15/05/2024

MODULE 4: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

T H A T D E F I N E D S O C I E T Y: I N F O R M A T I O N A G E

Today’s Agenda:
MODU L E 4:
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS ❑ Copernicus, Darwin and Freud
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: Ideas as sp ark of s cientific
revolution
INFORMATION AGE
G E E D 1 0 0 8 3 – S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y, A N D S O C I E T Y ❑ Ev o l u t i o n o f c o m p u te r s

❑ Society transformed by science

a n d te c h n o l o g y

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INFORMATION AGE INFORMATION AGE

Mass Media

T h e n e t w o r k e x te r n a l i t y e f f e c t Print Media

A phenomenon wherein the value of a good or ser vice T h e s e a r e m a s s r e p r o d u c e d t ex t a n d i m a g e s f r o m a

improvem ent d epends on th e increas ed dem and of p eopl e or m a st e r f o r m o r t e m p l at e .
p a r t i c i p a n t s w h o wa n t t o av a i l i t . b ef o r e 2 2 0 A D - wo o d b l o c k p r i n t i n g i n C h i n a
1040 AD - movable type invented by Bi Sheng
“ I f n o b o d y h a s o n e , i t ’s u s e l e s s .” 15th c entury - pri nting pres s was invented by Joh ann es
“ I f e v e r y o n e h a s o n e , i t ’s i n d i s p e n s a b l e Gutenberg. It used oil-based ink, and softer and more
a b s o r b e n t p a p e r. C o m p a r e d t o i t s p r e d e c e s s o r s , t h i s w a s
f a st e r a n d m o r e d u r a b l e .

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INFORMATION AGE INFORMATION AGE

Re c o r d i n g s Cinema
Radio
It m ade us e o f storage Film: Story conveyed with
m e d i a s o t h at i t m ay b e r e - moving images I t i s a o n e - way t r a n s m i s s i o n
accessed. Since around 1900 o v e r r a d i o w av e s i n t e n d e d t o
I t wa s f i r s t u s e d a b o u t Movie cameras take rapid reach a wide audience using
l at e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y. sequence of photographs; t he r a d i o wav e s .
e.g. gramophone series of images are called Heinrich H ertz - discovered
records, magnetic tapes, f r a m e s a n d w i l l b e p l ay e d r a d i o wav e s i n 1 8 8 6
cassettes, cartridges, CDs, b a c k i n a m o v i e p r o j e c t o r at a Guglielmo Marconi -
DV D s specific frame rate; this d e v e l o p e d t h e f i r st p r a c t i c a l
c r e at e s the illusion of radio transmitters and receivers
motion. around 1895-6
U s e d c o m m e r c i a l l y at 1 9 0 0

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INFORMATION AGE INFORMATION AGE

I n te r n e t
Te l e v i s i o n
G l o b a l sy s t e m o f i n t e r c o n n e c t e d c o m p u t e r n e t w o r k s t h at
A t e l e c o m m u n i c at i o n m e d i u m f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g a n d c o m m u n i c at e b e t we e n n e t wo r k s a n d d e v i c e s .
receiving moving images (usually with sound).
1 9 6 0 s - d e v e l o p m e n t o f p a c ke t s w i t c h i n g a n d r e s e a r c h
C o n s t a n t i n Pe r s k y i - c o i n e d t h e t e r m t e l e v i s i o n c o m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f D ef e n s e t o e n a b l e
1950 -television was us ed the primary medium for time-sharing of computers
influencing public opinion. 1 9 7 0 s – A R PA N E T - b a c k b o n e f o r i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n o f
r e g i o n a l a c a d e m i c a n d m i l i t a r y n e t wo r k s
1 9 8 0 s - f u n d i n g o f t h e N at i o n a l S c i e n c e Fo u n d a t i o n
N e t wo r k a s a n e w b a c k b o n e a n d p r i v a t e f u n d i n g f o r o t h e r
c o m m e r c i a l ex t e n s i o n s , o p e n e d i t t o wo r l d w i d e p a r t i c i p at i o n
a n d m e r g e r o f m a n y n e t wo r k s

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INFORMATION AGE

Mobile Phones

I t a l l o ws p h o n e c a l l s b e m o r e m o b i l e a n d m a d e av a i l a b l e
across a wide geographic area.
Pe r s o n a l m a s s m e d i a HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION AND
A l way s o n
B u i l t - i n p ay m e n t m e c h a n i s m
A c c u r at e a u d i e n c e m e a s u r e m e n t
COMPUTING

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FIRE BEACONS AND ALPHABETIC CODES EARLY COUNTING AND COMPUTING DEVICE

Counting
1 5 0 B C : Po l y b i u s , a G r e e k h i s t o r i a n , d o c u m e n t s f i r s t k n o w n C h a l k m a r k s , Ro m a n N u m e r a l s , D e c i m a l sy st e m
system for transmitting arbitrary messages
Computing Aids
B e a c o n s a r e d ef e n s i v e c o m m u n i c at i o n s
Cou nting bo ard (roc ks on g rooves in b oard or ston e
u s e d t o s i g n a l w i t h f i r e t o g i v e wa r n i n g t o t h e c i t i z e n r y t a b l e t s ) , a b a c u s ( p o s i t i o n a l m at h ) , N a p i e r ’s B o n e s -
o f a n a p p r o a c h i n g e n e my c a l c u l at i o n o f p r o d u c t s a n d q u o t i e n t s o f n u m b e r s

Po l y b i u s
(Greek Historian)
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CHARLES BABBAGE ADA LOVELACE

T h e Fat h e r o f t h e C o m p u t e r The Mother of Programming

Re s p o n s i b l e fo r t h e A n a l y t i c a l E n g i n e K n o w n a s t h e f i r st c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m m e r
First Government -sponsored computer research project S a w t h e A n a l y t i c a l E n g i n e ’s p o t e nt i a l fo r p r o c e s s i n g
a r b i t r a r y sy m b o l s e n c o d e d a s n u m b e r s
Started the concept of a “stored program”
Re c o r d e d a l l i n f o r m at i o n a n d d i a g r a m s o n a n a l y t i c a l e n g i n e
Had input d evice, ou tput device, co ntrol unit, internal
storage and a processor wrote th e program for th e analytical engin e even t hough it
wa s n e v e r u t i l i ze d o r t e st e d
Unfinished due to lack of technology

Charles Babbage Ada Lovelace

( Fat h e r o f t h e C o m p u t e r ) (Mother of Programming)
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GEORGE BOOLE HERMAN HOLLERITH

The 1880 Censu s took 7 years an d th e 1890 Cen sus was
Developed Boolean Algebra projec ted to take 11 years. H oping to sp eed things up, th e
b u i l t o n p r e m i s e t h at e v e r y t h i n g c a n b e ex p r e s s e d i n Census Bureau approached Herman Hollerith for help.
terms of true/false invented a series of machines based on punched cards
b a s i s fo r u s e o f b i n a r y a r i t h m e t i c i n c o m p u t e r b e c a m e h e a d o f C e n s u s a n d l at e r f o r m e d Ta b u l at i n g
M a c h i n e C o m p a n y ( w h i c h wa s t o b e c o m e I B M )
cut time for census from 7 yr to 2 1/2 yr
p u n c h e d p a p e r c a r d s f o r d at a i n p u t

George Boole Herman Hollerith

(Boolean Algebra) ( D e v e l o p e d t a b u l at i n g m a c h i n e f o r p u n c h e d c a r d s )
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ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)
J o h n V. At a n a s o f f J o h n M a u c h l y a n d J . P r e s p e r E c ke r t
I nv e nt e d A B C t o g e t h e r w i t h C l i ffo r d B e r r y M a u c h l y g o t m a ny o f i d e a s f r o m h i s v i s i t i n I o wa
P r o f e s s o r o f P h y s i c s at I o wa S t at e concerning ABC.
" Fat h e r o f t h e M o d e r n C o m p u t e r " D i r e c t a n c e st o r t o m o d e r n c o m p u t e r s
d u e t o wa r, I S U f o r g o t t o r e g i s t e r p at e n t I t i s p r o g r a m m e d b y p at c h c h o r d s .
a f t e r l a ws u i t i n 1 9 7 3 , A B C i s r e c o g n i ze d a s t h e Able to solve a l arge class of numerical problems through
" F i r s t E l e c t r o n i c D i g i ta l C o m p u te r " reprogramming

J o h n V. At a n a s o f f
J o h n M a u c h l y a n d J . P r e s p e r E c ke r t
( Fat h e r o f t h e M o d e r n C o m p u t e r )
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VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)

I t s d at a a n d i n s t r u c t i o n s a r e i n s a m e m e m o r y. C o n st r u c t e d b y W i l k i s , h e wa s a st u d e n t o f M a u c h l y & E c ke r t
Everything goes through CPU a n d f a m i l i a r w i t h Vo n N e u m a n n
CPU consists of Arithmetic Logic Unit and Control Unit F i r st c o m p u t e r t o b e a b l e t o s t o r e a p r o g r a m i n m e m o r y
Control Unit co ntains Program Cou nter and I nstru ction ( b e at U S b y f e w m o n t h s ) .
Register

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UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) COMPUTER GENERATIONS

F i r st c o m m e r c i a l i ze d c o m p u t e r
F i r s t t wo - s o l d t o C e n s u s B u r e a u a n d t o G E E n g i n e e r i n g
O n e o f t h e “ f i r s t g e n e r at i o n ” o f c o m p u t e r s

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MICROPROCESSORS MOORE’S LAW

I t i s a “c o m p u t e r o n a c h i p ”, a n i n t e g r at e d c i r c u i t t h a t h a s a l l - st a t e s t h at t h e n u m b e r o f t r a n s i s t o r s o n a m i c r o c h i p
t h e f u n c t i o n s o f a c e n t r a l p r o c e s s i n g u n i t o f a c o m p u t e r. d o u b l e s a b o u t e v e r y t wo y e a r s , t h o u g h t h e c o st o f
M a r c i a n “ Te d ” H o f f wa s o n e o f i t s i n v e n t o r s . computers is halved.
O n e o f i t s m a i n i n n o v at i o n i s h av i n g h i g h - i n t e g r at i o n .
- r e a c h i t s p h y s i c a l l i m i t s at s o m e p o i n t i n t h e 2 0 2 0 s . D u e t o
h i g h t e m p e r at u r e s o f t r a n s i s t o r s e v e n t u a l l y wo u l d m a ke i t
i m p o s s i b l e t o c r e at e s m a l l e r c i r c u i t s .

- C o o l i n g d o w n t h e t r a n s i st o r s t a ke s m o r e e n e r g y t h a n t h e
a m o u n t o f e n e r g y t h at a l r e a d y p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e
t r a n s i st o r s .

- M o o r e ex p r e s s e d a c q u i e s c e n c e t o t h i s p r e d i c t i o n , s ay i n g
t h at i t i s i n t h e n at u r e o f ex p o n e n t i a l t o e v e n t u a l l y h i t a
wa l l .

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XEROX ALTOS PERSONAL COMPUTERS

A p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r t h at wa s t o o ex p e n s i v e t o g a i n t r a c t i o n A l t a i r 8 8 0 0 - f i r st p o p u l a r m i c r o c o m p u t e r s o l d f o r p e r s o n a l
Introduced in 1975 use
U s e d a s a p r o t o t y p e f o r a l a p t o p c o n c e p t f o r e d u c at i o n n a m e d a f t e r " S t a r Tr e k " d e st i n at i o n
D e m o n s t r at e d m u c h o f w h at E n g e l b a r t h a d e n v i s i o n e d : I n v e n t e d b y E d wa r d Ro b e r t s
H as Graphic Us er Interfac e (GUI ), Obj ect oriented Structure:
p r o g r a m m i n g , n e t wo r k i n g ◆ 1 CPU (8080), 256 characters of memory
I t i n s p i r e d M a c a n d W i n d o ws . ◆ sold for $397.00

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NOTABLE FIRSTS
APPLE COMPUTERS
1971 "floppy" disk
Fo u n d e d b y S t e v e Woz n i a k , S t e v e J o b s , a n d R o n a l d Way n e
1978 electronic spreadsheet - VisiCalc Apple skyrockets
belonged to one of earliest and most active computer clubs
1979 commercial word processor - WordStar
O n e o f t h e i r m a r ke t i n g s t r at e g i e s i s t o g i v e t h e m t o s c h o o l s , 1981 IBM personal computer shipping rate rose to 1 million units/mo
then students (and parents) will want to buy them for home 1983 LOTUS 1-2-3 comes to market

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GEED 007/10083– SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY GEED 007/10083– SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

Choose ONE of the questions below and explain within 100-150 words.
Please do not forget to COPY the question you have chosen. (10 points)
Thank you!
a) How is a demand for a certain technology or innovation give rise to
better technologies? ❑ MIDTERM NEXT WEEK (MODULE 1 TO 4);

b) How can a certain innovation or technology be “on demand”? What

characteristic/s should it has/have? ❑ send me a message via MS Teams/Messenger if you have questions
(Name |Subject-Course-Section|Concern)
c) What is the future of our technology? Do you think that it will continue to
develop endlessly or will it eventually reach a certain point and stop?

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