SOCIAL CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Submitted By: JESSICA G. UMALI

Submitted To: KRISTEL DANAUTO

 INTRODUCTION

Archaeology means literally the study of the old but the old is limited to
human culture. The term anthropology is a combination of two words
derived from Greek language anthropos & logos. The term anthropos is
equivalent to the mankind or human being while logos means study of
science so putting two words together , anthropology is the study of
science of mankind & humanity. Anthropology seeks to explain how &
why people are both similar and different through examination of our
biological and cultural past and comparative study of contemporary
human societies. The subject matter of anthropology is very vast. The
subject covers all aspects of human ways of life and culture, as human
live in a social group relationship. Discovering the meaning, nature &
origin and destiny of humanity is one of the key concerns of
anthropology.
Anthropology has a strong affinity with natural sciences as well. In fact,
anthropology is well known by that aspect of it which is mainly
concerned with the biological/ physical dimensions of mankind as a
biological being in group context. Hence, it may be inappropriate to say
that anthropology is only a social science. It is also a natural science, not
in the sense that it deals with the natural phenomenon or man as an
individual entity per se, but in the sense that one of its main interests is
to study man and man's behavior as a product of the natural processes,
and in the context of the animal kingdom (Scupin and DeCorse, 1995).
It's critical to recognize how politics, society, history and culture are
intertwined in today's world. Understanding how people behave and how
social groups react to developments like industrialization and
globalization depends on these factors. Therefore, as unique individuals
and essential members of society, we are required to respect our social
roles, use the knowledge we have acquired in the classroom, and
transform our ideas into actions that will advance national development.
The greatest method to put principles into practice is to identify
challenges and turn them into constructive endeavors. This can be
achieved by having a thorough awareness of the relationships between
people, organizations, and other major player of society. As learning aids
in identifying ourselves within our community and society, it is therefore
essential that we be well-equipped and knowledgeable individuals who are
expert with the fields of political science, anthropology, and sociology.
The following lessons that follow provide an introduction to archeology
and how these are interrelated to our modern world.
 Lesson Title: The Study Anthropology

DISCIPLINES THAT STUDY HUMANITY

ANTHROPOLOGY-Science of Humanity
Sociology- Study of Society
Psychology-Study of human behavior
Archaeology- Study of remains (fossils)
Biology- study of living things.

FOUR FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1 .BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY- deals with the evolution of humans,
their variability and adaptations to environmental stresses
A. Primatology- is the study of non human members of the order of
mammals called primates.
B. Paleanthropology- study of human evolution through the fossils.
C. Study of Contemporary humans- referring to the modern and
present age.

2. Archaeology- the study of past human cultures through their

material remains.

A. Pre- Historical- concerns the humans past before written records

B. Historical- deals with human past in societies that have human
written documents
C. Underwater Archaeology- is the study of submerged
archaeological sites.

3. Linguistic Anthropology- the study of human communication

including its origins, history and contemporary variations and
change.

A. Historical Linguistic- the study of language change over time

and how languages are related.
 B. Descriptive Linguistic- the study how contemporary
languages differ in terms and their formal structure.
C. Socio Linguistic – the study of relationship among social
variation, social context, and linguistic variation including
non verbal communication.
D. Cultural Anthropology- studies the similarities & difference
among living societies and cultural group.

QUESTION:
1. What are your impressions of Anthropology?
2. Think about your everyday patterns and activities. What
are the meaning of these activities & how it interrelated
to social context & why?

QUESTION TO PONDER?
1. What are your impressions of Anthropology?
2. Think about your everyday patterns and activities.
What are the meaning of these activities & how it
interrelated to social context & why?
Lesson Title: The Nature of Culture

CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE

1. Ethnocentrism- judging other culture by the standard of

one owns culture rather by the standard of other cultures.

2. Cultural Relativism – the opposite of ethnocentrism. The

idea that each culture must be understood in term of its own
values and beliefs and not by the standard of another culture.
3. Culture Shock – normal process of adapting to a new
culture.

4 Xenocentrism - the desire to engage in the elements of

another culture rather than one’s own.

5. Xenophobia- dislike or prejudice against people from other

countries.

6. Cultural Diversity- appreciating that society is made up of

many different groups

Questions:
1. Can a society function without culture or can a culture
exist without society? Why?
2. What are the concepts related to culture in Society?

Thoughts to Ponder:
1. Can a society function without culture or
can a culture exist without society? Why?
2. What are the concepts related to culture in
Society?
 Lesson Title: The Nature of Culture

Culture Defined by the following Anthropologist:

1.Edward Tyler- He stated, “Culture, “that complex

whole”has been the most durable feature of his definition.

2.Marvin Harris- “A culture is the total socially acquired

lifeway or life-style of a group of people.

3.Clifford Geertz- He believes that culture consists of symbols.

Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture Is Based on Symbols. A symbol is an object, word, or action
with a culturally defined meaning that stands for something else with
which it has no necessary or natural relationship.
2. Culture Is Learned. Because culture is based on symbols that are
arbitrary, culture must be learned anew in each context. Cultural
learning begins from the moment of birth, if not before.
3. Cultures Interact and Change. Cultures interact with each other and
change each other through contact such as trade networks,
international development projects, telecommunications, education,
migration, and tourism.

Models of Cultural Interaction

The Westernization model says that, under the powerful
influence of the United States and Europe, the world is becoming
culturally homogeneous.
Hybridization Model, occurs when aspects of two or more
cultures combine to form something new—a blend.
Localization model, the transformation of global culture by local
microcultures into something new.

QUESTIONS:
1. How can culture affect the way people communicate with
each other?
2. Why we need to respect other people culture?
 Lesson Title: Contributory Factors to Filipino Culture

1. Hindu- fortune telling & horoscope

2. Spain- Christianity( 3G’S GOD, GOLD & GLORY)
Doktrina Kristiyana- Bible
Language
Panitikang Dula- Panunuluyan- dula tuwin Pasko
Tibag- pagtitibag ng isang bundok.
Senakulo- pagssabuhay ni Kristo.

3. American – Law of Suffrage

Education

4. South Korean- Food, Music(Kpop), Beauty Products,

Drama
5. Japan-Anime, Oregami, Food, Appliances.

The Filipino Culture

Belief System
Filipinos are religious. They believe so much in supernatural powers
and view themselves as only a speck in this wide universe. This Filipino belief
in the supernatural powers taught them to trust prayers rather than hard
work in the realization of their dreams. Hospitality is one practice Filipinos
believe in because it is their way of implementing through golden rule: “Do
unto others what you want others do unto you”.

Value System
In decision making, the Filipinos usually consult and take into
consideration the consensus of the family members as the feelings of those
who are to be affected.

Question:
1. What makes Filipino culture unique in the world?
2. What cultural belief and value system do you think that we need
to change & why?
 Lesson Title: Basic Tenets Core Value

1. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust

2. Pakikisalamuha: value of belonginess & loyalty to the small in groups.
3. Pakikibagay: conformity.

4. Utang na Loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their

neighbors to return favors-—whether these were asked for or not— -
when it is needed or wanted.

5. Bahala Na: 'fatalistic passiveness', describes the Filipino way of life, in

which, he is determined to do his best, hence the term bahala na, which
actually came from the phrase bathalan na, meaning 'I will do all my
best, let God take care of the rest'.
6. Lakas ng Loob: characterized by being courageous in the midst of
problems and uncertainties.

7. PANANALIG FAITH An assurance that the Divine Being watches over

every one of us.
8. KATAPATAN/FAITHFULNESS, PAG-AARUGA/NURTURING,
KASIPAGAN/INDUSTRY -Resembling marriage bonds, faithfulness to
husband or wife and faithfulness to country and all ideals for which our
republic stands. Every Filipino child grows and learns under a mentor
who instils in the child the sense of love, compassion, heroism, and
courage. The fruits of the earth spring forth only through industry and it
is only by working that one will be able to achieve the rebuilding of our
country.
9. TIBAY NG LOOB or COURAGE Stalwart and firm in idealism and
goodwill, the modern Filipino stands by his or her values and ideals.

Questions to Ponder?

1. WhatLesson
are theTitle: “Theories
positive on the
& negative Origins
traits of Language
of Filipinos?
2. What Filipinos values are still being practiced by nowadays?

1. The Bow -Wow theory- the theory suggests that mimicked the sound of
animals.Ex. Dog, rabbit, cat & etc.
2. The Ding-dong Theory- this theory, believing humans react to their
environment. For example, round objects would require a round oral
formation.

3. The Pooh-Pooh Theory- claims that language begins spontaneously

through sounds that naturally occur, such as "ouch."
The interjections produced are emotionally driven.

4. Yo-he-ho Theory- argues that language arose from rhythmic grunts

and groans during manual labor. This theory does not speculate how
these sounds were transformed into meaningful language.

5. Tata Theory- proposes that language began when humans made

sounds to imitate gestures. One example comes from the name Ta, Ta,
used to say goodbye. The motion of waving goodbye is imitated by the
tongue in the mouth and produces the sound Ta, Ta.

6. The Tower of Babel-explains the origins of the multiplicity of

languages. God was concerned that humans had blasphemed by
building the tower to avoid a second flood so God brought into existence
multiple languages.

7. Mama Theory- began with the easiest syllables attached to the most
significant objects

8. The Ta-ra-ra Boom De- Ay Theory- suggests that language was created
that rituals of primitive men were responsible of the birth of language.

Question:

1. How does language influence our way of life?

2. Which theories of language do you believe best explain
the origin of language?

Lesson Title: “Variety & Variations of Language”

1. Dialect – is a regional or social variety .A particular form of

language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

2. Idiolect- the speech habits peculiar to a particular person.

 3. Jargon- special words or expressions that are used by a particular
profession or group and are difficult for others to understand

4. Pidgin- nobodies native language .

5. Sociolect- the dialect of a particular social class. It is used by

socioeconomic group of class. Examples: balbal, salitang kalye.

Question to Ponder?
1. Why do you think differences of languages exist?
2. Do you think that as the world evolves our languages also changes?
Why
 SUMMARY

In this LESSON, we have explored in a more general way the nature and
fundamentals of anthropology as a field of inquiry. It is underscored
that the discipline, at least in its modern form, emerged in late 19th
century Europe as the science of human beings across broader spaces
and times of existence. Ideally, anthropologists want to know how all the
aspects and elements of people’s lives are related and interconnected via
carrying out extended fieldwork to collect empirical data from
communities while they are in their natural setting and trying to
understand the meanings people attached to events, phenomena and
their ways of life. By bridging the sciences and the humanities,
the discipline look at humanities biological and cultural heritage
with a broad perspective. Anthropology casts a wide net, seeking
an understanding of ancient and contemporary peoples, biological
and societal developments, and human diversity and similarities
throughout the world.
n this unit, we have explored the four major branches of
anthropology: Archaeological anthropology, linguistic anthropology,
socio-cultural anthropology, and physical anthropology. We have
also discussed anthropological perspectives on human origin, racial
types and human physical variations. In the next unit, we will learn
basic anthropological concepts including culture, norms and values;
ethnocentric and cultural relativism; and social institutions such as
marriage, family and kinship.
Title: Traditional Culture or Mainstream Society
Grade Level: Secondary Level
Lesson Duration: 60 minutes

Objective:
1. Students will learn about the difference between living a “traditional culture
“and mainstream society lifestyles.

2. Students will develop an appreciation for indigenous people and learn what
are challenges indigenous people face trying to live in both worlds.

3. Students will engage in a hands-on art activity inspired by a specific cultural

art form.

Materials:
Philippine map

Pictures or videos showcasing different traditional culture and practices

Construction paper , Scissors & Glue

Procedure:

1. Introduction (10 minutes) - Begin the lesson by showing a picture between a

traditional culture and a mainstream kind of society.
Ask the students if they can list a word what comes in their mind when they hear
traditional culture or mainstream society?

Discuss the importance of learning about difference of these two.

2. Traditional Culture or Mainstream Society (20 minutes)

Ask students: Describe the difference between living a "traditional culture" and a
"mainstream society" lifestyle. Record answers on the board.

-Ask students: Do you think it is difficult for indigenous people to decide whether to live
a traditional or modern lifestyle? How might it feel to be caught between two worlds?
What are some problems indigenous people face trying to live in both worlds?

-Ask students if they know what the term 'globalization' means. List student responses
on the board. Explain that: Globalization refers to the cross-border movements of goods,
money, information, ideas, and

-Ask students if they know what the term 'globalization' means. List student responses
on the board.
Explain that: Globalization refers to the cross-border movements of goods, money,
information, ideas, and people, and the concomitant interdependency of people and
institutions around the world. This interconnectedness, and the changes it brings in
living conditions and perspectives, creates both opportunities and challenges.

3. Art Activity (25 minutes) - Choose one cultural art form to focus on for the hands-on
art activity.
- Explain the chosen cultural art form, its significance, and its traditional use.
- Provide step-by-step instructions for the art activity, ensuring that students understand
the process.
- For example, if focusing on Aboriginal dot painting, instruct students to create their
own dot painting using construction paper, scissors, glue, and markers.
- Allow students to express their creativity while incorporating elements from the chosen
cultural art form.
- Circulate the classroom to provide guidance and answer any questions.

4. Reflection and Discussion (5 minutes) - After completing their artwork have students
gather in a circle for a brief reflection and discussion.
- Ask students to share their experiences and reflections on the cultural art form they
explored and the art they created.
- Encourage them to discuss what they learned and how they feel about the cultural art
they explored.
- Emphasize the importance of appreciating and respecting different cultures and their
artistic traditions.

5. Conclusion (5 minutes) - Summarize the key points discussed during the lesson.

- Reinforce the value of embracing cultural diversity in the arts.

- Encourage students to continue exploring and learning about different cultures and
their arts. - End the lesson by expressing appreciation for the students' active
participation and creativity
.
Extension Activity: To further explore different cultural arts, you can assign a research
project where students choose a specific cultural art form and create a presentation to
share with the class. This will promote independent research skills and deepen their
understanding of arts and cultures across the globe.