Geography Class 12 Notes Chapter 9
International Trade
History of International Trade
● In ancient times, trade was restricted to local markets. Slowly long distance
trade developed; of which Silk Route is an example. The route was 6000 km
long connecting Rome to China and traders transported Chinese silk,
Roman wool, metals, etc through this route. Later, sea and ocean routes
were discovered and trade grew.
● The Slave Trade emerged in 15th century in which the Portuguese, Dutch,
Spaniards and British captured African natives and sold to plantation
owners in America. After Industrial Revolution, industrialised nations
imported raw materials and exported finished products to non-industrial
nations.
● International trade is the result of specialisation in production and division
of labour. It is based on the principle of comparative advantage that is
mutually beneficial to trading partners.
Basis of International Trade
The factors on which international trade depends are as follows:
● Difference in National Resources The resources are unevenly distributed in
the world. These differences mainly refer to geology, mineral resources and
climate.
● Geological Structure This means the relief features, type of land such as
fertile, mountainous, lowlands, that support agriculture, tourism and other
activities.
● Mineral Resources The regions rich in minerals will support industrial
development that leads to trade.
● Climate It influences the type of flora and fauna that is found in a region,
such as wool production in cold regions. Cocoa, rubber, Bananas can grow
in tropical regions.
● Population Factors The size, distribution and diversity of population
between countries affect the trade in respect of type and volume of goods.
Large volume of internal trade than external trade takes place in densely
populated areas due to consumption in local markets.
● Cultural Factors Distinctive forms of art and craft develop in certain
cultures and give rise to trade e.g. porcelain and brocades of China, carpets
of Iran, Batik cloth of Indonesia, etc.
● Stage of Economic Development
Industrialised nations export machinery, finished products and import
foodgrains and raw materials. The situation is opposite in agriculturally
important countries.
● Extent of Foreign Investment Developing countries lack capital so foreign
investment can boost trade in developing countries by developing
plantation agriculture.
● Transport Lack of transport in older time restricted trade only to local
areas. The expansion of rail, ocean and air transport, better means of
refrigeration and preservation, trade has experienced spatial expansion:***’
Aspects of International Trade
There are three very important aspects of international trade:
● Volume of Trade It is measured simply as the total value of goods and
services traded. However, actual tonnage of traded goods makes up the
volume but services traded cannot be measured in tonnage.
● Composition of Trade Earlier primary’ goods were more in total traded
goods, then there was dominance of manufactured goods and now there is
dominance of service sector which includes transportation and other
commercial services.
● Direction of Trade Earlier valuable goods and artefacts were exported to
European countries by the developing countries. Later in the 19th century,
manufactured goods from European countries were exchanged with
foodstuffs and with raw materials from their colonies.
Types of International Trade
There are two types of international trade:
● Bilateral trade It is between two countries when they enter into an
agreement to trade certain goods in which they are specialised.
● Multilateral trade It is conducted with many trading countries at the same
time at goods which the countries are specialised in. The country may also
grant the status of Most Favoured Nation (MNF) on some of trading
partners.
Balance of Trade
● It refers to the volume of goods and services imported and exported by one
country to other countries. Favourable balance of trade means the value of
exports is more than its imports.
● Unfavourable balance of trade means that imports are more than exports.
Balance of payments affects a country’s economy as negative balance
means country’s expenses are more than its income.
Case for Free Trade
● Free trade or trade liberalisation is the act of opening up of economics so
that more trade takes place. This is done by bringing down trade barriers
like tarrifs. But trade liberalisation causes competition and can cause
dumping.
● Dumping is the selling of a commodity in two countries at a price that
differs for reasons not related to costs. Countries need to be cautious
about dumped goods.
World Trade Organisation [WTO]
● General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed in 1948 to
make the world free from tariffs as well as non-tariff barriers.
● On 1st January, 1995, the GATT was transformed into the World Trade
Organisation to set-up an institution for the promotion of free and fair trade
amongst different countries of the world.
● The WTO sets the rules for the global trading system. The headquarters of
WTO is located in Geneva, Switzerland and 164 countries are its members.
● However, WTO has been criticised and opposed by those who are worried
about the effects of free trade and economic globalisation. They argued
that free trade is not beneficial to the ordinary people as it is widening the
gap between rich and poor.
● They also argued that issues of health, workers’ rights, child labour and
environment are ignored.
Regional Trade Blocs
These are developed as a response to the failure of global organisations. There are 120
regional trade blocs that generate 52% of the world’s trade.
Some of the trade blocs are as follows:
Concerns Related to International Trade
This can be summarised as merits and demerits of international trade.
● Merits of International Trade International trade is beneficial if it promotes
regional specialisation, higher level of production, better standard of living,
worldwide availability of goods and sendees, equalisation of price and
wages and diffusion of knowledge and culture.
● Demerits of International Trade The demerits are, it leads to dependence
on other countries, uneven levels of development, exploitation and
commercial rivalry.
Gateways of International Trade
Harbours and ports are the chief gateways of international trade. These ports facilitate
the passage of cargos and travellers as well as provide facilities of docking, loading,
unloading and storage.
Types of Ports
Ports are generally, classified according to the types of traffic which handle. Types of
ports on the basis of cargo handled are:
● Industrial Ports The ports that handle bulk cargo like grain, ores, oil,
chemicals are called industrial ports.
● Commercial Ports Ports handling packaged products, manufactured
goods, passengers are commercial ports.
● Comprehensive Ports Ports that handle bulk and general cargo in large
volumes are called comprehensive ports. Most of the world’s great ports
are classified as comprehensive ports.
Types of Ports on the basis of Location
● Inland Ports Ports located away from the sea coasts and linked to the sea
through a river or a canal are inland ports, e.g. Mannheim on Rhine river.
● Out Ports Ports in deep waters built away from the actual ports and serving
big ships are called out ports, e.g. Athens and its out port Piraeus in
Greece.
Types of Ports on the basis of Specialised Functions
● Oil Ports Ports that deal in the processing and shipping of oil are known as
oil ports. These are tanker ports like Tripoli in Lebanon and refinery’ ports
like Abadon on the Gulf of Persia.
● Ports of Call Ports which originally developed as calling points on main sea
routes where ships used to anchor for refuelling, watering and taking food
items are called ports of call, e.g., Honolulu and Aden.
● Packet Station Also known as ferry ports, these are exclusively concerned
with the transportation of passengers and mail across water bodies
covering short distances, e.g., Dover in England and Calais in France.
● Entrepot Ports These are collection centres where the goods are brought
from different countries for export, e.g., Singapore is an entrepot for Asia.
● Naval Ports These ports serve worships and have repair workshops for
them, e.g., Kochi, Karwar in India.
