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CS2032 - Computer Organization
and Assembly Language
Sheeza Zaheer
Lecturer
University of Management and Technology
Lahore Campus
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Shift and Rotate
Instructions
OUTLINE
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● Shift and Rotate Instructions
■ Shift Instructions
○ SHL, SAL, SHR, SAR
■ Rotate Instructions
○ ROL, ROR, RCL, RCR
● References
■ Chapter 7, Section 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, Ytha Yu and Charles
Marut, “Assembly Language Programming and
Organization of IBM PC
Shift/Rotate Instructions
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● Shift the bits in destination operand by one or more positions
either to the left or right.
● Shift: Bit shifted out is lost
● Rotate: Bit shifted out from one end of the destination operand
is put back on the other end.
● Syntax:
OPCODE destination, 1 ;single shift/rotate
OPCODE destination, CL ;for N positions shift/rotate
Where:
destination can be 8-bit or 16-bit registers or memory variable
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Shift Instructions
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● SHL Instruction (Left Shift)
● SAL (Shift Arithmetic Left)
● SHR (Right Shift)
● SAR (Shift Arithmetic Right)
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The SHL Instruction
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● Shifts the bit in destination to the left
0
CF
● Effects on flags:
■ SF, PF, ZF reflects the result
■ AF is undefined
■ CF = last bit shifted out
■ OF = 1 if result changes sign on last shift
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Contd..
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● Example:
■ DH = 8Ah
■ CL = 3
■ Initially, CF = 1
■ Value of DH and CF after executing instruction:
SHL DH, CL
Solution: DH = 50h, CF = 0
Explanation:
1000 1010 CF= 1
0001 0100 CF= 1 1st shift
0010 1000 CF= 0 2nd shift
7 0101 0000 CF= 0 3rd shift
Cont.
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● Multiplication by left shift
■ Consider digit 235, if each digit is shifted left one position
and a 0 is attached at right end, the value will be 2350
■ Same as Multiplying 235 by 10
■ Left shift on a binary number means multiplying the
number by 2
■ Example: If AL = 2h, after left shift AL = 4h, after another
left shift AL = 8h
■ 0000 0010 2h
■ 0000 0100 4h
■ 0000 1000 8h
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The SAL Instruction
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● Synonym of SHL instruction
● Both SHL and SAL instructions generates
same machine code.
● Example: Multiply AX by 8
MOV CL, 3
SAL AX, CL
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The SHR Instruction
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● Performs right shift on destination operand.
● A 0 is shifted into MSB and rightmost bit is
shifted to CF.
● The effect on flag is same as SHL.
CF
● If an unsigned interpretation is being given,
use SHR.
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Cont.
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● Example:
■ DH = 8Ah
■ CL = 2
■ After executing instruction: SHR DH, CL:
■ CF = 1 and DH = 22h
■ Erase rightmost two bits and add two 0 bits to the left end
■ Explanation:
1000 1010 CF= 1
0100 0101 CF= 0
0010 0010 CF= 1
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The SAR Instruction
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● Operates like SHR, with one difference: the MSB retains its
original value.
CF
● If number is even, one right shift is same as divide the number
by 2.
● If number is odd, one right shift halves it and rounds down to
nearest integer.
● Example: BL = 0000 0101b = 5d
After one right shift:
BL = 0000 0010b = 2d
● If a signed interpretation is being given, use SAR. (preserves
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the MSB)
Examples
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● Use right shift to divide unsigned number 65143 by 4. Put
quotient in AX.
● Solution:
MOV AX, 65143
MOV CL, 2
SHR AX, CL
● If AL contains -15, give the decimal value of AL after SAR
AL, 1 is performed.
● Solution:
The instruction will divide –15 by 2 and round it down to –8
AL = 1111 0001b
13AL = 1111 1000b = – 8
Rotate Instructions
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● ROL (Rotate Left)
CF
■ MSB is shifted into the rightmost bit
■ CF also gets the bit shifted out of the MSB
■ Syntax:
ROL destination, 1
ROL destination, CL
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Contd..
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● ROR (Rotate Right)
CF
■ The rightmost bit is shifted into MSB and also into
CF.
■ Syntax:
ROR destination, 1
ROR destination, CL
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Contd..
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● RCL (Rotate Carry Left)
CF
■ Shifts the bit of destination to the left
■ The MSB is shifted into CF and the previous value
of CF is shifted into the rightmost bit.
■ Syntax:
RCL destination, 1
RCL destination, CL
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Contd..
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● RCR (Rotate Carry Right)
CF
■ Works just like RCL except that the bits are
rotated to the right.
■ Syntax:
RCR destination, 1
RCR destination, CL
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Effects of Rotate Instruction on
Flags
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● SF, PF, ZF reflects the result
● AF is undefined
● CF = last bit shifted out
● OF = 1 if result changes sign on the last
rotation
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Example
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● Suppose DH contains 8Ah, CF = 1, and CL contains 3.
What are the values of DH and CF after the instruction
ROL DH, CL is executed?
● Solution:
CF DH
Initial value 1 1000 1010
After 1 right rotation 1 0001 0101
After 2 right rotations 0 0010 1010
After 3 right rotations 0 0101 0100 = 54h
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Example
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● Suppose DH contains 8Ah, CF = 1, and CL contains 3.
What are the values of DH and CF after the instruction
RCR DH, CL is executed?
● Solution:
CF DH
Initial value 1 1000 1010
After 1 right rotation 0 1100 0101
After 2 right rotations 1 0110 0010
After 3 right rotations 0 1011 0001 = B1h
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Example
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● Use ROL to count the number of 1 bits in BX, without
changing BX. Put answer in AX
● Solution:
XOR AX, AX
MOV CX, 16
TOP:
ROL BX, 1
JNC NEXT
INC AX
NEXT:
LOOP TOP
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