin- Continued . Page .
Italian ....... . ................ . ........ . .... . .......... . ... . .... . . . .... . ......... .. .......... . . . 59
Parts of, forwarded to Air Service Engineering Division . . ..... ...... .... ... ... . .... .. ... ... ....... . 41
Purchase recommended . . ....... .. ... ... ......... .. . ... . . . . . : ... .. .... .. . . .. .. .... .. ....... . ... . . 129
Machine gun , French .................. . . ............. .. .... .. ... . ....... . ............. . ..... . .... . . 25
Oil, French ............. .. .... .. ................ . .. . . ... .... . .. . .. . .. . . .. ... . . ... . ... : .. . . .. .. ... . . . . 10,13
Replacement of, French ... .... .. .... .. .............. .. .... . .... . . .... .. .... . ... . ..... . ..... ........ . 11
Short Bros. , British .. . . : .. .. ............. ... ............... . ......... .. . .... ........ . ... ... .. .. .. .. . 112
Sidd eley Siski n airplanes, British . . .. . ........... .. ....... . ..... ... ... . ......... .·..... . ............. . ll8
Surface of, French . . . . . . .. ... .. . .... .............. ....... .. .. . ..... . ... ... . . ... . ................ .. . . 39
vVater, French ...... ... ... .. ... . ..... .. .. .... ... .. . . ... . . .. .. ......... .. . . . .... .. . : ....... ..... . . . .. . 10,14
Radio--
Cabin, Farman Goliath, French .. ..... .. . ·. . .... . . .. . . .. .... .. ............. : . ..... .. .............. .... . 36
Equipment, Italian ........ .... ........... . .. . . . ... .... .. ........... ......... .. ........... . ........ . .. 48, 49
German .. ............... . ........... .. . . .. . .. . . .... .. ... .... ... .. .. . ...... . ... . ... ... ... . ........... 63
Set, ·French.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Telegraphic apparatus, Italian .. . ...... .. ..... . .. .. ... .. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Radius of-
Action-
Colonial airplanes, French............ .. ... . .. . ..... .. ........ .. .... . .... . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Night bombardment airplanes, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Gyration, F rench. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Rainfall, effect on Italian aircraft industry.. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Range, aerial bomb, Italian........... . ...... .... ... .. ............. . .... . . . .. .. . .. ........... .. .. . . ..... . 47
Rateau super chargers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
For Hispano-Suiza engine, purchase recommended .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
French ............. .. ... . .... .. .. .... ·............ .. ... .. .. . . .. .... . .... . ... . . . ............. . .... 30, 32, 38
Rate of turn, Reid control indicator, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Ratio, weight horsepower, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Receiving apparatus, French.... . ...... .. . . ... .. .. . . .. .. ... ..... . ............ .. ... ... .... ... ..... ........ 19
Recommendations:
Airplanes ...... . ............. ... .. ........................... : . .. ... .... . .... . .... -............ . .. . .. 127
Bomb racks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Control, thermostatic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Design . . . . .... . ........... ...... . : .... ... ............................... .... . ................... . ... 127
Engines ................... . ...... . ....... . . .... .. .. ........... .. .............. ... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Fuel systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
F uselage . .......... . .... .. . ... ..... ..... . .. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Gear, landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
General ........ . ..... . .. . .... . ......................... ... ... ........... . .... .. .......... . ... , . . . . . 127
Landing gear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Metal construction ............ . ........................ . .. . ..... . . . ................ -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Motor mounts....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Motors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Propellers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Purchases ... . .. .. .................... ... ...-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Racks, bomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Servo motors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Technical report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Thermostatic control......... . .. . . ....... . ....... . ..... .. ................... .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .... 129
Tires..... .. ...... . .... ....................................... .. ..... .. . .......... ... .. . ...... . ..... 129
Wheels ..... .. . . . . . . ...... . ...... .. . .... .. . . . . . . .... . .............. . .... ... .. .... .. ... . ....... .. .... 129
Wings ....... . .. .. . . . ...... . ·..... . ................................. ... ............ ... . ... . . . .... . ... 128
Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Reconnaissance-
Airplanes-
French . .. .. .. .......... ... ... .. ........ . .... .. . ........ ... .. .... . .... . .... . ..... . ... .. .... 7, 20, 31, 39
I talian ......... .. ...... . . .. ... ... . .... .. .. ....... ... .... . ......... ... ..... ..... .. .. . . 0
•• • •• •••• • 47
Strategical, Italian..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Armament for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Climb of...... . .... .. .............. . . .... . ........ . .................................. . .. ... 49
Coefficient of safety of..... . .... . ....... ..... . ................................. .. ...... . ...... 49
 191
Reconnaissance-Continued .
Airplanes-Continued.
Strategal, Italian-Continued. Page.
Crew of ... . . . . ....... . .... . ...................................... - - - .. - .. - - ... .. . . ... .. ... . 49
Endurance of. .. _......... ... ... : . ..................... - - .. - ...... - ...... - - - - ............... . 49
Installations for. _. _... ___ . _. _. _... __.... . .. ___ ...... ....... ... . _. . . .... .. .............. .. .. . 4!)
Instruments for. _ ..... _. ___ ....... _.... _.. . _......... . ........ _. ... .... . .... . .... . ....... . . . 49
Speed of ...... . ..... . ........ . ... ___ . _..... ___ . _.............. - . . - - - . .. ... ... ....... . .. . . . . 49
Tactical, Italian . .. . ... . . . ........ . .. . . ....... _... _........ . .. _.. , _. . __..... .. __ __ .... _. _. __ ... . 49
Armament for __ .. _... _. _. ......... . ... ... ........ ... . .. ... .. .... . .... . ... _...... . .... _. _.. . 49
Climb of. _ . __ . _________ .... . .. ... _... .... . . ...... .. .... ... .... . ..... . ........ - ..... - ... - .. . 49
Coefficient of safety of.. . . _.......... .. .. .. .... . ............ _............... ·.. _. __ .. _. ___ . _.. . 49
Crew of .. ...... .. .. . ... _.. . .... .. . .. __ ... ___ .... _.... __ .. ...... ___ ....... __ . . .... _.. _..... . 49
Endurance of. ... . .... .. ... .. ... . . ..... ....... .. ......... - ........ - ...... - . - . - ... - ... - . --- .. . . 49
Installations for ...... .... . . ............ .. ... .. ___ ................ _... ........ . ............. . 49
Instruments for. _... . .... . . . .. . . . .... _... . ........ . .. . . _.... . ...... ___ .. . .. _._. ___ ._._. ___ .. . 49
Speed of ..... _____ . _____ .. .. . .... .. . . . .. .. .. .... . ... .. . . .. .. ... . ......... . .. _.... ___ . _: ... . 49
And pursuit airplanes, French .. ___ ... .. .. .. .... ... .. ... . .. .............. . ............ _. _. _.......... . 20, 21
Red Cross ambulan ce airplane, British . ... .... . .... . . _... __ ... ___ . _. . ... . ...... _..... _. _... ___ ... _. __ ... . 111
Reduction:
Advisability of, French ..... . __ _.. __ _... __ . ... . . _.. _. . . _... . _. _....... . _.......... . __....... _. __ ... . 10
Gears-
Bevel, British. __ . .. .. _... _.. . . _... _.. .... .. . . .. . .. _....... _. __ ... _. __ . _. _.... _. ___ .. _.. _____ . . . 116
Condor engines, British .... __ . . ..... ... .... . . .. .... . ... . .... . .................. _____ ..... ____ ... . 99
Engines, British. __ . _. _. _... _. . ....... _... . . ... . . . _. .. ........ . .. .. . . ............ _.. . ... ___ . _.. . 94
French ... _..... ____ __ ... ___ . _.. . .. .......... ... .............. _...... _......... ____ ... _. ______ .. 10, 39
Reflector, sound beam, British .... ______ ..... __ ... .. .... . ... . ..... _... _....... , . ___ .. . _.. . _. _....... _.... . 96
Regiment, bombardment, F rench. ___ .... .. . . . .. _.. .. . . . ..... _.. . .. _.. _..... _. _. _.. . ... _.. _. _.. _____ .. _. . 40
R eid control indicator, British ....... ___ .. _.. __ ._ .. _.. __ .. __ . _._. ___ ....... __ __ ........... .. ... __ .. _.... . 121
Adjustments of.._ ... _. _____ ... __ ... _. .. . _. _.. _. . .. _. ... . .... _.. .. _. . . _.. _. __ .. .. _.. _. __ .... _...... _. 121
Description of. ......... ....... _. _. ___ ... _. __................ _. __ . _.... ___ . _..... ___ . __ ..... __ _. __ .. . 121
Lights for .. _ . _. ...... _. _. _. . ... __ ... _.. . . __ .............. _.. .. ... . .... . _. ... . .... _.. .. ............ . 121
Maintenance oL . .. .. ... _. _. _.... . ........ ___ ....... _. _. _....... _....... _. _....... _____ ... __ .. _.... . 121
Purchase -recommended. ____ . . . .. ____ _... _. _......... _.............. ... . . . ......... .. ... . ..... .... .. . 129
Relative resistances, measurement of, British . .. _. __ .. _. ______ ._ .... __ ......... . _...... . . ____ . ..... . ..... . 91
Release-
Bomb racks, French ... . .. . .... . .... .. .... _. ........ . . _......... _. ....... _..... ..... ...... _........ . 18
Cocks, French ......... _. _. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. ... . .. .... _. . . . . . . ....... . . . .. . . . . . .. ... ..... .. . .... .. . . 16
R eliability of engines : ·
British ......... _. ..... . ... .. .. ...... . .. ... ... . ... .. .. . ... . : .............. .... .. .. _....... _... _.... . 94
French ... ___ ___ . .. __ ... _....... _... _..... _. ___ ._ ... _._._ .... . .. _._ .... . ... . ..... . ..... . .. . . .. ....... . 10
Remarks-
About dirigibles, German ............. .. .... . .. . . ... .. . ....... _._ .... . .. _. ___ ._ ... _. _____ .. . .. ... .. . . . 67, 69
General, French airplanes ... _.. .. .. . .. . ... .. . . ... . ......... _. . .......... __ . ____ . ___ . _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Removable-
Landing gears, British ... __ .. .. _._ ........ _. _.. _.. _._. ___ ..... _. _. ... ... . ......... '.. . .. ............... 93
Seats-
Armored, French .. _........ __ ..... _. ____ ...... -·- .. _.... _._._..... .... .... .. .... . ... . .......... . 21
French .... . . ___ . ____ .: . ... . _. ___ ....... _._ ............ . . ........ ... ___ ....... _____ ._ ..... _. .. . .. . 24
Silencers, French .. __ ... ... ... . ..... .... .. . ... ... . . .. ... .. .. ........ . .................. . . ........ . ... 14
Tanks .... _____ . _... _._ . ....... . .. .. .. . .... _.... .. .... .. ... . .... .. _... _. ___ ._ ....... _._._ .. . ....... _.. 128
French ... .............. .. . . ......... . .. .. ... . ........ . .. . . ....... .. .... . ... . ... .......... 7, 21 , 23,24 , 25
Renault engines:
British ........ . . . .. . . . ... .. .. . ..... . ........ _........ . . _. . . .. ... .. .... . .. .......... __._ .. .... _....... 103
French. _._ . _,. _.. _... _.. __ ._. ____ . . .. .... .. . . . . . ..... . . . .. . . . . .... .. . . ... . ...... _. _____ .. 13, 32, 33, 35, 37 , 38
600 bis, purchase recommended. __. ..... _... __ ...... _... _... .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Repairs to Junkers airplanes, German._._... . . . . . . ....... . .... .. . . . .. ......................... . .... . ...... 76
Replacement:
French. __ .. _._ .. . _.. _... . . . .. . .. . ........ ... ................... _..... : ... .. ...... . .... .. ..... - . - . . . . . 9
Of motor, French ... ........... . ..... . .... -. .... . . . ... . ... . .... .- .......... .... . ...... . ...... .. .. . . .... . 12
Specifications for, French ..... ._·; ... . .. .. ...... . ......... . ·._ ... . ........ .. ......... _.. _....... . . . ...... 11
 192
Report: Page.
B. M. W. motors, German . . .... ............. .. .... .. . ... ... ......... . .............. : ....... ...... . .. . 77,78
General :Mitchell 's, reference to ...... .. ... .... . ...... . . . .... .. ...... ...... . . ...... . .... . .... .. .... .. . . 37
Technical, conclusions on .. .. ... .... .. . ..... ....... . ................... . ............... .. .... .. ... ... . 127
Weather, commercial aviation, British .. . ... .... ..... . .. ... ... ... . . . ... . .... .. .. .... . ... . ............. . 123
Requirements:
Airplanes, pw:suit, French .............................................. ......... . .... . .. -. .. . ....... . 20
French armored airplanes ..... .... ....... .... ...... .... ... ·. . . . .. ...... ..... .. ... . .... ............... . 7
Gasoline, for French airplanes ....... ... .... ..... .... .. . ........ . . .. . . ........ .. ..... .. .... .. .. ... .... . 7
General, French .. .. ..... ..................................... . . ... . . ...... ... .. . .. ... .. . . ......... . . . 19
Research:
Development-
German aircraft construction, resume of. ..... .. ........................................ ... . . . ... . . . 63
Resume of, British ................... _. . .. .. .. ... .. .... .. .. ............................. ....... . . . 91
Technical, Italian ................... .. .... . .... ... . .. ... .............. . ....................... . . 45
-Work of the British . ...... ..... .. ... .. ... .. .... . ... . .... ....... ... ... .. .. . ........ ... ..... . . . . . .... . . 91
Reserve oil, in circulation, F rench . . ....... . . . . . ..... . .. ........ . ... .. ... ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. . ..... .... . . . . 13
Resistance---
Factors, French . . ..... .................................... ... . . . .. .. . .... ... .. ... ... .............. .. . 8
Parasite---
French . .. ·. ... ... ... . . .. ... .. . ... .. .. ... ... . . . .. ...... .... ...... . . . ....... ... ... ... . ..... ... ..... . 10
Wibault bomber, French .......... . ...................... . . . ................... . .... ... . ... .. ... . 35
Relative, measurement of, British ............................................. ... . . . .. .... . . . .... .. . . . 91
Structural static, French ............... ... . .... . ......... . ... ...... . . ...... .. ... . .. ........ .... . . . .. . 11
Torsional, French ............. . .. .. .. ... . . ...... .. .. . .. ... ..... .. .... ... . . . . ............ . ... ...... . 11
Results, laboratory, French ......... .. .. . .. .......... . ......................... ... . .... .. ................. . 8
Resumeof-
British research development .............. . . . . ·. .... ... .. ....... ... .... . .. .. ........... .. ... .. . .... ... . 91
French research development ... .. . . . ....... . ......... . .... . ....... . ...................... . .. . .... .... . 7
German research development in aircraft construction . . . . .... ... . .... ....... ... .. . . . .... . . ..... . .. .. .. . 63
Italian aeronautical activities .............. . .......... .. ... .... . : ...... . .... .. ... .. .. ...... ....... ... . 45
Retardation, full scale model, French .......... . ........ ... .. . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. . . ........ . .... . . . . .. . . 26
Revolutions of propeller, French ........ .. . ..................... . ... ... . . . . ... ...... ... ..... . ..... ... .. .. . 10
Ribs, construction of, Dornier, German .. . .... ........ . .. . . . . ......... .. .... . .... .. . .. ....... .. ...... ... .. . 74
Ricardo's experiments on engines, German .. . ...... .. . ... ..... . .. .... ... .. ...................... . ..... . . .. . 77
Ricci airplanes, Italian .. . ..•... . . . . . ..... . ........ .. ..... ..... . . . ... . ... .... . ... ... ........ . ... .. ......... 45
Rigid aircraft, German ... .......... . . . .... .. . ..... ...... . ..... .. .. ... .. ... .... . ........ . .. . .. . .... ....... . 63,69
Ring and bead sights, French . . .. .... ............................ ·.· ...... . .... . ......... .. .. .... ... . .. .... . 16
Rip panels, gasoline, French .... ... .. .. ... .. ................................................ . .... ....... . . 20
Riveting, dlu·alumin, German ........ . .. .. . ... . : . .... . . ......... .. .. .... .. .. ......... . .. : ...... .. .... . ... . 63
Rivets in duralumin, French ..................... . . . .. .. ... ... . .... .. .. .... .. . .. ..... ... .. ............. . . 8
Rocker arms for Condor engines; British . . .. . . . ... . ... . . . . .. . . . ... : ... ... ... . ... ....... .. ................. . 99
Rolls-Royce-
Co., British ................ .. .. .... ....... .. . .... ....... . ..... . .. ........ .. ... .. .. ..... . ........ .... . 98
Condor engine, purchase recommended ....... ..... ..... . ... .. .... .... . ... .. .... .. . .... .. . .... .... . ... . 129
Eagle engine, British ......... ... .. . ... .. ... . .. . . ... . ....... ........... . . ..... . ... .... . .... . ... .... .. . 108
Engin es, British . .. ........... .... . ............... . .......................................... .... . .... . 92,99
Patents, British .. . ... .. . ........ ............... . . .. .... ...... .... . .. . . .... . ....... . .. ..... . .. .. ..... . 101
Priming device, British ................ . ... ... ... . ... .. ......... . .................... . .... . . . .. ..... . 100
Roma ..... .... .. . ........... . . . .. .. .. .. ... ... . ............. .... . .... ... . .... ..... . . .... . ........ .... . ... . 41
Rotary engines:
B. R., British ........ ... . ... .. .... . ...... . .. .. .................. . ............... . ................ .... . 103
French ...... ...... ..... . ..... . .... . .... . .... .. .... . ........... .... ................. ·........... ... ... . 13
Rotation of Condor engines, British ................... ...... .... ...... . .. . . . . ... . . .. ...... ... .... .. . ...... . 100
Royal Air Force pageant, British ......... . . ... .. .. .. ..... . . . . .. ..... .. . ... ... . .... .. ... .. .... .. ... .. ..... . 113
Royal Polytechnic of Tmin, Italy ... . ........ .. ... .. .... . ... .. . . .. . .................................... . . . 46
Rubber-coated tanks, French ............ ... '. ... . ..... ... . .... .. . . . . . . . ......... .. ........... . .... ... . .... . 7,22
Rubberized gas bags for dirigibles, Italian . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . _.. .... . .. ..................................... . 50
Rubber washers and landing gears, Potez, French ...... . .. . . .... ......... . .. .. ..... . .... .. ... ... .. . . .. ... .. . 34
Rudder bars:
Adjustable, British .. .. ... . . ................................ ... ........ .. .. .... .. . . _................ . 92
French .. .... ..... . . . .. ...... . . . ................ .. .......... . ...... . .. .... ... .. ........ ... . ... .... .. . . 12
 193
Rudders: Page.
French . . .... . .......... . ............ ...... ..... ....... . . ......... .... ............... . ....... . .. . . .. . . 10, 12
Mars L V, Gloucestershire, British . ... .. ... . ....... . ..... . ..... . .. . ......... .... .............. . ..... . . . 103
" Rule of thumb " control surfaces, Dutch ...... ..... ............. ..... .... . ............ . .................. . 82
Rumania, purchase of Ansaldo aircraft, Italian .. .. . ... . ......... . .... .. .... . ... . .... ....... ......... ...... . 59
Rumpler, constructor, German ....... . . ......... ..... ........... ... .. . ........ . . . .. . ........... . . . ........ . 72
Safety :
Coefficient of, French .... .. ... . ..................... . ................................. . ..... ........ . 11
Factor, Wibault all-metal wings, French . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . .. ... ... .. .. ... .... .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . ... . .. . ...... . 33
Saint Cyr tunnel, French ........... .. ............... . ... ... ............ . ................................. . 25
-Salmson-
Airplan es, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Engines, French ... . ....... . ..................... ... ... .. . . ...... . .... .. . . . ~ .. .. .. .. . ... . .... . 3; 13, 36, 37, 40
Sample of Wibault drawing system, French............ ... ..................... . .... .. ............. .. ...... 27
Sand-
Bags for deck landings, French ....... . .............. . .............................................. . 8
Testing fuselages and empennages, French ................ . .. . ... . . ............ .. .. . . . , .. . ... . . . . . ... . 11
San Raphael deck flying, Hanriot, French ..... .... .. ... . . . .................... .... .......... .......... . .. . 37
Saulnier, Ivlorane, Company, French ................ . ......... . ........................................... . 9,35
Savoia-
Airplanes, Italian . . .. . ............ . .......... . ..... . ........·............................... . ... .. ... . 45
F lying boats, I talian .......... . ....... . . .. ... . .... . . .... . .... .. . .... .. . . . ... .. ·.· . . . ............ . . ... . 51
Hull construction, Italian ........................................ . .... . .................. .. .... ... .. . 51
Racing airplane, Italian ......... . ..... . ........................ . ...... . . . ..... . .. . .. .... .. .... .. . . . . 52
S-13, description of, Italian_. .... ... .... .- .. . ... . ..................................................... . 51
S-16, description of, Italian .... ................ . .... . ............................................... . 51
S- 19, description of, Italian .... . .... ... . ... . ... .. .... .. . .......... .. .... .. . . . . .. . . . ..... .. ..... . . . . . . 52
S- 21 , description of, Italian ........ ....... ..... ...... .......... . . ........... . ....... ....... ......... . 52
S- 22, description of, Italian ............. . . ....... . ..... . .. ..... . . .... . . . ... . .. . ... . ... . .. . . . . .. ..... . 52
S- 23, description of, Italian . ............... .. ...... . ................ .. ..................... .. ....... . 52
S- 24, description of, Italian . .. . .... . ... .. ................................... . ...................... . . 52
Types, Italian . . ............... . . . . . . ... . . ...... . . . . ......... '. . .............. . .. ............ . .. . .. . . . 46
Schneider cup race, Italian .............................................. . ........ . . ..................... . 52
School-
Airplanes, Italian .. .. ...... . ..... . ................. .. ................................................ . 45
Seaplane, Savoia, Italian ... . ............. . ... ... .. . ... .. . . . . .. ........ ... . . .... . ................... . 52
Scientific-
Aeronautical data, Dutch ........ . ....................................... . .............. . ...... . ..... . 82
Data, French ......................... . ... ... . .... . . .... .... ................. .. .. .... . . .. .......... . 7
Screw threads, specifications for, French . . ... . ......... . .............................................. .... . 11
Sea level injection of fuel, French .......... . .. .................. . . .... . . . ... .. . . .............. .. ........ . 10
Seaplane:
Caproni-
Italian ... . .......... . .. . . ...... . . .. . ..... . .... . .. . ........ ..... ........... .. ....... .. . . ....... . . 58
Triplane, Italian .. ..... .. .. ................ . .. ........................................... . ..... . 58
Development in Italy ..... . . ........... .. .... . . . .. .. .. .. .... . .......... .. ..... . . ..... . ..... . .... ... . 50
Italian . .. .. ........................ .. ........................... .... ......................... . ..... . 46
:\{acchi, Italian .. . .... . ..... . ..... .... . .. . .... . ... . .. . . .. . .. ... .. . . ... : . .. . . . . ... . _. . ..... . ... . ..... . 52
Pegna, Italian .............................................. _.................... . . ...... . .... . ..... . 46
P. R. n., Italian ... . .................... . .............. . .............. . . _... _............ . .... .. ... . 76
Pursuit, Dornier, German ... .. .......... .. ...... ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . ....... _.. . ..... ..... ... . . . . . ... . 72
Racing, Savoia, Italian ......... ....... ................................. . ........................... . 52
Savoia, Italian ...... . ....... . .. . .. . ............ . . .. . . . .. . ... . . . . . ... .. . .. .... .... . . . . .·. . . ....... . ... . 51
'.Vork, French .. . . ........... . .... . ............. .. ...................... . .... . ..................... . 8
Searchlight:
Croydon Airdrome, British .... ......................................... .... ............ . ........... . 122
Installation on aircraft, French .............. . ..................................................... .' ~ 21
Land ing, French ......................... ... . ...... ... .. ... .. . .... .... .. .. . .. . . . . ... . .. ..... .. ... ... .- 24
Night bombardment airplanes. French ........................................................... ... . 25
Seats:
Aircraft, French ..... . ... : ................ .. ............................ . ................. . ..... . .. . 12,22
Armored, French ......................................... .. ........... . ..................... . ...... . . 24
14799-23- -13
 194
Seats-Continued . Page.
Bomber's, French ...... . ....... _.. __ ..... __... . . .. _.. _.... _..... _. . . _....... _. ... . __ _.... . . . _..... _. . 33
Observer's, folding, French ........... ________ ... _____ . ___ . _.. ... __ ... _.. _. _.... _. . . __ .. . __ . _.... _... _ 22
Pilot's, French .... ___ .. ____ .. ........... . .. . ... . _... ... ...... .... _..... . .. _. _... ___. __ ... _..... . _. _ 7
Remo vable, French ... __ . __ . _________ __ . __ .... _.... _. __.. _. _... ___ .. __ . ___ . __ ....... __: . __. .... . .... _ 24
Se! f-starters:
British ... _... - .. - - . - _- . .... - . - - - - - - .. - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · · - - · - - - · - · · · · 95
French. ___ . _____ ... _.. __ _. ___ ... ____ . ___ . ___ .... __.. ______ .. __ . . ___ _____ __ . ______ . ___ . _. __ . 7, 14,22, 23,24
Semirigid-
-Aircraft , German .. __ _. _____ . ____ ._. _____ _________ .. _____ . _____ . _____ _____ __. ___ . ____ ._ ._. __.. _.... . . 63
Airships, Italian ... ____ . ____ . _____ .. . . ___ . _. _.. -. . . . - .... . . ... . . - . _.. . _. . .... -.... -. - - - . - . . _. - . . .. - . - 51
Service-
Aircraft, d evelopment of, British .... __ _. __ . ___________ _____ . __. . __ . ___ ___ .. __ . . . ___ __ __ __ . _. _.. .... _. _ 91
Squadrons. eq uipment for , Italian._ ..... _·. . __ _. .. . .. __ . _. .......... _... . ..... ____ ..... __ ____ .. _... _. . 45
Tanks, gasoline , French. _. ____ ___ _... __ .. ___ ___.. _.. ____ ___ _____ . ___ .. ___ . _____ .. __ . _.. __ . _.. 13
Servo motor s:
British ______ _- . . ·- - . - - .. _. - - - - . - - . - - - - . - . - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 93
R ecommendations on_ .. ... .. _.. . . _. __ . ..... _.. . . . . .. . _. __ . . _. . _.. _. _. _. . . . _.. _. .... . . .. _... . .. ... _. 129
Sesquiplan:
Breguet, French .... ___ . __.. ______ . ___ . ____ . ... ___ . ____ . __ . __ . __ ._ .. _... _. _____ . ___ .. __... . . . . . _.. __ _ 31, 35
Purchase recommended .. __ ._ . . ....... . .. ... . . . ..... . . .. ... .. . ... _. ... _. .. . _..... .. . . . . . _. .... _._ 129
Nieuport Delage, French .... ____ . . . __ _._._. __ .. ___ .. . _._. _._. __ ._ .. _... __. ______ . __ . __ ....... . .... __ _ 8,30
Setting up of the motor and its accessories, French .... ___ _. __ . _. ___ . ___ .. _. _. ___ ... ___ .... _. . . _.. _. _.. . _. _ 12
Shapes, d uralumin , French. _.. _.. ____ . _. __ . . ____ . ~ __.. _. __.. _. ____ ... _.... _______ . _. __ .. __ .. __... __ . __ __ _ 8,38

~:~:1~~:~:~~r-~:;:~~~,-~1:~n~h--_-_: ::::::::::::: :::: ::::::::: ::::::::: ::::: :: ::::·:::: ::: :::::::::::::::: ::

Shipmen t .. __. __ . __ . _.. _____ . __ . _. ___ . __ ___. _. __ .. - _. ______ . ____ ___ __.. ___ . _. ____ . ___ . ___ _. ____________ _ 128
10
11

Ship planes:
French ____ . ___ . ___ . ___ .. __ . __ . _.. _. _. _.. . __ __ .. _.. _.. ___ _. ____ ________ . _. _____ . __ __ ___ .. _____ ___ _.. 9
N ieuport, French .. _.... _.. . ____ _. _____ __ _. __. __ . ___ ______ . _. ___ . __ . ___ . . _. __ . ______ .. ___ ____ . ___ . __ . 31
Shock absorbers, Potez , French .. _. .. . . . ... . . _... _... .. .. __ __. . _. . . ... . . ... _._ . . _. .. _.. .. _. ... _... .. . . .. . 34
Short Bros.-
All-metal airp lanes, Bi'itish ............ .. . . _. . _... . _. _.. . ... .. . .. .. . . . . . ·,· ... . _....... _. . . . _. . . . . . . . . . 112
Co. , British .. _..... ...... __ . _. __ ... ____ . : ___ ... ____ __ __ . . __ .... __ .. ___ . __ . _. ___ . ___ . ___ . ___ .... . .. _. _ 92
Metal constru ction .. . _. . _____ . .... _... _______ . . _.. ___ _.. . _. _.. __ _.. _. . . __ . ... . . .. __..... .. . __ .. _. _. . . 128
Shuttelanz Co ., German .. ___ ___ ..... . . _. _.. ___.. . _... . .. _.. _. .. . ... _.. . ___ . _. _.. _. __ . ... ... _. _.. ___ . _. .. 63
Shutters for radiator, French .. _. .. .. _. __ ____ _... ___ _____ _____ . ___ . _____ . __ ___ ........ _. _.. __ . .. _. _. ___ . .. _ 14
Siddeley-
Airplanes, accommodation for pilot, British._ .. .. ____ ___ _____ __ . ___ .. ___ __ ... . . _. ___ . ____ . __. . __ ____ __ . 113
Co. , Br1tish .. _... __ .. . _.. _. __ __. __ . __ _.. ____ . __ _. _. ______ .. __ . ____ . _. ___ _____ . . _. __ . ___ _. ___ . ____ __ . 92, 112
Jaguar engines-
British .. __ . __ ____ . ______ . __ __ . _... __ . ____ .. _. ______ . _____ . ________ . __ ___ . ______________ . ___ 92, 94, 112
Purchase recommend ed. ________ . _. ___ . __ . .. _.... . . . ... . . .. . . . .. ... ... . . . . . . . .. . ..... . ...... ___ . _ 129
Lynx engine, British ... _.. ___ .. __ . ___ . __________ . __. ___ ... _. ___ .. . _. ___ ... . _... . . ___ . __ . __ . __ .. _. ___ 112
Oleo landing gear for Martin Bomber, purchase recommended._ .. _... .. _. . . __.. _.. . . .... _... . _. . . ____ . _. 129
Siskin-
Airplane, B'ritish .. . _.. __ . ___ . ___ .. __.. __ .. ___ . . ... __ . __ . ___ . _. ___ _____ .. ____ . _, ___ _. _. ____ . ___ __ 94
Description of. ___ . . _. . . . ... ·. . . __... . . . . . _. ___ _.. . . ... _... . _. _. .. _.. . . _. . ... __. __ . . ... . .. . _. . 112
Fighter, British . . ____ . __ . __. __ . . .. __ ' ____ . _. _.. _. __. ___________ __ _____ _____ _. _. _________ _. ______ _ 112
Steel propeller .. ___ ____ . . ________ . _______ __ . _____ . .. __ _. __ . ...... .. .. . . _. .. _. _. . _... _. . .. . . _... ___ . _ 129
For Liberty engines, purchase recommended . ....... ... __ ____ . . ___ . __ __ .. _____ ___ . ___ .. _. . _. __ .. _. _ 129
Side-b y-side training airplane. Spad, French . _____________ ___ _._ . ______ ... _._ ._ .... ___ . __ . . _. . _....... __.. _ 8
Sights:
Aldis, French. _____ . _. . . ___ .. _. . . . _. _. ... _. _. . ..... . ......... .. ._.... ___ . ___ . . _.. .. _.. _.. . . ...... __ .. 34
Bomb , French .. _._ . ____... _. ___ _____ .. _.. . _____ . _____ . ________ . __ . . ____ . . _.. . __ . ____ _._ .... _. . _.... _ 18,32
Drift, Coo k, purchase reco mmend ed. __ .... .. . . . __ . .. _... . . . . . . ..... . . . '. . .. . ... . . ..... . . . _. . . . . . . . _. . . _.. _ 129
French ... _... __ .. __ ._. __ ... _. ____ . ,. ___ ._ . ___ ._._ . ____ . _____ _________ ._. __ .. ___ . . _._ .. _.. ... __ .. . .. . 12
Machine gun-
Chretien, French_ . _. . _. _.. .. . . . _. ... . , _. . . . . ... _.. ... . . .. .. _. _. . .. . .... . __.. _.. .. _.. _.. _. _. _. _. . . 31
F rench - .. _____ . ___ __ . __ . ___ _________ . ________ . _. __ . _. __ . . _. . . __ . __ ... _. .. ____ _. . .· _.. ___ ... . . ___ .... _. __ 16
Ring and bead, French ..... . .. ___. .. _.. . . _. . .. _. .... _... . . . . . . _. .. . . .... .... . . _. ... . . . _. . . . ... .. ... . . 16
Telescopic, French .. ___ . _.. ___ . _._._._._ . ______ . ___ _._ .. _. _____ . ___ ... _.... ... . _. _. . .. . . . .. ___ ._ .... . 16
Silencer apparatus, French .. __ _____ ._ . __ . _.... .. _. . .... _. _.... .. _._. ____ . .. __ . __ .... __ . .... .. .... _. .. __ .. _ 7
 195
Silencers: Pag,·.
Cleaning of, French._._. ___ . . _. . . __ . ___ . ________________ ._ ... _.. __ ._ .. ____ . ___ . . __ ._._ . . _._. __ . ____ .. _ 14
Expansion of, French .. ... . . . . . .. . _... . . .. . . . ....... .... . ... . .. ... _... . _. .. . _. .... _..... . .. _._._. ___ ._ 14
French. __ .. ________ . ___ ... _... _... _____ .. __ . ____ .. __ . ______ ... __ ... ___ . ______· _. __ .. ___ .. _. : _.. _ 14, 21, 24, 25
Head resistance of, French .. _. .. . _.. .. _. __ .. . _.. _... _. . ... . . _.. . .. . _... .. .. ... .... . . . . ... .. _._ .. __ .__ 14
Silver Streak airplanes, British .. __ . __ . _._. __ . ________ ._ . . . _. .. __ . __ . ________ . __ .. . __ ._ ... __ ._. ____ ._._._._ 92
Description of. ____ . . ______________ ......... _.... _.. _. ____ . _. _.... _. _.. _. .... . . . . __ . _. _. _. _. _. . _.. _. _. _ 112
Single-motored bombardment ship, Wibault., French .. _... _.. . ... _. .... . . . .. .. _. . . . . . . . . ...... . . _..... . . . . _ 8
Single-seater-
Fighter-
Low altitude, French .. __ . ____ ._ . . _... .. .. . _. . _._ . ___ .. ____ . ______ . _____________ . ___ . ____ . __ . . _.__ 20
Siddeley Siskin, British. __ ____ . .. . . __. __ .. __ ... _. __ . ______ .. __ ... _. __ . _. . __ . _. . __ ... _. __. _.. . . _. __ 112
Pursuit, Gourdou, French._._._. ___ . _._._ ... _._ . _____ ._ . .. . . . . _... . _. _. _... . __ . .. __ . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Spad, French. ____ . __ . _. _... _. _. _.. __ . _. _. ________ . ______ . ____ ... _________ . . __ . _. __ . ___________ . _______ 8
Wibault, French . ___ _.. _._ .. _. ___ ._._._._ . .. _.... ___ ._ ...... __ . __ .. _. ____ .. ____ .. _. ___ .. ____ .... __ ._. 9
Siphons sparklet, ambulance airplane, British. __ . ... .. _... _.. _. . .. . __ .. _. .. ... . __ .. . ... . . .. . .. ·.. . ... . ... .. 111
Size of drawings , Wibault system, French : . ___ . ___ . ___ . _.. __ . _____ . _. _______ . _. ___ . ________ .. ___ . _. ___ . ___ . 27
Skids :
Deck flying , British ____ . _. __ .. _. __ . . ______ . _____ . ______ .. . _. _____ . ___ . ____ _: __ . ________ . ____ . ______ 94
Tail, French .. _______ . ___ .. ___ .. _._ . .. ______ ._. __._ . .. ___ . . __ . _... .. __ ... . _. _____ . . _. __. _.. ____ . __ ._. 11
Sleeping accommodations, flying boat, British. ____ ._. __ . .. . . . __ .. _. ... . __ ... _. . ·. _. . . . _.. . . _. . ... . .. . __ ._ . _. 93
Slipstream, Frenc.11.. _____ . _. _____ . ______ .. . _______ . _________ . _... ___ . _______ .. ____________ . _. ______ .. __ . 14
Slotted-
Air foil, Handley-Page, British. __ . ______ ... _.. _.. __ ._ .. _._ .. _._ . .... _. .. _. ___ .. __ . .. ..... . . .......... _ 104
Wing, Handley -Page, British._._ ... . .... . ___ . .. _._ . _.. __ .... _.. .. . . .. _._. ___ ... _.-.· . . _. _... .. _.. _. __ ._ 91
Snipe, Sopwith, British ... _._._ ...... _. . . _.. . _. . . _______ ._._ . ____ ._ ._._ . __ ._. ___ ._ ... _________ . _._._._ . .. 96
Societe Duralumin, French. ___ ._. __ ._ ... ___ ._ .. . _. _.. __ . .. __ . . ..... ·. ... _... _.. __ ...... .. __ .. _... ___ ._.... 38
Soesterberg Airclrome, Dutch. _. _. _. ___ . . _.... _... . ... . _...... _.. __ . : . ___ . .... . _. _. . . _.. . .. . . . . . _. .. _. . . . . . 82
Sopwith Snipe, BJitish. _. __________ .. _. _... . . _...... _. ___ ....... _. .. __________ . . .. _. _.. __ . _. __ . . _..... __ . _ 96
Sound beam airdrome indicator, British .. _._._._. ___ ... _. ____ . .. ..... ___ ... . ... . .. ... . ...... .. . . . .' ..... _. .. 96
Sound-proof radio cabin, Farman Goliath, French ___ . _. _.... . _....... _. ___ . _.. ____ . __ . __ . __ . _____ . ___ .. _. . 36
South American Republics, purchase of Ansaldo aircraft, Italian._ . . _. .. . . ___ .. .. . ... . _. _____ .... _. _. . __ . _. . . 59
Spacing of drawings , Wibaul t system, French._ ........ ____ .. _.... _. . .. _.. ..... .. . ....... _. . .. . . . . _. . .. __. . . 27
Spad-
Aircraft-
French _ . ____ . __ .. ____ . __ .. ___ ... .... ____ ... _.. . ___ . _. _. ___ . _. _... _. __ . .. _.. __ . _. __ .. _. _. ___ . _. _ 8
Italian . _.. . .. . . . . ... ... . .. . . . . . . . . _. ... .. ...... .. ... . .. . . . . . __ .. .. . .. ... .... ... . . . . . . ...... __ . ..... _. . . . . 45
20, French .. . .. __ ._ .. _. . . . . _._ . _. _. _. _. _____ ... _. __ . . . _. __ .. . . _. __________ . __ .. _. _... ......... . _. . . . . 27
Berline- _
French ... __ ._._ .. __ . __ .. _._ .... . _.. . .. . . _. . _. . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . _. . . _. . _.. _._ .. : _._ . . ..... _._ 27
Transport ai{planes, French .. __ . __ ._ ..... _.... _.... __ ._ . ___ ._ . .. _. __ ._. ___ . ____ . _. ___ . _. . _. . ___ ... 27
Bleroit Herbemont aircraft, French .. _.. .. . _. . _. _. __ .. _. ___ . _. _. _. ___ .. . ____ . _. _. . _. ........... _. . . . . . . 27
Commercial airplanes, French .. _. ___ . __ ....... _. . . .... . ... . . _. _. . . ......... . . . ... . .. . .. _.... _. . . .. __ . . 28
Co. , French ... _._._. ____ . ___ ._._._. ________ ._._. _____ .. __ ._ .. ___ ._._. ___ .. ____ ._ ._._._._ .. _._ ... _._._ 8, 9
Herbemont S- 34 airplanes, French. ___ ._._ .. __ ..... .. . .. _. . _. ... . . . . . . __.. ... .. . ............... . _. _. - . . 29
Herbemont racing type, French .. _. ___ . __ . _. _... _. _.. _.... _.. . _.. _..... _. _. ___ . _. _____ . __ . _. ___ . _.. . _. 28
New pursuit airplanes, French. ___ . .. ............ . . ... . ...... _.. ... _... . _.. _. _. . .. . _. _. ____ . . __ . _.. __ . 28
Observation ai.J:planes, French._._ .. __ ._ .. _____ . . ____ . __ . _. _. _... _. _. . . _.. . . . ...... _.. . . .. .. . . .. . . . _. _. 39
Spa engines, Italian·.. _. _.. , ._._ .. _.. ____ ._ .·. . . . . . _. ___._ . _.. ____ . ... _._._._. ___ ..... _._._ ..... _._ ...... - . - 59
Spain:
Order of searla_ues from Italy . _. ___ ... _. _. __ . . _... _. ___ ... ___ ____ ... _____ . ____ .. __ . ___ . _. _.. __ . _. 51
Purchase of ~nsaldo aircraft, Italian .. _. _. . ... .. . . .. . . ... . . .. . .. ........ . .... _. . .. . . . .. . ..... _. _. _. __ _ 59
Span, French observation ships. ___ .. _.. _. _. . . _. ___ . _... _. _. _. ~ . . _... _.... _________ . ____ . __ .. __ .. . . ... . . _. 21
Spanners for Condor engines, British_. __ . ___ ._ . _. . ____ .. _.. ___ .. _._ . .. _.. _._ .. _.. _._ ... _. __ . __ . __ . ___ ._._. 100
Spare- ·
Engines, Italian ___ .... _. . ... _..... _. ___ . ___ .. __ . _. _... _. _.... _. __ .. _... _. _. ___ . _. _.. _. _..... _... __ . . 45
Parts-
Condor engines, British __ . _______ . _. _________ .. _____ . _... _. _. _. ..... ... __ . _. ___ . ____ . _. ___ ... . . . . 100
French. _... _.. _.......... __ .. _. _. _. .. . . .. .. ... ... . ... _. . _. _.. . . . _.. . ___. . . ___ . ____ . _... _.. _.. _- 11
Torpedo ai.J·planes, British. ______ . ______ . __ . ___ . _... _____ . . _____ . ___ . _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Spark, electric, for study of airflow, I taliau .. _.... . . . ... _. _. _.. _. _. ___ . __ .. _. ___ . ____ . ___ . .. _... _. . _. _... ___ 50
Sparkl et siphons, ambularrce airplane, British ..... ·.. . . _.. . . _........ _. . . _.. . _. . . . . . .... ... .. . ...... . . - . . . . 111
Spark plugs, French ... _........ _... _._. ___ . __ ..... _.. __ .. _.. __ ... ___ ... _._._ ... _.. ...... _____ . - ... - _. - - . . 12
 196
Spars : P age.
Box, duralumin, Staaken, German . ...... .. .......... ... ....................... . .. . .. . ........... . . . . . 76
Metal, Junkers, German ....... . ................ . ..... . .......... . ................................. . .. . 76
Multipl e, metal, Junkers, German ...... . ......... . ... . ...... . ........ . .. . . .. . .... .. . . . . .. . ..... . . .... . 76
Tubular, J unkers, German . . ... . .... . ..... . .... . .. . ........... . ......... . .... . .... . .... . ..... . ....... . 76
Specialized personnel, French ........ .. . . ................................ .. .............................. . 11
Specifications:
French type ....... . .. . ....................... . ...... . .......... . ... . .. . ............................ . 19
Gas tan ks ..... . ............ . ... .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . ... . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . ... . .. .. . . ... . . . . __ .. . 13
l talian type ................................................... . ....... . ............. . .. . . ........... . 47
Napier ci,b engine, British ..... . . ... ...... . .. . . .. .. . ............ . . . . .. . .. . .... .. .... .. ........... . .. . 121
Petro flex tubing, British ... . ..... . ............. .. .. , . . ... . ... . . . . . .... . ... . ..... . .. . . ...... . ....... . 120
Strength of bomb racks, French .. . .... . .... . ... . ......... . ...... '. .... . ... . ... . ......... . ............ . 18
Three-mortored bombardment airplane, French ... . .. . ... . . . . ... ... .. . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. .... .. . . ........ . . 8
Type, table of, French ..... . ... . .................................. . .......... . ......... . ............. . 20
Speed:
Dirigibles-
German ... . .......... . ...... . ............ . ... . . . .... . ....... _...... . . ... _. . . . .............. . 67 , 69
Italian .... . .... . ... . . . _.. . . . .......... _... _.. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. . ..... . . . .. . .... . _.... . .. _. 47
French airplanes ................. . .... . ............................... . ............. . . . ....... . .... . 20
Indicator-
Ground, French ....... .. ..... . ....... . ............... . ............. . ...... . . . ..... . ... . . . ..... . . . 36
Reid control, British ............. _. . ....... . . . ......... . ... . ..... . . . .............. . ....... . . . .. . _. 121
Issy des Moulineux wind tunnel , French .... . . . . . . .. ... . .......... . ... . ............. . ................. . 26
Machines-
French . ............ . ...................... . .. . .. . .... . .. . . .. . . ....... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .... . . . ... . . 8
Relation to development of pursuit aircraft . ................. .. ..... . ....... .. ...... . ...... . ..... . 8
Night bombardment airplanes, French .. : ....... . .. . ... . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. ·. ... . _. 25
Range, French observation ships ....... . ........... . ........................... . ... . . . ......... . ..... . 22
Tests, Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British ........................... . .............. . .... . .............. . 119
Two hundred and six miles per hour, Nieuport Sesquiplan, French .... . .. . . _. .. . . . ... . .. . ..... . .. ·..... . 30
Zeppelins, German .............................................. . ......... . .. . .......... . . . . . ... . ... . 72
Speedometer, French .. . ............ . . ................... . . . . ... ... ... _.. . ... . . _. . .. ... .. . . . . . ..... . _. . . 16
Sport type--
Airplane, Breda, Italian . ...... . ...... . .. . ..... . . . . . . ....... . ..... __... _. . . . . . . . .. .. ... . . .. . . _. . ... _. 60
Seaplane, Macchi, Italian ... . . . . . ..... . . . ... .. .... . .... . . . . _.. . .............. .. .............. . ..... . 52
Spot welding, Fokker, Du tch ............................................. .. ............. . ....... . ...... . 85
Spruce, use of, French ...................................... . ..... . .... .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .·. .. . . . _. .. . . .. _.. 28
Spume, P. R . B., Italian ... . ....... . ... .. ...... . ... . ... . .. . ............ .. .. . ....... . .................. . . . 54
Squ adrons, service, equipment for , Italian ......... . ....... . ............. . .. . ..... . . _..... . . , ......... . _.. 45
Staaken airplanes, Zeppelin, German . .. . ...... .. . . .. .. .. _.. . . . . . . . .. ... ... . . .. .............. . ..... . ..... . . 41 , 75
Influence of. ... . ........... . ......... . ............ . ....... . ......... .. ............... . ... . ........ . 9
Stability:
Automatic, Farman Goliath , French ... : .. . ............ . ...... . ... . ..... . . . ..... . ...... . . . ... . . .. .... . 36
Data, British .......... . ...... . . ....... . ...... . ......... . .. . .. . ...... . ...... .. .... . . ... .... . . . .... . _ 91
Day bombardment airplanes, French .. _- . .. .. . ..... . .. . . .. . .. . . ...... . ......... . ... . . . ......... . ...... . 24
French .. .. ... . .. .. . .... . ........... . .... . .. _._ . . . ........ ___ ._._._ ..... . ....... . _..... . . . __ _______ _ 7, 10
German ..................................... _.... . ... _... _.. .. . .. . . ... . . _.. . . _.... ... . . . _. . . . . . . _. . . 63
;\fars LV, Gloucestershire, British . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .... . . . .. .. . .. . ....· ............... . ........ . .... . . . ... . 103
Siddeley Siskin airplanes, British. ·................ . ......... . .. . ............. .. ........... . . . .. ... . . . 119
Torpedo airplanes, British ...... . ......... ·.......... . .. . .... .. .. .. .. . _.... . . . .. . _.. _. .. .. ... _....... . 97
Stabilizer , construction of, Nieuport 29, French . : ... . .. . ·........... . .. . .................... . ..... . . . .... : . 30

~:~~e~~'.t~:~~!ti~~-f~~t~1:s:·l;;~~~h·_·_·_·:: :: ::·:: :·::::: :::::::::::: :::::·::: :::::: :::::::::::::: ::::: :::::: ::

Standardization , French .. . ............ . ..... . . . ............ . . . ... . ... . .. _. .. _. ___ .. . . ___ ._ . . . : . . . . . . __ .. .
10
8
11
Standardized bomb racks, F rench ..... . . ... : . .. . . ... . . .. . _. . . . _. .. . . ... . .... . ... .. _..... _. . .. _- .. ... _.... . 18
Starters:
Automatic, French ..... . ..... . .... . ... . .............. . . ... . ... . . . _. . . . ... .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. ..... 24, 25
British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Field-
British .. . ...................... . ... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . .. . .. . ... .... . . .. . . ... ............ . 96
French , .. . . '. ......... ... . ......... . .... . . . . . ... ·.. . ..... . ......... . .... . ·... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Jupiter engines, British ........ . ............ . .. . . . .......... . .. . . . _.. . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 107
 197
Starters-Contin ued. Page.
Mechanical, French . .. . . ......... . ....... . .. .. ........ _..... . .............. _....... _. _... . ..... .... . . 14, 16
Oclier , French ............. .. . ...... . ... . ...... .. .... .. .. . . .. . .. .. ..... . . . ..... _. ... . .... ... .... __ _. 7
Portable, British .............. .. . . . . _.. . ... . . .. ...... .. ... _. _. . . ...... . ............ _......... . ...... . 96
Self-
British .. .. ... . ..... . .... . .... .. . .. . .. . . .. . . ... ... ........ ... .. . ........... . .. . . . ... - - - - - - ... . - - 95
French .. ___ .... _._ .... . ........ . _.... ____ _... _._ ... .. .. _.... _._ ..... ____ .. . .. ... . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . 7
Starting-
Devices, French .. ........... . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
French ............... .. ... ... ............. . ... ....... ... .... ..... . .. . . . ... .. _.. .. ..... . ........ . . .. 7
Gear for Condor engines, British . . ...... . ..... . . . .... . .. .... .. . ... . . ..... .......... . . . .. ....... . .. __ . 100
Static-
Characteristics, Fiat C. R., Italian .. ... _... . . . .. . . . . . ! ... . . . ... .. .. .. . ...... . . .... .... . ........ . .... . . 56
Load factors, Potez, French . . ......... . . .. _.... . .... .. ..... .... ..... ... . .... _... '... ... ... ............. 3,1
Resistance, structural, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Tests-
Armored airplanes, French ........ . . . ... .. ....... .. .. . .. ... .... .. .. . ... _................... . ..... 22
British .. .. ..................... . .. . _... . . .. . . ...... . ...... . . .... ... .. _. ... .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . .. . .. 91
Dissymmetric, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Italian . . ... ...... .. ..... ... . . ..... . ... .. ........................ _... . _.. . .. . . . .. . ...... _... . . _.. 46
Stationary engines, French ..... . . ... . . ... . . . _..... _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Station, experimental, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Steel:
_c\.irplane construction, Dornier, German...... .. ...... .. ................ . ............... . ....... . ... ... 74
Alloy ... ......... . ...... . ... .. .... ..... ... ..... . ... . _. .. ...... ... ... .. . . . .... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Construction, British .. ............ . .. .... .. ............. .... .......... ..... .. ...... . .. . ....... . . . ... . 112
Nonrustable, British ....... . .. ... _... . . ..... .. ... ... . ........... . .. .... .... . . ......................... 112
· Propellers............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Siddeley, for Liberty engines, purchase recommend ed ...... _....... ..... .. . ....... .. . ... .. . . . . . _.. 129
Specifications for , French..... . ... ...... .. . .. . .. . ........ .. ......... .. ... ...... ..... . ............. .. . 11
Tube construction, Fokker, Dutch .......................... . ................... . ..... _....... . ...... 81, 82
Tubes for dirigible frames, Italian ..... . .... . . ...... _. . ... . .. ... . ... . .. . _. . .. _. ... .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 50
T ubing-
Alloy . . .......... .... ... ... . . . ... ..... . .. . .. . . .. .... ... . ..... . .. ........ . ..... .. .. . . . .... . . . -- .. 128
Distortion of, Fokker, Dutch ........ . ...... .. ....... . .... .. ... . . . .. ... . ...... .. .. . . . .... ........ . 83
Fokker, Dutch ... ... . ..... ... .. _... . . ·_. ..... ... . ... ... ... . ......................... . . _..... .. . _. 104
Paint for, Fokker, Dutch ............ . ... .. .. ....... ... .... .... .. ...... .... .. ..... .... .. .... .. .. . 85
Welded . ... . .... ................ .. -.- ....... . .... - .. - . - .. - - . - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 128
Fokker, Dutch . ..... · - · · · · ·· · · · · ··· · · · · ····- -·· ·· ···· · ··· · ·· · ······ ····· ··· ·· ·· · ···· · · ······ 104
Stephan:
Credit given to, Dutch .. . ... ... . ... .. .... .. . . . . . _. . .. . . .. ... .... . .. _. ... . . . _... . .. _. ... . .... . . . . .. . . 82
Dutch engineer , report on-
Fokker airplanes ... ............ . ... . ... .. ............. .... ............ . ........... . ..... .. ... .. . 82
B. M. W. mo.tors, German .. ... ....... . .... .. . . . . .... .... . . ... . ........ . _. . ... .. _. . ...... _.. .. . .. . 77
Steps for aircraft, French ... ....... .. ....... .. .. ... .. .............. ..... .. .. ...... ..... ... .. . . ___ ... __ __ . 12
Stiavelli airplanes, Italian._ . .. . . . . . . . . ..... . . ......... . . ... . . .. ... .... ... ............ ...... . .. . ... ... _. _. 45
Stop cocks, French ... . ...... .... . .... . ......... .. ... , ... . . . . .. . . .... . _..... ..... . .. .. ... _. ... __ ... ... . . _ ]2
Stops for machine guns, F rench ..... ......................................... ....... .. ..... .. ..... . . . ... _. 17
Storage:
Aircraft, F rench . ....... .. .... ...... ... ... ...... : .......... ... .. .. .. . . . . ... . . . .. ... .. .... . . . . . .. .. . . 11
Airplanes, French re quirements .. · ··-·· .... .. . _. . .. ·._ . . . . ..... _..... . .. ... .... .... ...... .. ... ..... .. . . 7
Batteries, French . .. .. ........ . ...... . ....... . ............ .... ..... ... .... ... ... ..... . . . .... .. . .... . . 19,31
·E quipment, Italian._._ ......................... . ... ... ..... . . .. .................. . .... . . .. .... .. ... . 60
Stoves for hangars, French .... ..... ...... : . .... .. ... .. ... _.. ..... . . . .. . . . . ..... . .. .. ... .. .. ....... . .. . .. . _ 40
Strateg ical reconnaissance airplanes, I talian ..... .. .... . ..... . ......................... . ... . .............. . 49
Streamline wires, Spad , French . .. ... .. ....... .... . ..... . .. . .... . . ... . .. . . .... . .. _.. .. _.... .. _............ . 28
Streamlining, French .. . .. i .. . .... - ... .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8, 14
Strength calculations, British ..... ... . ... .. .. .... ....... . .... _........... ........ ...... ... .... ... .. : . .. __ 91
Stretchers, ambulance airplanes:"
Bregnet, French . . ... ...... ... . .. .......... . ... ............ .. .... ..... .. ... ........ . . .. ... ... . . .. ... . 32
British .................... . . .. .... .... ..... . _. ... _.. . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. _.. .... ... _................ . _. 111
Streeys calcul4ti_on~, British ..... . .. - ... .. , ..... ... • .. • ........ • ... , ...... . ...... . . . , . .. . ....... . ... ...... . . 91
 198
Page.
Stresses, French .. . . ... . .... ....... . .... . .. .. . ... . ...... . ... ..... ... . . . . ... . . ....... . . .. . . .... . .. . . ..... . ]]_
Structural-
Layout, French . .... ... .. ....... . .. . ... ... . ..... . ... . ...... . . ......... .. .. ........ . .. _. _.... . .... . . . 7
· Static resistance, French . ... . . . . . .. . ........... . ......... . ... .. ..................................... . 11
Strength-
Ambulance airplane, British ............... . ... . ............ . ... . ........ . ............... __. .... . llO
Siddeley ' ' Siskin, " British ............................................. . .. ... ....... .. ....... . .. . 113
Torpedo airplanes, Bri tish ........ ... ...... .. . .... . .. .. ... . ...... .. .. ...... . ... . ... .... . .... . ... . 97
\\' eight of Zeppelins, German ... . ....................... . ........ . .... . ......................... . ... . 71
Struts, interplane, lack of, Dornier, German . .. .. . .. . .... _.. . . _.. . . _.. . . _.. .. _...... , ....... _.. . . _. . . ..... . 72
Studios, aerodynamic. Italian ......................... . . : . . . __ . . . _. .. . .. . . .. . .. .... .. .. .. . __ . ... . .. . .. ... . 46
Summary of )Vork of Caproni, It.aiian .......... . . . ...... ' ............. . ..... ....................... . ... . . . 58
Superchargers:
Breguet, F.-ench ....................... .. ·.. . : ........... .. ........ . ............... .. ............ . .. . 32
British . . . . ............. . ........ . ....... . ... . .......... . . . . .. . . ... .. ................. . ..... ... .... . !)5
German . ... ... .................... ... ........ . .. . ......... : .. . ... ... ................. . .............. 63
P ursuit, Spad, French... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Rateau , French .. . ... . ............ ... ....... . ......... . .. .... . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. ............ 30, 32, 38,127
P urchase recommended... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Use of, French . .. .. .. ..... . .... ._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Super-Marine amphibian a irplanes, Brlti~h...... . ............. . .......................... . .......... .. ... 93
Su pplies, war, Italian .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Support for rad iators, French ..... .. ... .. . .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Surfaces:
Con trol-
British . . ... . ............. . ... . ... . .. . ............. .. ... . .......................... . .. .. .. . .. .. . OJ
French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
D irigible, Italian.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Mobile, French.. . .......... . ........ . .......... . . . ...... . . . . ..... . .. . . . .. ... ..... ... . ... . . . .. . ... . . . 10
Rad iator, French... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Tail, British. . . . . . ...... . ... . .......... . ........ . . . ............... . ........... .. .. . . . . . .. ....... . . . .. 92
Suspension of motor, Issy des Moulineux, <French.... . . . .. . .. . ... . .... . . . ....... . . . .. . . ...... . ...... . 26
S. V.A .-
Airplanes, Italian. . .................. . . . ..... . . .. . ..... ... ... .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. ... . .. . . .. . .. .. .. ... . .... 45
Engines, It~lian .... . ... . .............. .. . . ... ...... .. ......................... . . ..... ... .... . .... _.. 59
Sweden, purchase 9f 11:acchi machines, Italian . ........ .. ... _... . : .. __. __ _.. __ ....... _... _. . . ... _. ____ ... . f. 3
Switches, ignition, French .... .. .... . ................... .. ................. . ....................... ·. . . . . . . J4
Sylphon gasoline p u mp, French ...... .. ...... . .. ... ....... . ........... . . . .... . . ...... . . . . . .. .. .. ...... 31, 33, :H
Synchronizers, French .......... . .. .. . .. ... . _.. . ... ... .. . . . ... ..... . .. ... . . . .. . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :n
Systems, fuel, British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
T- 120, new Italian dirigible....... .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . ........ . .. . . .. . ... .... . . . . . .. ... . . . . .. . . . ..... . . . .... 50
T able of-
French-
Aircraft . ............ . ... . ... .. . . . 3!:I
Aircraft motors .. .. ........... . . . . . ....... .. .... . ......... . . . ... ... .. .... . . ... . . .. . . .. .. .... . . . . 40
Gas consumption of French motors ........... . ...... . ..... . . .... ... _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _... .. . . 1H
Oil co nsumption o[ French nrbtors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . I.:~
Type specifications, Freucl1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... _. .. . . .... ... . _..... ... . . .. . :w
Tachometers, French.... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... .. . ... . . .. . . . . .... . 15. 16
Tactical reconnaissance airplanes, Ttalian .. 4()

Tail:
Ad justable, Handley Page, Bril isb. . . . .............................. . . ... . .. . .. . .... .. .. . . ... _ .l05
Plane construction, Sa,·oia, ltal ia11 ................. . ... .... .... . .. .. . .. . ..... . ... _. . . _. .. _.. __. . ... . ,11
Skids-
Commercial airplanes, Spao , Frcud1 ... .. ...... .. . . ..... .. ...... .. ......... . .. ,.. .. . . . . . ... _ . .. . . . ;zs
Fokker , D utch........ . .. . ...... . . ..... .... . . . .. .. . ... . .. . . . ... .. . ..... .. .. . .. ... . ... ... .. . 83
French .. . .. .. .. . ......................... .. .... . .... . . .. .... .. ............ . ............ . . . ... . . ]l
Replacement of, French .... . .............. . . . . . ... .. . . . . ... . .. .. .. . . . ..... ~ . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . 11
Stiffening for dirigibles, Italian ..... . ........ . ....... . .......... . . .............. . ......... ..... ..... . 47
Surfaces-
Adj ustable, B ritish .... . ........... . ... . ... . ... .. ........... .. ......... . .......... . ... . ......... . 92
British .......................... ....... ... . .. .. . . . . . .. . .......... _. _. . __.. ___ . . .. _... . _. __ . . _. . f2
Units, Fokker airpla11e,9, D nt-di .•. ,. . , .•. , . , . , . •. ,, , .• . , . , ...• , . , .... . . . . sn
 199
Page.
Take-off of airplanes, French ............... _... . ... . .. ................... . - .... ·..... . - ... . .......... ... . 24
Taliedo, Italy . . ................. . . . . .................... . ............ : ....... . ..... .. ................. . 58
Tandem-
Airplane, Caproni, Italian ...................... ... .... ....................... ... . . ................. - . 58
Fiat engines, Italian...... . .......... .. .. . . .... . . ........... . . .. .. . . .... ............... . ... . . ... - . - . 53
Motors in-
Farman airp lanes, French ........ .. ... . ........ . _. . ... . ................... - .... .. . ............. . 36
Seaplanes, Savoia, Italian ..... ... . ... . . .. .... .... ... .. .... .. ............ .. ...... .. ............ . . 52
Triplace seaplane, Caproni, Italian ............... ... . . ................ .. . .. .. . . . .... .... . ........... . . 58
Tanks:
Aerodynamic studies of, Italian ............ _... . _. . ..... : ........... - .... . .. ... .. . . .................. . 50
31
~:;!~~~?::,qt~~:1~-~1:~~~~1_-_-_-_: : ::: ::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: :·:::::::: :::::::: ::::::::::~ :: :: ::
French ..... .. . . ............................ : . ... . - ......... - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - · · - - · - 12,15
12

Fuel-
British ....... . . . . ................. - .... ·. .... - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · · · - - - - · -· · · · · · · · · · · 95
French .. .................. .... .. ...... ... .... . . - ..... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - - · · · · - - - - - - - · · · · · · · · · · 9
Gasoline.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
British ........ ...... ... ......... .... ...... . ........ . .......... .. .. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 102
Day bombardment airplanes, French........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
De Ilav iland 14, British.............................. . ...... . ................... .. ............... 101
De Ilaviland 34, B ritish ....... ...... ....... . .. . . ............. ... ... . . . . . ..................... ... - 103
Fiat racer. Italian . . .. .. . .... .... .. .. .................... . . . ................. .. . . .. .. ............ . 57
Fokker, Dutch ... .... ..... .......... . .. . ... .. .... ......... . .. . . . .. .................... . .. .. .. .. . 83
French .......... ...... ............................. . . . . . .... . . - - - ... - - - - - - -·· - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20, 23
Ilandley-Page, British .................... . .................. ... ................ ... .... ... ... ·.... . 105
Installation on fl ying boats, British ............... ... . . ................ . ... . ..................... . 93
Italian . ...... ....... ... . .... . ........ . .. ......... .. ...... .. . . ............ _...... . .............. . 48
Location of. .. . . . . . ... .................. . .................... - . .. - ... - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 128
Mars I , Glouce;tershi.re, British ............... .. . ........ .. . . ... .......... ....... . .. ... . ......... . 103
Mars III. training airplane, Gloucestershire, British ....... . ...... ... .... .. ....... . ..... . . . . ... .. .. . . ]03
Xight bombardment airplanes , French ............ .. . .. . .. , .. . . ........... .. . .. .. . ........... ..... . 25
P. R. B. seaplanes, Italian ................ . .................. . ...... .......... . .. .. . . . ·.· ......... . 54
Removable, French ................................. . . .............. . ......... ..... . .. . ..... -_. . . . 24
Savoia airplanes, Italian .......... : .. . . .... . .. . ............ . . .. .... . ............ . . .......... - .. .. . 51
Staaken airplanes, German ....... .. ...... . . .. ................ ... ............ .. ........... . .. - . - . . 75
Torpedo airplanes, British ....... . . . ..... . ... ......... . .................. . .............. - .. ... - - - . . 97
Gravity, British ... . ................ . .. ... ..... . ...... .. .......... . ........ . ............ . .. . . ........ . 95
Leak-proof, French .......... . ................. . ........ . .................. .. ....... . . .. .. . - ....... , .. 20
Protection for , Lanser, French .......... . . ................ .. ..... .. ................ - .,.. - . - - .. ·_. - ... - . - 33
Removable ........ . ... ...... ... ... ....... ...... ..... .. . . . . , ............. . .................. . . . ..... . 128
French .. ...... .. . ... ........... . ....... . . .. . ............. . ................. .. ...... . ....... ... .. . 7
Ile placement of, French . .. . .............. . .... . . . . . .. ........ . ..... . . . . ............ - . . ..... - ... - - - - - . - 11
Rubber-coated , French ... . .......... .. ....... ... .... .. . .. . . ......................................... . 7
Tapered wing, Uorane Saulnier, French .. .. .. ... . . . . . ....... . ......... . ... . : ........ . .. . .. .... . - ..... - ... . 35
T apering wire, specifications for , French ... .. ....... . ... .. ... ... .. . ·........... .. ....... . . , ... . - ....... - . - .. 11
Target airpl ane, Ttalian .... . ......... ........ . . . . . . ...... . ........ . .. . .............. .. .. . . ..... . ........ . 50,69
Technical-
Report, conclusions on . .............. .. .... ..... . ........ .. .. .. ............ . ....... - ... - - - -- - .. - - - - - . - 127
Resettrch, Italian .... . ... .. . ..... . ... ....... . .. . . . . . .... . .... . . ... ..... . .................. .. ........ . 45
Section, French .................... .. ....... . .... .. .... . . .. ................. . .. .. ......... ... ...... . 11
Tel egraph service , Croydon airdrome, British ....... . . . ................. . . .. . .............. . ............... . 121
Telegraphic set, French ................ . .................... ·. . ........ , ........ - ... - . - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - 36
Teleo bomb , I tali.an .. . ......... . ........... ... . .. ... . . ................. .. .......... .... . ................. . 50
Telescopic sights, French ........... . . ..... . ............... . . . ............... . ... ... ..................... . . 16
Temperature-
At altitude, French .. . . . .. . ... . . .... ..... . . ....... . .... . ............. . . ................... - ... - . - - - .. 10
OE-
OiL French ... . .......... . ........ ......... ........... ... .... . ........................ . .... .... . 13
"\Yater, French ............................. . .. . ...... . .... . . - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - · · · · - · · - · · - · · - · · · · · 14
Ten-seater commercial airplane, Bristol, Briti, h ....... .. ................. . . ... .......... . . . ............... . 106
Tensile strength of Fokker airplanes, Dutch ...... . .. .. . . ..... . ........................... - ..... - - - . - . - - - - - . - "84
T erminals, ignitio11, French ...... . . , . . . .•... . . , , ... .• .• . , . ... .. . , . , . . - - - . - . - , - , - , , - - , - - · ·,,, · - .·. · · · · ·, · · · 14
 200
Testing- Page.
Condor engines, British ....................................................... . ... . .......... ... . . . . . 101
F1;ench ..... _........................ . . . ..... ... ....... ... .. . . ... ... ... . .... . .. ... . ..... . ... . . . ... .. .. . 26
F ull-scale, French ................................................................. . ....... .... ..... . 26
Materials for Condo r engines, British ... . ............. . .. . . . ·.. ..... . ...... . . . ... . .. ..... . .. . ... . .. .' . . . . 100
)(eta], Italian ...... _· ... .. . .. .......... . ........... ..... ........ .. . , ............ _..... _... _. . . _..... . 50
Tests:
Bristol Jupiter engines, British .................. . .... . .. .. .. . ... ... . . . .. . .... . . ......... . ... . ..... . . . 107
Flight-
British ................... ... .............. . ... ..... .... .. .. . . .. .. . . ...... . . ............ . . . . . .. .. . 91
. Wibault bombardment airplane, French ............ . .............................................. . 8
Full-scale, French .. . .. . ...... .. ........ . ....... .. ........... ... ...... . ..... . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . ..... . . 8
Jaguar engines, British .. .. . ........ : ........ .. .... . .............. .. ... . .... . .. . ... .... .. ............ . 115
Lynx engines, British ... .. ..................... ..... ..... ... ....... . .................. . ... . . ·_..... . .. . 114
Static-
Briti.sh ............ .. ................ . ........ . ....... . -. .. . ................ . ............ ..... .... . 91
Dissymmetr:ic, French ....... .. ...... . ·......... .. .. . . . . .. . . .. ... . . .. ... ....... . . . . ........ . ..... . 11
Italian ....... . ........ . .... ... .... .... . ............. . ... . ...................................... . 46
Theoretical performance, fast ships, French .......... . . . . . ..... . ..... . ...... . . ... . .. .. . . . .. ... . . . . . ..... . . . 8
Theory of bimotored airplanes , French ........................ . ......................................... '.. 10
Thermodynamic eCiciency, French . .. .. ....... . .. ...................... . ... . ............ . .. . . . . .... . . ... . 39
Thermostatic control, recommendations on .... .. . . .... . . . ........ ..... ................... . ................ . 129
Thick wing-
Constru ction, Italian . . ............... ... ................................... . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. _... _. 46
. faternally ~'.·ace_d , M?1:ane Saulnier , French .. .... . .......... ... ....... . ............................... . 35
Tlumbles, spocif1cat1ons for , French ................... .. .... .. ... . . ....... .... . .. . . . .. . . .... . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 11
Three-motored-
Airplane-
Caproni, Italian .............. .. . . . . .. .... . ... . . .. .. .. .. .. ... . ...... .. ..... .... . ..... .. .. . ... .. . 58
French . .......... .. ..... _._._ ... __ .. ___ . . __ ._._ ... _._ . _________________________ ____ ._ . __.. _. _. . . _ 9'
Bombardment airplane, Potez , French ...... . . . . .. . ..... . .. . . . . ... . .... . ...... .. . . .. .. .. .. ....... .. . _. 8
Monoplane , Morane Saulnier , French ... . .... .. . ... .................................................... . 35

'
Thrust meter, British ... .... ....... .... ................... . .. . .......... . . .. . . . .. .... .. . .. . .. .... ... . . ... . 91
Time-tables, aerie.I, British .... . . . . . . . . . ... '. .... . ................ .. ............ _... _._ .... __ .. . __ .. __ ..... . 123
Timing gear:
Jaguar e ngines, British ... .- ... . .. ... . . .. . . . ..... . ......... . . .. ... . ·_... . ................... . ... .... . .. . 116
Lynx engines, British .. ........ . ....... . .. ............... ... .. .. .. .. ... .............. ... .. . ... .. .. . . . . ]] 5
Tires, Palmer-
Airplane, British .... . ........................... . ........... .. ... . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . ........ ... . .. . 92
'F lat tread , French ..................... .. ...... . .... ... . . . ... . . . ...... . ..... . ...... . .. . . . . . ... .... . . . 32
Recommendations on ............................ . ......... . ..... . ......... . . ....... .. . ... .. .. ....... . J27
Titles of drawings, Wibault system , French . . . ... . . ... ..... ............. .. ... .. . . . . .. . .. .......... ... .. . ... . 27
Tolerance, Flat motor, Italian . ......... . ........ .. ............. ... .. .. . ............ .. ... . .. . ... .......... . '57.
Tools fo~ Condor engines, British.......... . . ........... . .................. . ..... .. .. .. ... . . . ...... . .. . . joo
Top plane, location of, French ... . ... . . . . . .. .. . ....... . . . . . .... .. ... . .... . . ..... .. . . . . ...... . . . . .. . . ... . .. . . 17
Torpedo:
Aerial, Italian .. .... . .. .......... : . ........... . .. .. .. . ... . . ..... . . . . .. .. ... ... . . . . . . .. .... . . .. . . . .. . 47
Airplanes ........... . ..... . ...... .. . . ... .. .. . ................ . . . .... . .. ..... . . ..... . . .... . . .. .. . . . . . 127
British . .................................. ....... ............... . ... .. ....... . ................... . 93
Acceptance of ... . ......... . .. ... .. . ... .. ....... .... . .. . ·..... ...... . .... . . . ... . . . ... . ... .· . . . . 98
Air Ministry specifications for .......... . .. . . ... . .... . .................................. .... ... . 97
Contractors' tests . . _. ........... . ... .. .. .. .. ........... ..... .............. ... ... .. .. ... ... . 98
Contract performance ..... .. . ... . . . .. . .. . . . . ....... . . .. .... .. . .. . .. ... . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. ... . fl7
Crew and armament fo r .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ·_........ . ........ . ....... . ..................... . .... . 98
Deli very of. ... .. ................................. . .. ... . .... . . .... . . ...... . . . . ... . .. . . ... .. . 98
Equipm ent for ............... .. .. . .. . . . . .. . ..... .. . . ..... .........· ... . .. ... . . . . .. ........ . . . 98
General requirements for . ... .. .. ... ... . .......... ·_. . ... ... . ....... . . . .... .... ...... .. .. .... .. . !l7
Landing requii-ements for. .......... . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . ... . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . .... . ... .. .. .... .. .. . . !JS
Load to be carried ... .. ... . ... . ... .. .. ...................................... . ... ............ . 97
Miscellaneous requirements .... . .·... . . ... . ....... .. ... . . . . . . . ....... . .... . ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. . . 98
Power unit. ....... ... ............. . .. .. ....... .. ... .. . ........ . . . ... .. ... .. ...... ... .. .. .. . . 97
Spare parts fo1· ............... ..... .................. .. ..... . ........ . .. .. . . . . .. . ... . . ....... . 98
Structural strength of. ... . , .. , .. , , , , . , , , , , , , .. , , , , , , , .... . ...... , , , , , , , ...... • , . . .. . , . , . , . , , .. 97
 201
Torpedo-Continued .
Airplane-Conti.ii uecl. Page.
Farman, French ... _______ . ___ .. ___. _. . . ... - . - .... .. - - . - .... - . . ..... _..... ___ ......... _... ...... __ 37
Fokker-
Description of, German ____ __ . ____ . _____________ - - . ___ __ ___. ___ __. __ ___. _. ___ . ____ . _.. __.... _ 81
Dutch _________ __ ______ __ _____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - . - . - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 81
French .. _._ --- _-_- _--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - · · - - - - - 9
Handley Page, British. - __________ . __ ... . . . . . __... . . _. _. _- - .. __ . ____ .. . . ___ ______ . ___. ____ __ ___ . __ 105
Carrying seaplane, Macchi, Italian. __ --------- __- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- - - _- - _- - _- . __ __ - _- ______ - - ___ ____ ___ 52
Torsional resistance, French . ____ - _____ ___ __. ___ _____ - - ____ - . - __ - _- - - __ _. _. ___ __ _____ ___ ... __ . _____ . ____ .. . 11
Tourelle balance, French. _______ - - - - - ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- ___ - - - _____ - __ _____ ____ _ 17
Tourelles :
Attachment of, French . __________ _____ ______ _. ___ .. __ . _____ _. ___ ___ ___ . ____ . . __ __ . ___________________ _ 17
Diameter of, French. ___ __________________ - __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- - - .. - - - - - - . - - - _- - - __ . ______________ : __ J(l
Installation on bombardment airplanes, French . _____ .. ___. ____ . __ __. ____ .. ____ . ____ .. .. . .. ____ . __ ._._. 17
:'vlachine gun , French. ____________________________________ - _____ ____ __ - ____________ _____ . ____________ _ 16
Mounting of, French. __ _____ . __. _____ . ___ _______ - __ - - - - - - __ ____ __ .. - - _- _- _- __ - _- - - - _____ . ___ . _... . ... . 17
Transverse ring, French. __ - __ - ___ - - - - - - - . - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - . - - . - - - - .. - - . - - ... - . - _- ____ ____ __ _ 17
Touring airplanes, Spad, French. ________________ ____ - - - ___ , __________ __ ____________ ___ __ _______ . _. ___ .. . _ 27
Traffic officer:
Civil aviation, British. ____ - __ - _- _. - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - _- - _- - __ _______ _ ]22
Commerciaf aviation, British. ___ .. . ____ __ ____ ________ __ . ___ . ___ _. ____. . ___. . ________ .. _. . _. . _. ____ __ _ 121
Training-
Airplanes _____ ___. __. __. . __. _.. __ . _. - - - ____ . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - _- - .. _- -. ___ _.. . .. ___ 128
British. __ . ______________ _______ _. __ ______ .. ____ . ___ _. ___ _. ____ . _____.. __. _____ ______ ____________ _ 94
French. ____________ ___________ ______ ____ __ ____ ___ _________ ________ ____________________ ___ _____ .. .
7, 9
Hanriot, French. ____ . ____ _. _. . _.. _. - - ... _.... __. _.... ... ....... . .. - ... .. .. . __ . ... __ ____ .. _. _____ _ 37
I ta.lian ____ ·_____ _. ________ ___ ________ _. __ __________ __ _____ _____ __ _____ . __________ ____ . __ .. ____ _. . 59
Side-by-side-
Dayton-Wright .. __ _____ _. ___ . __ . ___ . ____ ____ .. __ ___ _____ .. ____ ______ _. _. __ . ____ __ ____ ____ _.. __ _ 8
Spad , French. _____ _. ____ __ ._ . ___ . ______ - .. _____ __... ___ _____ .. ___ ____ __. __ __ _. ... . _.. _.. _. __ _ 8
Spad , French .. _. ______ . -__ . ________ - ____ . - - - - ___ . _- _- - - - - ____ - - - - - - ______ - - __ _________________ . _. 29
Two-seater, " Mars III, " Gloucestershire, British . _________ ________________ . ____ __ _.-·· ·- -· __ .. ____ 103
Dual-
Control mechanism, French ... ____ _____ . __ __ ____ . _. _______ . ____ _______ . ___ _____ _____ . _. __ _... .. . . 38
:Mechanism, Ham-iot, French. ______ . ____ _______ . __. _. . ___ . . _. _._ . __ . .. __... _...... _.. _______ .. __ __ 37
Trans-Atlantic Fiat airplanes, description of, Italian. __ __ __ ___________ _____ . _________________________ . __ . _. 57
Translation from French. ____________ ____ - ____ ___ . ___ - __ _____ . __.. ____ ___. _. __ ______ ____. _... . ___... _____ _ 9
Transmitter, wireless, French_ -. -. --- - - - ... - - - - - - - - . . - - - .. - - - -. - - - . - - - .. - - - - - - - . _- - - - _____ _________ ____ . __ 19
Transport airplane:
Caproni, Italian-. _. _. __ _____ . __ .. . . ____ . . . __.. ___ .... __. __ _____ __. . __ __. __ _.. . .. _____________ . ____ __ _ 60
Farman, Goliath, French. ________ ._. ___ ___ . __ ... ____ . __. ___ . ___ . _. _. __ __ _. ___ ·_____ __ _____ . _________ ___ 3G
Transportat1on :
Commercial aircraft, British. - ______ - _____ - _____ - - _____ __ - ____ __ __ __ - - - - _________ __. _____ ___ _________ _ 123
Of aircraft, French. ____ - __________ . ____________________________________ . . __. _____ . __.. _.. __ __. __ ____ . 11
Transport:
Service·, commercial aviation, British. __ ________ _. __ . _____________ . _.. _. __ . __ . _____ __ ___ ____ . . .. _. . ___ 122
Spad, French. __ ---_____ - __ - _. ___ . __ - - __ _. ___ . __ . - ___ . _. ____ . ____. __,_-·- ___ _. _______ . __________ ____ . __ _ 27
Troop, Vickers Vimy, British _____________ ___ .. ______ __ .__ ____ __ ___________ _____ _____ . ___ .-- ··- -- -··--·- 108
Trap-
Door for aircraft, Fre nch ___ . __ . ___ . _. ______ . ____ ______ ___ . _. ____ .. ·_______ . _. ______ ____ ________ . . _. _. _. 17
For Issy des Moulineux wind tunnel, French. _____ ._. __. _. ____ . ___ _.. ___ . . ... . .... _.. . ___. . __ ______ __ _ 26
Trelliswork, duralmnin, French. ___ _______ _____ ___ _____________________ ___________________ ._. _______ ______ _ 9
Ti·end of French development. _____ ____ .. __ .. __..... __ ... .. . _____ _____ _______ . _. ___ . . ___ _. _. _.. . . . . __. __ _ 8
Trimotored airplane, night bombardment, French _. .. . __ ._ .... ___ ... _. __ . __ .. __. __ . ___ .. __.... _. ___ .. ___ . . 24
Triplace airplanes:
F1:ench. __ ... ___ . ____ . _.. _.. __ . .. ... . _.... .. _.. _. _... _.. __ _.. __ _. __ _... _.. __ .. _. __ ___ . _____ _. ___ . _.. _. 24
Armament for. .. . . _.·... _...... . .. _......... ___ . __________ . _____ ._. ___ ._._. __ . __ .. __ ___ . . _. __ . . ___ 24
Characteristics of. ______ . ____ ______ . . ___ _. _____ .. __ .......... . ____ . __ . ____ . __ _..... __ . ____ .. ____ _ 24
Equipment for __ .. __ . _. __ .. __ . ___ __.... _..... _...... . _. ____________ _.. _. _...... __ _. ___ ____ __. _. _. 24
Fuel for. ... . ____ ... __ ._. ____ .. -.· ____ . __ . ___ __.. . . ___. ____ ... . ..... . . . .. _____ ._ .. _.. _. __ .... _. ___ _ 24
General requirements for. __ . _.. _. _. ___ . ___ . ____ .... _... __ . .... ___ . __ .. __ ___..... .... _______ .. __ . . _ 24
Spad , Fn:mch ....... ----. -. .. , , ; . . . . - . - - .. - . - ..... - . ... ... - - - .. .. ... . - - - - . · - - - -- - · - · · - - - · · · · · - · · - - - - · · 27
 202
Triplane: Page.
Bristol, British . ......... . ........... . .. . ; ...... ... .............. .. ........... . ... . ... .. .. ..... .. .... . 116
Failure of Italians ... .. .. ......... .. .................... ... . . . ...... ..... .... .... . .. . . .... . . . .. .. .. . 58
i':eaplane, Caproni , Italian . ... .. .. . .. . . . . . ............... .... .. ... . .... . . ... . . . .. .. . .... . . .... . . .. ... . 58
Troop carrier. ........ . .......... . . . . . ............................................................. ..... . 127
British .. .......... .. . ................. ... ...... ..... ..... . ... ..... . .... .. ........ ....... . . ... .. .. . . . . 93
Vickers Vi.my, British . ... . ... . ... ... ... . . . .... . ......... , . ... . . ........ . . . . ·. . . ..... . .. . ...... . .. ..... . 108
Trussing, Siddeley Siskin , British ............................................. . ......................... . 114
Trusswork, Nieuport 29, French . . .. ... . ......... . ..... . ........ . . . . . .. ..... .......... .... . ... .... . . . ... . . . 30
Tubes:
Duralumin, French ..................... ... .. ....... . . ... . ... .. .. ... .. . ... . . ..... . ... . ... . . . . ...... . 38
Round and streamlined , specifications for, French . .................... . ............................. . 11
Steel, for dirigible frames, Italian ........ .. ... . ......... . . ...... .. .. . . ... . ...... .... . . . ... . ........ . 50
Tubing:
Dm·alumin, French ....... ..... ............................................................ ...... .. . 31
Gasoline. petro flex , British . . ... ... . ... ......... . .... . .... .... . . . : .. .... . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . .... . ... . .. . 95
Petro flex, description of, British .................................................................... . 120
Steel, distortion of, ·Fokker, Dutch ... .. . .. ............. . ... . ............... ......... . . . ... . ... ..... . . . . 83
vVelded steel. ........... . .. .. .... . ... . . .... .. ..... . . ...... ... .... . .. ... . ............................ . 128
Tubular-
Construction , French .... . .. ... .. . . .... .. . ... . . . . ... . ... . . . . ......... .. .... .. ..... .. . ..... .. ... . .... . . 9
Spars, Junkers, German .... . .... . .. . .......... . ........... ... ....... .. . .. ........ . ................... . 76
Tuli.pwood construction:
Nieuport 29, French ... . 38
Spad, Fren ch ·, ....... ... ..... . . .. . ... . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . ..... . ... .... .. . ... . ... ..... .. .. . .. ... . ... . ... .... . 28
Tunnel:
Wind-
British . ......... .... ... . . . . . .. . .. . .................. . ...... ,.................. . ........ . .. . ...... . 91
French ... . .......................................... . . . ... ... . . ........ . .......... . ..... ·.. . ..... . 25
Issy des Moulineux, experimental chamber of, French .... ... . . . ... .. .. ... ... . .. . .. . . . ... ... .... . .. . 26
Italian ... . ................................... .. .... . ................ ..... .. ......... .... ......... . 46
Wing, French. .. .. .......... . ................... . . .. ...................... .. ..... .. . .. . ..... . . . 9
Turbocompressor, French .. ................... . .. . . .... .. . .. ... . .... . ... . .. . ... .. .... .. ...... . . . . ... . . . . . . 10
Tmnbuckles, specifications for , Ftench ...... ............................................................. . 11
Tmn indicator, French ..................... . ..... ... .. . . . .. .. . . . . ............... .. . . ..... ... .. ...... . ... . . 36
Twin-motored type, French .... . .. .. . . ...... . ................. .... .. .. ... .... . .... . ... . ... .. . ........... . . 7
Two·seater Spad, French . . ............................................... . .......................... . s
Type specifications:
French ... . ... . ... ... . ........... .. ... . .............................................................. . 19
Italian·... . ... .. ....... . . ...... ..... .... ... . . ... .. ... .............. . .. . . . . . .. ... ... . .. . . .... ... ..... . 47
Ultimatum, May 5, 1921. .. . ..... . . . ....... . .. . .................. . ....... .. ... . ..... . ..................... . 63
. Undercarriage :
De Haviland 29, British .... . . .. . . .. ... .......... .. ... . .. . ... .. .. . ... . . . . . .. .. ... .. . .. . . . . . . . ..... . . . . 102
De Haviland 34, British . . ............. .. .................. ... ........ .. ..... . .... .. ... .. ........ ... .. . . 103
Short Bros., British ............... .. . ... ................. . . . . . .... .. .. . . . ......... . .................. . 112
United States Navy . (See Navy, United States .)
Useful load of Zeppelins, German ........ . .. . . ... . ......... ...... . ..... .. ............. .. . ....... ... . . .... . 7'2
Use of dirigib les, German..... . ..... ... ... . .. .. ... ... ... . ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . ..... .. . . . ....... . .. . 69,71
Usuell i., Italian engineer..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. ... . 47,50
Valves :
Cond or engines, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... ........ . .. . .. .. . . ..... . 99
Meteorological pilot balloons, French ....... . .... . ...... . .... . ........ .. ......................... . ..... . 4]
Needl e, French . ... ... ............ . ...... .. .... . .. ... . . . .. ... ... . .. .. . ..... . . . . ... .. . . . .. .... . .. .. . . . 14
Oil pressure, French .................................... . ................... ..... ." .. , ............... . 13
Specifi catious for, J.<'r en ch .......... . ... ....... . . . .. . . .. . ... .. . . . .... . .. . ........ ... ........ . ......... . 11
Variable-pitch propellers, British .... . .. . . . .......... ... ................ . . . ... ... .. . . . ... . . .. . ... . . . . · .· . . . . 95
Varnishes, protective , French .. ........... . .......................................... . ........ . : .. ...... . . LL
Varying pressures, British ....... . .. ... . .. . . . . . .. .. .... . . . . .. . .. . . .. ... .. ... ...... .. . ....... . ... . .... . . . . . . 91
Velocity-
High, French .. . ...... ...... . .. .. .. . . .. . ... .... .. . . . . . ... .... . . . . . . . . .. ..... . ... . .... . ..... .. .... . ... . s
Of wind, indication of, Bri tish . ... . ...... ... .. .. . ...... .. ... .......... .. .... . ........... .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . 123
Veneer covering for aircraft, Italian ........ . .. . ... . . . ... . .... . ... . ........ ... ............................. . 59
Ve ntilators, ambulance airplane, British . . ,., . ,., .,. , . . . . . . . : ., . . , , . .. .... , ....... . . . . . . .. .. . .... . ... , .... . . 111
 203
Page.
Verduzio, Colonel , Italia,n expert ......... . .......... ... ............................... ...... ........... . . . 50
Versailles, treaty of, effect on Germany ....................................... . . . .. .... . . ............. . .... . 63
Vertical-
Bomb racks, French . . ............................... ·.· ........... . ... ... . .. .... ... .... ..... .. ....... . 18
Componen t stresses, French ...... ....... . . .... . .. .... .. .... . ... ...... . ... . .. . ..... ..... ... . ...... ... . 11
Fins, Potez, French . . ..... . ..... .. .. . .. . . .. ............. .. ........ .. ....... . ..... .... . ... ..... ... .. .. . 34
Very pistols, French. . .... .. ............................. . ... . .. ..... . ... .... .. ... .. .. . . .. . ....... . 20, 21
Vibration:
French .............. ... .............. . .... . ......................... .... .. .... . . .. . ... .. ..... ... .... . 10, ]4
Tests, petro flex tubing, British ... .. .. . ... .. ... .... . . . . . . .. . . ........ . . .. . . . . .. . .......... . . .. .. ... .. . 120
Vickers-
Amphibian airplanes, British . . .. .... ....... .. ... ....... . ... ... .. . .. . .. . .' . . . . . .. . ... .... ... . . . . ...... . 93
Centrifugal- ·
Fan-drive n gasoline pump, purchase recomm ended............... .. . . . . ......... . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . ... 129
Gasoline pump, British......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Co., British......................... . .. .. ...... ... ... ... ... . ............. .. .. . ..... .. ..... .. . 92, 108
Eight-seater passenger airplane, British. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Guns-
French ...... . ....................... . 16 , 3]
Italian ...... .......... . . .. . ... ... . ...... . .. . .. .... . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .................. .. ........ .. . . 49
Standard , French .. .............................................. . .................. . . . ..... ... .. . 25
Hand fuel pump, pmchase recommended ............ . . . .. ... . . . ......... . ... . ..... . . . . . . ...... ..... .. . 129
Valentia flying boat, British .. ........ . 94
Viking amphibian fl ying boats, British .. 108
Vimy-
Airplanes, British................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Ambulance airplanes, British.. . .... . . ... . .... . .. . . ...... .. .. ... ... . . . . . .. ......................... 109
Troop carrier, British. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Villa Co ublay, France .............. ....... . . .. .... .. . ... ..... . . . .. ; .... . . . . . ... . . . .... . ............ .. ... 9, 31, 37
Visible study of air flow , Italian........ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Visibility :

' Armored ships, French .............. . . .... . . .. ... . ... ... .. . . .... . .... ........... . ... ., ................ .
Bombardment aircraft, French . . . . . . ................. ... ... . ....................... . .. .. ... ... ......... 17, 23
Breguet Sesquiplan, French................. .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. ..... .. . . ... . . . . ... ... ..... . ........... . ...
Day bombardment airplanes, French .... .. . . ......................................... . ........ ... . . .. ,.
French .................. . ................ .... .............. . .. ... . . . .... . .... . ........ ........... . .. . 11, 19
22

32
24

Indication of, British .... .. . . .. .. . . . .... . ...... . ... .... ..... . .... . ....... . .......................... . 123
Nieuport, French ............................................ . ................ . . . .... . . . .. ... . .... . . . 9
Night-
Bombardment airplanes, French .............. . . .. . .... . ... ........... . ... . ..... .. ..... . ... ...... .. . 25
Pursuit airplanes, Italian . . .. . .. .. ... . . .. ...... . . ..... .. . ...... . . ... .. . . .. . .. . . ..... ............ . 49
Observation airplanes, French .... . . .. .. . . . . ...... . .. . . .. ....... . .·. .......... ... ............. . .... . . .. . 22
Pursuit airplanes, Italian . . ....................... . ................. .... ... . ...... . .... .... .. . . .. : .. . . 4\l
Spad-
Commercial airplanes, French ...... . .. .. .... ·... . . . . .. ...... . . . . .. .... .. ... .. ........... . .... . .. . . . 28
Training airplanes. F rench ...... .. .... . .......... .... ........ . .... .... .. .. .. . . ..... . .. . . . . 29
Voltage regulatm, French. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..... . ... . . .. .. . . .. ...... . . .. .. .. .... . . Hl
·' vV " engines. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .... . ...... . ..... .. . .... . . . . 127
\Valls, fire , British.. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . 95
\Var:
Effect of, on Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. ... . . . . . ....... . .. . .. ... . . .. . . . . . ... . . ... .. .. .. . . 45
Material, disposal of, Fiat Co ., Italian .. . .. . . .... . ...... ...... .... .... .. .............. . . ......... . . 54
Supplies, Italian .................................................. ... ..... .... . . . . ... ...... .. .. . . ... . . 45
Work of dirigibles, German .... . . .. . ..... .. . . .... .. .. . .. .... . . ... . .... .. . ............. . ................. . 69,71
\Varm oil inje ~tion , French .. .. . . . . . . . . .............. ... .. ... ... . . .... ..... . . 13
Warren:
Truss-
German ............. ... .. ...... .... .. ........ . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
In Fiat C. R. , Italian.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
On aerial bomb, Italian............... . ..................... . ... .. .. ...... ... . .... ... . ...... .. .... 47
Wing truss, Macchi seaplane, Italian .......... ............... ......... ... ... . .. ....... _- ......... ... ... 53
Washers, rubber, for P otez landing gear, French..... ..... ............ .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. ... . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 34
 204
Page.
\Vatch , French ..... .. . .. . . . ... . . .. ..... . .... ..... .... . ... . ...... . ... . . ... . ...... . ................•. . ...... 16
Water pump : ·
· For Condor engines, British ....... . ....~ . . ........ '.......... . ... . .. ......... . .... . .... .. .. . . . ....... .. . . 100
French ...... . .... .... ..... . . . . . . . . .. .... . . .. ..... . ... .. .. . . . ... . . . ... . . .. . .. ........ ... . .......... . . . 14,39
Weather :
Indicatiqns, system of, Brit ish .... .... .... ...... .. . ..................... .. .. . . ... . .. .. . .. ... . ........ . 123
R eports, commercial aviation , British ....... . .. . .... . . .... .... . .. .... ... . ... . ........... . . . ..... . . ..... . . 123
Weight:
Carrier, Caproni, Italian .... ..... ... .. .. .. . . . . ...... .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . ........ . . . .... ..... .. ............., 58
H orsepower ratio, French .... . .... .. .. . ... .... ... ..... ... .... ... . . . ............... . ... .. . . .. . . . ... . .. . 39
Siddeley Siskin airplanes, BritiHh ................... . .. .. . . . ... ... . . .... . .. . . .. . ...................... . 118
Petro flex t ubing, British .................................. . .......................................... . 120
Welded:
Join ts, Fokker , Dutch . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . ... . .. .. . . . . .... .... ... . .. ........... ..... . ... .... ..... . . ... . 85
Steel tubing .............................................. . ............ . . . . ... .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 128
Fokker, Dutch .... . . . . .... ... . . ..... . ... . . .. . ... .. .. . .. .... .... .... . ..... .. ...... ..... ........ . 82
Welding:
Attitude of British toward .......... : .. ... . ... .... . . . . ..... .. . . . ..... .. .. .... .............. . ... . .. . . . . . 92
Auotgenous, Fokker, Dutch ......................... . ..... .. ...... . ... . .. ......... . . ..... .... ........ . 84
Spot, Fokker, Dutch ......... ............. .... . . . ... . ... ... . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ... .. . . ....... . .... . 85
Wheels:
French ........... . ........ . . .... ... .... ..... .. .. ........ . .... .... ... ...... .. ... .. .... . .... .. . . . . ... . 12
Junkers, German. . ..... . . . . . .. . .. . .................. . . ... .. . . . . . . ... .... .. ...... .. ... . . .. ....... . .... 76
R ecommendations on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 129
Specifications for, French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Unusual, commercial airplanes, Spad , French... . . . ....... ... ...... .. ... . . ..... .. . ... .... ... ..... ..... . 28
Whirling arm:
French ... . ... ... . ..... . .... . ... . . .. . ... . . .. . .. ......... . ..... .. .... ... ..... . . ............. . .......... 26
Italian.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Wibault :
All-metal bomber, French....... . ... . .... .... ... . . ...................................... . .. .. .. . .. ... 34
Bombardment airplane, French . ... . ...... ... ....... .. ... .. ...... . ..... .. ... . ....... . . . . . .. . . . ... ..... 8
P urchase recommended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Co .. French .................. ." .. .... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .... ... . ·.. . ........................... .. .... 8, 26, 34
Design drafting system , French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Explanation of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Sample of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Metal construction.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Pursuit airplanes, French...................... . ... .. ... .... ... ... ... .... ............... . ............ 35
Single-seater airplanes, French ....... ..... ... .... . ... ... .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . . . .... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Wind:
Blast on tomelles, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Shields, F rench .......... . ... . ................... ... .. ... . .... .. ... . .... . .......... .... ... .... . ...... 10, 12
Tunnel-
British . ..... ........·. .... .. ·.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Building for , at I ssy des Moulineux, French . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Closed circuit, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Concrete, at Issy des llfoulineux , French..... .. . . .. .. .. .... .. . .. . .... ... ..... ... ... ... .. . ... . ...... 26
Crocco, I talian.... . ... . . ..... .... ... .... ..... . .... .. . ......... . ...... .......... .. ....... .... . .. . . 50
Eiffel Tower, French .. .. . ....... . . ... . . . ......... . . . . . .. ... . .. . . . . .. . . . .. .... . .... .. ... . ... . ...... 25
French.. . .. .... . .. ..... .. ... ... ...... ... ........... . ... . ... ..... ... . . ... ........... .. ..... .... . .. 25
Issy des Moulineux, French.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Speed of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Italian... . ................................ .. . . . . . ... .. . . .. ..... ..... . . . .. .. . .................... 46
Models, French.......................... . ... . ....... . ..... . .. . .. .. . . . ........... .. . . .. . .. .. .. . ... 7
Saint Cyr, French................................ . ............. . .. ... .... .... .... ... ...... . .. . .. 25
Standard, I ssy des Moulineux, French.......... . ... . . . ... ..... .. .. .... . .. . ... . ... . . . . .. . . .... . ... 26
Tests, Junkers, German .................... .. . . ... .... .. ..... .... . ..... ... ... , ................. . .. 76
Veloci ty, indica,tion of1 British ..... .. .. ..... ... , . : . . . , . . ........................... . ..... . . . . . . .. , • , . . 123
 205
Wing: Page.
Alula, British ........ . .... . . .... . . . . ..... . . ........... . ... . ... . .... . .. .. . . . . ..... . . ................ . 91, 96
Conclusions . .. ................... .. .. . ............ : . . .... . . ... .. ... ................ ..... . . ..... . 97
Description of. ...... . . . . . ... . .... .. . . . .. . . .. ... ... . .. .... . . . . .. . .. ...... . .. . . . .. . ............. . . 97
Wind -tunnel results.............................. ....... .... ...... . ... . .. . .. . . .... . ..... .. . ..... . 97
Construction-
De Haviland 29, British ......... . . . ... . .. . ... . . . .. . .... ... . ... .. . . . ... .... . ................. .... . 102
Dornier method, German ..... ........... .... . ............. .. .......... . ......................... . 72
Farman , French ............. .. . ... . . . .. .. . . . . .... .. . . .. . . . ....... . ........... .. . . ... .. ....... . .. . 36
Fokker, Dutch ........ ... ............. ... ...................... " ...... .................... ... .. . 85
Italian ...... . ......................... . ...... . . . . .. .................. .... ....... ............ ___ _ 46
Thick, Italian ....... . ..... .. ... . ..... . . ..... . . . .... . .. ......................... ... ......... . .... . 46
Wibault bomber, French . . ..... . .... .... ............................ . . . ......... .. ... ..... . ...... . 35
Covering-
Dornier, German ............... .. ............. .......... ................. .............. ......... . . 74
Dmalumin-
British . . .. . ........ .. . . .. . .... .. ... .. . . . . .. . ...... . ... . ....... . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. ...... ....... . 112
Dornier, German ...... .... .... . ...... . . ............... . ... .... . ...... . .................... . . . 72
Junkers, German ... . . . .... . .. . .. . .. . ..... . ... ........ . .. .. .. . . .. . ... .. . ... .... . . . . . ... . ... . . 76
Metal-
Breguet, French.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Staaken, German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Foil, F iat B. R. , Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Slotted, Handley -Page, British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Spar fittings, Fokker, Dutch.. .. .. .... ... . . ................ . ......... . .. ... . . . .. . . . ..... .. . . . . ...... 87
Spars, F rench .. . .... . ... . .... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Spread, night bombardment airplanes, French.... . ... . ..... . ... . .. . ....... ..... . . ...... . ....... . . . . . 24
Tapered , Morane Saulnier, F rench . ..... . ............. . .............................................. 35
Thick, internally braced , Morane Saulnier, French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Truss, Wibaul t bomber, French ........ .. ..... . . . . . . .. ... ...... ......... .............. , . .. .... . . . . .. 35
Tunnel, French . . . ....... . ....... . ......... . ................ . ......... . ..... . ... . . .. ........... .. .. 9
Wings:
Fokker, Dutch..... . ............... . .. . . ....... ....... .... ..... ................. . ... . .......... .. .. . 86
Folding, Potez, French.. . .. . .. .. . ..... . . ... ... . . ... . . ... . ..... . .. . . . ..... . ... .. . . ... .. .. . . . ..... ... 34
French. ..... ........ . ....... . ... . .... ..... ......................... . . .......... . . .. ..... ........... 11
Handley-Page, British ... ........ . . ........ ... ...................................... .... ........... 91, 104
Mechanical control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Purchase recommended. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 .
High lift , British . ..... .. ... ... . .... . . . .... . . ..._. . .. . .. . .. . . . ........... . ... .. .... .. ..... . ....... ... . 91
Junkers, German ...... .. ... . .. ...... . ... .. . ..... . ........... . .... .. . . . ........... . . ... .. . .. .. .. ~- .. . 76
Lifting quality of, F rench . .... .. . ..... ... . .. . .. . . .. . ...... .. .. .. .. .. .................... : .......... . 8
Motor installation in, French ........... . . ..... . . .... : .. ........ . ....... ...... . . . ................ . . 8
Recommendations on . ................. .. ...... . . ..................................... . ............ . 128
Ribs for, Dornier, Germ an .................... ... . .... . ... . . ..... . .. . ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . .. . ... . 74
Wire:
External rein.forcing, for petro flex t ubing, British ...... .. .. . . ...... .. . ..... . . .. . . . . . . . ..... . . ... . .. . . 120
Ferrul es, specifications for, F rench ................... . ....... ... ................... ......... ........ . 11
Landing airplanes on, British ......... .. .. .. .. .... . . . . . . . . ..... ...... . . ... . ...................... . .. . 96
Wireless :
Ambulance airplane, British .......... .. . .. ................ .. ... ... . .. ........ .. ................. . . .. . 110
Commercial aviation, British . . .. ... . .. . . . . ........... . . ............... . ... . .... . ..... . . .. . . ..... . . . . 121
Direction finding, Croydon Airdrome, British .. .. ... . . ............................... . ....... . ...... . 123
Equipment, Farman, F rench ... ..... .. . ........ ........ . ..... .. .. . ....... . . . . ............ . ......... . 36
French .. . .......... ..... ..... . . _.. . _._. _._._ ._._ ..... . . . _._ .. .... . .... . .. .. _. .. _........ _. ... . _.... . 21, 25
Generat~rs, British .. .. . ......... ... .... . ....... . . . .. .. . .. .. . .......... . . . ..... ...... ..... . . . ....... . 96
:Mounting of . ... ... . ........ . ... ...... ... . ................... . ........ . . . . . . .. . . . .... . .. ... ... . . 96
Installation, French . ......... . .................. . . . ............ . ... . ......... ............ .. ...... . . 19
Receiving apparatus, French . . .......... . . . .... .. . . . .................... . .. .... . ... . . .. .. . ... . .. .. . 19
Recommend ations on ......................... ...... .............................. ..... . . ..... . .... . 129
Servirn, Croydon A irdrome, British . . ..... .... ... . . .. . ... ...... . ...... . . . . ....................... . .. . 123
Telegraph, Croydon Airdrome, British .............................. ..... ....... . ................ .... . 123
T elt phone, Croydon Airdrom e , British ... . . .... .. .. .. ... . . . . . ... . . . .. . .... . . . ...... . .. ........ .. ... . 123
Transmitter, French .... . . ..................... . ........... . ................... . . . . . ... .. . .. . .. . . .. . 19
 ·206
Page.
Wire, piano , specifications tor, French . .. . ...... . ..... .. . . . .................. . ..... ....... .. . ...... .. . .. . . 11
Woman h ours required , N ieuport 29, French ....... . . . .. .. ... ... ... . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . ~ . . . . ... ...... .. . . . 30
Women workers on Nieuport. 29, F rench ..... : .. ." ........... .. ... ......... . ..... . .. ......... . . .. ... ... . . . 30
Wooden propellers, French . ...... . .. ..... .. ... ...... .. ... . .. . . . .... ....... .... . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . ........ . . . 16
World's fastest airplanes, French ... '. ...... ...... . . ..................................................... . 30
Workmanship, Savoia, Italian .. ........................ . . .. .. ....... .. ................... . ........ .... . . 51
Work-
Of Caproni, summary of, Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Shops, Croydon Airdrome, Briti~h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Wright engines . .. . ........ . ............... . ...... . ...... . ........ . ............ . .. . ... . ... . ... . ........ 39 , 127
Yokes, machine gun, French..... ....... .. ........ . ... . ......... ... ........ . . . ... . ...... . ........ . ...... 17 _
Zeppelin-
Airship hangers ........ .. . . ... . ..................... . . . ... . . .............. . .... . ... . ........... . 41
.-\irships-
Accident,s to, German ........................ . ..... : ........... .. .................. . .......... . 67-71
ComparatiYe chart of , German ................................................ . ................. . 72 "'
German ... . . .. . ...................... . .. . . . . . . .. ... . . .. : .. . . . _.. .. .. . . .. _. . ... . _. ... . . . _.. .. . . 63-69
Co.-
German ....... . .. . . . . . ... . . . .. .... . . . . . . . _. _. __ _. _. __. __. . . __ _______ __ _. ___ . __ . . . . __ .. ___. __ . _ 63
Iu Italy . .. . . .. . . .. .... . ................... .. .. . ................. . ..... '. . .................... .. . 46
Dirigibles, German .. . .. .. ... . .... . ................ . .............. ... . . ...... . ... .. . . . .. ........... . 63-69
Dornier Co. , German ... . .. ..... . ... . ........ . .. .. . .. .. : . .... . ...... . ...... .. .... . . . . ... . . . . . .. . .... . 72
Ex-German, L--72 , French ........ . ..................................... : .... . ................ .... . . 41
Gas content of, German ....... ... . . ... . .. ... . . . . . . . ... . ..... . . . . ... .. . . ... . ...... . . . .. . ... . . . . . .... . 72
L--72, ex-German . . .. . .............. . . .. .................. . .. . ... .. . . . ... ...... 4 •••••••••••••• • •••• • 71
:Method of comparison of, German ...... .... . . ........ . . .. ........ . ............... ... ...... . ....... .. . 71
Nordstern, ex-German ................ . . . ................... ...... ..... .. ...... . ... .. .......... . ... . 71
Passenger-carrying, German .......... .. . . .... . . ... . . ... . .....·. ... . .... .... ...... . ... . ......... .. .. . . 72
Staaken a irplanes, German . .. . ..... . .... . . ........ . .. . .. . ...... . .. . . . ...... . . . ............ . . . .... . . 75
Influence of. ... . . ...... . . .. .. . ........ .. . . ................. ............ . .. . ....... . . . ......... . 9
Zoom:
Aircraft, French . . ........... . .......... ..... .. .. ....... . .......... .. .. .. .... . ........ . . .. ..... . . . . . 12
Required for day bombardment airplanes, French .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... . ... ........ . ........ . . ......... . . 24