TREMATODA LIFE CYCLES SUMMARY

Species F.H. Habitat I.H. I.S. M.o.I. PPP Life Cycle

Fasciola Ruminant, Horse, Liver & Bile duct. Lymnaea caillaudi and Infective Stage Mode of Infection 3-4
gigantica rabbit, and man. L. stagnalis. months Miracidium swims till reach the I.H.
Fasciola Ruminant, horse, Liver & Bile duct. Lymnaea truncatula, 2-3

Vegetation contaminated with

Except in Dactylogyrus & Gyroductylus as
hepatica Pig, Dog, and Amphibian snail. months.
they exhibit direct life styles.

encysted metacercaria
rarely man.
Paramphistomum Ruminant. Rumen & reticulum Bulinus truncatus, 2
Eggs may contain: 1st I.H. incubates the

Ingestion of
microbothrium Planorbis busyii months miracidium during its
Cotylophoron • Single embryonic cell; Fasciola & transformations from Miracidium to

Encysted Metacercaria
cotylophorum Echinostoma. Sporocyst to Radia then to the
• 3 embryonic cells; Paramphistomatidae. Cercaria.
Carmuerius
gregarious. • Well-developed miracidium; Schistosoma.
hatch within certain period and give
Gastrodiscus equine & swine. small and large Cleopatra bulimoides 2
miracidium.
aegypticus intestine C. cyclostomdies. months
Gastrodiscus man & swine. large intestine. Planorbis snail. 2
hominis months
Heterophyes fish eating small intestine. 1st I.H: Pirenella conica. 7
heterophes mammals e.g. 2nd I.H: Mugil and days F.H. incubates the parasite till its adult female &
man, dog, cat & Tilapia. Ingestion of male maturation. Cercaria sheds from the snail (1st I.H.) in one
aquatic bird. of these forms
Infected 2nd Adult female lay eggs within the host body.
Echinostoma Duck, geese Cecum& rectum. 1st I.H.: (Fresh water I.H. containing 2 1. Leptocercous: simple/straight tail e.g.:
Eggs descend with feces.
revolutum and other snail) Physa, Melania, encysted months
Fasciola, Echinostoma, and
aquatic bird. Lymnaea. Bulinus and metacercaria Infective stage entry Paramphistomum spp.
Planorbis. . • Ingestion → excystation in GIT → inhabit GIT organs 2. Lophocercous: tail surrounded with thin
2nd I.H.: Physa, Vivipara, e.g.: Paramphistomatidae, Heterophyes, & membrane e.g.: Heterophyes spp.
frog, and fish. Echinostoma spps. 3. Furcocercous: tail distally bifurcated e.g.:
Schistosoma Man &monkey. Pelvic venous Bulinus. Planorbis, 6-7 • Ingestion → excystation in GIT → migrate to the Schistosoma & Sanguinicola spps.
haematobium plexus /B.V. around Pimophalaria weeks target organs e.g.: Fasciola spp. Then seeks the next host by one of these
urinary bladder. alexandrina. • Penetration → migration to the target organ mechanisms:
S. Mansoni Man, monkey, Portal and Planorbis. 6-7 e.g.: Schistosoma spp.
rat. mesenteric B.V. weeks • Attachment to the exterior surface of the host body
S. Japonicum Man, ruminant, Portal and Melania spp. 6-7 e.g.: Dactylogyrus & Gyroductylus spps.
Free Cercaria

Penetration
doe, cat, equine mesenteric B.V. Amphibian snail. weeks
pig rodents.
S. Bovis Cattle, sheep, Portal and Bulinus. 6-7
goat, and horse. mesenteric B.V. weeks
Infection occurs by
S. Nasalis ruminant and occur in veins of unknown. 6-7
either ingestion or
horse. nasal mucosa weeks Encystation

Schistosoma & Dactylogyrus spp.)

No Encystation (as in, Gyroductylus
causing rhinitis direct contact;
penetration (as in In 2nd IH
sneezing, dyspnea On Grass
and nasal Schistosoma, Snails Aquatics/fish
granuloma (snoring Gyroductylus & Spps. Of: Spps. Of: Spps. Of:
disease). Dactylogyrus spps.) Fasciola Echinostoma Heterophyes
Sanguinicola Cyprinids and large bold vessel as Lymnaea spp. snail. 1 Paramphistomum revolutum heterophes
inermis salmonids. ventral aorta and Ingestion of month Echinostoma
Cotylophoron
vessels of the gills. Infected 2nd revolutum
Encysted I.H. containing Carmuerius
Opisthorchis Fish-eating Intestine, bile duct 1st Snail (Bulinus, Opisthorchis
Metacercaria encysted tenuicollis
tenuicollis mammals. and pancreatic Vivipara sp.)
metacercaria
duct. 2nd Fish (Cyprinid fish .
e.g. carp).
Dactylogyrus Fish. Scale, fins, and gills. None. Oncomiracidiu Direct Position of Cercaria suckers
(Direct life cycle). m. contact. 1. Amphistome cercaria: ventral sucker presents at the root of the tail e.g.:
Gyroductylus Fish &trout. Skin, fins, and None. Paramphistomum
(Direct life cycle). 2. Distome cercaria: ventral sucker presents away of the root of the tail e.g.:
gills.
Fasciola & Schistosoma.

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 CESTODA LIFE CYCLES SUMMARY
Metacestode Type &
Species F.H. Habitat I.H.
MoI
PPP Life Cycle
T. saginata (Beef Cysticercus bovis
Ruminant.
2
Tapeworm)
Man
In muscles. Eggs • Eggs & Gravid segments descend with feces as intact
Taenia. solium (Pork Cysticercus cellulose months segments or solitary/individual eggs.
Tapeworm)
Swine & man
In muscles.
Gravid segments • The Intermediate host ingest the egg in
contaminated food/environment
T. hydatigena Cysticercus tenuicollis
Cattle & sheep
Present in liver & viscera.

• Intact segments disintegrate within

T. pisiforms Cysticercus pisiformis I.H.
Taenia

Rabbit I.H. stomach, eggs hatch, the

Present in liver & viscera.
Types of I.H: oncosphere tris to transform to cyst.
Cysticercus bovis
T. ovis Sheep 1. Vertebrate
Dog Present in muscle & heart.
T. serialis Coenurus serialis o Human; T. solium, T. serialis, E. granulosus
Rabbit & man
(Multiceps serialis) Present in subcutaneous tissue
o Equines; E. granulosus, E. equines
Small intestine (SI) Coenurus cerebralis.
Multiceps multiceps Cattle & sheep
Present in brain & spinal cord.
o Ruminants; T. saginata, T. hydatigena, T. ovis, T. hyanae,
E. granulosus.
Cysticercus dromedary
T. hyanae Hyanae camel o Rodents; E. multilocularis.
Present in muscle & heart.
Strobilocercus fasciolaris 2. Invertebrate
T. taeniaeformis Rodents
Present in liver & viscera.
o Fleas & Lice; Dipylidium caninum.
Herbivores animals & man
E. granulosus o Beetles; R. cesticellus…
Echinococcus

• Flour beetles; H. nana, H. diminuta & H. carioca.

Equines Hydatid cysts
E. equines • Dung beetles; H. carioca.
Present in liver & lungs.
o Flies; (Stomoxys fly); H. carioca.
Rodents
E. multilocularis Fox o Ants; R. tetragona and Cotugnia dignopora.
o Molluscs; Davainea progloittina.
Anoplocephala magna
Anoplocephala perfoliate Equine
Paranoplocephala mammilna F.H. gets the parasitic
F.H.
M. expansa infection by feeding on • Human; T. solium, T. serialis, (E. granulosus Dipylidium
Oribatid mites

infected I.H. caninum; by accidents)

M. benodeni
Moniezia

M. trigonophora
Ruminants • After certain period of • Ruminants;
parasitic incubation, Moniezia spp, Avitellina centripunctata, Stilesia hepatica, Stilesia
Ingestion of I.H. worms reach maturity globipunctata, & Thysanosoma actinoides.
4-6
M. alba
Equine (infected mites) with and start to shed/lay
M. pallida
weeks eggs or detach gravid • Equine;
Cysticercoid.
Avitellina centripunctata segments filled with eggs Anoplocephala magna, Anoplocephala perfoliate,
that are able to transmit Paranoplocephala mammilina, & M. pallida.
Stilesia hepatica Bile duct
infection.
Stilesia globipunctata SI • Canines;
Dog; T. pisiforms, T. ovis, T. serialis, Multiceps multiceps, T.
Ruminants Bile &
taeniaeformis, E. granulosus, E. equines & Dipylidium caninum.
pancreatic
Thysanosoma actinoides ducts and Hyanae; T. hyanae.
SI. Fox; E. multilocularis.
• Poultry;
Dog & cat swallowing infected H. carioca, Raillietina spp, Cotugnia dignopora, Davainea
intestine (SI)

Dipylidium caninum (Human by Fleas & Lice fleas or louse with progloittina. & Fimibriaria fasciolaris
2-3
Small

accident)
Cysticercoid
• Duck & Geese:
H. nana Man & rodents weeks H. lanceolate.
Hym
enol
epis

Flour beetles
H. diminuta

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 H. carioca
Poultry Beetles of flour & dung. Ingestion of I.H.
Stomoxys fly (infected Metacestodes common sites within I.H.:
H. lanceolate Duck & geese Aquatic crustacea arthropods/insect) with • Liver; Cysticercus tenuicollis, Cysticercus pisiformis, and Strobilocercus fasciolaris.
cysticercoid. • Muscles & heart; Cysticercus bovis and Cysticercus dromedary.
R. tetragona
Small
Raillietina

Ants • Brain; Coenurus cerebralis.

R. echinobothrida • Lung; Hydatid cyst.
intestine
R. cesticellus (SI)
Beetles Man accidental infections:
Poultry Ants • Echinococcus granulosus.
Cotugnia dignopora
• Dipylidium caninum.
Davainea progloittina Molluscs
Fimbriaria fasciolaris Aquatic crustacea
Diphyllobothrium latum Fish-eating Cyclops
mammals Fish 3-4
Spirometra mansoni Dog & cat Cyclops Procercoid in the Cyclops’ weeks
(SI) Frogs or birds body cavity
Ligula intestinalis Piscivorous Cyclops Plerocercoid in muscle of
birds Fish fish.
Schistocephalus solidus Piscivorous Cyclops
birds Fish

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 1) What are the cestodes Infecting human? 6) What are the cestodes Infecting equine? 13) What are the cestodes infecting poultry?
1. Taenia saginata (D.H). 1- Anoplocephala Perfoliata (D.H). 1- Davainea progloittina (D.H).
2. T. solium (D.H). 2- Anoplocephala magna (D.H). 2- Raillietina tetragona (D.H).
3. Dipylidium caninum (D.H). 3- Paranoplocephala mamillana (DH). 3- Raillietina echinobothrida (DH).
4. Hymenolepis nana (D.H). 4- Moniezia pallida (D.H). 4- Raillietina cesticellus (D.H).
5. H. diminuta (D.H). 7) What are the metacestodes Infecting equine? 5- Cotugnia dignopora (D.H).
6. Diphylobothrium latum (D.H). 1- Coenurus cerebralis (I.H). 6- Hymenolepis carioca (chicken only) (D.H).
2) What are the metacestodes Infecting human? 2- Hydatid cyst (I.H.). 7- Hymenolepis lanceolate (Duck and geese only)
1- Cysticercus cellulose (I.H). (D.H).
2- Coenurus cerebralis (I.H). 8- Fimbriaria fasciolaris (D.H).
8) What are the metacestoda Infecting rabbit?
3- Coenurus serialis (I.H). 1- Cysticercus pisiformis (I.H). 9- Hymenolepis nana may infect other non-
4- Hydatid cyst (I.H). 2- Coenurus cerebralis (I.H). domesticated birds (D.H).
5- Plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni 10- Ligula intestinalis infects Piscivorous birds.
3- Coenurus serialis (IH).
(Accidental host). 11- Schistocephalus solidus infects Piscivorous birds.
4- Hydatid cyst (I.H).

3) What are the cestodes infecting Ruminant? 9) What are the cestoda Infecting pig? 14) What are the cestodes infecting rodents?
1- Moniezia expansa (D.H). 1- Hymenolepis nana (D.H).
Diphylobothrium latum (D.H.).
2- Moniezia benodeni (D.H). 2- Hymenolepis diminuta (D.H).
3- Moniezia denticulate (D.H and I.H). 10) What are the metacestoda infecting pig? 15) What are the metacestodes infecting rodents?
4- Moniezia trigonophora (D.H). 1- Cysticercus cellulose (I.H). 1- Strobilocercus fasciolaris (I.H).
5- Avitellina centripunctata (D.H). 2- Cysticercus tenuicollis (I.H).
6- Stilesia hepatica (DH). 3- Hydatid cyst (I.H).
16) What are the cestodes infecting fish?
7- Stilesia globipunctata (D.H).
1- Proteocephalus (D.H).
8- Stilesia vitatta (D.H)) Camel.
11) What are the cestoda Infecting dog? 17) What are metacestoda infecting fish?
4) What are the metacestodes Infecting Ruminant?
1- Taenia hydatigena (D.H). 1- Plerocercoid of Diphylobothrium latum (2nd
1- Cysticercus bovis (I.H) (Cattle and buffalo).
2- Taenia pisiformis (D.H). I.H.).
2- Cysticercus tenuicollis (I.H).
3- Taenia ovis (DH). 2- Plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni (2nd I.H).
3- Coenurus cerebralis (I.H.) (cattle and sheep).
4- Echinococcus granulosus (D.H). 3- Plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis (2nd I.H).
4- Cysticercus dromedarii (I.H) (Camel).
5- Dipylidium caninum (D.H). 4- Plerocercoid of Schistocephalus solidus (2nd I.H)
5- Hydatid cyst (I.H.).
6- Diphylobothrium latum (D.H).
7- Spirometra mansoni (D.H).
5) What are the metacestodes Infecting sheep? No Metacestodes infecting dogs.
1- Cysticercus tenuicollis (I.H).
12) What are the cestoda Infecting cat?
2- Cysticercus ovis (I.H).
1- Taenia hydatigena (D.H).
3- Hydatid cyst (IH).
2- Diphylobothrium latum (DH).
4- Coenurus cerebralis (I.H.)
3- Spirometra mansoni (D.H).
No Metacestoda infecting cat

1) Human acts as an I.H. For 7) Ants act as I.H. for 1) Cestodes of liver:
1- Taenia solium. 1- Raillietina tetragona. 1- Cysticercus tenuicollis (Metacestode in cattle.
2- Multiceps multiceps. 2- Raillietina echinobothrida. 2- Cysticercus pisiformis (Metacestode in rabbit).
3- Multiceps serialis. 3- Cotugnia dignopora. 3- Hydatid cyst (metacestodes in herbivore).
4- Echinococcus granulosus. . 4- Stilesia hepatica (adult tape worm in ruminant).
5- Hymenolepis nana. 8) Slugs (Gastropode molluscs - Limax and agriolimax)
act as I.H for 2) Metacestodes of brain, eye, spinal cord, lung
2) Human acts as I.H. & D.H. for 1- Davainea progloittina. 1- Cysticercus cellulose (In brain and eye of
1- Taenia solium. human).
2- Hymenolepis nana. 9) Beetles act I.H for 2- Coenurus cerebralis (in brain and spinal cord).
1- Raillietina cesticellus (beetle spp.). 3- Hydatid cyst (can be found in the brain. kidney,
2- Hymenolepis nana (Flour beetle). lung).
3) Herbivore act as I.H for
3- Hymenolepis diminuta (Flour beetle). 3) Metacestodes of subcutaneous and intramuscular
1- Taenia saginata (cattle, buffaloes, gazelle,
4- Hymenolepis lanceolate (Flour beetle). tissues
giraffe).
5- Hymenolepis carioca (Flour beetle. Dung 1- Coenurus serialis (man and rabbit).
2- Echinococcus granulosus (cattle, buffaloes,
sheep, goat, equine, camel, rabbit). beetle).
3- Echinococcus granulosus equinus (equine). 4) Metacestodes of Meat (Muscles)
4- Taenia hydatigena (Cattle, sheep). 10) Stomoxys calcitrans acts as an I.H for 1- Cysticercus bovis (in cattle, buffalo, gazelle,
5- Multiceps multiceps (cattle, sheep, horse). 1- Hymenolepis carioca. giraffe).
6- Taenia ovis (sheep). 2- Cysticercus cellulosa (in pig).
7- Taenia hyanae (camel). 3- Cysticercus dromedarii (in camel).
8- Taenia pisiformis (rabbit). 11) Fleas act as I.H for: 4- Cysticercus ovis (in sheep).
1- Dipylidium caninum.
2- Hymenolepis nana.
4) Rodent acts as I.H for 3- Hymenolepis diminuta.
1- Taenia hydatigena (Taenia taeniaeformis). 12) Dog lice (Trichodectes canis) acts as an I.H for:
2- Hymenolepis nana. 1- Dipylidium caninum.
5) Rodent acts as D. H and I.H for
1- Hymenolepis nana.
13) Cyclops (aquatic crustacea/ Copepoda) as I.H for
1- Hymenolepis lanceolate.
6) Oribatid mites act as I.H for 2- Fimbriaria fasciolaris.
1- Anoplocephala perfoliata. 3- Diphylobothrium latum.
2- Anoplocephala magna. 4- Spirometra mansoni.
3- Paranoplocephala mamillana. 5- Ligula intestinalis.
4- Moniezia expansa. 6- Schistocephalus solidus.
5- Moniezia benodeni. 7- Proteocephalus.
6- Moniezia denticulate (M. alba).
7- Moniezia trigonophora.
8- Moniezia pallida.
9- Avitellina centripunctata.
10- Stilesia hepatica.
11- Stilesia globipunctata.
12- Stilesia vitatta.

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 NEMATODA LIFE CYCLES SUMMARY
Genera; species F.H. Life cycle Migration PPP
M.o.I. & Infective Stage
Style
Ascaris lumbricoides Human
2 months
Ascaris suum Pig Ingestion of Egg containing L2 Hepatopulmonary
Parascaris equorum Equines 2.5 – 3 months
T. vitulorum Ruminants • Calve < 6m Hepatopulmonary.
• Calve > 6m Somatic. 1.5 months
• In pregnancy; Prenatal.
Toxocara

• In lactation; Transmammary.
T. canis Dog Ingestion of Egg containing L3 • Animal < 6 months; Hepatopulmonary 4 weeks
T. cati Small intestine Cat migration.

Direct
• Animal > 6 months; somatic migration.
8 weeks
• Pregnancy; prenatal migration, T. canis only.
• Eating paratenic host as rodents.
Toxascaris leonina Dog & cat. Histotrophic migration.
Ingestion of I.H.) mice) containing L3 Possible to be indirect. 8-10 weeks
I.H.; rodents.
Ascaridia galli Fowl
Histotrophic migration. 8 weeks
Ascaridia columbae Pigeon
Ingestion of Egg containing L2
Heterakis dispar Goose & duck
4 weeks
Heterakis gllinarum Fowl
Cecum None
Subulura brumpti Ingestion of I.H. (cockroaches & beetles) Indirect Life
Fowl & Turkey 8 weeks
containing L3 Cycle
Oxyuris equi; None
Equines Ingestion of Egg containing L2 3-5 months
(Pinworm of quines)
Enterobius vermicularis Egg containing L2
(Human pinworm) • Inhalation.
Man • Retro infection (after eggs hatch on 1 month
perineal regions, then go back into anus).
(Pin Worms)
Oxyuridae

• Autoinfection. (worms put egg in cecum &

Large intestine, cecum, & colon not on perineal region)
Passalurus ambiguus colon Egg containing L2
(Rabbit pinworm) • Ingestion.
Rabbit 1 month
• Endogenous infection.
Retro infection.
Skrjabinema ovis (sheep pinworm) Sheep & goat -----
Syphacia muris Egg containing L2 -----
Rat and mice.
Syphacia obvelata -----
Strongyloides stercoralis. Man, monkey, dog, & cat. Auto infection

Direct
Strongyloi

Strongyloides papilosus. Ruminants. • Penetration of skin.

des

• Ingestion. Pulmonary 9 days

Strongyloides westeri. Pig & equine.
Small Intestine • Transplacental.
Strongyloides avium Birds. • Transmammary
T. colubriformis ruminant
Trichostrongylus
(Hair Worms)

T. netrotiformis rabbit
T. tenuis Small & large intestine fowl
Trichostrongylus axei. SI. Pig & equines

3-4 weeks
O. Ostertagia Ingestion of L3 Histotrophic migration in wall of abomasum.
Ostertagia

O. Trifurcata Abomasum Ruminant

O. Circumcincta
H. Controtus
Haemonc

H. Longistepis
hus

H. placei Abomasum & SI Camel

Haemonchus species; Twisted Stomach Worm

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 Genera; species F.H. Life cycle Migration PPP
M.o.I. & Infective Stage
Style
C. punctata
Cooperia

C. pictinata Histotrophic migration in intestinal mucosa

C. curticei
N. spathiger Small intestine Ruminant
Nematodirus

N. batus
Histotrophic migration in wall of SI 15 days
N. fillcollis
N. dromederi
Ingestion of L3 Direct
Camelostrongylus mentulatus abomasum and small
Camel -----
intestine.
Strongylus equines 9 months
Strongylus

Strongylus edantatus 11 months

Strongylus vulgaris Cecum & colon Histotrophic 6-7 months
Equines
Oesophagodontus
2-3 months
Trichonema
Tridontophorus Unknown
Oesophagostomum columbianum Small intestine & colon
Sheep & goat
Oesophagostomum

Oesophagostomum venulosum
(Nodular worms)

Oesophagostomum radiatum None 40-50 days

Cattle Ingestion of L3
Oesophagostomum dentatum
Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum Pig
Chabertia ovina Colon Ruminants Histotrophic 2 months
Ancylostoma caninum Dogs, wolves. & rarely in
Penetration of L3
cats
Ancylostoma
(Hook worms)

Ancylostoma tubaeforme Cats & related species

3 weeks
Uncinaria stenocephala Dogs, foxes, & wolves Direct
Ancylostoma americanus
Small intestine Pulmonary
Ancylostoma braziliense
Dogs & cats Penetration of L3
ancylostoma ceylanicum
Bunostomum phlebotum
Cattle
30-56 days~2 months
Bunostomum trigonophora Sheep &goat
Amidostomum ansaris Cuticular lining of Gizzard & With or without
Duck & goose 15-25 days
proventicular
Ingestion of L3
Syngamus trachea Trachea Turkey, fowl, Genia fowl,
2-3 weeks
goose, & wild birds

MODE OF INFECTION MIGRATION • Histotrophic;

• Egg Containing L3; Toxascaris, Ascaridia, Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Cooperia,
Transplacental, prenatal, intrauterine; • None; Nematodirus, Strongylus, and Chabertia.
Toxocara.
Strongyloides, T. vitulorum, and T. canis. Heterakis, Subulura, Oxyuridae, and Oesophagostomum.
• L3;
Transmammary • Hepatopulmonary
Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Cooperia,
Ascaris and Toxocara (Calve < 6m Hepatopulmonary.)
Toxocara, Strongyloides. Nematodirus, Camelostrongylus, Oesophagostomum,
Ingestion of Amidostomum ansaris, and Syngamus trachea • Somatic;
Penetration of L3; Toxocara (Calve > 6m Hepatopulmonary.)
• I.H.;
Toxascaris leonina; Ingestion of I.H.) mice) containing L3 Ancylostoma and Bunostomum. • Pulmonary;
Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, and Bunostomum.
Subulura brumpti; Ingestion of I.H. (cockroaches & beetles)
containing L3
• Egg Containing L2;
Ascaris, Ascaridia, Heterakis, and Oxyuridae.

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