Data Structures and Algorithms Roadmap For Beginners PDF by ScholarHat
Data Structures and Algorithms Roadmap For Beginners PDF by ScholarHat
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DATA STRUCTURES FOR BEGINNERS (LEVEL-1) ROADMAP
1 Fundamentals of Java
Programming
Variables and Data Types
Learn about primitive data types (int, float, double,
char, boolean) and how to declare variables.
Operators
Understand arithmetic, relational, logical, and
bitwise operators.
Conditional Statements and Loops
Learn about if-else statements, switch-case, and
loops (for, while, do-while).
Arrays and Strings
Learn to declare and initialize arrays and strings.
Understand different operations performed on
Arrays and Strings.
Functions and Methods
Understand functions and their role in programming.
Learn how to pass parameters to functions.
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4 Big-O Notation
Understanding Big-O notation is crucial for analyzing the
efficiency of algorithms in Data Structure and Algorithm
(DSA) development. Here’s a Roadmap:
1. Introduction to Space and Time Complexity:
Understand time complexity as an amount of time
an algorithm takes to complete.
Learn about space complexity as an amount of
memory space an algorithm uses.
2. Time Complexities as a Big-O Notation:
Learn implications of below listed Notations:
Constant Time (O(1))
Linear Time (O(n))
Logarithmic Time (O(log n))
Linearithmic Time (O(n log n))
Quadratic Time (O(n^2))
O(1)
O(n)
O(log n)
O(n log n)
Time Complexity O(n^2) Space Complexity
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Questions to Master
Recursion and Backtracking
Question 2: Combination Sum
Given an array of distinct integers candidates and a target
integer target, return a list of all unique combinations of
candidates where the chosen numbers sum to target. You
may return the combinations in any order. The same
number may be chosen from candidates an unlimited
number of times. Two combinations are unique if the
frequency of at least one of the chosen numbers is different.
The test cases are generated such that the number of
unique combinations that sum up to target is less than 150
combinations for the given input.
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Questions to Master
Recursion and Backtracking
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6 Arrays
An array is a collection of elements of the same data type,
stored at contiguous memory locations. Imagine it like a row
of boxes, each holding data of the same kind.
Here's a roadmap to master arrays:
1. Introduction to Arrays
Learn how to declare and initialize arrays in Java.
Learn how elements in an array are accessed.
Understand how arrays are stored in memory.
2. Operations on Arrays
Perform different operations on Arrays such as
Traversal, Insertion, Deletion and Searching.
3. Dynamic Arrays
Understand the limitations of static arrays.
Learn about dynamic arrays like ArrayList in Java
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7 Strings
A String represents a sequence of characters, typically
stored as an array of characters in memory.
Here's a roadmap to master strings:
1. Introduction to Strings
Learn the difference between immutable and
mutable string types.
Learn how to declare and initialize strings.
2. String Manipulation
Concatenation: Explore various methods for
concatenating strings.
Substring: Understand the concept of substrings
within a string.
Palindrome Check: Implement algorithms to check
if a given string is a palindrome.
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Hash Table
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9 Searching Algorithms
Searching algorithms are techniques used to locate a
specific element within a data structure.
Here's a roadmap for searching algorithms in DSA:
1. Linear Search: Works by iterating through each
element in the data structure until the target element is
found.
2. Binary Search: Repeatedly divides the search space in
half based on the comparison with the middle element.
3. Interpolation Search: Variation of binary search that
estimates the position of the target element based on its
value and the distribution of data.
4. Exponential Search: Used particularly when the data is
unbounded or has an unknown size
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10 Sorting Algorithms
Sorting is used to rearrange elements according to a
specific order, usually ascending or descending.
Here's a roadmap for sorting algorithms in DSA:
1. Bubble Sort: compares and swaps adjacent elements
until the entire list is sorted.
2. Selection Sort: works by selecting the smallest (or
largest) element in each iteration.
3. Insertion Sort: Builds sorted list one element at a time.
4. Merge Sort: divides the list into halves, sorts each half,
and merges them back together.
5. Quick Sort: partitions the array and recursively sorts its
subarrays.
6. Heap Sort: uses a binary heap data structure to sort
elements.
6 4 7 1 3 8
1 3 4 6 7 8
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11 Linked Lists
Linked List store elements in nodes, each containing data
and a pointer to the next node in the list.
Here's a roadmap for Linked List in DSA:
1. Types of Linked List
Singly Linked List: Each node has only one pointer
to the next node.
Doubly Linked List: Each node has two pointers,
one to the next node and one to the previous node.
Circular Linked List: The last node points back to
the first node, creating a loop.
2. Linked List Operations
Traversal: Visiting each node in the list sequentially.
Insertion: Adding a new node at a specific position
(beginning, end, or middle).
Deletion: Removing a node from a specific position.
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12 Stacks
Stack follows Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle. This "last
in, first out" behavior dictates how elements are added and
removed from the stack.
Here's a roadmap for Stack in DSA:
1. Introduction to Stack
Understand what a stack is and its Last In, First Out
(LIFO) principle.
Learn how stacks are used to evaluate arithmetic
expressions.
2. Stack Operations
Push: adds a new element to top of the stack.
Pop: removes and returns the element currently at
the top of the stack.
Peek: view the element at the top of the stack
without removing it.
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14 Trees
Trees are non-linear data structures, represents hierarchical
relationships between elements.
Here's a roadmap for Trees in DSA:
1. Introduction to Trees
Learn about nodes, edges, root, leaves, parent,
child, siblings, etc.
2. Binary Trees
Understand binary trees where each node has at
most two children.
These are the types: Full Binary Tree, Complete
Binary Tree, Perfect Binary Tree.
Implement Tree Traversal (Inorder, Preorder,
Postorder).
3. Binary Search Tree
Understand the concept of binary search trees and
Implement different operations on BST.
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15 Heap
Heaps are tree-based data structures known for their
retrieval of maximum or minimum elements. They follow a
specific heap property, ensuring a specific order within tree.
Here's a roadmap for Heap in DSA:
1. Introduction to Heap
Understand what a heap is and its basic properties.
Types of Heap: Min Heap and Max Heap.
2. Heap Operations
Insertion : Insert elements into a heap while
maintaining the heap property.
Extraction: Understand the process of extracting
the minimum (or maximum) element from a heap.
3. Applications of Heap
Priority Queue: Understand how heaps are used to
implement efficient priority queues.
Heap Sort: Learn how heapsort utilizes the heap
data structure for sorting elements.
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16 Graphs (Basics)
Graphs are used to represent relationships between pairs of
objects. Graphs are composed of vertices (nodes) and
edges (connections between nodes).
Here's a roadmap for Graphs in DSA:
1. Introduction to Graphs
Understand graphs including vertices, edges,
directed vs. undirected graphs, weighted vs.
unweighted graphs, etc.
2. Graph Representation
Adjacency Matrix: two-dimensional array (matrix)
where each cell indicates whether there is an edge
between two vertices.
Adjacency List: store the graph as an array of lists
where each list represents the neighbors of a vertex
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18 Necessary Algorithms
Following are three fundamental techniques in the field of
algorithms and are included in a DSA roadmap.
1. Dynamic Programming
Learn about the principle of optimality and how to
design dynamic programming algorithms using
either top-down (memoization) or bottom-up
(tabulation) approaches.
2. Greedy Algorithms
Learn about the greedy-choice property and how to
design greedy algorithms by selecting the best
choice at each step without reconsideration.
3. Backtracking
Learn about the recursive nature of backtracking
algorithms and how to design them to efficiently
explore the solution space.
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