Summary of 3AS English Lessons
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mediyad.machane23Summary of 3AS English Lessons
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mediyad.machane23Common questions
Powered by AI'Should,' 'had better,' and 'ought to' are all used to give advice, but there are subtle differences. 'Should' is generally used for general recommendations or obligations. 'Had better' suggests urgency or a warning of negative consequences if advice is ignored, implying stronger advice. 'Ought to' is similar to 'should' but can imply a higher moral obligation. For instance, comparing, 'You should see a doctor' implies advice, while 'You had better see a doctor' suggests it is essential to avoid serious negatives.
In expressing regret, 'wish' is used in different structures depending on the time frame. For past regret, the structure is 'wish + past perfect.' For present regret, it is 'wish + past simple.' When expressing a desire for a future change, 'wish' is followed by 'would + stem.'
The structure 'used to + stem' expresses a past habit that no longer exists. To express an object's function, 'used for + stem + ing' is used. For example, 'The calculator is used for calculating different operations.' Alternatively, 'so that' and 'in order that' can be used to express purpose with a verb phrase. These structural differences are key in expressing object function versus past habit.
The key difference is based on the likelihood of the condition happening. Type 1 Conditional sentences, which use 'if + present simple' followed by 'will + stem', refer to possible situations in the future. In contrast, Type 2 Conditional sentences use 'if + past simple' followed by 'would + stem' and refer to impossible, unreal, or imaginary situations.
'Provide that,' 'provided that,' 'as long as,' and 'so long as' are used in the present simple to indicate conditions that, if met, will lead to a specific future outcome with 'will + stem.' 'Unless' is used with the present simple and typically leads to a future simple result or uses modals to indicate that if something does not happen, another outcome will occur. For example, 'You won’t succeed unless you work hard' indicates that success is conditional on working hard.
To express similarities, structures like 'Both of/both... and...', 'similar to', 'like', and 'as' are used. For differences, 'unlike,' 'different from,' 'whereas,' and 'while' are used. These structures allow one to draw comparisons, showing alignment or absence of likenesses between subjects, such as 'This paper is similar to that one' versus 'This paper is different from that one.'
For short adjectives, comparatives are formed by adding 'er' (+ than), and superlatives use 'the + adjective + est.' In contrast, long adjectives use 'more + adjective + than' for comparatives and 'the most + adjective' for superlatives. Some adjectives have irregular forms, such as 'good' (better/the best) and 'bad' (worse/the worst)
The tense of the reporting verb significantly affects the tense transformations when converting direct speech to indirect speech. If the reporting verb is in the present simple, there are generally no changes in tenses. However, if it is in the past simple, tense backshifting occurs: present simple becomes past simple, present perfect and past simple both become past perfect. This transformation also affects time adverbials and demonstratives.
The pronunciation of the final 'ed' varies depending on preceding sounds. It is pronounced as /Id/ after /t/ and /d/, as /t/ after voiceless consonants like /p, k, f, s/, and /d/ after vowels and all other consonant sounds. This knowledge aids in speaking accurately and understanding verb endings in past-tense forms.
WH questions start with a WH-word (e.g., where, who, when) followed by an auxiliary verb, subject, and the main verb or rest of the sentence. For instance, 'Where do you live?' transforms into 'Where + do + you + live?' Yes/No questions begin with an auxiliary verb followed directly by the subject, then the main verb (e.g., 'Are you free now?' becomes 'Are + you + free now?')
