Krishna

Pradeep’s Krishna Pradeep’s Since : 2003

21st
century
IAS 21 st Century IAS
Producing Next Generation Leaders for Good Governance
INTEGRATED A/C Campus

TELANGANA GEOGRAPHY RAPID

REVISION BOOKLET
For Telangana Public Service Commision
S.No. Topic Page No.
1 Geographical Extent of Hyderabad State and Present Telangana Physical Setting 1-7
2. Relief features of Telangana 2-7
3. Climate 3-7
4. River system 4-10
5. Soils of Telangana 5-5
6. Forest Cover and Wildlife 6-12
7. Mineral Resources - Coal, Iron, Limestone etc. 7-8
8. Energy Resources - Thermal, Hydro, Solar power 8-8
9. Agriculture 9-9
10. Sources of Irrigation - Canals, Tanks, Wells 10-7
11. Irrigation projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor 11-13
12. Mission Kakatiya 12-7
13. Industries - Cement, Sugar, etc 13-9
14. Engineering, IT, Pharma Industries and SEZ 14-12
15. Handicrafts and Household Industries 15-6
16. Rail Network of Telangana 16-6
17. Road Network of Telangana 17-9
18. Population and demographics 18-12
19. Tribal population - problems and policies 19-7
20. Urbanization in Telangana 20-7
21. Evolution and phases of urban growth of Hyderabad 21-7
22. Primacy of Hyderabad in Telangana State 22-5
23. ORR, Metro, GHMC, HUDA 23-7
24. Hyderabad as a tourist center and Global City 24-8
 01
GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT OF
HYDERABAD STATE AND PRESENT
TELANGANA PHYSICAL SETTING
Introduction
• Telangana region has been ruled by great dynasties such as Sathavahanas, Kakatiyas, Chalukyas, Mughals,
Qutubshahis, Asafjahis.
• Kakathiyas contributions to architecture are considered most impressive while Sathavahanas ruled Telangana region
for about 400 years right from the 2nd century B.C. to beyond the 2nd century A.D. Among Kakathiyas,
Prataparudra, was a great ruler who ruled till A.D.1323.
• During the rule of Bahamani, Quli Qutub, born in Persia, came to Deccan and he had become the Governor of this
region. Quli Qutub later became independent and formed his own Qutubshahi Dynasty in 1518.
• The Golkonda fort was built by Quli qutub. In his reign, two tanks such as Ibrahim Pantam tank and Hussainsagar
were built including a bridge on river Musi, which is known as Puranapul. The Hindus of Telangana region
remember him for his immense patronage of Telugu literature.
• Many Telugu poets such as Addanki Gangadhar Kavi, Panuganti Telanganarya, Kandukuri Rudra Kavi had
flourished in his court.
• Qutubshah then shifted the capital from Golkonda to Hyderabad on the banks of the river Musi.
• He built the Jamia mosque at Charminar. The State of Hyderabad was eventually founded by Mir Qamruddin Chin
Qilich Khan. Later, he conferred himself the title of Asaf Jah, by which title the dynasty is still known.
• In 1799, the Nizam rulers aided the East India Company in their war with Tipu Sultan.
• When the Nizam was compelled to sign a subsidiary alliance with the British in the year 1799, he lost his authority
over the state’s defence and its external affairs.
• The Nizam also had to give up the Coastal Andhra and the Rayalaseema regions of his vast kingdom to the British, as
he was unable to pay monetarily for the assistance the British rendered during the Nizam’s wars against Tipu Sultan.
• Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema then became part of the British Presidency of Madras, while Telangana became
part of the princely state of Hyderabad. For a long time, the Nizam lead a privileged and a charmed life.
• He was considered to be the world’s richest man of his time.

Telangana formation
• The state of Telangana was established on June 2, 2014, after a decades-long movement to separate it from Andhra
Pradesh.
• The region of Telangana was part of the princely state of Hyderabad before India's independence in 1947. In 1956,
the Hyderabad state was dissolved and Telangana was merged with Andhra Pradesh to form Andhra Pradesh.
• In the early 1950s, a peasant-driven movement began to advocate for separation from Andhra Pradesh.
• The people of Telangana protested that the region was more backward than the coastal regions of Andhra and alleged
injustices in the distribution of budget allocation, employment opportunities, and water. The movement lasted for
almost 5 decades and was one of the longest lasting movements in South India.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [1.1]

Telangana Geography Geographical extent of Hyderabad state and present Telangana physical Setting

• On February 18, 2014, the Lok Sabha passed the bill for the creation of Telangana with a voice vote, and on February
20, 2014, the Rajya Sabha passed the bill two days later.
On June 2, 2014, the Union Cabinet unilaterally cleared the bill and Telangana was established as a new state.

BACKGROUND OF FORMATION OF TELANGANA- IMPORTANT EVENTS

• In the wake of growing demands for new states, the Central government appointed the Linguistic Provinces
Commission headed by SK Dhar in 1948 to examine the case for the reorganization of states on the linguistic basis. It
favored reorganization on the basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic considerations.
• But in October 1948, Dr B.R. Ambedkar welcomed the linguistic states as per Dhar commission recommendations.
The Nehru government delayed the implementation of decisions taken at Jaipur Congress meeting- 1948 on linguistic
states. Gradually, discontent over the delay built up.
• Potti Sreeramulu started fast unto death on 19 October 1952 for the creation of Andhra State. He continued the fast
for 52 days and became martyred.
• So, the Central government appointed the Wanchoo Committee on 10 December 1952 for creating a new state for the
Telugu speaking people of Madras Presidency.
• The Parliament passed the Andhra State Act in September 1953. New Andhra State was formed on 1 October 1953
with Kurnet as its capital.
• After the creation of Andhra State, pressure was mounted on the Central Government for the creation of linguistic
states.
• As a result, the government appointed a commission headed by Fazal Ali on 29 December 1953 In September 1955,
it recommended the reorganization of the whole country into sixteen states and three centrally administered areas.
Andhra Pradesh state was formed on 1 November 1956 after the Gentlemen's Agreement.

HYDERABAD STATE
• The government of India undertook Operation Polo (13-17 September 1948) on Hyderabad State and a military
government was established replacing the Nizam's government on 18 September 1948. Major General Chaudhari
took over as Military Governor of Hyderabad and stayed in that position till the end of 1949. His rule was accused of
torturing and killing of many youths in the name of Razakars and killing of many villagers suspecting them as
communists and plundering of villages by the Indian soldiers and Police. People started opposing military rule. So a
civilian government was formed in 1950. Congress party emerged victorious in the elections held in 1952 and
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao became the first elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad state.
• The Mulki agitation started at Warangal in 1952, Violation of terms and safeguards mentioned in Gentlemen's
agreement (20 February 1956) and the separate Telangana agitation started at Khammam in 1969 intensified the
aspirations of the people for a separate Telangana state. In this context, the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared the
Eight point Plan on 11 April 1969. The Eight-Point plan did not find favor with the dissident Congress leaders and
non-Congress parties of Telangana region. Jai Andhra agitation was started in Andhra region in 1972. So the Central
government declared Six Point Formula in September 1973 to assuage the people of both regions. But it also was not
implemented properly which grew dissatisfaction among the Telangana employees. They started to protest against the
injustices done to them for more than a decade and Separate Telangana agitation was revived once again.
Important features of Hyderabad - Undivided Andhra Pradesh States
• Hyderabad state was earlier known as the Princely state of Hyderabad or Nizam's dominion. It included the
Telangana, Maratha and Kannada regions. There were 16 districts in Hyderabad Princely state. Telangana region had
8 districts.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [1.2]

Telangana Geography Geographical extent of Hyderabad state and present Telangana physical Setting

• At the time of formation ofAndhra Pradesh state on 1 November 1956, The Telangana and Andhra regions were
merged and the Maratha region was merged with Maharashtra and the Kannada region was merged with Karnataka.
Before the formation of Andhra Pradesh state, some areas were separated from erstwhile Warangal district and
merged with Khammam district in 1953. In Telangana region, the last district formed in United Andhra Pradesh state
was Rangareddy district. It was created on 15 August 1978 by separating some areas from Hyderabad district.
• Guided by the renowned Telangana ideologist Prof. Jaya Shankar sir, Telangana Rashatra Samithi was launched by
Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao garu on 27 April 2001 demanding statehood for Telangana.
• KCR started fast unto death in November 2009. On December 9, 2009, the first positive step towards the formation
of a separate Telangana state came in the form of a statement read out by then union Home Minister P. Chidambaram
on behalf of the government of India: The process of forming the state of Telangana will be initiated'.
• The Central government appointed the Justice Sri Krishna Committee on 03 February 2010 to 1ook into the demand
for separate statehood for Telangana. It submitted a report to the government in December 2010. It was made public
on 7 January 2011. TRS headed by K.C.R and Telangana Joint Action Committee headed by Prof. Kodandaram took
up large scale protests and agitations for separate Telangana státe. CWC took decision in favor of the formation of
Telangana state on 30 July 2013.
Formation of Telangana State - Major Events
• On S August 2013, the finance minister P.Chadambaram told the Parliament that the process of formation of
Telangana would be taken forward in accordance with the procedure and precedence.
• On 3 October 2013, the Union Cabinet passed the Telangana note prepared by the Union Home ministry. On 6
February 2014, the Union Cabinet approved the Telangana bill (A.P. Reorganization bill, 2014). On 13 February
2014, A.P Reorganization bill was introduced in Lok Sabha by then Union Home Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde.
• On 18 February 2014, Telangana bill was passed by the Lok Sabha with Voice vote (Speaker- Meira Kumar).
• On 20 February 2014, Telangana bill was passed by Rajya Sabha (Deputy Chairman- P.J. Kurien).
• On 1 March 2014, Telan gana bill got assent of the President and became The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act
2014. On the same day, President's rule was imposed in the United Andhra Pradesh state. On 2 March 2014, Gazette
notification was released without notifying the appointed day.
• On 4 March 2014, the Government of India notified 2 June 2014 as the appointed day.
• On 2 June 2014, Telangana came into existence as the 29th State of India.
• On the recommendation of the Union Cabinet, the President of India Pranab Mukherjee promulgated an ordinance on
29 May 20 14, for transfer of a cluster of mandals and villages in Khammam district to the successor state ofAndhra
Pradesh for the purpose of Polavaram project. Later an act called Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Act,
2014 was passed by the Parliament. It received the assent of the President on 17th July, 2014, deemed to have come
into force on 29 May, 2014 repealing the Ordinance.
• An ordinance, for transfer of a cluster of mandals and villages in Khammam district to the successor state of Andhra
Pradesh for the purpose of Polavaram project and other issues was promulgated by the President and notified in the
Gazette as Andhra Pradesh Reorganization (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 on 29th May 2014.
Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014
• On 11th July 2014, the Replacement Bill giving effect to the amendment to section 3 of the Andhra Pradesh
Reorganization Act, 2014 with retrospective effect from the 29 May 2014 was passed by the Lok Sabha. On 14h July
2014, it was also passed by the Rajya Sabha. The amendment received the assent of the President on 17 July 2014
and was notified in the Gazette on 18th July 2014. This repealed the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization (Amendment)
Ordinance, 2014.
• According to this act, 327 Revenue villages, 87 Gram Panchayats were transferred to the residual state ofAndhra
Pradesh. The following Seven mandals in the erstwhile Khammam district were transferred, of which the first 5

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [1.3]

Telangana Geography Geographical extent of Hyderabad state and present Telangana physical Setting

mandals were completely annexed and remaining 2 mandals were partially annexed to East Godavari and West
Godavari districts ofAndhra Pradesh.
• They are: 1. Kunavaram 2.Velairpadu 3. Kukunoor 4. Vararamachandrapuram 5.Chintoor 6. Bhadrachalam
7. Burgampadu
• The state of Telangana lost an area of2.763 lakh hectares due to this amendment act. The total area of the state was
reduced from 1, 14,840 Sq Km to 1,12,077 Sq Km.

NEW DISTRICTS IN TELANGANA STATE- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• New districts in Telangana state were created according to "The Districts Reorganization Act 1977". The
reorganization of districts was done based on 'Population, area and the number of families'.
• Chief Secretary's Committee (2015):
• It was also called the Chief Secretary's Committee.
• This committee submitted its report on borders and administration of the districts to the Government. Cabinet Sub
Committee/ Deputy Chief Minister :
• This committee was appointed by the Government on 10 August 2016. It was headed by the Deputy Chief Minister
Mohammad Mahmood Ali for the creation of new districts.
• This committee recommended the creation of 17 new districts.
• After the report of the committee, widespread protests started in the state. So, the government appointed a high power
committee under the leadership of K. Keshava Rao.
High Power Committee:
Members of this high power committee were
• 1. Jogu Ramanna
• 2. Pocharam Srinivas Reddy
• 3. Jagadish Reddy.
• Due to mass protests throughout the state, the high power committee headed by K. Keshava Rao recommended the
formation of Rajanna Sircilla, Jangaon, Jogulamba Gadwal and Komaram Bheem Asifabad districts along with the
districts mentioned in the draft notification.
• For administrative convenience and providing welfare and developmental programmes to the people in an effective
way, 21 new districts were created on 11 October 2016, the auspicious day of Vijaya Dasami increasing the total
number of districts in Telangana to 31. Districts were reorganized three times in the erstwhile Hyderabad state, and
this was applicable to Telangana region also as it was a part of Hyderabad state.
• Later, in order to fulfill the poll promises made by K.C.R during the elections in 2018, the draft notification for two
more new districts namely Mulugu and Narayanpet was released on 31 December 2018.
• On 17 February 2019, Mulugu and Naryanpet districts were created on 17 February 2019, taking the total number of
districts in Telangana state to 33.
• On 12h August 2021, the state Government had issued notification changing the name of Warangal urban district to
Hanmakonda district and Warangal Rural district to Warangal district.
• According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014, Hyderabad will continue to be the capital of Andhra
Pradesh state also for a period of 10 years.
• In 1865, Mir Turab Ali Khan, popularly called as Salarjung 1, created 16 districts in Hyderabad state in the name of
Jillabandi. There were 8 districts at that tíme. The average area of the districts is 13,880 Sq Km and the average
population of the districts is 6.92 lakhs.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [1.4]

Telangana Geography Geographical extent of Hyderabad state and present Telangana physical Setting

Practice Questions
Ques: Consider the following statements regarding the location and borders of Telangana
(i) The rivers Penganga, Wardha, Pranahita, and Godavari serve as the southern boundary of Telangana.
(ii) The rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra serve as the northern boundary of Telangana.
(iii) The landmass of Telangana is triangular in shape.
Which of the statements given above are incorrect?
(A) Only iii (B) Only i and ii
(C) Only ii and iii (D) None of the above

Ques: Consider the following statements regarding the Telangana state

i) The Telangana state is having an area of 3.5 percent of the India’s geographical area.
ii) The rate of increase in the population has a declining tendency and it can be attributed to a declining in the fertility
rate.
Which of the statements given above are incorrect?
(A) Only i (B) Only ii
(C) Both (D) None
Mains Question
Ques: The development of the state and responsive administration are the top priorities of the Government. How did the
Telangana Districts (Formation) Amendment Act, 2016 achieve the above said objectives?
Ans: Historically the district has been the most important unit of administration in the Indian subcontinent. As a unit of
the administrative system, it has been a pivotal point of contact between the citizens and administration.
Since the 1971 Census, the average district size is getting smaller and smaller. In 1981 Census India had only 412
districts, with the average size of the district was 7,788 sq. km. But in the 2011 Census, India had 640 districts with
the average size of the district just 4,948 sq. km.
Telangana Districts (Formation) Amendment Act, 2016 has re-organised the existing 10 districts into 33 districts to
bring administration close to the public and to ensure the benefits of development and welfare schemes reach the
poorest more effectively and efficiently.
Responsive administration and regional development:
1. Average population of the district is reduced: Before the reorganization of districts, the average population of
districts in Telangana was 35 lakhs. Telangana was in 3rd place in terms of average population of districts in the
country. After reorganization the average population per district is 11.5 lakhs.
2. Optimal area of the district: The average area of districts in Telangana was 11,208 sq km. After the
reorganization, the average area became 3,608 sq km.
3. The smaller district ensures better governance: New districts will host a range of administrative machinery in
the district. This will result in better implementation of government schemes, proper fund utilization, enhanced
people coverage of schemes, etc. All this will improve governance in the new district.
4. Bring administration closer to the people: Bigger districts hinder the administration process in some areas of that
district itself. For example, before the bifurcation of the Adilabad district, the farthest taluka was around 150 km
from the district headquarters. So, administrative officers in taluka have to travel nearly 3 hours to district
headquarters. A new district can bring administration closer to the people.
5. District-specific government initiatives: New districts might attract more district-specific schemes. For example,
the government can set up an agricultural research and assistance center or a residential school for gifted children.
The state government can provide better funding for backward districts. This will benefit the local population.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [1.5]

Telangana Geography Geographical extent of Hyderabad state and present Telangana physical Setting

6. Increase employment: Since the new district will require new officials from top-down, this will increase the
employment in government directly. It will also spur employment opportunities indirectly. For example,
government tender and associated employment for locals, new shops and services near government buildings, etc.
Districts are the third tier of India’s governance structure, after the Centre and the state. Smaller districts are definitely
better in terms of service delivery. But there is always a limit in the formation of new districts for solving administrative
and governance issues.
After the enactment of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, Panchayats and Zillas became the de-facto
third tier. So, the state governments have to focus on providing adequate powers to them for solving the
administrative and governance challenges. This will not require any additional funding for creating infrastructure and
can provide administration to the doorstep.

Compare the Geographical extent of erstwhile Hyderabad state with present Telangana state.

Erstwhile Hyderabad State was a princely state located in the south-central Deccan region of India with its capital at the
city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana, the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka,
and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra in India.
The state was ruled from 1724 to 1857 by the Nizam, who was initially a viceroy of the Mughal empire in the Deccan.
Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance
agreement. During British rule in 1901 the state was the wealthiest princely state in India.
The government of India undertook Operation Polo (13-17 September 1948) and Hyderabad state was integrated into
Union of India.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [1.6]

Telangana Geography Geographical extent of Hyderabad state and present Telangana physical Setting

The profile of Erstwhile Hyderabad state:

The geographical area of Hyderabad state was 2,12,000 sq Km. There were 16 districts in Hyderabad Princely state.
Telangana region had 8 districts.
1. Telangana region (8 districts): These 8 districts were grouped into 2 divisions. They were:
(i) Medak division: which included 5 districts (1) Medak (2) Nalgonda (3) Mahabubnagar (4) Nizamabad and
(5) Atraf-i-Baldah (Hyderabad Rangareddy)
(ii) Warangal division: (1) Warangal (2) Adilabad (3) Karimnagar
2. Marathwada region: includes (1) Osmanabad (2) Nanded (3) Beed( 4) Aurangabad and (5) Parbhani
3. Kannada region: includes (1) Bidar (2) Raichur and (3) Gulbarga
The profile of present Telangana state
The geographical area of Telangana state was 1,12,077 sq Km. The state came into existence on 2 June 2014 as the 29th
state by the relentless first phase agitation in 1969 and second phase agitation during 1991-2014. The number of districts
at the time of formation was 10. They were (1) Adilabad (2) Nizamabad (3) Karimnagar (4) Warangal (5) Khammam
(6) Nalgonda (7) Medak (8) Rangareddy (9) Hyderabad and (10) Mahabub nagar.
For administrative convenience and providing welfare and developmental programmes to the people in an effective way,
21 new districts (Nirmal, Kumaram Bheem, Mancherial, Jagityal, Peddapalli, Rajanna siricilla,
Kamareddy,Sangareddy, Siddipet, Jayashankar, Warangal-Urban, Mahabubad, Janagaon, Yadadri, Suryapet,
Bhadradri, Vikarabad, Medchal-Malkajgiri, Wanaparthy, Nagarkurnool, Jogulamba Gadwal) were created on 11th
October 2016, increasing the total number of districts to 31. Mulugu and Narayanpet were created on 17th February
2019 increasing the total number of districts in Telangana to 33.
Districts are the third tier of India’s governance structure, after the Centre and the state. Thus, reorganization of 10
districts into 33 smaller districts has substantially improved service delivery mechanisms in the state.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [1.7]

02 RELIEF FEATURES OF TELANGANA

Introduction of Telangana State

• The Telangana State was carved-out from the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh and came into existence with effect from 2nd
June, 2014. The State emerged as 29th and the youngest State in the Indian Union with a geographical area of
1,12,077 Sq. Kms., (After accounting for the transferred 327 villages from the erstwhile Khammam district to Andhra
Pradesh) and is the twelfth largest State in terms of both area and the size of the population in the country.
• Telangana is located on the Deccan Plateau and lies in the Southern region of India. The State is strategically located
in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of Indian Peninsula. The State is bordered by the States of Maharashtra
to the North and North-West and Chhattisgarh to the North, Karnataka to the West, and Andhra Pradesh to the South,
East and North- East.
• As per the 2011 Census, total population of the State is about 3.50 crore. The overall population growth rate during
2001 to 2011 is about 13.58 percent as against the national growth of 17.70 percent. Majority of the population in the
State reside in rural areas and mainly depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
• However, population in urban areas has been witnessing a significant increase in recent years, resulting in Telangana
becoming one of the fastest urbanizing States in the country. The major cities in Telangana State include Hyderabad,
Warangal, Mahabubnagar, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, and Khammam.
• Telangana State is divided into four agro-climatic zones based on the geographical characteristics such as rainfall,
nature of soils, climate etc., viz., (i) Northern Telangana Zone (ii) Central Telangana Zone, (iii) Southern Telangana
Zone and (iv) High Altitude and Tribal Zone. The Climate of the State is predominantly hot and dry.
• The annual normal rainfall of the State is around 905.3 mm. Important soils include red sandy loams, red loams with
clay base along with very small patches of alluvial soils. The maximum and minimum temperatures during south
west monsoon ranges between 13°C – 27°C and 29°C – 34°C, respectively. Horticulture has become a promising
source of income for farmers due to favourable climatic conditions.
• Presently, the State is the major contributor in horticultural production, such as mango, mosambi, red-chilli, turmeric,
marigold and vegetables. Telangana is rich in livestock resources, especially cattle and sheep population. Animal
Husbandry provides an additional income and employment to the farmers, especially during droughts.
• Telangana has diversified its industrial base, from high-tech nano-technology, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals to
traditional textiles, leather, minerals, and food processing. The State is one the major exporter of Information
Technology (IT) services in the country. Hyderabad has become a premier global destination for IT and ITeS.
• Apart from Hyderabad, cities such as Warangal, Karimnagar and Nizamabad are emerging as Tier-2 for IT and IT-
based industries.
• The State has become an important tourist destination for both domestic and international tourists. Hyderabad has
gained a brand of its-own and became a premier medical, business and MICE tourism destination in the world.
Geography of Telangana
• The Deccan plateau belongs to the Archean system. It is made up of basalt, gneiss and schist rocks.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [2.1]

Telangana Geography Relief features of Telangana

• Telangana is located in the Northern hemisphere.

• It is situated in South Asia.
• Physically, Telangana state is located on the Deccan Plateau. It is a part of Deccan plateau and the area where it is
spread on the Deccan Plateau is called Telangana Plateau'. The general slope of the Deccan Plateau is from West to
East. This plateau consists of three ranges of erosion surface. They are:
(a) Region above 600 meters from mean sea level
(b) Region from 300m- 600m above the mean sea level
(c) Region below 300m above the mean sea level
A. Region above 600 meters from mean sea level
• This erosion surface is spread mainly in the west side of the state. It lies in Hyderabad, Rangareddy,
• Medchal Malkajgiri, Vikarabad, Sangareddy, Medak, Siddipet southern region and Nagarkurnool.
• This region consists of peneplained surfaces made of rocks of archacan origin. Normally this region slopes towards
the East.
• This area includes the east flowing rivers of fKrishna and Godavari.
B. Region between 300m-600m above mean seal level:
• This region lies between the highest region in the west and lowest region in the east. It is spread over the western
districts of Telangana state- Vikarabad, Mahabubnagar, Nizamabad,Kamareddy and Warangal.
• The fault valleys of Godavari came into existence due to the subsidence process. Krishna and Tungabhadra valley is
present at an altitude between 300 meters to 450 meters in the south.
• It is internally comnoseda Gneiss rock. This region has plenty of water resources such as lakes that support
agriculture
C. Region below 300m above the mean sea level:
• This region occupies a large area in Telangana state and extends on both sides of Godavari river lt lie mainly in the
erstwhile Nalgonda, Khamypam, Waranga, Karimnagar and Adilabad-districts.
• This region is also favorable for cultivation.
• Another name of Telangana is Ratnagarbha.
• The territory of Telangana looks like an Isosceles triangle. Telangana is a part of Peninsular India that was separated
from Gondwana region. The 33 districts ofTelangana state are present in Deccan plateau. Many hill groups made up
of granite in the shape of toes and boulders are distributed in Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Vikarabad, Medchal
Malkajgiri districts.
• Region between United Rangareddy and Mahabubnagar districts- Peneplains formed with basalt lava. Nizamabad,
Kamareddy, Medak, Sangareddy, Siddipet districts- gneiss and granite rocks.
• Nirmal, Mancherial, Jagtial, Peddapalli, Jayashankar Bhupalapally, Mulugu, Bhadradri Kothagudem districts- As
these districts are in Godavari river valley, coal deposits were formed with ancient Gondwana rocks. Gondwana rocks
are present in Telangana in Godavari basin.
• Telangana region is located at an altitude of480m-600m above sea level.
• Hyderabad lies at an altitude of 600 m above sea level
• The region between Krishna and Tungabhadra river valleys lies at an altitude of 300m-450m.
• The region between Bhima and Godavari rivers (The region encompassed by Hyderabad, Khammmam and
Warangal) lies at an altitude of 730 m. The Eastern ghats on the eastern side and Western ghats of the southern side
of Deccan plateau enter the Telangana region. Western ghats are also known as Sahyadri or Satnala range. The
Western Ghats of Sahyadri range detached from Ajantha range entered Adilabad district from South East of
Telangana region. The Eastern ghats spread to Telangana from Mahabubnagar in the form of Eastern hills. The
Eastern ghats in Telangana form several discontinuous ranges of low hills which are called with different names in
different regions.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [2.2]

Telangana Geography Relief features of Telangana

• The highest peak in Eastern ghats in Telangana is Lakshmidevipalli hill. This is located in Siddipet district.
• The highest range in Western ghats in Telangana (Nirmal district)is Mahabub Ghat.
• The highest point in the Deccan plateau isSolamile (Jangaon).
Telangana region can be divided into 3 regions based on topography.
They are:
• 1. Telangana Plateau
• 2. Godavari Basin
• 3. Krishna Piedmont

1. Telangana Plateau:
• It occupies nearly 59,903 sq Km in Telangana's geographical area.
• It is described as the largest region of Telangana.
• This region lies at an altitude of 500m- 600m from the mean sea level.
• This plateau slopes down from West to East.
• This plateau covers Nirmal (Bhainsa- Nirmal Plateau), Nizamabad, Kamareddy, Bhuvanagiri- Ramannapet Plateau,
Devarakonda Plateau, Nalgonda- Miryalaguda Plateau, Suryapet- Huzurnagar Plateau, Medak, Sangareddy and
Hyderabad districts.
• This region consists of hills, hillocks and uneven topography.

Hills, hillocks in various districts

Adilabad, Nirmal, Mancherial, Komaram Bheem Asifabad districts :
• Nirmal ranges- Nirmal Satnala hills- Adilabad
• Sirpur hills- Komaram Bheem Asifabad
• Kerimeri Ghats- Komaram Bheem Asifabad Mahabub Ghats- Nirmal
Jagtial, Peddapalli districts :

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [2.3]

Telangana Geography Relief features of Telangana

• Rakhi hills- Jagtial

• Ramagiri hills- Peddapalli
Hanmakonda, Jayashankar- Bhupalpally districts :
• Kandikal hills- Warangal Urban Hanamkonda- Warangal Urban
• Pandavula Gutalu- Jayashankar- Bhupalapalli
Khammam, Bhadradri Kothagudem districts:
• Kanakgiri hillocks- Khammam
• Yellandlapadu hillocks- Khammam
• Raju hillocks- Khammam
* Papikondalu (Bhadradri Kothagudem)*
• Papikondalu is a picturesque landscape spread across Bhadradri Kothagudem and East Godavari districts.
Papikondalu- Godavari river flows through this hills. Boating facility is present between Rajahmundry and
Bhadrachalam in Godavari river.
Nalgonda, Yadadri- Bhuvanagiri districts :
• Yadadri Guttalu - Yadadri Bhuvanagiri
• Nagarjuna hills - Nalgonda
• Bhuvanagiri hills - Yadadri Bhuvanagiri
• Nandi hills - Nalgonda
• Rámagiri hills, Rachakonda - Yadadri Bhuvanagiri
• Nandagiri hills- Nalgonda
Mahabubnagar, Wanaparthy, Jogulamba Gadwal, Nagarkurnool districts:
• Amrabad hills- Nagarkurnool
• Shabad hills- Mahabubnagar
• Koil Hillocks- Mahabubnagar
• Nallamala hills- Nagarkurnool
*Ananthagiri hills-Vikarabad*
• Musi river originates in Anathagirí hills. It is located near Shivareddypet in Vikarabad.
• It is famous for medicinal plants. Anantha Padmanabha swamy Temple is situated here.
Rangareddy, Hyderabad districts :
• Golkonda
• Rachakonda
• Rachakonda is extended to Devarakonda taluk, Nalgonda district in the East, Ananthagiri hills, Vikarabad district in
the West, Shabad hills in Mahabubnagar district in the South.
• The hills spread in Hyderabad and Mahabubnagar districts belong tọ Balaghat range.
Medak, Siddipet districts:
• Booju Guttalu
• Lakshmi Devi Palli hills
• Lakshmidevunipalli hills are the highest hills in Eastern ghats in Telangana.
Nizamabad, Kamareddy districts:
• Sirnapalli hills (Khaithi Lambadis are living here)
• Rathi hills (identified by Chellappa Committee Recently)
• Sirnapalli hills extend from Sirnapalli to Armoor.
Gondwana Rocks:
• Gondwana rocks are present in Godavari basin in Telangana,
• Gondwana rocks contain Coal reserves.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [2.4]

Telangana Geography Relief features of Telangana

• The coal mining company in Telangana is- Singareni Collieries. It was established in 1921 at Singareni.
• The headquarters of Singareni Collieries is located at - Kothagudem (Bhadradri Kothagudem Districts with abundant
coal reserves in Telangana are:
1. Bhadradri Kóthagudem
2. Jayashankar Blrüpalapalli
3. Peddapalli
4. Mancherial
5. Komaram Bheem Asifabad

2. Godavari Basin
• This basin is regarded as the main feature ofIndian Peninsula.
• It is called Godavari basin because the large river Godavari flows through it Godavari basin mainly extends over the
districts ofNizamabad, Nirmal, Manehefis Jaetiat, Peddapalli, Jay ashankar Bhupalapali, Mulug,
Bhadradrikothagudem.
• It spreads over an area of about 37,934 Sq Km.

Important Projects on Godavari:

● Polavaram Irrigation Project
● Kaleshwaram.
● Sadarmatt Anicut
● Inchampalli project
● Sriram Sagar Project (SRSP)

• Geologically it consists of Carboniferous, Archean and Gneissic rocks. Godavari basin mainly spreads in
Kaleshwaram in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district; Eturuņagaram in Mulugu district; Jagtigland Metpalln Jagis
district; Sultangkad and Peddapatfi in Peddapalli district; Bodhan, Armqopand Bheemgal Nizamabad district
Laksettipet and Chennur in Mancherial district; Nirmal, Khanapur and Muthol in Nirmal district; Manugur
Bhurgampadu in Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
• The river Godavari flows in the South west direction in this regios Rivulets such as Sabari, Munner, Palair, Alair and
Wyra flow in this area which is affected by floods in the rainy season. It is eroded by the rivers during floods.

3. Krishna Piedmont
• This region extends over an arca about 14,240 Sq Km in Telangana state.
• This is mainly spread in Narayanpet, Mahabubnagar, Jogulamba Gadwal, Nagarkurnool , Nalgonda , Devarakonda,
Miryalaguda and Huzurnagar and areas of Suryapet district.
• The terrain in this region is uneven. It is mainly an exposed rocky surface.
• Geologically it is composed of Archean and Precambrian rocks. Soil in this region facilitates cultivation.
Practice Questions
Ques: Consider the following features of the rocks
(i) dome-shaped granite hills
(ii) step like ascents
(iii) abrupt crags and cliffs
(iv) prismatical fractured summits

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [2.5]

Telangana Geography Relief features of Telangana

Which of the above are the main characteristics of Telangana or Archaean tracts?
(A) Only I, ii, and iii (B) Only ii, iii, and iv
(C) Only I and iv (D) All the above

Mains Question

Ques: Describe the Telangana physiography.

Ans: Overview:
Write a quick description of Telangana's borders.
Body:
Write a thorough essay on Telangana's physiography.
In summary:
Physiography affects the state's rainfall patterns and mineral availability.
Content:
Telangana state is situated physiologically on a plateau area of Peninsular India. This portion of the Deccan plateau is
commonly referred to as the Telangana plateau.
Telangana's surface topography is oriented from west to east and features rocky terrain at various altitudes.
Three zones have been identified in the physiography based on this Surface elevation.
The physiography has been classified into three units, such as the Krishna piedmont, Godavari basin, and Telangana
plateau, based on surface relief features and geological structure.
Telangana plateau: –
It is largest physiographic unit of Telangana. Bascially made up of with Achaean Gnesis.
It is nearly fully eroded peneplains is marked by undulations, almost completely graded valleys and monadnocks that
range from hill groups to tors and arrangements of massive boulders.
The plateau drained by Godavari river taking a southeasterly course by Krishna river, which divided the peneplain into
two regions.
This plateau spreads in Adilabad, Nizamabad, Nalgonda, Medak and Hyderabad regions
Average heights of this plateau region lies between 500 to 600mts above mean sea level. This region surrounded by:
Western Ghats or Sahyadri hills on north and north western boundary and
Eastern Ghats on south east border in various forms.
Highest elevated area in Western Ghats in Telangana region Mahabubnagar in Nirmal hills.
Highest elevated are in Telangana state –Dholi hillocks at present it is located in the borders of Bhupalapally district of
Telangana and Chhattisgarh
The Eastern Ghats bordered has northeast and southeast boundary along with the district of Nalgonda, suryapeta,
waanpally, nagarkurnool, mahabubnagar, jogulamba, gadwall, vikrabad, Khammam, kothaguden district
This region basically made-up of with quartz and igneous rocks
Bison gorge located in Bhadradri Kothagudem district was formed due to the erosional activity of river Godavari which is
flowing by pearcing through Papi hills in Eastern Ghats
Godavari basin:
This basin mainly occupied Godwana trough known for its mineral wealth

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [2.6]

Telangana Geography Relief features of Telangana

This basin lies in Nizamabad, Adilabad, Jagital, Mancherial, Peddapally, j.Bhupalapelly, Kothagudem, Komaram bheem,
Asifbabad, Mulugu and Nirmal district.
This basin is geologically characterised by carboniferous rocks and Achaean Gnessis
The river Godavari is the main river flowing in the south east direction.
This region is affected by floods during rainy season.
The Godavari basin mainly made-up of with Godavari rock system. In this rocks coal is the important mineral available.
Krishna piedmont: –
It is an exclusive characteristics feature of Nalgonda and Mahabubnagar district is the smallest region of the state of
Telangana.
The river Krishna flows along the southern border of the district
The river Dindi joins the Krishna river flows on the southern margins
This area has an undulating terrain, geologically this area is characterised by Archaean rocks and Precambrian rocks and
soils of this region are suitable for cultivation.
This region is basically an exposed rock cut structure.


KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [2.7]

03 CLIMATE

Climate of Telangana
• The climate of a region is mainly dependent on many factors such as geography, insolation, altitude, atmospheric
pressure, winds, humidity and topography.
Factors Determining Climate of India
climate is controlled by a number of factors which can be broadly divided into two groups —
1. factors related to location and relief, and
2. factors related to air pressure and winds.
Factors related to Location and Relief
Tropic of Cancer passes through the central part of India in east-west direction. Thus, northern part of the India lies in
sub-tropical and temperate zone and the part lying south of the Tropic of Cancer falls in the tropical zone.
The tropical zone being nearer to the equator, experiences high temperatures throughout the year with small daily and
annual range.
The Himalayan Mountains in the north along with its extensions act as an effective climatic divide.
The mountain chain provides an invincible shield to protect the subcontinent from the cold northern winds. These cold
and chilly winds originate near the Arctic circle and blow across central and eastern Asia.
The Himalayas also trap the monsoon winds, forcing them to shed their moisture within the subcontinent.
As compared to the landmass, water heats up or cools down slowly. This differential heating of land and sea creates
different air pressure zones in different seasons in and around the Indian subcontinent.
 Difference in air pressure causes reversal in the direction of monsoon winds.
Distance from the Sea -With a long coastline, large coastal areas have an equable climate. Areas in the interior of India
are far away from the moderating influence of the sea. Such areas have extremes of climate.
Temperature decreases with height. Due to thin air, places in the mountains are cooler than places on the plains.
The physiography or relief of India also affects the temperature, air pressure, direction and speed of wind and the amount
and distribution of rainfall.
The windward sides of Western Ghats and Assam receive high rainfall whereas the southern plateau remains dry due to
its leeward situation along the Western Ghats.
Factors Related to Air Pressure and Wind
(i) Distribution of air pressure and winds on the surface of the earth.
(ii) Upper air circulation caused by factors controlling global weather and the inflow of different air masses and jet
streams.
(iii) Inflow of western cyclones generally known as disturbances during the winter season and tropical depressions during
the south-west monsoon period into India, creating weather conditions favourable to rainfall.
The mechanism of these three factors can be understood with reference to winter and summer seasons of the year
separately.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [3.1]

Telangana Geography Climate

Climate of Telangana
• Telangana has the most favourable climate for human life. It has moderate climatic conditions. Days and nights have
almost equal length.
• Telangana is located in Northern hemisphere. So it is considered to be located in Tropical zone. The climate of-
Telangana is classified as Tropical monsoon climate.
• The Deccan plateau is extended at a high altitude from sea level. This region experiences hot summer in May and
cold in winter.
• Northern Telangana features 'Humid subtropical climate' whereas Southern Telangana has Semi arid climate.
• According to Koppen climatic classification, Telangana state has a Semi Arid or Humid Subtropical climate in India.
The average rainfall in Telangana is 906 mm.
• The summer extends from March to June.
• During this period. thunderstorms and strong wind gusts occur due to Cumulonimbus clouds. It is called
Convectional rainfall. The local people call them destroying rains, unseasonal rains or Avakal pani.
• Heat waves typically occur in the second and third weeks of May during summer. Highest temperature in the state is
recorded at Ramagundam in Peddapalli district.
• Lowest temperature is recorded during winter in Medak and Adilabad.
• Highest average temperature of the state is 42 degree Celsius in summer while the average lowest temperature is 29-
12 degree Celsius in winter. Normally, heat is intense in the month of May.
• Places where highest temperature is recorded in Telangana- Ramagundam, Kothagudem.
• Place where lowest temperature is recorded in Telangana- Adilabad
The Indian Meteorological Department classifies four climatological seasons in India. They are:
1. Winter (December to February)
2. Summer (March to May)
3. South West Monsoon Period or Rainy Season (June to September)
4. Monsoon Retreating Period (October to November)
WINDS
• According to famous meteorologist (Roy) two types of winds flox in Telangana. They are:
1. South West winds/ Humid winds
2. North East winds/ Dry winds
North East Monsoon Period:
• The transition period between October rainy season and dry winter season is called the Retrezíng South West
Monsoon period.
• During this period, rainfall occurs due to Cyclones.
• The normal rainfall in this period is 126,mm (or) 129 mm
• Hyderabad receives maximum rainfall and erstwhile Karimnagar district receives lowest rainfall due to North East
winds, In all, Adilabad receives highest rainfall and erstwhile Mahabubnagar receives lowest rainfall in Telangana
state.
• Sileru basin is identified as the highest rainfall receiving area of Telangana.
• During winter, tropical continental air travels through the Deccan plateau and reaches the south of Bay of Bengal.
• It becomes a tropical sea breeze. As Telangana is far from the sea, tropical climate prevail over the state with weak
high pressure conditions
• In the Southern region of the state, favorable conditions for rainfall decrease due to anticyclones and it receives no
rain. But rainfall occurs in some places such as Achchampet in Nagarkurnool, Madhira in Khammam, Nalgonda and
Bhadradri Kothagudem districts.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [3.2]

Telangana Geography Climate

South West Monsoon Period or Rainy Season :

• This period extends from June to September. Telangana state receives(80% of the total rainfall from South West
monsoons.
• The effect of South West Monsoons begins in the first and second weeks of June in Telangana and they occupy the
entire state by the end of the month.
• The average rainfall increases from Southern Telangana to Northern Telan gana Annual average rainfall ranges from
700mm to 900mm in Southern Telangana and 900mm to 1500mm in Northern Telangana.
• Hot weather starts in the third week of February and gradually increases from March and temperature reaches high by
the month of May.
• Highest average temperature of the state is 42 degrée Celsius in summer while the average lowest temperature is 29-
12 degree Celsius in winter. They continue from the middle of June to September.
• Normally the rainfall during this period is about 720.4 man. Due to the effect of low pressure that travels from Bay of
Bengal to Ganga plains, Telangana receives highest rainfall in the months of September, October.
• The normal rainfall during the north-east monsoon between October and December is 124.9 mm.
• Telangana receives high rainfall in September due to low pressure systems traveling from Bay of Bengal to Gangetic
plain. The state receives rainfall for about 60 days only. Rainfall increases from South to North direction.
• The South west Monsoon causes highest rainfall in Mulugu and lowest rainfall in Nagarkurnool, Jogulamba Gadwal-
Alampur
• As Telangana is located in hot semi arid zone rainfall plays an important role in Agriculture. The instability in raintall
in the state can be observed when Telangana socio economic outlook - 2022 is studied.
• During 2004-05 the state received a low rainfall of 6l4 mn from South West monsoon, In the later period during
2020-21, it received a rainfall of 1322.4 mn. This year is recorded as the year with highest rainfall, the highest rainfall
in Telangana in the last 20 years.
• During the same period Telangana received a rainfall of 179,4 mm hom North East monsoon, This is 43,46% more
than Normal.
• The instability in rainfall in Telangana is more than 25% in the South West monsoon period and 80% in the North
East monsoon period.
• This instability is more once in every three years, The unstable rains are less in the northern and North western areas
of Telangana.
• The instability of rains is more in Southern Telangana mainly in Mahabubnagar, Narayanpet, Jogulamba Gadwal,
Nalgonda and Suryapet districts, Rainfall occurs in October- December months.
• Due to the North East monsoon, Rainy season is also pleasant in Telangana. Thousands of plant species grow after
the rainy season making the land lush green.
•
• There are 8 meteorological stations in Telangana that record the temperature of 33 districts.
• They are located at the district centers of Hyderabad, Warangal, Nalgonda, Mahabub Nagar, Khammam, Nizamabad
and Medak.
• But the weather station of Peddapalli is located at Ramagundam.
Summer
• Summer season in Telangana continúes from March to June.
• During summer, the highest mean temperature at Ramagundam go upto 50 degree Celsius and at Nizamabad,
Kamareddy, Bhadradri Kothagudem and Khammam it is about 40-43 degree Celsius. Sometimes, the highest
temperature reaches more than 50 degree Celsius.
• Bhadrachalam and Kothagudem may record nearly 48 degree Celsius.
• The summer climate of Hyderabad feels a little colder when compared to other districts of Telangana.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [3.3]

Telangana Geography Climate

• Telangana experiences warm days and cold nights.

• The difference in temperatures of day and night is huge. Temperature has risen dụe to cutting of trees in the last
decade.
• Temperature of Hyderabad has been on constant rise because of vehicular traffic and pollution. Highest diurnal
temperature is recorded at Ramagundam.
• A little convectional rainfall also occurs due to high temperature.
Winter
• Telangana experiences the winter season from December to February. Normally the climate is dry without rainfall.
• Cold winds blow during night and low temperatures are recorded. Sangareddy and Ramagundam witness lowest
temperatures (Less than 13°C) in December.
According to Telangana state statistical Abstract 2021:
• Places that recorded lowest temperatures till now-
1. Kohir Mandal (Sangareddy): 2°C
2. Lingapur Mandal (Komuram Bheem) : 2.4°C
3. Madnoor Mandal (Kamareddy) : 2.,5°C
• Places that recorded highest temperatures till now-
1. In May 2015, Ghanpur in Jayashankar district, Chinthalapalem in Suryapet district, Dandapally in Mancherial district
and Madulapally in Nalgonda district recorded the highest temperature of 48.9°C.
Rainfall
Rainfall in India
• The average annual rainfall in India is about 125 cm, but it has great spatial variations.
• Areas of High Rainfall : The highest rainfall occurs along the west coast, on the Western Ghats, as well as in the sub-
Himalayan areas is the northeast and the hills of Meghalaya.
• Here the rainfall exceeds 200 cm. In some parts of Khasi and Jaintia hills, the rainfall exceeds 1,000 cm. In the
Brahmaputra valley and the adjoining hills, the rainfall is less then 200 cm.
• Areas of Medium Rainfall : Rainfall between 100-200 cm is received in the southern parts of Gujarat, east Tamil
Nadu, northeastern Peninsula covering Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, eastern Madhya Pradesh, northern Ganga plain
along the sub-Himalayas and the Cachar Valley and Manipur.
• Areas of Low Rainfall : Western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, eastern Rajasthan,
Gujarat and Deccan Plateau receive rainfall between 50-100 cm.
• Areas of Inadequate Rainfall: Parts of the Peninsula, especially in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra,
Ladakh and most of western Rajasthan receive rainfall below 50 cm.
Rainfall in Telangana
Normal Rainfall :
• The normal rainfall in Telangana is 905.44 m.m. But this is not standard. The normal rainfall is calculated on district
and state basis. Generally the normal rainfall changes according to the actual rainfall.
• The actual rainfall in a given year may be more or less than the normal level. The variation may be positive or
negative.
District wise rainfall - Variation :
Districts with Lowest rainfall in Telangana:
1. Mulugu
2. Adilabad

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [3.4]

Telangana Geography Climate

3. Komuram Bheem
4. Mancherial
5. Bhadradri Kothagudem
Districts with highest rainfall in Telangana :
1. Gadwal
2. Narayanpet
3. Wannaparthy
4. Mahabubnagar
5. Nagarkurnool
Climate change
• Everyday we hear about global warming or climate change. We experience intense storms, frequent floods, severe
drought, melting glaciers etc. and the list goes on. For several years, global warming or climate change was
considered as skeptics’ argument.
• But, today it has been accepted as a reality.
• This was possible due to the significant contribution made by various scientists engaged in climate science research.
• The French mathematician, Joseph Fourier highlighted the problem popularly known as greenhouse effect. Fourier
realized that the earth’s temperature is determined not only by the radiation absorbed by, and emitted from the earth,
but also by the existence of the atmosphere.
• The atmosphere absorbs some of the radiated heat and acts as a blanket over the Earth that maintains the temperature
higher than it would otherwise be.
• The next major breakthrough was made in 1860 by the British scientist John Tyndall in terms of measuring the
absorption of radiation by different gases.
• This led to the remarkable discovery that the most prevalent gases in the atmosphere i.e. oxygen and nitrogen weren’t
absorbing any of the energy at all. Only the minor gases in the atmosphere, i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane
(CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2O) and water vapor, were doing so. These gases are called greenhouse gases (GHG).
• The Swedish scientist, Svante Arrhenius was the first person to calculate the effects to our global temperature if we
burnt enough fossil fuels to double the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Presently, studying climate
system is much more advanced due to the advancement in information and communication technology aided by space
technology.
• In this unit we shall study about the factors affecting global warming and its linkages with climate change. We will
also discuss about the probable consequences and impacts of climate change both at global as well as at national
level.
• The unit also highlights the threats of climate change to sustainable development.
• Finally, we will also discuss about climate change debates specifically about Kyoto Protocol, the failure of
Copenhagen Summit and India’s Action Plan on Climate Change.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [3.5]

Telangana Geography Climate

Practice Questions
Ques: Consider the following statements regarding the rainfall in Telangana
(i) The southwest monsoon season starts in June and ends in September in Telangana.
(ii) The rainfall during the southwest monsoon season increases from the southwestern part to the north and northeast
part of Telangana.
(iii) The Hyderabad district gets the highest rainfall during the northeast monsoon season.
How many statements given above are incorrect?
(A) Only one statement
(B) Only two statements
(C) All three statements are given above
(D) None of the above

Ques: Consider the following statements regarding rainfall in Telangana state

(i) Telangana received 1322.4 millimetres (mm) of rainfall in 2020-21.
(ii) The rainfall in 2020-21 is 46% in excess of normal rainfall that the State receives.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only i (b) Only ii
(c) Both (d) None

Mains Question
Ques: What do you understand about the concept of Variability of rainfall? Explain the variability of Rainfall in
Telangana.
Ans: A characteristic feature of rainfall in India is its variability. The variability of rainfall is computed with the help of
the following formula C.V. = (Standard deviation)/Mean X100 where C.V. is the coefficient of variation. The
values of coefficient of variation show the change from the mean values of rainfall.
The actual rainfall in some places deviates from 20-50 per cent. The values of coefficient of variation show
variability of rainfall in India.
• A variability of less than 25 per cent exists on the western coasts, Western Ghats, north eastern Peninsula, eastern
plains of the Ganga, north eastern India, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh and south-western part of Jammu and
Kashmir. These areas have an annual rainfall of over 100 cm.
• A variability of over 50 per cent exists in the western part of Rajasthan, northern part of Jammu and Kashmir and
interior parts of the Deccan plateau. These areas have an annual rainfall of less than 50 cm.
• Rest of India including Telangana have a variability of 25-50 per cent and these areas receive an annual rainfall
between 50 -100 cm.
Telangana region is a semi-arid area and predominates with hot and dry climate due to its interior location away
from marine influence. The climate is similar to the monsoon climate of India. The summers are hot, winters are
short and the rainy season is typically monsoonal in character. As there is no influence of sea winds, the state gets
very hot in summer and very cold in winter.
There are three meteorological seasons in Telangana state. They are summer, rainy season and winter season. A dry
mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures in

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [3.6]

Telangana Geography Climate

the 22-23 ° C. In summer, the highest temperatures will reach upto 45° C. In the rainy season, the monsoon arrives
in June and lasts until September with about 755 mm of precipitation.
Rainfall:
The average or normal rainfall of the state is about 905.4 mm and about 80% of annual rainfall is received from
Southwest alone during June to September. The rainfall in the state is erratic and uncertain and distribution of
rainfall is uneven in various mandals. The region of Telangana over the decades has been subjected to drought
permanently or year after year particularly under the regime of United Andhra Pradesh.
Variability of rainfall:
• Regional variation: As per the IMD reports-2019, the highest annual rainfall is recorded in Mulug district which is
above 1200 mm while the lowest rainfall is as low as 533 mm in Jogulamba.
• Variation during Southwest Monsoon: 80% of annual rainfall is received during this period. Mulug, komaram
Bheem, Adilabad districts receive highest rainfall of about 1000mm while the lowest rate fall (<500mm) is
recorded in Mahbubnagar, Nagarkurnool, Narayanpet and Jogulamba districts.
• During Northeast Monsoon: It starts from October and ends in November and brings rainfall to southern Telangana
in the districts bordering Andhra Pradesh.
The variability of rainfall has the biggest impact on the agriculture of Telangana. With the effect of climate change
the variability and unpredictability is increasing palpably. Hence, the available water resources need to be used in a
judicious manner.


KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [3.7]

04 RIVER SYSTEM

River System of Telangana

• The flow of rivers in Telangana - The general slope of India is from North West to South East.
• So the rivers flow from North West to South East.
• The original point from which the river flows is called Source of the river or Head water.
• The area of land from which precipitation collects and drains off into a river through streams is called the Drainage
basin.
There are two categories of rivers in India. They are:
1. Himalayan rivers
2. Peninsular rivers.
• The Peninsular Rivers are older than the Himalayan Rivers. The Peninsular rivers form V' shaped valleys.
• The major rivers flowing through Telangana are- Godavari, Krishna, Majeera, Musi, Tungabhadra. Among the major
rivers, the Godavari basin is about 79% and the Krishna basin is about 69%.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.1]

Telangana Geography River System

1. GODAVARI RIVER
• The area of Godavari basin is 3,12,812 Sq Km (Second largest river basin in the Country). Godavari river is
mentioned in Puranas as Tellivaha river.
• It is also called the River of Poets.
• It is the largest among the Peninsular rivers in terms of length, catchment area and discharge. Godavari basin drains
about 10% of India's total geographical area.
• It is the second longest river in India and the longest river in South India. Length of Godavari- 1465 Km (910 miles).
• The length of Godavari in Telangana is 560 Km. (Total length in Telangana and A.P is 772 Km).
• The state with highest catchment basin is - Maharashtra (48.6%).
• It flows through the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry
Origin :
• Godavari river originates from a sacred pond in the Trimbakeshwar Temple on Brahmagiri mountain near Nashik in
Western ghats/ Sahyadris in Maharashtra state. Elevation- 920m (3018 feet) above sea level.
Other Names: Vridha Ganga, Dakshina Ganga, Poetic river and Rhine of India.
• Annual average rainfall in its catchment area is 110 cm.
• The river island created by Godavari is Badanakurthi (Nirmal district)
• The first project built on Godavari in Telangana is Pochampadu (Sriram Sagar Projecet).
• Godavari basin is the only river basin in South India with availability of coal deposits, Godavari splits intg seven
branches near Vempalli Venkatraopet village in Jagtial district.
• Godavari takes the shape of a crescent at Cheggaon village located in the border of Jagtial and Peddapalli districts.
• Godavari forms Triveni Sangamam (Confluence. three rivers) by joining with two rivers namely Manjeera and
Haridra at Kandakurthi village in Renjal mandal of Nizamabad district.
• It forms another Triveni Sangamam by joining with two rivers Pranahita and Saraswati a Kaleshwaram in
Bhupalpally district.
• Godavari basin is bounded on the North by the Ajanta, Nirmal, Satmala hil. and forms the Southern edge of Papi
hills. The highest Peak in Godavari Basin area - Arma Konda (1 680 km).

Course of Godavari river

• It originates at Trimbakeshwar near Nashik in Brahmagirí hills in Western ghats in Maharashtra Godavari flows
through Maharashtra and enters Telangana at Kandakurthi in Nizamabad district and flows through Basara in Nirmal
district.
• It reaches Sriram Sagar Project (Pochampadu) after traveling along the border of Nirmal and Nizamabad districts.
• Later it crosses the districts afNizamghád, Jaetişl Mancherial, Peddnglh, Jayashankár Bhupalpally, Mulygu,
Bhadradri Kothagudem and cut across Papi hills forming the Bison gorge and enters Andhra Pradesh at Polavarám
(Telangana- Andhra border).
• It separates the districts of East Godavari and West Godavari. After flowing at Rajahmundry, it splits into five major
branches (total 7 branches) at Dhavaleswaram and every branch joins Bay of Bengal at different places. So it is called
Sapta Godavari.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.2]

Telangana Geography River System

Branches of Godavari
 Gowthami- Northern branch: Falls into Bay of Bengal at Yanam.
 Vasista- Middle branch. Falls into Bay of Bengal at Antarvedi.
 Vynatheya- Southern branch. Falls into Bay of Bengal at Komarigpatnam.
 Tulya- Falls into Bay of Bengal at Bendamuflanka.
 Bharadwaja- Falls into Bay of Bengal at Bendamtlanka.
• Kousika and Atreya branches join Tulya and Bharadwaja branches and flow as a single branch and fall into Bay of
Bengal at Bendamurlanka. The delta region formed between CGowtami and Vasista is Konaseema. Konaseem is
called as the Garden of Andhra Pradesh.
• The districts on the left side of Godavari are Nirmal, Mancherial.
• The districts on the right side of Godavari are Nizamabad, Jagtial, Peddapalli, Jayashanka Bhupalapally, Mulugu,
Bhadradri Kothgudem.

Tributaries of Godavari
• Pravara (Maharashtra)
• Manjeera (Telangana)
• Peddavagu (Telangana)
• Indravati (Telangana)
• Sabari (Telangana)
• Manair (Telangana)
• Pranahita (Telangana)
• Purna (Maharashtra)
• Penganaga (Telangana)
• Wardha (Telangana)
• Wainganga (Telangana)
• Kinnerasani (Telangana)
• Sileru (A.P)
• Taliperu (A.P)

The tributaries that join Godavari from Right side:

1. Manair
2. Peddavagu
3. Manjeera
4. Kinnerasani
5. Moola
6. Pravara
 Total catchment area is 16.14%.

The tributaries that join Godavari from Left side:

1. Purna
2. Sileru

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.3]

Telangana Geography River System

3. Sabafi
4. Indraxati
5. Pranahita
6. Wainganga
7. Penganga
8. Dudhna
9. Kaddam
• Total catchment area is 59.7%.
• The first tributary that joins Godavari in Telangana is Manjeera (at Kandakurthi)
• The last tributary that joins Godavari in Telangana is Sabari (before Kunavarm)
•

TRIBUTARIES OF GODAVARI
Manjeera
• It is the first tributary of Godavari in Telangana. Manjeera, a non perennial river is a main tributary of Godavari.
• Manjeera river is called as Manjra' in Maharashtra. It is also known as Halsi.
• Manjeera river originates at Jamkhed hill (Patoda taluka of Beed district) in Balaghat range in Maharashtra. It passes
through Maharashtra and Karnataka and enters Telangana near Narayankhed in Sangareddy district. It flows through
Medak district and Nizam Sagar Project in Kamareddy district.
• Later it cuts across Nizamabad district and falls into Godavari at Kandakurthi (Triveni Sangamam- Manjeera,
Godavari, Haridra rivers). It is the longest and main tributary of Godavari.
• Tributaries of Manjeera river: Kakivaagu, Nallavaagu, Koulas nala, Haldi, Lendi, Karanga, Tirna, Gharni, Manyad.
• Manjeera river flows through the states of - Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana
• The length of Manjeera river is 724 Km.
• Total catchment area of Manjeera river is 30,844 Sq Km.
• It is the main resource of drinking water för the districts of Sangaréddy and Medak.
• Manjeera Wild life Sanctuary is located in Manjeera basin.
• Famous temple located in the Manjeera basin- Edupayala Vanadurga temple.

Projects constructed on Manjeera river-

1. Nizamsagar Project
2. Singur Project
Nizam Sagar Project:
• Nizam Sagar Project is built açross Manjeera river between Atchampet and Vangapalli villages in NizamSagar
mandal of Kamąreddy district.
• It was constructed between 1923- 1931 during the rule of the 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan.
• Objective: To provide drinking water to Hyderabad city.
Singur Project
• It is also known as Mogili Gundla Baga Reddy Singur Project.
• It has been constructed across Manjira River near Singur village in Pulkal Mandal of Sangareddy district.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.4]

Telangana Geography River System

• It is primarily intended to provide drinking water to the twin cities of Hyderábad and Secunderabad.
Pranahita River
• The largest tributary of the Godavari is the Pranahita with about three rivers namely Penganga, Waingapga and
Wardhá combine to form Pranahitą.
• These three rivers flow through Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra and merge at Tammidikatti in Komaram Bheem
Asifabad district of Telangana to t 34.87 coverage of drainage area. form Pranahita river(Asifabad valley is located
between Godavari and Pranahita rivers.
• Pranahita river facilitates inland water transport between Gadchiroli and Kaleswaram.
• Pranahita river flows through the districts of Komaram Bheem Asifabad, Mancherial and Jayashankar Bhupalapally
in Telangana.
• This river flows 113 Kms along the border ofTelangana and Maharashtra states and falls into the river Godavari at
Kaleshwaram in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district. Penganga river from the right, Wardha river from the middle and
Wainganga from the left fall into Pranahita river.
• This river basin is spread in the şouthern slope ofVidarbha and Satpura. Pranahita Hydro electric Project is located
nearKouthala (Sirpur KagajNagar) on the border of Telangana and Maharashtra states.
• The basin of Pranahita river, the 7th Largest river basin in India is spread in 1,09,078 Sq Kms. This river flows
towards the south like the other rivers ofDeccan plateau.
• The river basin of Pranahaita is a hub of rich biodiversity with thick forests, flora and fauna.
• The three rivers that form the Pranahita river originate in the Satpura mountain range (Madhya Pradesh).
Wadha river
• It originates at Multai In Satpura range in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh.
• It flows through Vidarbha in Maharashtra and joins Penganga at Jugaad village in Maharashtra near the border of
Komaram Bheem Asifabad district after traveling 528 Kms.
• It is the biggest river in Vidarbha region.
Penganga river
• Penganga river originates at Revulghat mountains in Vidarbha and merges with Wardha river ugad in Yavatmal
district of Maharashtra. It is 676 km long.
• The Lower Penganga project has been constructed on this river as an interstate irrigation project.
• Chanaka- Korata barrage also has been constructed across this river in Adilabad district.
• This barrage provides water for irrigation to about 50 thousand acres in Thamsi, Jainath and Bera mandals of
Adilabad district.
• Yavatmal Plateau is located between Penganga and Wardha rivers.
• Pranahita- Chevella Lift Irrigation Scheme, a flagship project of Telangana government is located at Tammishetti
village in Korutla mandal ofAsifabad district. It is also known as Dr B.R. Ambedkar Pranahita- Chevella Lift
Irrigation Scheme.
Wainganga river
• Wainganga originates in Mundhara village in Seonidístrict on the southern slopes of the Satpura range of Madhya
Pradesh and merges with Pengangaat Chamorshi.
• Wainganga joins the Pranahita river from the eft side. It provides 40% of total water in Godavari.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.5]

Telangana Geography River System

• Srí Komaram Bheem Project has been built across Peddavagu stream near Ada village in Asifabad district, Vatti
Vagu Project is built across Vatti Vagu stream near Pahadibanda village and NTR Sagar (Chelimelavagu Project)
Project is constructed across Chelimelavagu stream near Anakapalli village in Thiryani mandal.
Peddavagu
• It falls into Pranahita river near Rampur in Gadchiroli district (near Asifabad) of Maharashtra. Area of this river basin
is 6000 Sq Km.

Kaddam River
• Kaddam river originates at Bithai village in Bodh taluk of Adilabad district.
• It merges with Godavari at Pasupula village in Khanapur mandal of Nirmal district.
• It flows through Adilabad and Nirmal districts only. It is a left bank tributary of Godavari.
Waterfalls on Kaddam river
Kuntala :
• It is located at Neradigonda mandal in Adilabad district.
• Its height is 147 feet/45 meters.
• It is believed that it got its name after Shakuntala, the wife of Dushyanta.
• This waterfall is of the cascade type.
Pochera
• It is located at Bodh in Adilabad district.
• Its height is 20 meters.
• This waterfall is of the plunge type
Gayatri
• It is situated at Kurdu village in Neradigonda mandal of Adilabad district.

Haridra River
• Haridra river rises near Sangareddy and flows through the districts of Sangarstáy and Nizamabad.
• It form triveni Sangamam by joining with Godavari and Manjeera rivers at Kandakurthi in Ňizamabad district.
• Districts through which Haridra river flows are- Sangareddy, Nizamabad, Kamareddy.
• Temple located at Kandakurthi is- Sangameshwara Temple

Manair
• Birthplace of this river is Sircilla hills in Rajanna Sírcilla district. Total length of Manair- 128 Km. Manai river flows
through the districts of Rajanna Sipeilla, Karimnagar, Jayashapkar Bhupalapally.
• It is a right bank tributary of Godavari that joins at Narmala village in Mahadevapura taluk ofJayashankar
Bhupalpally district. Majo town located on the banks of Manair is Karimnagar, Sircilla.
• On this river, Upper Manair Dam (built in Nizams period) is located at Narmala village in Gambhiraope mandal, Mid
Manair dam (construction in progress) at Manuvada near Sircilla and Lower Manair dam in Karimnagar district.
Lower Manair dam provides drinking water for Karimnagar and water for NTPC (Ramagundam).

Indravati
• Indravati rises from a hilltop in Kalahandi district in Dandakaranya of Eastern ghats in Odisha- Chhattisgarh border.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.6]

Telangana Geography River System

• It joins Godavari from the left at Mahadevpur in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district. It flows through Dandakaranya
and Bastar Plateau.
• Total length of this river is 535 Km. The river basin covers an area of 40,939 sq.km.
• This river basin receives plenty of rainfall due to the presence of many thick forests. Indravati river flows through the
states of Chattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana.
• This river has the name of the fastest joining tributary of Godavari'. Waterfalls on this river are Chitrakote waterfalls
(Chattisgarh). It is the largest waterfall in India. Hence it is called Indian Niagara Falls.

Kinnerasani
• This river originates near Laknavaram lake (Tadvai hills) in Mulugu district.
• Total length of this river is 96 km. Kinnerasani river flows through the districts of Mulugu, Warangal and
Kothagudem and falls into Godavan river from the right between Burgampadu and Veleru villages after
Bhadrachalam in Kothagudem district.

Sabari River
• It is also known as Kolab river.
• The main tributary of Sabari is Sileru river. Another tributary is Taliperu It is about 418 Km.
• It is the last tributary of Godavari in Telangana state. Sabari river rises from Sinkaram hills in Eastern ghats.
• Its basin is spread in Telangana, Odisha and.Chattisgarh. Sabari river joins Godavari from the left at Indira Sagar in
Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
• Highest annual rainfall in Telangana occurs in Sabari basin (1250 mm).
• Parnasala is located on the banks of Sabari river.
• Kinnerasani reservoir has been built across Sabari river at Yanambilu Village in Paloncha mandal. This reservoir
supplies water to KTPS.
• Most of the river basin of Kinnerasani and Sabari rivers has been merged with residual Andhra Pradesh state. Sileru
• Sileru is a tributary of Sabari river. It falls into Godavari river in Andhra Pradesh.
• Sileru river joins Sabari river at the Tri- Junction boundary point ofA.P, Chhattisgarh and Odisha.

2. KRISHNA RIVER
• Total basin area- 2,58,948 Sq Km.
• Total length- 1401 Km
• Length of Krishna river in both Telangana and A.P 612 Km
• The source of river Krishna is located near Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra) in Western Ghats.
• It is the 4h largest river in the Country and 2nd largest river in South India.
• The meeting place where river Krishna joins with its four tributaries in Satara district is known as Preeti Sangam/
Lovers meeting point.
• Krishna river flows through the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka and enters Telangana at Tangadi village in
Maktal taluk of Narayanpet district.
• It passes through the districts of Wanaparthy. Gadwal, Nagarkurnool, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda and Sutyapetin
Telangana and Kurnool, Prakasam, Guntur and Krishna districts in Andhra Pradesh. Telangana Geography

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.7]

Telangana Geography River System

Tributaries of Krishna
Left bank tributaries:
1. Bheema, Dindi- Mahabubnagar
2. Musi- Vikarabad
3. Halia- Nalgonda
4. Palair, Munnair- Warangal
Right bank tributaries:
1. Malaprabha
2. Ramileru
3. Ghataprabha
4. Tungabhadra (Kurnool)
5. Tammileru
6. Budameru
7. Koyna
8. Panchganga
9. Doodhganga
Tungabhadra
• Total length of the Tungabhadra: 531 Km
• Total river basin: 74,417 Sq Km
• It is the largest tributary of river Krishna.
• Origin- Varaha parvatsór Gangamoola Hills (Karnataka) in Western Ghats.
• Varaha hills join together in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka
• Two rivers namely Tunga and Bhadra that rise in to form Tungabhadra river.
• Tungabhadra flows through Karnataka and enters Andhra Pradesh at Kosigi in Kurnool District and merges with
river Krishna at Sangameswaram (Kurnool district) (near the border of Jogulamba Gadwal district).
• An irrigation and hydroelectric project was built across Tungabhadra near Hospet in Karnataka. Jogulamba temple in
Jogulamba Gadwal district and Guru Raghavendra temple at Mantralayam in Kurnool district are located on the
banks of river Tungabhadra.

Tributaries:
1. Varada river
2. Kumudvathi (Kundu river)
3. Hagari (Largest tributary- Handri- neeva)
4. Vedavati (Pampa river)
• Tungabhadra flows through the states of Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
• Tungabhadra river is termed as Pampa in Ramayana.
Bhima River
• It is the longest tributary of river Krishna.
• The length of Bhima ivef is 861 Km.
• It originates in Bhimashankar Hills in Western Ghats in Maharashtra.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.8]

Telangana Geography River System

• Total area of the river basin is 70,614 Sq Km.

• River Bhima flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana and merges with river Krishna at
Raichur.
• Tributaries of Bhima are- Kagna, Mula- Mutha, Indrayani, Ghod, Sina, Nira.
Kagna River
• Kagna river originates in Ananthagifí hills Vikarabad district
• It flows in Western direction, enters Karnataka state and falls into Bhima river.
Musi River
• Musi river is also known as Mchikunda river.
• Its total length is 250 Km.
• It rises from Ananthagiri hills near Shivareddypet in Vikarabad district.
• Largest city on the banks of river Musi- Hyderabad.
• Musi river flows through Vikarabad, Ragareddy districts and merges with Krishna river at Vadapalli in Nalgonda
district.
• Musi and Esa rivers join together at Bapu Ghat (Langar Houz).
• Tributaries of Musi are- Esa, Alair, Sakalavani
• In 1920, Mir Osman Ali Khan built Osman Sagar Dam across Musi river.
• In 1927, Mir Osman Ali Khan built Himayat Sagaf reservoir across Esa river, a tributary of Musi.
• The Great Musi flood occurred on 28 September 1908.
Dindi River
• Length- 152 Km.
• Dindi river rises from Shabad hills in Mahabubnagar and passes through the districts of Mahabubnagar,
Nagarkurnool and Nalgonda districts and merges with river Krishna at Eleswaram. Dindi river is also called
Meenambaram.
Palair River
• The length of Palair river is 145 Km. It is also known as Palleru.
• Palair river originates at Dakshina Chinnapuram in Jangaon district and flows along the border of Suryapet and
Nalgonda district and joins Krishna river at Jaggayyapeta in Krishna district.
• A reservoir is built across Palair river near Palair town in Khammam district which provides drinking water to
Khammam town.
Munneru River
• The length of Munneru river is -192 Km.
• This river originates from Pakala tank located at the border of Warangal rural and Mahabubabad districts. It flows
through Warangal rural, Mahabubabad and Khammam districts.
• Tributaries of Munneru are- Wyra, Katleru.
• Munneru river merges with river Krishna at Eluru village in Nandigama taluk of Krishna district.

Irrigation projects on river Krishna:

Jurala Project (Priyadarşhini Jurala Project)

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.9]

Telangana Geography River System

• It is situated at Revulapally village in Jogulamba Gadwal district. It is the first project constructed across Krishna
river in Telangana. It is an earthen and masonry dam.
The Babli Project Controversy
• Babli project is built across river Godavari at Dharmabad in Nanded district of Maharashtra.
• It is a disputed project between the states of Maharashtra and Telangana.

The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act was enacted in 1956

• According to this Act, special tribunals are constituted to adjudicate the disputes related to waters of inter- state rívers
and river valleys between the states.
1. Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal I: 1969
• Chairman of this tribunal- R.S.Baćhawat
• States- Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
2. Godavari Water Dispute Tribunal : 1969
• Chairman of this tribunal- R.S.Báchawat
• States- Andhra Pradesh, Telan gana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
3. Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal lI: 2004
• Chairman- Brijesh Kumar Mishra
• States- Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Practice Questions

Ques: Assertion (A): Telangana state had a dendritic type pattern drainage system.
Reason(R): The oldest Dharwar group of rocks is well distributed throughout the Telangana state.
Select the answer using the codes given below
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the proper explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true, and R is not a proper explanation of A
(C) Only A is true
(D) Only R is true

Ques: Which of the following rivers flow through Telangana ?

(1) Godavari (2) Bheema
(3) Tungabhadra (4) Pranahita
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 2,3 and 4 (d) 1,2,3 and 4

Ques: Which of the following statements are correct?

(1) The largest tributary of the Krishna river is the Tungabhadra river
(2) The longest tributary of the Krishna river is the Bhima river
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only
(C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [4.10]

05 SOILS OF TELANGANA

SOILS OF TELANGANA
• The loose surface material of the Earth is called Soil. The study of soil is called Pedology or Edaphology.
• The study of the origin and formation of soil is known as Pedogenesis.
• The study of nature of soils is called Lithology.
• Soils are formed as a result of Weathering of rocks and minerals by physical and chemical processes.
• Weathering involves disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals.
• Soil constitutes the upper layer of the Earth's crust, comprising weathered rock particles and organic matter. Its
formation is influenced by various factors:
• Parent Material: The original rock from which soil develops.
• Relief/Topography: The landscape features like slope and elevation affecting soil formation.
• Climate: Temperature, precipitation, and other climatic factors impacting soil development.
• Natural Vegetation & Biological Factors: Plant growth and microbial activity influencing soil characteristics.
• Time: The duration over which soil-forming processes occur, contributing to soil maturity and complexity.
• Earth Day- 22 April
• World Wetlands day- 2 February
• World Soil Day- 5 December
• The Ph of soil favorable for agriculture: 6.5- 7.5.
• The substance formed due to weathering of rocks is known as Soil.
• Telangana contains various soil types extending from highly fertile alluvial soils to infertile sand soils.
• Even though there are irregular peneplains in the state, red soils, black soils and laterite soils are present. Telangana
mainly consists of Red soils, Alluvial Soils, Black soils and Laterite soils.
• In ancient India, soil classification was rudimentary, primarily distinguishing between fertile (Urvara) and sterile
(Usara) soil. Modern classification considers various characteristics like texture, color, and moisture. The Soil Survey
of India, founded in 1956, extensively studied India's soils, as did the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
Planning, a unit of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
• Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR); was established in 1929) Survey of India was established in 1956.
• ICAR has classified the soils of India into 8 categories.
There are mainly four categories of Soils in Telangana
• Major Soil types in Telangana
• According to Soils of Andhra Pradesh, 1976, there are 7 types of soils in the Telangana region.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [5.1]

Telangana Geography Soils Of Telangana

They are:
1. Red sandy loams (Chalka Soils)
2. Red loamy sands (Dubba soils)
3. Alluvial soils
4. Shallow to Medium black soil
5. Deep black soils
6. Lateritic soils
7. Salt affected soils

1. Red Soils
• Parent rocks are- Granite and Gneiss.
• The PH of the red soils lies ín the range of 6.0-75. Red Soils are spread over 64% ofTelangana.
• These are red in color due to the presence of Iron Oxide.
• Red soils are spread in almost all districts of Telangana.
• The Red soils area is less in Adilabad, Mancherial, Nirmal, Kumuram Bheem, Kamareddy, Nizamabad, Sangareddy,
Jogulamba Gadwal districts.
• Telangana mainly consists of red soils.
• Red soil has less nutrients and organic material but more phosphorus.
• They are classified as Chelka (Red Sandy Loams) and Dubba soils (Red Loamy Sands) in Telangana.
1. Chelka Soils (Red Sandy Loams)
• Chelka soils are derived from weathering of Quartzite and coarse granite rocks. They are mainly located in lower
areas i.e in the slopes between hillocks.
• Red Sandy soils have a high percentage of sand molecules and less percentage of clay molecules. They are poor in
Nitrogen and Phosphorus and are less fertile.
• Chelka soils are pqrolis and frigble. The water retention capacity is less. So they are mixed with black soils, loamy
soils and fertilizers to improve water retention capacity.
2.Dubba soils (Red Loamy Sands)
• Dubba soils have less percentage of sand moleculęs and high percentage of clay molecules. So they have good water
retention capacity.
• They are less fragile and pale gray in color.
• Groundnut is mainly cultivated in red soils. They are loose soils.
• They are primarily spread in Mahabubnagar, Wanaparthy, Nagarkurnool, Gadwal, Nalgonda, Suryapet, Khammam,
Kothagudem, Warangal, Bhupalpally, Karimnagar, Jagtial, Peddapalli, Rangareddy. Vikarabad, Kamareddy and
Nizamabad districts.
• There are very few in Adilabad district.

2. Black Soils
• They are also called Self plowing soils.
• They are spread over 26% area in Telangana. Black soils have higher water retention capacity.
• Black soils are formed due to weathering in the areas of sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, limestone and shells.
• They are black or dark gray in color due to the presence of Magpeşlum oxide.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [5.2]

Telangana Geography Soils Of Telangana

• The rocks spread in black soils- Basalt, Granite.

• These soils are formed on lava, gneiss and granite rocks located in the Deccan plateau having a semi semi-arid
climate.
• Black soils have a high amount of clay and higher moisture retention capacity.
• They are also known as Regur sóils or Black Cotton soils. Black soils have higher content of Iron and Calcium and
lesser content of Phosphorus, Nitrogen and organic material.
• They are mainly spread over the districts of Adilabad, Mancherial, Nirmal, Rangareddy, Nizamabad and Kamareddy
and less spread in the districts of Karimnagar, Waranagal and Mahabubnagar.
• Black soils are best for the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, turmeric, chili and Millet, crops. The PH of black soils
ranges from 7.8 to 8.7.

3. Laterite Soils
• Later means Brick in Latin.
• These are spread over an area of 2% across the districts of Telangana.
• Laterite soils become sticky when they are soaked and become hard when they are dry. So they are called Brick Soils.
• They are acidic in nature and rich in Bauxite.
• They are a mixture of Hydrides and Oxides of Iron and Aluminium.
• Laterite soils become black in the rainy season.
• They are generally formed in hot and wet tropical areas.
• Laterite soils are also known as Rusty Red soils.
• PH of Laterite soils ranges between 6.0-6.8.
• They are located in Narayankhed and Jaheerabad of Sangareddy district and Khammam district.
• Laterite soils are yellow, brown and red in color. It is used to make bricks.
• These soils are best for growing Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Cashew, and Spices crops.

4. Alluvial Soils
• Alluvial soils are very fertile soils. They are formed due to silt deposited by the flow of rivers for many years. They
are called Khadar in Telangana.
• Alluvial soils are very fertile and retain moisture well.
• They have high content of Potash, Phosphorus and Calcium and low content of Nitrogen and organic Carbon.
• These soils are mainly located in Godavari and Krishna deltas.
• They are best suitable for the cultivation of Paddy, Sugarcane, Banana, Mango and Citrus crops.
• Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition of fine silt.
• They are yellow in color with a higher content of Sand.
• Alluvial soils are rich in Potash and Limestone and lack Nitrogen.
• They are called the granaries of India.
• They are generally basic in nature.
• Alluvial soils are best for cultivation because they are very fertile.
• They have acidic properties when rainfall is more than evaporation.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [5.3]

Telangana Geography Soils Of Telangana

Problem of Soils:
Soil degradation in India presents several challenges:
1. Soil Erosion:
 Soil loss due to natural forces like wind and water exceeds replenishment rates.
 Agricultural productivity and the economy are adversely affected.
2. Nutrient Deficiency:
 Indian soils lack nitrogen and phosphorus, especially in certain regions.
 Long-term imbalanced fertilizer use exacerbates nutrient imbalances.
3. Desertification:
 Arid and semi-arid regions experience desert-like conditions due to factors like overgrazing and deforestation.
 Potential consequences include increased wind erosion and drought frequency.
4. Waterlogging:
 Flat depressions hinder surface water drainage, causing waterlogging.
 Over-irrigation exacerbates the problem, leading to reduced productivity.
5. Salinity and Alkalinity:
 Over-irrigation causes salt deposition, rendering fertile soils useless.
 Salinity and alkalinity, particularly in Punjab and Haryana, stem from intensive irrigation.
6. Wasteland and Urban Development:
 Urbanization contributes to soil toxicity through chemical waste dumping.
 Heavy metal accumulation in urban soils poses health risks.
7. Industrialization Impact:
 Industrial activities encroach on agricultural and forest lands, leading to soil degradation.
 Opencast mining disrupts soil characteristics and alters socioeconomic landscapes.
Addressing these issues requires sustainable land management practices, balanced fertilizer use, and efficient water
resource utilization.
Conservation of Soil:
Soil conservation methods encompass various approaches:
1. Afforestation:
 Cease deforestation and promote tree planting to increase forest cover, aiming for 33% of total land, with specific
targets for different regions.
2. Overgrazing Control:
 Implement measures to limit overgrazing by designating separate grazing areas and monitoring grazing practices.
3. Agricultural Practices Modification:
 Adopt diversified practices like crop rotation and leguminous plant cultivation to maintain soil fertility.
 Implement strip cropping and no-till farming to minimize soil erosion and maximize land productivity.
4. Contour Ploughing:
 Plough along the natural contours of hills to create ridges and furrows that slow water flow and reduce erosion.
5. Shifting Cultivation Regulation:
 Encourage tribal communities to transition to settled agriculture by providing land and resources.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [5.4]

Telangana Geography Soils Of Telangana

6. Terrace Farming:
 Construct terraces on hill slopes to create level areas, reducing erosion and conserving soil.

7. Windbreaks Establishment:
 Plant dense rows of trees to protect agricultural fields from wind erosion, particularly using evergreen species.
8. Salinity Management:
 Utilize humic acids to mitigate soil salinity by fixing ions and preventing salt buildup.
 Plant salt-tolerant species to lower water tables and decrease surface salt accumulation.
9. Natural Fertilizer Use:
 Replace chemical fertilizers with natural alternatives like livestock manure and organic matter to replenish soil
nutrients sustainably.

Practice Questions

Ques: Which of the following statements are correct?

(1) In Telangana state 64 % of area is covered under red soil.
(2) In Telangana 26% of area is covered under laterite soil.
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only
(C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2

Ques: Out of 33 districts in Telangana 32 districts are covered by the red soil except?
(A) Khammam (B) Karimnagar
(C) Mahabubnagar (D) Nizamabad

Ques: Which of the following statements are correct?

(1) ln Telangana deep black soils are distributed in the lower part of Krishna and Godavari basin.
(2) The black soil are distributed more in the Northern part of the Telangana state than the southern part.
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only
(C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2

Ques: As per soils of AP -1976,how many types of Soils are spread over Telangana state?
(A) 7 (B) 9
(C) 10 (D) 6


KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [5.5]

06 FOREST COVER AND WILDLIFE

FORESTS OF TELANGANA
• The word 'Forest' derives from the Latin word Fores'. It means 'outdoor or outside or the land outside the village'. It is
a village border, uncultivated land or uninhabited land or an area of unenclosed countryside.
• Forest is a large tract of land covered with naturally grown trees and underbrush or a natural area densely covered
with trees. The territory that is specified under the Forest Act is known as Forest.
• Forests are renewable natural resources.
• They contribute substantially to the economic development of a country. So these are considered as National
property.
• Forests are known as the lungs of the Earth because they purity the al a is breathed by the living organism.
Definitions of forests
• Forests are generally known as the natural flora that is unaffected by humans.
• The first forest policy in India was announced by the British in 1894 based on the recommendations of Dr. Dietrich
Brandis.
• National Forest Policy 1952 drafted after independence aims to maintain a minimum of33% of the total land area of
the Country under forest or tree cover.
• The policy's goal is to maintain 60% of the area under forest and tree cover in the hills and mountainous regions and
to maintain 20% of the area and 10 million hectares of area under forest and tree cover in the plains.
• Eastern and Western Ghats have 50%, Deccan Plateau has 18% and Gangetic Plains have 7.5% of the total forest area
of India.
• Social forestry was proposed by the National Commission on Agriculture in 1976.
• Social forestry programme was proposed in the 5th Five year plan (1976) and it was implemented in the 6th Five year
plan (1980-85).
• National Forest Policy 1988 is also known as the Revised National Forest Policy.
• According to National Forest Policy 1988, the area under forest and tree cover in the hills and mountainous regions
was increased to 66%.
• A new National Environmental Policy was formulated in 2006.
• The Forest Rights Act 2006 mandates the conservation of forests and providing livelihood and food Security to the
forest dwellers.
• Forest cover in Telangana increased by 6.85 per cent during 2015 to 2021 period, according to the Telangana Socio
Economic Outlook 2023.
• The India State of Forest Reports revealed a notable increase in forest cover in Telangana, rising from 19,854 sq km
in 2015 to 21,214 sq km in 2021, marking a growth of 6.85% over the six-year period.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.1]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

• Among major cities like Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai, Telangana saw a remarkable
forest cover growth rate of 146.8% between 2011 and 2021.
• Telangana's total forest area stands at 26,969.61 sq km, constituting 24.06% of the state's total geographical area, as
per the government survey.
• The state's ambitious green initiative, Telangana ku Haritha Haaram, aimed to plant 230 crore seedlings from 2015-
16 to 2022-23, surpassing expectations by planting 270.65 crore saplings by January 2023, with an expenditure of Rs
10,417 crore.
• Forest cover outside the recorded forest area in Telangana showed a significant increase, from 1,727 sq km in 2015 to
2,518 sq km in 2021, marking a rise of 45.80%, attributed to government programs like 'Haritha Haranı'.
• Hyderabad received recognition as the "Tree City of the World" by the FAO and Arbor Day Foundation for
consecutive years in 2020 and 2021, highlighting its commitment to environmental conservation.
Types of forest
• According to Champion and Seth Classification, 1968, the forests in Telangana have been classified into the
following categories:
1. Tropical moist deciduous forests
2. Southern dry deciduous forests
3. Northern mixed dry deciduous forests
4. Dry Savanna Forests
5. Tropical dry deciduous scrubs
• The flora of Telangana comprises about 1945 taxa of flowering plants ((163 cultivable among them) distributed
within 893 genera and 162 families.
• The state is bestowed with dense Teak forest Telangana is home for several deciduous species like Nallamaddi,
Yegisa, Rose Rood, Narepa, Bamboo in addition to Teak.
• 80% of vegetation of Telangana belongs to Hardwickía Binata and Albizia

Forest Types in Telangana

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
1. Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forests
2. Dry Deciduous Scrubs
3. Dry Teak Forests
4. Secondary Dry Deciduous Forests
5. Dry Bamboo Brakes
6. Hardwickia Forests
7. Dry Savannah Forests
8. Boswellia Forests
9. Dry GrassLands
Tropical Thorn Forests
1. Southern Thorn Forests
2. Southern Thorn Scrubs
Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests
• Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous Forests

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.2]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

• Almost all programmes and schemes of the Forest Department are being implemented through participation of local
people, Vana samrakshna Samithis (V8S) and Eco-Development Committees (EDOS) in Protected Areas and
Watershed Development Committees in the Watershed areas.
• The Forest Development Authority operates in a 3-Tier system.
They are:
1. State Forest Development Agency (SFDA) at the State Level
2. Forest Development Agency (FDA) at Divisional Level
3. Vana Samrakshana Samithi (VSS) at Village Level.
Objectives of Forest Policy:
• Its main objective is to provide livelihood to the forest sector.
• Utilization of forests as a weapon to alleviate rural poverty.
Biodiversity in Telangana
• Biodiversity, according to the Convention on Biological Diversity, refers to the range of living organisms across
various environments, including terrestrial, marine, and aquatic ecosystems, along with the interconnected ecological
systems they comprise.
• This encompasses the diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems, recognized at three levels:
genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
• Genetic diversity pertains to the assortment of genes within a species, collectively known as the gene pool, reflecting
the variation among individuals.
• Species diversity denotes the variety of different species present in various habitats on Earth, exemplified by the
abundance of plant, animal, and microbial species in locations such as tropical rainforests.
• Ecosystem diversity highlights the assortment of ecosystems within the biosphere, encompassing environments like
wetlands, coral reefs, estuaries, deserts, mangroves, and temperate forests, among others.
• Biodiversity conservation methods can be broadly categorized into two types: In Situ Conservation and Ex Situ
Conservation.
• In Situ Conservation focuses on preserving wildlife and their habitats where they naturally exist, making it the
primary method of conservation.
• This approach emphasizes the establishment and maintenance of protected areas, ensuring the adequate preservation
of different species and their ecosystems.
• In India, several protected areas, such as wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves, tiger reserves, and
Ramsar sites, have been designated for the protection and conservation of biodiversity.
• The term Biological diversity was first used by Raymond F. Dasmann (1962).
• The term Biodiversity was first coined by W.G. Rosen in 1985.
• Telangana State Biodiversity Board constituted more than 3000 Biodiversity Management Committees at local level
in the State. It prepared more than 210 People's Biodiversity Registers.
• It also recognized 25 plant species, 23 mammal species, 27 bird species, 9 reptile species, 12 fish species and 1
amphibian species as threatened or endangered species at the verge of extinction.
• The State has 2,939 plant species, 365 bird species, 103 mammal species and 28 reptile species, in addition to a large
number of Invertebrate species.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.3]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

• Poda Thurupu or Mannanur Cattle, the local cattle breed endemic to Amrabad, Mannanur, Achampet and surrounding
areas has become Telangana's first recognized native cattle breed.
• This breed has been officially registered under the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) in
Haryana, on 24 January 2020. There are about 166 fish species in Telangana. Channa Striatus or popularly known as
Murrel (Koramenu) is officially announced as the 'State lcon Fish' of Telangana State.
• Many animals like tiger, leopard, Indian Bison, four horned antelope, black buck and marsh crocodile are facing the
threat of extinction. The state is bestowed with dense Teak forest along the banks of river Godavari right from
Nizamabad through Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal up to Khammam district.

Wildlife Conservation Programmes in India

• India has initiated various wildlife conservation programs over the years to safeguard endangered species and their
habitats.
• The conservation efforts include Project Hangul (also known as Kashmir Stag) launched in 1970, focusing on the
preservation of this iconic deer species.
• The Gir Lion Project, initiated in 1972, aims to protect and increase the population of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest
of Gujarat.
• Project Tiger, established in 1973, is dedicated to the conservation of the majestic Bengal tiger and its habitats across
India.
• The Crocodile Breeding Project, commenced in 1974, focuses on the conservation and breeding of crocodiles to
prevent their decline.
• The Brow Antlered Deer (Thamin Deer) Project, launched in 1977, aims to conserve and restore populations of this
unique deer species.
• The Rhinoceros Conservation Project, started in 1987, concentrates on safeguarding the Indian rhinoceros from
extinction.
• Project Elephant, initiated in 1992, is dedicated to the protection and welfare of elephants and their habitats.
• Project Red Panda, established in 1996, focuses on the conservation of the red panda species found in the eastern
Himalayas.
• Measurement of Biodiversity:
• Alpha Diversity refers to the diversity within a specific area or ecosystem and is represented by the number of species
present, also known as species richness.
• Beta Diversity quantifies the variation in diversity between different ecosystems, typically indicated by changes in
the number of species among these ecosystems.
• Gamma Diversity assesses the overall diversity across multiple ecosystems within a particular region, providing a
comprehensive understanding of biodiversity at a larger scale.
• Significance of Biodiversity:
• Biodiversity holds immense significance as different species fulfill vital functions within ecosystems, benefiting both
themselves and other organisms.
• Organisms play key roles in capturing, storing, and utilizing energy, as well as producing and decomposing organic
matter, contributing to essential processes like water and nutrient cycles.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.4]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

• They also aid in gas fixation in the atmosphere and are integral in regulating the climate, fostering soil formation,
mitigating pollution, and safeguarding land, water, and air resources.
• These diverse functions performed by organisms are essential for sustaining ecosystem functions and ensuring their
stability over time.

Loss Of Biodiversity:
• Biodiversity loss, encompassing the disappearance of species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity, is accelerating
worldwide, posing a significant threat to the planet's biological wealth.
• Over the past 500 years, the IUCN Red List has documented the extinction of 784 species, including vertebrates,
invertebrates, and plants, with more than 30 species lost in just the last two decades.
• The current extinction rate is alarming, estimated at up to 100 to 1000 species per 10,000 species over 100 years,
which is nearly 1000 times higher than the natural rate of extinction.
• The Living Planet report reveals a persistent decline in biodiversity abundance levels, with the average population of
monitored species plummeting by 58% since 1970.
• Tropical forests have witnessed a staggering 40% decline in species since 1970, while temperate grasslands and
freshwater habitats have experienced declines of 18% and 81%, respectively, over the same period.

Causes of Loss of Biodiversity:

• Habitat loss and fragmentation, primarily caused by land use changes such as conversion to cropland and
infrastructure development, lead to extinction by disrupting ecosystems. Wetlands have decreased by 30% in the past
40 years due to agricultural and urban expansion, and significant portions of forests and grasslands have been
converted for human purposes.
• Pollution degrades habitats and threatens species survival, with examples including water pollution from agricultural
runoff and industrial effluents, and air pollution causing harm to urban bird populations.
• Over-exploitation of species, driven by unsustainable resource use, leads to declines in biodiversity, exemplified by
historical extinctions like the Steller's sea cow and passenger pigeon due to overhunting.
• Introduction of alien species, intentionally or accidentally transported to new regions, disrupts ecosystems through
competition, disease spread, and genetic alterations, as seen with the invasive Water hyacinth in India.
• Global climate change exacerbates biodiversity loss by altering species' distributions and disrupting ecological
interactions, impacting food chains and triggering mismatches in synchronized dependencies among species.
• Co-extinctions occur when species' extinctions lead to the loss of associated plants and animals, such as when host
species vanish, endangering dependent parasites.
• Natural disasters like floods and earthquakes also contribute to biodiversity loss by destroying habitats and disrupting
ecosystems.

Forest Research Institutions

• Konda Laxman Bapuji Horticultural University
• Mulugu (Siddipet)
• Telangana Forest Academy - Dulapally (Medchal- Malkajgiri)
• Forest Research Center - Dulapally (Medchal- Malkajgiri)
• Forest College and Research Institute - Mulugu (Siddipet)

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.5]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

• Biodiversity Park - Gachibowli

• State Forest Research and Development Circle Head quarters - Hyderabad
• Telangana Forest Research Divisions- Warangal, Hyderabad
• These research divisions resolve the issues that arise in their respective forest aren There are 6 Regional forest
research divisions under Warangal Forest Research Diviste Publications of Telangana Forest Academy. Vana
Samrakshana (Monthly Vanagnapika (Quarterly)
• Due to the Government's commitment to protecting urban forests. Hyderabad has been recognized as a 2020 Tree
City of the World by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Arbor Day Foundation.
Hyderabad is the only Indian city to earn this recognition.

Forest College and Research Institute (FCRI)-Mulugu

• The Government established a Forest College and Research Institute (FCRI) in Mulugu Siddipet district in 2016.
• FCRI aims to bring out quality forestry professionals for the conservation and sustainable management of forest
resources.
• FCRI offers bachelOrs-level, masters-level and doctoral degree programmes in forestry.
• It also develops appropriate methods through rigorous research to propagate plantation crops to meet the domestic
and industrial needs, Furthermore FCRI Drovides extension training to farmers and develops agroforestry models
suitable for different agro-ecological systems.
Geomatics
• Geomatics refers to the methods and technologies used to collect, distribute, store, analyze. process, and present
geographic data. It encompasses Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Global Positioning Systems (GPS),
Cartography, Remote Sensing, and Surveying.
• The forest department uses Geomatics-based tools for the efficient management of its forests along with Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) tools.
• The department has developed a modular based web-enabled Forest Management Information System (FMIS) for the
public servants and other stakeholders.
• 20 modules have been developed and operationalized and 5 modules are at different stages of development.

BIOSOT
• The Government of Telangana constituted the Biodiversity Conservation Society of Telangana (BIOSOT) as per the
orders of the Honourable Supreme Court of India to implement the conservation measures in the wildlife sanctuaries.
• An amount of Rs. 25.36 crore is deposited in the BIOSOT account pertaining to the Srisailam Left Bank Canal
Project.
• The interest accrued to the principal amount is utilized for the protection and management of sanctuaries and tiger
reserves.
• This includes initiatives such as habitat improvement, installation of solar pump-equipped bore wells and purchase
of Camera traps to monitor the movement of wild animals etc.

Telangana State National Green Corps (NGC)

• The Government of India launched the National Green Corps (NGC)P programme in all districts of the country. It is
currently being run in all districts of the state, covering 5,000 schools. The programme aims to inculcate environment
discipline among students by forming eco-clubs and involving students in environment related activities.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.6]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

• Telangana has a network of 12 protected areas which include 9 wildlife sanctuaries and 3 national parks covering an
area of 5672 sq. km.
Protected Areas
• Wetlands like Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary and Sivaram Wildlife Sanctuary which are home to the endangered
Marsh Crocodile (Muggar), The Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary also attracts thousands of migratory bird like Painted
Storks, Open Billed Storks, Herons, Ibis, Ducks, Geese, etc.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Telangana

1. Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary
 It is one of the oldest sanctuaries in Telangana. (Deccan deciduous forest). Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary is located
on the border of Telangana, Maharashtra and Chattisgarh states.
 It was established on 30 January 1952 at present day Eturnagaram mandal headquarter in Mulug district.
 It was notified on 7 July 1999. Area- 803 sq km.
 The climatic conditions of this sanctuary located along the banks of River Godavari in Deccan plateau contribute to
the growth of rich biodiversity.
 The largest tribal congregation in Asia, Medarama Jatara is celebrated once in every two years at Tadvai mandal
headquarters located within the limits of this sanctuary.
 Many stone human dwellings of historic age and rakshasa gullu were found in this wildlife sanctuary.
 Primary plant species- Teakwood
 Fauna- Indian Bisons, Tigers, Antelopes, Blackbucks, Wolves, Sambars, Python, Nilgais.
2. Pakhala Wildlife Sanctuary
 Pakhala Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Warangal Rural district. It is spread over an area of 860 sq km.
 It was established under Hyderabad Fasli Act (1951) for conservation of wildlife in 1999.
 It was enacted under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Maximum and minimum temperature varies from 47° Ct0 10°
C respectively throughout the year.
 Average annual rainfall is 1143 mm. Dry and deciduous vegetation along with evergreen vegetation is found here.
 Fauna found here includes tigers, Indian bison, antelopes, sambars, nilgai, chinkaras, leopards, sloth bears and
monkeys.
 It also has reptiles like crocodiles, cobras and chameleons. Birds- Starks, Owls, Wild geese etc.
3. Sivaram Wildlife Sanctuary
 Sivaram Wildlife Sanctuary is spread between Macherial and Peddapali districts. Major part of it is spread in
Mancherial district.
 Area - 30 sq km
 Initially it was started for the conservation of Mugger or marsh crocodile under the Hyderabad Fasli Act 1952.
 It was notified in 1978 under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
 This wildlife sanctuary is well known for Marsh Crocodiles.
 It is covered with dry deciduous forest.
 Sivaram wildlife sanctuary consists of various species of birds, leopards, crocodiles, sloth bears, bison, antelopes,
pythons and tigers.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.7]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

 People belonging to Gond, Mannepod, Naikpod and Lambadi tribes are living in this Sanctuary.
4. Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary
 Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Mancherial district at the border of Telangana and Maharashtra states.
 It is spread over an area of 136 sq km.
 It was notified in 1980 under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
 Main attraction of Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary is- Blackbucks.
 A tribe namely Naikpods are living in this forest.
 They mainly depend on wood, forest produce and shifting cultivation.
 Pranahita Wilde Conctuary houses dry deciduous forests and grass species, Maximum and minimum temperature
varies from 46°C to 9°C respectively.
 This wildlife sanctuary is situated on the bank of Pranahita river.
5. Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary
 The Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary located at a distance of 35 km from Bhadrachalam and 24 km from Kothagudem
is a part of Dandakaranya.
 This sanctuary got its name after the river Kinnerasani. This river divides the sanctuary and meets Godavari.
 The wildlife found in this sanctuary are Tigers, Chinkaras, Sambhar, pythons and many more. The sanctuary covers
an area of 635 sq km and is located near the Kinnerasani reservoir.
 Main tourist attractions are deer park, glass guést house, ecopark and ecological information center.
 It was declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1977. Average maximum and minimum temperatures recorded here are 15
degree Celsius and 45°C respectively.
 Average annual rainfall- 863.55 mm.
6. Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary
 Manjeera wildlife sanctuary is located at a distance of 50 km from Hyderabad along river Manjeera.
 It is spread over an area of 20 sq km. It is situated in Sangareddy district.It was established in 1978.
 About 70 species of birds, mammals, reptiles and flora are living in this sanctuary. Minimum and Maximum
temperatures vary from 15°C to 42°C. Average annual rainfall- 915 mm.
 There are many organisms at the verge of extinction that are present in this sanctuary.
 It is well known for marsh crocodiles (Mugger) or freshwater crocodiles.
 Manjeera reservoir located in this sanctuary is the most important man made reservoir in Telangana.
 It supplies drinking water to Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
 There are nine small and very beautiful islands gdda, Sangamadda, Puttigadda, Karnamgadda and others which
together form the Manjira Wildlife & Bird Sanctuary.
7. Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary
 This wildlife sanctuary situated at a distance of 115 km from Hyderabad and 15 km from Medak district was founded
near Pocharam lake.
 Once it was a hunting ground for the Nizam kings.
 This sanctuary is spread over an area of 130 sq km and is a visual treat with many trees and flowering plants.
 Pocharam lake is located beside the sanctuary. Antelopes and deer are present here.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.8]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

 Temperature rises to 46'C during summer and falls to 6°C during winter.
 Flora- Mixed dry deciduous forest with patches of scrub and grassy plains. Terrain undulating with low hills and
small water pools.
 Fauna- Panthers, Sloth Bears, Wild Boars, Cheetals, Sambars, Nilgai, Chowsinghas, Chinkare Hyenas, Jackals,
Pythons, Ducks, Teals, Partridges & Quails. Average annual rainfall-800 mm.
8. Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary
 Kawal Tiger Reserve was established in 1965.
 It was declared as a Wildlife sanctuary on 14 July 1969 under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Kawal Tiger reserve
was recognized in 2012 in erstwhile Adilabad district.
 It was recognized as the 40 th tiger reserve by the Union.
 It is spread over an area of 2,015Sq km, Core area 89215 sq km and Buffer Area 1,123 sqkm.
 Kawal tiger reserve is spread over four districts namely Adilabad.
 Komaram Bheem Asifabad, Mancherial and Nirmal.
 Its core area is mainly present Jannaram mandal headquarters in Mancherial district.
 Majority area of this wildlife sanctuary is located in Nirmal district (82,110.83 hectares).
 The sanctuary houses several species of animals including Cheetals, Sambars, Barking Deer, Nilgai, Sloth Bears,
Chowsingas, Farm civets, Gaurs. Indian Bisons, Panthers and Tigers and reptiles like Crocodiles, Pythons, Monitor
Lizards, Star Tortoises and Cobras.
 It is the sanctuary with the largest number of Teak trees.
 Kaddam river flows through this sanctuary.
9. Amrabad Tiger Reserve
 It is also known as the Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.
 Amrabad tiger reserve is spread over Nagarkuríool, Mahabubnagar and Nalgondá districts.
 Core area of this wildlife sanctuary is 2,166 sq km and the buffer area is 445.02 sq km.
 It was declared officially as a wildlife sanctuary in 1978.
 It was recognized by the Project Tiger reserve in 1983.
 Maximum temperature- 45°C, Minimum temperature- 8°C.
 Average annual rainfall- 900- 1000 mm.
 This sanctuary includes míxed deciduous forest, grasslands and bamboo.
 Primitive tribal groups like Chenchus and Lambadas are living here.
 Tiger is recognized as the primary animal in this sanctuary.
 River Krishna and Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir, Pedda dookudu and Saleshwaram waterfalls are also located in this
tiger reserve.
 It is a home for tigers, leopards, wolves, jackals, antelopes, sambar, barking deer and more than 200 bird species.
 Amrabad tiger reserve is a rich biodiversity hotspot and has a Contiguous landscape of good forest ecosystems and
forms the catchment area of Krishna river.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.9]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

 The Eco-Tourism project which is being implemented with the involvement of local communities at Mannanur,
Farhabad, Mallela Theertham and Domalapenta, is running successfully and benefiting more than 50 families of local
primitive tribes Chenchus and other communities.

National Parks
1. Mrugavani National Park
 Mrugavani National Park is situated at Chilkur village in Moinabad mandal of Rangareddy district.
 Earlier it was a reserve' forest and later made as Mrugavani park.
 In 1994, the Government of India announced a wildlife sanctuary.
 In 1998, it was renamed as 'Mrugavani National Deer Park. Mrugavani National Park is present between Gandipet
and Himayat Sagar lakes.
 This 1211 acres (4 sq km) National park harbors over 600 plant species.
2. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
 It was established in the year 19984t Banjara hills in Hyderabad.
 There are about 600 species of trees and plants and about 140 bird species in this 1 sq km park. It is also known as ‘
Chiran Palace'.
3. Mahavir Harina Vanasthali Park
 This park was established in 1975 at Vanasthalipuram, Ranga Reddy district on the eve of completion of 2500 years
of Nirvana of Vardhaman Mahaveer.
 It is spread over an area of 15 sq km and the mait attractíon is deer.
 The Natíonal Park is known as the largest green lung space in the city of Hyderabad.

Ameenpur Lake as Biodiversity Heritage Site

 The Government of Telangana declared Ameenpur lake as Biodiversity Heritage Site under Section 37 of Biological
diversity Act 2002.
 It is the first in the Country for a water body.
 It is spread over an area of 93.1 acres.
 Every year, about 223 species of migratory birds and native birds visit this lake. So, it is known a5 Birding Paradise.

Palapitta Cycling Park

 Palapitta Cycling Park is a best example of urban green infrastructure developed for the residents and vÍsitors of
Cyberabad area.
 The cycling park named after the state bird Palapitta Pala Pitta is a reserved forest that has been developed into a
cycling park by Telangana State Forest Development Corporation.
 It was thrown open to the public on 20 November 2017.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.10]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

Practice Questions
Ques: Consider the following statements regarding
The India State Of Forest Report(ISFR) 2021
1. The total forest and tree cover of the country has been estimated as 24.62% of the total geographical area of the
country.
2. Based on the area Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Odisha
and Maharashtra
3. Telangana followed by Andhra Pradesh and Odisha are the top 3 states showing increase in forest cover.
Which of the above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 and 2 (b) Only 2 and 3
(c) Only 1 and 3 (d) All 1, 2 and 3

Mains Question
Ques: Write a note on Forestry and Biodiversity of Telangana. Explain the effect of climate change on the Forest sector.
1. As per socio economic outlook 2021-22, total geographical area of Telangana is 112077 km2 and the forest cover
in the State is 26,969 km2, which is 24.05% of geographical area. According to Champion and Seth's classification,
the Forests of the Telangana State fall under Dry Teak Forest, Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest, Dry
Deciduous Scrub, Dry Savannah Forest, Hardwickia Forest, Dry Bamboo Brakes, and Southern Thorn Forest.
Districts with the highest forest area in the state are
1. Bhadradri (15.98%)
2. Mulugu (10.98%)
In terms of percentage of forest cover Mulugu has 71.81% as forest area followed by Bhadradri Kothagudem with
60.95%.
 72% of forests in the state are Reserved forests followed by Protected Areas of about 26% and Unclassed forest
2%. 12 Protected Areas, consisting of 9 Wildlife Sanctuaries & 3 National Parks are in the State. Amrabad Tiger
Reserve and the Kawal Tiger Reserve are notified as two Tiger reserves in the state.
 As there is an increase in population, deforestation is being done to meet human needs. This leads to rise in natural
calamities such as floods, landslides and soil erosion.
Biodiversity of Telangana
Telangana State is known for its rich heritage in biological diversity distributed in 9 agro climatic regions. Among
the flora, the state harbors a total of 2,800 taxa belonging to 1,051 genera under 185 families.
 This accounts for 16% of the Angiosperms known from India. Of these, 2,071 species belonging to 150 families
and 796 genera are Dicotyledons and 729 species belonging to 255 genera and 35 families are Monocotyledons.
 Among the fauna, Telangana State is rich with 108 species of mammals that include Tiger, Leopard, Sloth Bear,
Giant Squirrel, Hyena, Fox, Wild Dog, Wild Boar, Indian Bison(Gaur), Spotted Deer, Barking Deer, Black Buck,
Four-horned Antelope, Blue Bull, Sambar, etc.
Effect of climate change on forest sector
Issues-
• Deforestation, degradation of forests and excess of soil erosion in degraded forests

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.11]

Telangana Geography Forest Cover And Wildlife

• Disturbance in the timing of flowering and appearance of pollinators and excessive use of pesticides/insecticides,
loss of forests, air pollution etc have also decreased the appearance of pollinators.
Interventions-
• Soil and Water Conservation in forest lands
• Afforestation and eco development through community based programmes (like Joint Forest Management)
• Creation of forests in degraded/public lands, including such lands in and around cities and towns
• Documentation of biodiversity, including genetic fingerprinting Preservation of rare/threatened germplasm.
Telanganaku Haritha Haram (TKHH), a flagship programme of the Telangana State Government envisages to
increase the tree cover of the State from present 24% to 33% of the total geographical area of the State. This
objective is sought to be achieved by a multi-pronged approach of rejuvenating degraded forests, ensuring more
effective protection of forests against smuggling, encroachment, fire, grazing and intensive soil and moisture
conservation measures following the watershed approach.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [6.12]

 07 MINERAL RESOURCES - COAL,
IRON, LIMESTONE ETC

Mineral Resources of Telangana

Chota Nagpur Plateau is also known as the Mineral Heartland of India. National Mineral Development Corporation
(NMDC) was established in November 1958. New National Mineral Policy was announced in 1993-94.
Mineral resources of India are accumulated in peninsular plateau, hills and river basins.
Telangana is one of the major producing States of Coal, Manganese, Iron ore, Black Granite and Colour Granite in India.
Singareni Coal plays a vital role in meeting the thermal energy requirements of the State. Telangana produces 20% of the
total Coal produced in India. Telangana produces about 37 million tonnes of Industrial minerals, 65-68 million tonnes of
Coal every year.
Telangana is well known for its rich mineral resources. The State with highest Coal reserves in South India- Telangana.
Bayyaram has vast reserves of medium grade iron ore.
Telangana is the Only State in entire Southern India with vast deposits of Coal. The Black Gold is being mined by
M/s.Singareni Collieries Company Ltd, (State Government Company).
State is endowed with medium grade Iron Ore deposits in Bayyaram Reserve Forest and Float Iron Ore deposits in
Revenue & Patta Lands of Khammam District and low grade scattered Iron Ore deposits in Karimnagar District.
Iron Ore deposits in Telangana State is under exploration by GSI, DM&G and SCCL to assess mineral reserves for
establishment of Steel Plant as envisaged in State Reorganisation Act, 2014.
Uranium deposit with estimated reserves of 20000 Metric Tons occurs in Lambapur, Pulicherla, Nammapuram &
Yellapuram areas of Nalgonda District. M/s.Uranium Corporation of India Ltd (UCIL) filed application over an extent of
542 Hectares for mineral concession.
Mineral Belts in India:
North-Eastern Peninsular Belt:
 The Chhota Nagpur Plateau is known as India's mineral-rich region, containing significant deposits of iron, coal,
manganese, bauxite, and mica.
 This belt includes parts of Jharkhand, Odisha Plateau, West Bengal, and portions of Chhattisgarh.
Central Belt:
 This region is abundant in manganese, bauxite, limestone, marble, coal, gems, mica, iron ore, and graphite.
 It spans across Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
Southern Belt:
 The Southern Belt is characterized by ferrous mineral resources but lacks coal reserves, except for lignite at Neyveli.
 It covers the Karnataka plateau and Tamil Nadu upland regions.
South-Western Belt:
 This belt is rich in iron ore, garnet, and clay resources.
 It encompasses areas in Western Karnataka and Goa.
North-Western Belt:
 Known for its non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead, zinc, uranium, mica, beryllium, and precious stones.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [7.1]

Telangana Geography Mineral Resources - Coal, Iron, Limestone Etc

 Includes the Aravalli region in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat.

 1. The State with highest Coal reserves in South India- Telangana
 2. Coal Mine of South India- Kothagudem
 3. Singareni Collieries Head Office is located at Kothagudem.
 4. Chota Nagpur plateau is also known as Ruhr of India and Mineral Crescent.

Mineral Resources
 Minerals are classified into Major, Minor and other minerals. Coal, Garnet, Graphite, Iron ore, Limestone,
Manganese ore, Stowing Sand are known as Major minerals. Amethyst, Barytes, Dolomite, Feldspar, Fire Clay.
 Laterite, Mica, Quartz, Silica Sand, Shale, White Clay, Yellow ochre are known as Minor minerals.Black Granite,
Colour Granite, Gravel, Limestone slabs, Lime kankar, Mosaic chips, Marble, Road metal, Ordinary Sand are known
as other Minor minerals.
District-wise Mineral distribution in Telangana:
1. Adilabad: Abundant in manganese ore, laterite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
2. Bhadradri-Kothagudem: Known for garnet, stowing sand, and coal, also containing marble, calcite, laterite, quartz,
feldspar, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
3. Jagityal: Rich in iron ore, manganese, and limestone, along with quartz, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and
ordinary earth.
4. Jangaon: Notable for granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
5. Jayashankar: Contains iron ore, coal, and stowing sand, with dolomite, laterite, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum,
ordinary earth, and sand.
6. Jogulamba-Gadwal: Abundant in limestone, along with quartz, feldspar, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum,
ordinary earth, and sand.
7. Kamareddy: Rich in quartz, feldspar, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, ordinary earth, and sand.
8. Karimnagar: Known for quartz, feldspar, laterite, road metal, gravel, morrum, ordinary earth, and sand.
9. Khammam: Abundant in iron ore and coal, also containing mica, dolomite, corundum, barytes, quartz, granite, road
metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
10. Komaram Bheem: Contains limestone and coal, with white clay, sandstone, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary
earth.
11. Mahabubabad: Notable for iron ore, along with barytes, kaolin, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary
earth.
12. Mahabubnagar: Rich in gold and diamonds, also containing quartz, feldspar, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and
ordinary earth.
13. Mancherial: Abundant in limestone, coal, and stowing sand, with dolomite, granite, road metal, gravel, ordinary
earth, and sand.
14. Medak: Contains quartz, feldspar, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
15. Medchal: Rich in quartz, feldspar, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
16. Nagarkurnool: Notable for quartz, feldspar, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
17. Nalgonda: Abundant in limestone, gold, and diamonds, also containing quartz, feldspar, granite, road metal, gravel,
morrum, and ordinary earth.
18. Nirmal: Rich in quartz, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
19. Nizamabad: Contains granite, feldspar, quartz, road metal, gravel, morrum, ordinary earth, and sand.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [7.2]

Telangana Geography Mineral Resources - Coal, Iron, Limestone Etc

20. Peddapalli: Abundant in limestone, iron ore, coal, and stowing sand, also containing granite, road metal, gravel,
morrum, ordinary earth, and sand.
21. Rajanna-Sircilla: Known for granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, ordinary earth, and sand.
22. RangaReddy: Rich in quartz, feldspar, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
23. SangaReddy: Contains quartz, laterite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
24. Siddipet: Notable for granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
25. Suryapet: Abundant in limestone, gold, and diamonds, also containing laterite, quartz, feldspar, road metal, gravel,
morrum, and ordinary earth.
26. Vikarabad: Contains limestone, laterite, quartz, feldspar, fullers earth, limestone slabs, road metal, gravel, and
ordinary earth.
27. Wanaparthy: Rich in limestone, with quartz, feldspar, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, ordinary earth, and sand.
28. Warangal Rural: Known for laterite, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
29. Warangal Urban: Contains quartz, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.
30. Yadadri: Notable for quartz, feldspar, granite, road metal, gravel, morrum, and ordinary earth.

Mining- Socio Economic Outlook,2022

 Telangana has varied geology, endowed with a rich and wide variety of minerals suitable for specific mineral
industries. The Government has leased 88,809 hectares of land for mining and quarrying activities.
 The state has over 1,904 mineral industries, with Jogulamba-Gadwal (723), Khammam (463). Vikarabad (234) and
Komara Bheem (183) having the maximum share of units.
 In 2019-20, the state earned a total revenue of Rs. 3,715.78 crore from mineral production in the state. Mineral
revenue collections worth Rs. 19,776 crore has been achieved between 2014-15 to 2019-20.
Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation (TSMDC)
 The Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation (TSMDC) is re-possible for developing mineral resources
through exploration and mining activi- ties. TSMDC was declared a National Exploration Agency (NEA) by the
Ministry 2016 and has taken up exploration of minerals within and outside the state.
 District Mineral Foundation Trust
 According to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, the Government of
Telangana constituted District Mineral Foundation Trust with effect from January 2015. It is a non- Dret
organization.
 It works for the interests, benefits and sustainable development of directly affected areas due to mining and mining
related operations.
Collection of DME:
1. The royalty for the mining leases sanctioned after 12 January 2015- 10%
2. The Royalty for the mining leases sanctíoned before 12 January 2015- 30%
 1/3 of the income goes to the District Mineral Foundation. This funds will be utilized for the benefits of local peoples
by the development of infrastructure, constructíon of Schools, hospítals and Toilets and other activities.
Union Ministry of Mines Annual Report- 2021
 According to the Union Ministry of Mines Annual Report - 2021, Telangana stands in 5th place in production of high
value minerals.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [7.3]

Telangana Geography Mineral Resources - Coal, Iron, Limestone Etc

 The number of minerals produced in the country is 1427. The number of minerals produced in Telangana ís 1303.
Telangana occupies 11th position among the mineral producing states.
 Telangana produced about 8,429% of total míneral produced in India in 2021. In this regard Telangana stood in the 4
place. Telangana produces 7,28% of total limestone, 0.27% of total Manganese produced in India.
Coal
 Telangana has the largest deposits of coal among all South Indian states. It has proven deposits of 11,394.76 million
tonnes, accounting for 7.04% of all proven deposits in the country, Mancherial, Peddapalli and Bhadradri
Kothagudem districts account for 75% of these reserves.
 Coal is used in Iron and Steel plants, Thermal power plants, Cement industry, Railways, small industries and as
domestic fuel. Gondwana coal was formed about 250 million years ago due to natural calamities. Coal isa powerful
energy source. On the basis of carbon content, coal has been classified into four types.
 Lignite ís often brown in color. It carries 40 to 55 percent carbon content. It is an intermediate stage which happens
during the alteration of woody matter into coal. It has high moisture content so it gives smoke when burnt.
 Peat has less than 40 per cent carbon content. It is in the first stage of transformation from wood to coal. It has low
calorific value and burns like wood. The coal available in Telangana belongs to semi bituminous type. It has 81-82%
of carbon.
 It is extensively used in industries to produce steam. Pranahíta and Godavari river valleys in Telangana have large
deposits of coal. According to the Geological Survey of India, there are about 301.56 billion tonnes of coal deposits
in India. Telangana has about 7.45% of the total coal deposíts of Indía i.e 22.48 billion tonnes of coal and occupies 6
place in terms of coal deposits in the country.
 Coal is available in the districts of Mancherial, Peddapalli, Khammam, Bhadradrí Kothagudem, Jayashankar
Bhupalpally, Komaram Bheem Asifabad.
 The district having A- grade coal deposits- Jayashankar Bhupalapally
 Districts with largest amount of coal deposits in Telangana- Mancherial, Peddapalli.
1. Largest Coal producing district in Telangana- Bhadradri Kothagudem
2. Largest Coal producing State in India- Jharkhand
 M/s Singareni Collieries Company Ltd (SCCL), a State Public Sector Undertaking, is the primary coal mining
corporation in Telangana. It is the second-largest coal producer in India.
 The total coal production for the Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. grew over 42.5% for the current fiscal year, from
32.65 million tonnes in 2020- 21 to 46.52 million tonnes until December 2021-22.
 The company had a turnover of Rs. 18,907 crore in the first three quarters of 2021-22 and recorded a profit of Rs.
1,070 crore, achieving a 227% rise in profit compared to the same quarters in the previous financial year.
 In 2021 the Singareni Thermal Plant was awarded by the Mission Energy Foundation for its effective utilization of
fly ash. In 2021, the thermal plant was also declared the best power plant in the country in terms of Plant Load Factor
(PLF). The company also received the Solar Excellency Award 2021 for its 219 MW Solar Plant.
Diamonds
 Diamond reserves are present in Kolhapur and Bollaram, Amaragiri, Somasila, Maddimadugu areas around Krishna
river in Achampet Taluk of Nagarkurnool district.
 Diamonds were found during the construction of Koilkonda- Devarkadra pipe line in Mahabubnagar and Vikarabad
districts. 29 sites have been identified by the Geological Survey of India.
 Diamonds are found in Kimberlite stones. The diamond mines were nationalized during the Nizam period and it was
industrially developed.
 Largest Diamond producing State in India- Madhya Pradesh

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [7.4]

Telangana Geography Mineral Resources - Coal, Iron, Limestone Etc

Gold
 Gold mines are located at Mangampet in Jayashankar Bhupalpally at the confluence of Kinnerasani and Godavari
rivers, Atmakur block in Wanaparthy district and Gadwalrockbelt in Gadwal district.
 Largest Gold producing State in India- Karnataka
Dolomite
 The mineral composed of Limestone and more than 15% of Magnesium is known as Dolomite. Dolomíte is used in
the manufacture of iron, steel, ferro alloys, fertilizers, glass and cosmetics.
 Dolomites are present in Mahabubabad and Raghunadhapalem, Maadhaaram, Mevulanarava in Bhadradri
Kothagudem districts. The Madharam mines are expected to have 881 million tonnes of Dolomite spread in an arca
of 150 meters thickness, 32 km length and6 meters depth. The Madharam mines currently supply iron ore to meet the
requirements of the Vizag Steel Plant.
 Top of Form
 District with largest Dolomite reserves and production in Telangana- Khammam
Chromite
 Chronite is an oxide mineral composed of Chromium, iron and Oxygen. It is a mineral ore of Chronmilu Chromium
that is used in the manufacture of stainless steel and many alloya.It hardens and toughens stoel hereases its resistance
to corrosion, especially at high temperatures.
 It is available in Khammam n Bhadradrikothagudem distriets as a surface mineral.
 Largest Chromite producing district in Telangana- Khammam
 Largest Chromite producing State in india Odisha
Amethyst, Quartz
 These stones are used in ornaments.
 They are mainly available atRamayampet in Medak district, Peddapad Mekalagattu and Abdul nagaram in Warangal
district, Southern Karimnagar, Mahabubnagar, Wanaparthy JogulambaGadwal, Nagarkurnool and Vikarabud
districts.
Copper
 Copper ore is mainly available at Dharwar in Mylaram of Bhadradri Kothagudem district. It is also found in
Wanaparthy, JogulambaGadwal in Mahabubnagar districts.
 Largest Copper producing State in India- Karnataka
Feldspar
 Feldspar is used in ceramics and glass making, abrasive, enamel, and electric furnaces.
 Feldspar is available at Charakonda, Damaracherla, Nidamanuru in Nalgonda district, JogulambaGadwal,
Nagarkurnool, Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy, Bhadradri Kothagudem, and Khammam districts. Good quality Feldspar
is found in Nalgonda district.
 High quality Feldspar is available in Nalgonda district.
Uranium
 There are estimated reserves of 18550 tonnes ofUranium ore in Lambapur, Pulicherla, Namma Puram and Yellapur
villages of Nalgonda district.
 Uranium Corporation ofIndia filed an application for grant of mining lease Over an extent of 542 hectares.
Manganese Ore
 Manganese ore deposits are found in Jamalpur, Guda, Tokkuri, Pipalkoti, Pimpalgaon, Gunjala of Adilabad district
with total estimated reserves of 1.85 million tonnes with 25%- 40% Manganese content.
 Minor occurrences are found in Rajampet and Kandali Of Nizamabad district. It is mainly used in the manufacture of
ferro alloys, dry cells, purifying agents, coloring glasses, paints, oils and varnish.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [7.5]

Telangana Geography Mineral Resources - Coal, Iron, Limestone Etc

Limestone Slabs
 The Tandur blue limestone slab (Shahabad stone) useful for flooring is famous in South India is available in
Vikarabad district. Phyllites available in Damarcherla, Raghunadhapalem of Nalgonda and Suryapet are also used in
flooring.
Iron ore
 The iron ore available in the State is used in the manufacture of steel, sponge iron, pig iron and pelletization. Iron ore
has been classified into four types based on quality.
 They are: Magnetite, Hematite, Limonite andSiderite. Hematite in large quantities and Magnetite in little quantities
are available in Telangana. Magnetite deposits are present in Bhilwara, Kallada, Rasturabad, Robanpalli, Luxettipet
and Sirpur.
 Iron ore is also available in Cheruvu Puram, Bayyaram, Navapadu, Kothagudem, undividedAdilabad, Karimnagar,
Warangal, Mahabubabad, Khammam, Mancherial and Jagtial districts.
 The place in Telangana having highest deposits of iron ore- Bayyaram (Mahabubabad). There are about 162 million
tonnes of estimated low grade iron ore deposits in Telangana. An integrated Steel plant has been proposed in
Khammam.
1. Region with highest reserves of Iron in Telangana- Bayyaram
2. Largest Iron producing state in India- Karnataka
3. State with largest Iron reserves in India- Jharkhand
Barytes
 Barytes is extensively used in petroleum extraction and manufacture of paints, tyres, rubber items, papers and
chemical industries.
 Barytes deposits are abundant in BhadradriKothagudem, Khammam and Mahabubnagar districts.
 It is also available at Rudramkota, Venkatayapalem, Gopalpur, Balapet, Kodampur, Kuruvapuram, Bolarum and
Veerabhadradurgam in Wanaparthy district.
1. Largest Barytes producing district in Telangana- Khammam
2. Largest Barytes producing State in India- Andhra Pradesh
Clay
 Large deposits of clay are present in Adilabad, Komaram Bheem Asifabad districts. Clay is used in pot making. Clay
is available in Panchagaon, Lalapet, Katteral and other areas.
 Clay used for ceramic utensils is available in the West of Golkonda. White clay deposits are present at Shaikour
village and Gambhiraopet (Sangareddy).
 Fine clay is available in Konasamudram area (Nizamabad district).
Mica
 Mica is available in Gosaveedu, Kannur, Vavilala and Kallur regions. Jharkhand is the largest mica producing State.
Kyanite
 It is available in Garib Pet and Rudrampet in undivided Khammam district. Kyanite is mainly used in Refractory and
ceramic products, porcelain plumbing and dishware.
 It is also used in electronics, electrical insulators and abrasives.
Graphite
 Graphite is available in Uppalapadu, Chigurumamidi, Gopannagudem, Gundlamugu, Bolapalle, Chettamreddy padu,
Siddaram and other villages of undivided Khammam district.
Fullers Earth (Chavudumatti)
 This is available in several mandals of Rangareddy district. It is used as a decolourizer in vegetable oil and oil
refineries.
Garnet

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [7.6]

Telangana Geography Mineral Resources - Coal, Iron, Limestone Etc

 In Garibpet, located in the Khammam district, there is a hill composed entirely of garnet-kyanite-mica schist, with
garnet content ranging from 11% to 19%. The estimated reserve of garnet in this area is 31 million tonnes.
Additionally, in localities southwest of Yellandlapad in the Khammam district, garnet is found abundantly in garnet-
staurolite schist formations.
Corrundum:
 Corundum is found in nepheline syenites at Rangapur and in ultrabasic rocks near Tadakalapudi, specifically in
association with kyanite and fuchsite-muscovite-sericite rock. In Lakshmipuram, semi-precious corundum of the
abrasive variety, as well as rare occurrences of gem variety, have been observed in exploration pits where the host
rock is sillimanite-corundum schistose rock.
 At Gobbagurti and Singaraipalem, corundum occurs alongside kyanite schists. Additionally, corundum is found as
placer concentrations in the upper soil at Lallurgudem. In the Nalgonda district, corundum occurrences are noted
around Pedagudem, Timmapur, Lingampalle, and Anvalgudem villages of Miryalguda taluk.
Limestone
 Limestone deposits are extensively found in the districts of Adilabad, Peddapalli, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda,
Suryapet, Vikarabad and Mancherial districts.
 There are about 75-19 million tonnes of estimated limestone deposits in Telangana.
 Limestone is used in the manufacture of cement in 21 cement plants in the State that have an installed capacity of
29,50 million tonnes per annum.
 Mining for Coal, Limestone falls under large scale mechanized sector, while Granite, Dolomite, quartz,feldspar,
Clays and Barytes Etc fall under semi mechanized medium sector and the other minerals fall under semi mechanized
sector.
 Nearly 90% of the Mines fall under the small sector and the remaining 10% under medium and large sectors.
1. Largest Limestone producing district in Telangana- Nalgon da
2. The Limestone slab (Shahabad stone) available at Vikarabad is famous throughout South India
Granite
 It is available in Karimnagar, Peddapalli, Jagityal, Warangal, Hanumakonda, Mahabubabad., Khammam, Nizamabad
and Kamareddy districts.
 It is used in flooring, decorative items,construction of memorials, counter tops and others.
 A large amount of Granite from Telangana is exported to China. Khammam district is the largest producer of black
Granite.
Sand mining
 As per the Sand Mining Policy, 2014, sand from certain streams is entrusted to TSMDC for extraction and supply.
TSMDC has environmental clearances to operate in 70 sand bearing areas (as of November 2021). with another l00
sand bearing areas to become operational by the end of 2021-22.
 The corporation supplies sand to state Government programs in the housing and irrigation sectors.
 During the year 2020-21, sand mining contributed revenue worth Rs. 783.75 crore to the state exchequer. It directly
employed over 5,250 people.
 For 2021-22, until November, the contribution to the state exchequer has been Rs. 546 crore. Close to a third of the
revenue generated goes to the District Mineral Foundation, used exclusively to benefit the local population, and
provide funds for improving the quality of infrastructure, schools, health facilities and toilets.
 In order to monitor and curb illegal sand mining in the state, the TSMDC has set up an integrated call center to
inform the buyers of sand prices and prevent illegal transportation of sand. Additionally. monitoring tools like CCTV
cameras and weighting bridges have been installed. The online Sand Sales Management and Monitoring System
received the Digital India Gold Award from the SKOCH group in 2020.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [7.7]

Telangana Geography Mineral Resources - Coal, Iron, Limestone Etc

Telangana State Leather Industries Promotion Corporation (TSLIPC)

 TSLIPC was established on 27h August 2015.
 It promotes and develops the leather industry in Telangana state.
 TSLIPC provides training to unemployed SC youth.
 It produces leather products like footwear and leather goods to various State, Central Government Departments and
Corporations.
1. Leather cluster in Armoor under MSME Cluster
 TSLIPC initiated measures for setting up a leather cluster at Armoor under MSME Cluster Development Scheme of
Government of India.
 Share of the Central government is 80% and that of the State government is 20%.
 About 150 plots are being developed under this initiative.
 The project, spread over 28 acres, was proposed at a cost of Rs. l0 crore.
 It would provide direct employment to 1000 persons and indirect employment to 500 persons.
2. National SC/ST Hub Scheme
 The Government of India recognized TSLIPC as a nodal agency at state level to promote SC/ST hub. The following
programmes would be taken up-
1. Exhibitions/ Trade fairs
2. Vendor development programme
3. Workshops, Seminars and awareness programmes
4. Skill development programmes.
 LIDCAP (Leather Industries Development Corporation of A.P. Limited) was established on 4th October 1973. After
the bifurcation of United Andhra Pradesh state, TSLIPC was established for the state of Telangana.
Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation Limited
 It was established as a full state level organization on 8th October 2014.
Objectives:
 Exploration, preservation, extraction and purification of minerals and development of minerals. Development of
mineral facilities with private partnership
 Identifying best technologies and investments for the development of mineral resources.
 The Union Ministry of Mines had declared TSMDCL as a National exploration agency on 5 January, 2010
Vision & Mission :
 Exploration of minerals in Telangana and in the country and resolving challenges in green field/brown field
exploration



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [7.8]

08 ENERGY RESOURCES - THERMAL,
HYDRO, SOLAR POWER

Thermal and Hydro power in Telangana

• The total contracted capacity of Telangana more than doubled between 2014-15 and 2020 from 7,872 MW to 16,614
MW.
• There are two types of energy sources
1. Renewable energy sources
2. Non-Renewable energy sources.
A. Renewable Energy Sources
• The renewable sources held nearly one-fifth (23%) of the total contracted capacity in the sent 2020-21.
• This includes solar, wind, bagasse, biomass, municipal/industrial waste & mini-heal on.01-09-2021.
• The total contracted capacity of renewable energy sources along with solar end is 3,818 M.W.
• In terms of sources of electricity generation, thermal sources continue to make up more than half the total installed
capacity because of the availability of abundant coal in the state. In addition to thermal power, the share of renewable
sources of energy such as solar power and biomass is increasing.
1. Hydroelectricity or Hydropower
• Hydroelectricity or Hydropower is a form of renewable energy that uses the water stored in dams and flowing in
rivers to create electricity in hydropower plants.
• The falling water rotates blades of a turbine, which then spins a generator that converts the mechanical energy of the
spinning turbine into electrical energy.
• Hydroelectric power is a significant component of electricity production Worldwide. As on 01-09- 2021, the hydel
power production capacity in Telangana was 2,506.9 (15.1%) M.W.
Benefits of Hydropower:
• Relatively low operations, maintenance costs and the projects are long lasting.
• The technology is reliable and proven over time.
• Rainfall renews the water in the reservoir, so the fuel is almost always present.
• Fuel is not burned so there is minimal pollution.
• Hydropower plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• The first major hydroelectric project (4.5MW) in Asia was built in 1902 near Shivasamudram waterfall of Cauvery
River in Karnataka. It is known as Shivanasamudra Hydroelectric project.
Issues with Hydro Power Generation:
• Hydropower development in India faces several challenges that impact its growth and contribution to the country's
energy mix:
• Development vs. Indigenous Communities:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [8.1]

Telangana Geography Energy Resources - Thermal, Hydro, Solar Power

• In central India, the potential for hydroelectric power generation in river basins like Godavari, Mahanadi, Nagavali,
Vamsadhara, and Narmada has not been fully realized due to opposition from tribal communities concerned about the
impact on their livelihoods and environment.
• Majority Power from Thermal Sources:
• Hydropower's contribution to India's electricity generation has been declining, constituting only about 10% of the
total generation. Thermal power remains the dominant source, accounting for around 80% of electricity production.
• Complex Clearance Norms:
• Existing hydropower projects often face delays due to complicated planning processes, extended land acquisition and
resettlement procedures, inadequate infrastructure (especially transmission), limited market opportunities, and
challenges in securing long-term financing.
• Environmental Concerns:
• Many hydroelectric projects are stalled due to conflicts over contracts, environmental litigation, local opposition,
financial constraints, and lack of demand from potential buyers.
• Slow Addition of Hydropower Capacity:
• Over the past decade, only about 10,000 megawatts (MW) of hydropower capacity has been added, reflecting the
challenges and limitations in expanding this sector.
• Centre-State Disputes:
• Since water and hydropower are state subjects, disputes among riparian states often delay the construction of
hydroelectric projects. The Subansiri Hydroelectric Project is an example of such inter-state conflicts.
Advantages of Hydroelectric Power
• Hydroelectric power offers several advantages that make it a valuable renewable energy source:
1. Renewable and Non-Consumptive:
• Hydroelectric power utilizes water to generate electricity without consuming it, making this resource renewable and
leaving water available for other purposes like irrigation and drinking.
2. Low Recurring Cost:
• Once constructed, hydropower plants have relatively low recurring costs compared to fossil fuel-based power plants,
resulting in cost-effectiveness over the long term.
3. Cost-Effective:
• Hydroelectricity tends to be less expensive than electricity generated from coal or gas-fired power plants, providing a
competitive advantage in terms of operational costs.
4. Stability and Dependability:
• Hydropower contributes to grid stability by reducing financial losses associated with frequency fluctuations. It is a
reliable source of energy that is not affected by inflation, as it does not rely on fossil fuels.
5. Quick Response for Peak Loads:
• Hydropower stations can quickly start and stop operations, making them ideal for meeting peak electricity demand in
grids efficiently.
6. Complementary with Thermal Power Plants:
• The operational characteristics of hydro and thermal power plants complement each other. A balanced mix of both
types maximizes overall capacity utilization and grid stability.
7. Matching Seasonal Load Curves:
• The seasonal generation pattern of hydropower aligns well with the seasonal load curves of regional grids,
contributing to efficient electricity supply management throughout the year.
Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power
While hydroelectric power offers numerous benefits, it also presents several challenges and drawbacks:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [8.2]

Telangana Geography Energy Resources - Thermal, Hydro, Solar Power

1. Capital-Intensive:
• Developing hydropower projects requires significant upfront investment in infrastructure, including dams, turbines,
and transmission lines, making it a capital-intensive form of electricity generation.
2. Environmental Impact:
• Hydroelectric projects often necessitate the diversion of forested land, particularly in hilly areas where projects are
typically located. This can lead to deforestation, habitat loss, and disruption of ecosystems.
3. Land Submergence and Displacement:
• The construction of dams for hydropower projects can result in the submergence of land, leading to the loss of flora,
fauna, and agricultural areas. Additionally, large-scale displacement of communities living in affected areas can
occur.
4. Limited Dam Locations:
• Dams for hydropower generation can only be constructed in specific geographic areas where suitable terrain and
water resources exist, limiting the potential for widespread implementation.
5. Agricultural Impact:
• The submergence of land due to reservoir creation can result in the loss of valuable agricultural land, impacting local
farming communities and food production.

Hydroelectric Projects in Telangana

1. NagarjunaSagar Hydroelectric Project
• Nagarjuna Sagar is a major hydroelectric project in Telangana.
• It is a multipurpose project built across river Krishna in Nalgonda district at Southern border of the State.
• The hydroelectric plant has a power generation capacity of 815.6 MW with 8 units (1 × l10 MW + 7 × 100.8 MW).
• First unit was commissioned on 7 March 1978 and 8th unit was commissioned on 24 December 1985.
2. Srisailam Left bank powerhouse
• Srisailam Left bank Power House is built across river Krishna. Its construction commenced in 1960 and completed
on 24 July 1980.
• It is located in Nagarkurnool district. The output capacity of the power house is 900 MW.This Powerhouse is the(3d
largest hydel power plant in the Country.
• It is the only underground powerhouse in India.
3. Priyadarshini Jurala Hydroelectric Plant
• Jurala Hydro Electric Plant was built in 1995 across river Krishna at Revulapally village inJogulamba Gadwal
district.
• It is a joint project of Telangana and Karnataka States.
• Installed capacity: 234 MW (6x 39 MW)
4. Nizam Sagar Hydro Electricity Project
• It is located in Kamareddy district.
• Generation capacity- 10 MW (2 x 5 MW)
5. Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal Power Station
• It is located at Nandįkonda village in Nalgonda district.
• Power generation capacity: 60 MW (2 × 30 MW)
6. Singur Hydro power Station
• Singur power station is located in Rangareddy district.
• Generation capacity: 15 MW (2 × 7.5 MW)

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [8.3]

Telangana Geography Energy Resources - Thermal, Hydro, Solar Power

7. Pochampad Hydro Power Station

• Pochampadu Hydro Power Station is located in Námabad district.
• Power generation capacity: 36 MW (4 × 9 MW)
8. Lower JuralaHydro Power Station
• Lower Jurala Power Station was started in 2008.
• 6 units of the Power Station with 40 MW each are installed here.
• Power generation capacity: 240 MW (6 × 40 MW)
9. Puttamgandi Hydro Power Project
• This power project is located in Nalgonda district.
• The hydroelectric plant has 4 units with power generation capacity of 18 MW each.
• Power generation capacity: 72 MW
10. Peddapalli Mini Hydro PowerPlant
• Peddapalli Power plant is built across Kakatiya canal in Peddapalli district.
• It was inaugurated on 31 March 1986.
• Power generation capacity: 9.16 MW
11. Palair Mini Hydro Power Plant
• Palair Mini Power plant was built in Palair, Khammam district on 13 February 1993.
• Power generation capacity: 2 MW
12. Pulichintala Hydro Power Plant
• This power plant is located at Nemalipuri village in Suryapet district.
• Power generation capacity: 120 MW
2. Solar Power
• Solar power is the energy generated from the Sun in the form of electric or thermal energy. The state has vast solar
potential with more than 300 sunshine days in a year. To leverage this, the Government is currently implementing the
Telangana State Solar Policy 2015.
Benefits of Solar Power
Solar energy offers several key benefits that make it a valuable renewable energy source
• Sunlight is available almost throughout the day.
• It is a non-conventional non-polluting energy source.
• Solar energy is a renewable and sustainable source of energy that can be continuously generated without depleting
natural resources.
• Solar energy is environmentally friendly, producing no harmful emissions or pollution during its operation.
• The cost of solar energy has significantly decreased in recent years, making it more affordable and economically
viable.
• Solar energy systems are becoming more reliable and durable, requiring minimal maintenance over their lifespan.
• Solar energy is versatile and can be utilized for various purposes, including electricity generation, heating, and
lighting.
• Solar energy systems can be installed on a small scale, allowing for local energy generation and reducing reliance on
centralized energy sources.
Challenges with respect to Solar Power:
Despite its benefits, solar energy deployment in India faces several challenges:
• Despite recent reductions in solar panel costs, the high upfront installation expense remains a challenge for
widespread adoption.
KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [8.4]
Telangana Geography Energy Resources - Thermal, Hydro, Solar Power

• Limited access to financing for renewable energy projects, especially in smaller and rural areas, makes it difficult for
individuals and organizations to invest in solar energy.
• Inadequate infrastructure and grid connectivity in certain regions hinder the efficient transmission of solar-generated
electricity to where it is needed.
• Finding suitable land for large-scale solar projects is challenging in India due to competing land-use demands for
agriculture and urban development.
• Poor maintenance and operation practices can decrease the efficiency and effectiveness of solar power systems,
impacting their long-term viability.
• Cleaning solar panels traditionally requires significant water usage, which poses challenges in water-scarce regions.
Waterless cleaning methods are labor-intensive and can cause surface damage, reducing efficiency.
• First Solar power plant in India was installed at Kalyanpuri (Uttar Pradesh).
• First Solar power plant in Telangana is installed at Gafta, Jogulambaadwal district.

Jurala Solar Power Plant

• Jurala Solar power plant is the first Solar power plant established in Telangana.
• It was established on 29 December 2014 in Jogulamba Gadwal district as a photovoltaic plant under Jawaharlal
Nehru National Solar Power Mission.
• It is maintained by TS GENCO.
• Installed capacity: 1 MW
• TSGENCO is establishing new Solar Power Projects of capacity 20 MW at existing power plants of Kothagudem
Thermal Power Station (8 Mw), Pulichintala Hydro Electricity Station (7 MW) and Peddapalli (5 MW).
Telangana State Solar Power Policy 2015
• The Telangana State Solar Policy 2015 provided various incentives to prospective solar power developers.
• The success of the policy is evident from a rise in the installed capacity of solar power from 74 MW in 2014-15 to
3.489 MW in 2020-21; an increase of around 54 times.
• The policy aims to provide fiscal incentives for investménts in green energy and the development of a conducive
environment for such industries.
• Between 2014 and 2016 financial years, Telangana occupied 2nd position among the states that utilized solar power
additionally.
• The programmeş covered under this policy include Solar Power Projects (SPPs), Solar Roof- top Projects (SRPs),
off-grid applications, and solar parks.
• According to the NITI Aayog's Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index 2019-20, the state is a 'Front
Runner' on SDG 7 on ensuring access to clean and affordable modern energy.
3. Biofuel
• Biofuel is the fuel derived from biomass -that is, plant or algae material or animal waste. Since such feedstock
material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable energy.
• Biomass can either be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as biofuel. 1890 KCal of energy can
be produced from a half kilogram of dried grass. A normal biomass substance has 68% Methane, 31% Carbon
dioxide, 1% Nitrogen.
4. Biogas
Biogas is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of Oxygen
(anaerobically), primarily consisting of Methane, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide and Water vapour. Biogas can
be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green
waste or food waste, aquaculture waste, dairy waste and solid waste materials. It is used moderately in rural areas.
The district has the largest number of Biogas plants: Bhadradri Kothagudem
KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [8.5]
Telangana Geography Energy Resources - Thermal, Hydro, Solar Power

District having very less number of Biogas plants : Jogulamba Gadwal

5. Wind Power
• Wind energy has been used for thousands of years to propel sailing ships and for pumping water and grinding grain.
• Wind Energy is an indirect form of Solar Energy. About 1% of the total solar radiation that reaches earth is converted
into energy of wind.
• Electricity can be produced at a low cost from wind energy. Germany, U.S.A, Denmack, Spain and India have 80%
share in the global wind power production. This type of electricity production has not yet started in the State.
• The Government notified draft Wind Power Policy 2016 to promote wind energy based electricity generation in the
State.
• The following facilities were provided for improving the ease of doing business:
1. Facilitation of expeditious approvals through single window clearance.
2. Deemed conversion to Non-agricultural land status
3. Exemption from Land ceiling Act
4. Transmission and Distribution charges for wheeling of power
5. Electricity duty shall be exempted for captive/group captive consumption, sale to DISCOMS and third party sale in
respect of all Wind Power Plants set up within the State. Telangana State Renewable Energy Development
Corporation Limited (TSREDCO) has been created vide GO.no.25 dated 03.09.2015 of Energy (CC) Department , to
act as Nodal Agency for implementing all New and Renewable Energy Programs in the State.
B. Non Renewable Energy Sources
• The distribution of Non renewable energy sources is very limited.
1. Coal
2. Petroleum
3. Gas
Coal
• Coal is the only fossil fuel available in Telangana. It is the main energy source for the generation of electricity by
Thermal power plants.
• The Coal deposits of the State are located in Godavari River Valley, primarily in Northern Telangana region.
• Telangana has the largest deposits of coal among all South Indian states. It has proven deposits of 11,394.76 million
tonnes, accounting for 7.04% of all proven deposits in the country. Mancherial , Peddapalli and Bhadradri
Kophagudem districts account for 75% of these reserves.
• M/s Singareni Collieries Company Ltd (SCCL), a State Public Sector Undertaking, įs the primary coal mining
corporation in Telangana.
• It is the second-largest coal producer in India) Singareni Collieries Company Limited is a Government coal mining
company jointly owned by the Government of Telangana and Government of India on a 51:49 equity basis. The Coal
produced by SCCL is distributed to the thermal power plants under TS GENCOafñd Cement plants in the State.
• The total coal production for the Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. grew ovef 42.5% for the current fiscal year, from
32.65 million tonnes in 2020-21 to 46.52 million tonnes until December 2021-22. In 2021 the Singareni Thermal
Plant was awarded by the Mission Energy Foundation for its effective utilization of fly ash.
• In the same year, the thermal plant was also declared the best power plant in the country in terms of Plant Load
Factor (PLF). The company also received the Solar Excellency Award 2021 for its 219 MW Solar Plant.
• Thermal power generation capacity of Telangana as on 01-09-2021 is 9,241i.81 (55.6%) M.W.

Thermal Power Plants in Telangana

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [8.6]

Telangana Geography Energy Resources - Thermal, Hydro, Solar Power

• A Thermal Power Plant is designed to convert heat energy into electric power for various uses. Steam-operated
turbines play a key role in this process, transforming heat into mechanical energy and then into electric power. These
plants produce steam at high pressure and temperature by burning solid fuels like coal. The steam drives turbine
shafts connected to generators, where the kinetic energy from the turbines is converted into electrical energy.
Types of Thermal Power Plants in India
• Thermal power plants in India utilize various sources of heat to generate electricity for commercial use. These plants
are crucial for ensuring system reliability and meeting significant portions of the country's electricity demand. Here
are the main types of thermal power plants classified by their heat sources:
Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plants:
• These plants use coal as their primary fuel source. In India, around 75% of electricity is generated from coal-fired
thermal power plants, making them a cornerstone of the nation's power production.
Gas Thermal Power Plants:
• Gas thermal power plants utilize gases or oils as fuel. They include natural gas power stations, which burn natural gas
to generate electricity. India has a substantial built capacity for gas-based electricity, with some facilities still
underutilized.
Geothermal Thermal Power Plants:
• Geothermal power plants harness heat from underground fluids. India has numerous geothermal hot springs, though
most have relatively low temperatures suitable for direct heat applications. The first geothermal power plant in India
is planned for Ladakh.
Biomass Thermal Power Plants:
• Biomass thermal power plants generate heat using materials like bagasse, rice husk, straw, and other agricultural
residues. Biomass is abundant, renewable, and supports rural employment. Many regions in India rely on biomass for
energy needs.
Nuclear Thermal Power Plants:
• Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce heat for electricity generation. India has several operational
nuclear power plants, with nuclear energy playing a significant role in the country's power mix.
Kothagudem Thermal Power Station (KTPS)
• Kothagudem Thermal Power Station (KTPS) is located at Paloncha Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
• Its installed capacity is 1800 MW.
• The first unit of KTPS was commissioned in 1966.
• KTPS receives Coal and Water from Singareni collieries and Kinnerasani Reservoir respectively.
• At present, the installed capacity of KTPS is 1800 MW.
• KTPS V has two units with 250 MW each and KTPS VI has one unit with 500 MW and KTPS VII has one unit with
800 MW capacity.
• NTPC was started in 1975. It is a Maharátna company.
• It is the largest production corporation in the world National Thermal Power Corporation Ramagundam.
• It was established at Ramagundam in Peddapalli district in November 1983. NTPC Ramagundam is the largest
thermal power station in South India.
• It is a Maharatna Company.
• Installed Capacity of the Ramagundam Super Thermal plant is 2600 MW.
• NTPC receives (Coal from Godavari coal belt of SCCL and(water from Sriram Sagar Dam States benefited:
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, GOR Kerala and Karnataka.
Ramagundam-B Thermal Power Corporation
• It was established in October 1971 at Ramągundam in Peddapalli district.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [8.7]

Telangana Geography Energy Resources - Thermal, Hydro, Solar Power

• It operates under the Government of Telangana. Installed capacity: 62.50 MW.

Kakatiya Thermal Power Corporation
a. Kakatiya-1 Thermal Power Corporation
• It was established in February 2009 at Chelpur village in Ghanpur mandal of Jayashankar Bhupalapally. It was
commissioned in May 2010.
• Installed Capacity: 500 MW.
b. Kakatiya-2 Thermal Power Corporation
• lt was established on 5 January 2016 at Chelpür village in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district.
• This Thermal power station receives Coal from Tadicherla Coal mine and water from river Godavari.
• Installed Capacity- 600MW.
• Keeping in view the growing demand for power in the state, TSGENCO has undertaken a capacity addition
programme by establishing two new thermal power projects of 5,080 MW.
• The new projects are Bhadradri Thermal Power Station (4x270 MW), which has been commissioned, and Yadadri
Thermal Power Station (5x800 MW) which is planned to be commissioned in the next two to three years.
Yadadri Thermal Power Station
• This thermal power station has been initiated at Dameracherla in Nalgonda district.
• Estimated power generation capacity: 4000MW (5x800 MW)
• Estimated cost- Rs 29,965 Cr
Bhadradri Thermal Power Station
• This proposed thermal power station has been initiated at. Ramanujavaram in Manuguru Mandal of Bhadradri
Kothagudem district.
• Estimated power generation capacity: 1080 MW (4x270 Mwy
• Estimated cost- Rs 9,268 Cr
Singareni Thermal Power Station
• This thermal power station is proposed to be constructed at Pegadapalli in Jaipur mandal of Mancherial district.
• Estimated power generation capacity:1200 MW (2x 600 MW)
Shankarpally Gas Power Plant
• The power plant was conceived in 2002 to meet the energy needs of Hyderabad and surroundings.
• Installed Capacity: 1600 MW
• This power plant was closed due to non-availability of gas.
• The state government has written to the Centre several times requesting gas allocation to the power plant when gas
became available from D-6 block.no
• TS GENCO had proposed in June 2017 to set up the gas-based 1,000 MW plant at Shankarpally And a 2,100 MW
plant at Nedunur.
Practice Questions
Ques: Consider the following statements regarding the solar power policy of Telangana
(i) The Telangana state solar power policy was introduced in 2019.
(ii) The main objective of the policy is to provide input capital for the small photo voltaic rooftop panels.
(iii) The solar power policy provided various incentives to prospective solar power developers.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
(A) Only i and iii (B) Only ii and iii
(C) Only i and ii (D) All the above



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [8.8]

09 AGRICULTURE

Agro Climatic Zones in Telangana

• Telangana State has been divided into four agro-climatic zones based on the geographical characteristics such as
rainfall, nature of soils, climate etc. They are
 Northern Telangana Zone, (Adilabad, Nizamabad and Karimnagar)
 Central Telangana Zone, (Medak, Warangal and Khammam)
 Southern Telangana Zone (Rangareddy, Hyderabad, Nalgonda and Mahaboonagar)
Northern Telangana Zone
• Total area: 81,71,000 Acres
• Headquarters: Polasa (Jagtial)
• Northern Telangana Zone includes the districts of Adilabad, Komaram Bheem Asifabad, Nirmal, Mancherial,
Karimnagar, Peddapalli, Jagtial, Rajanna Sircilla Nizamabad and Kamareddy.
• Annual rainfall ranges from 867 mm to 1189 mm, received mostly from the south-west monsoon rainfall. During the
monsoon season maximum temperatures range between 32° to 37°C and minimum ranges between 14 to 25°C.
• Red soils of different textures are predominant in this zone. It has shallow black soils, deep calcareous soils and red
clayey soils. Primary crops in this zone include rice,maize, red gram, and turmeric.
• Research stations in Northern Telangana Zone- 7
• Regional research stations in Northern Telangana Zone- 144.
Central Telangana Zone
• Total area 95,39,000 Acres
• Headquarters: Warangal
• Central Telangana Zone consists of the districts of Sangareddy, Medak, Siddipet, Jangaon, Hanmakonda, Warangal,
Mulugu, Mahabubabad, Jayashankar Bhupalapally, Bhadradri Kothagudem and Khammam.
• Annual rainfall in this zone ranges from 779 mm 1213 mm. received mostly from south-west monsoon rainfall.
During this season maximum temperature ranges between 29° and 39 ° C and minimum ranges between 21° and
25°c. Red soils of different textures are predominant in this zone. It has shallow black soils, deep calcareous soils and
red clayey soils. Primary crops in this zone include rice, majze, greengram, mango, and chili.
• Research stations in Central Telangana Zone- 6
• Regional research stations in Central Telangana Zone- 132
Southern Telangana Zone
• Total area- 99,84,000 Acres
• Headquarters: Palem (Nagarkurnool)
• This zone includes Vikarabad, Medchal Malkäjgiri; Hyderabad, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri, Rangareddy, Mahabubnagar,
Nalgonda, Suryapet, Narayanapet, Wanaparthy, Nagarkurnool and JogulambaGadwal districts.
• Annual rainfall ranges from 600 mm to 853 mm, received mostly from south west monsoon rainfall. During this
season maximum temperature ranges between 28° and 38C and minimum ranges between 22° and 23°C. Primary
crops in the zone include : Sesame, Cotton, Rice, Safflower, Groundnut, Red gram, Maize.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [9.1]

Telangana Geography Agriculture

• Research stations in Southern Telangana Zone- 7

• Regional research stations in Southern Telangana Zone- 164
• The Agricultural capability of Telangana is mainly dependent on factors such as
 Land Holdings
 Cropping intensity
 Irrigation facility
 Crop density
Land Holdings in Telangana- Agriculture Census 2015-16
• According to Agriculture Census 2015-16, Telangana occupies 11th place in the Country with about 5.94 million
(59,48 lakhs) of operational holdings.
• The total number of operational holdings in Telangana has increased from 5.54 million in 2010-11 to 5.94 million in
2015-16 with an increase of 7.09%. .
• Total area under operational holdings in Telangana fell from 61.97 lakh hectares in 2010- 11 to 59.72 lakh hectares in
2015-16 showing a decline of 3.63%. It means when compared to 2011-12, it was decreased by 2.25 lakh hectares.
• According to the latest report, the average size of operational holding in Telangana has been registered at I hectare. It
is 1.01 in male operational holders and 0.9 in female operational holders.
• The number of land holdings of SC farmers in Telangana declined by 5.86%from 7.44 lakhs in 2010-11 to 7 lakhs in
2015-16. The area under them also declined by 9.2% from 5.88 lakh hectares in 2010-11 to 5.32 lakh hectares in
2015-16.
• The number of land holdings of ST farmers in Telangana roseby 5.95% from 6.72 lakhs in 2010-11 to 7.12 lakhs in
2015-16. But,the area under them declined by 3.90% from 7.7 Lakh hectares in 2010-11 to 7.41 lakh hectares in
2015-16.
• When compared to 2010-1 1, the share of marginal holdings in the total operational holdings in 2015-16 rose from
61.96% to 64.56% and the share of other main categories (Small, Semi- medium, Medium and Large) decreased.
• When compared to 2010-1 1, the share of area under marginal holdings in the total operated area increased from
25.28% to 28.58% and that of small holdings increased from 30.17% to 33.10% and the share of remaining holdings
(Semi medíum, Medium and Large) decreased in 2015-16 Census.
• The average size of operational holding in the State decreased from 112 hectares in 2011 to 1.00 hectare in 2015.
• According to Agriculture Census 2015-16, the average size of holding ofSCs:0.76 hectares According to Agriculture
Census 2015-16, the average size of holding ofSTs: 1.04 hectares
• Of the total 59.48 1akh operational holdings in Telangana, 45.79 lakh holdings are under male operational holders
and 13.68 lakh holdings are under female operational holders.
• Of the total 59.72 lakh hectares of area in Telangana, 46.29 lakh hectares are under male farmers and 13.37 lakh
hectares under female farmers.
Irrigation
• Gross irrigated area of Telangana (2014-15) - 25.29 lakh hectares
• Gross irrigated area of Telangana (2015-1 6) - 20.27 lakh hectares
• The gross irrigated area was decreased by 19.85%i.e 5.02 lakh hectares in 2015-16 when compared to 2014-1s
• Net irrigated area ofTelangana (2014-15) -17.26 lakh hectares.
• Net irrigated area ofTelangana (2015-16) -14.86 lakh hectares
• The net irrigated area decreased by 13,90% i.e. 2.40 lakh hectares in 2015-16 when compared to 2014-15.

Sources of Irrigation

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [9.2]

Telangana Geography Agriculture

• Wells are main source of irrigation in the State, irrigating abou(84% the total net irrigated area in 2014-lD. The share
of canal and tank irrigation is confined to mere 10 percent and 4 percent respectively. The tankane irrigation shows a
declining trend over the years and the well irrigation shows a faster growth rate.
• The well irrigation which was 16 percent in 1955-56 was increased to 37% in 1985-86 and further increased to. 81%
in 2015-16. The tank irrigation was three times higher than the well and canal irrigation in 1955-56. Over a period of
time, it has declined significantly. In the year 1955-56 the percentage share of tank irrigation was 64% which
declined to 28% in 1985-86 and further to 8% in 2012-13. This is a clear indicator of deliberate neglect of thousands
of tanks in the Telangana area during the United Andhra Pradesh state.
• High dependency on wells has adverse effects on cost of cultivation and groundwater levels. Therefore there is a need
to increase tank and canal irrigation sources in the State. Hence, the Government ofTelanganahas launched Mission
Kakatiya' to revive and rejuvenate tank irrigation.
• In 2018-19, the highest net area sown was reported in Nalgonda đistrict with 3.78 lakh hectares, followed by
Khammam with 2.64 lakh hectares.
• Top ten districts account for almost 50% of the total net sown area.
• Three districts namely Nagarkurnool,Sangareddy, Adilabad along with Nalgonda and Khammam districts have net
area sown of more than 2 lakh hectares in cach district.
• 8 districts viz. Siddipet, Suryapet, Vikarabad, Nizamabad, Nirmal, Rangareddy, Jogulamba Gadwal and Kamareddy
have a net area sown between 1.5 - 2 lakh hectares.
• Another eleven districts viz,, Mahabubnagar, Warangal Rural, Kuuram Bheem, BhadradriKotagen Yadadri
Bhuvanagiri, Jangaon, Mancherial, Karimnagar, Jagýtia, Narayanpet, Mahabhad reprtetam area sown between 1.0
and 1.5 lakh hectares.
• 8 districts viz Peddapalli, Wanaparthy, Rajanna Sireilla, Warangal Urban, Jayashankar Bhupalpally, Medak,
Mulugu, Medchal- Malkajgiri have a net area sown less than 1 lakh.
Cropping Pattern vs Cropping System:
• Cropping systems refer to the specific arrangement and types of crops grown, as well as the techniques utilized for
cultivation. They encompass the various crop sequences adopted across different locations and periods, incorporating
available agricultural technologies to optimize yield.
• Cropping patterns, on the other hand, are fluid and subject to change across both spatial and temporal dimensions.
They represent the distribution of different crops across a given area at a particular time, depicting the annual
sequence and spatial layout of planting and fallow periods. In India, cropping patterns are influenced by factors such
as rainfall, climate, temperature, soil characteristics, and technological advancements.
Types of Cropping Pattern:
• Monocropping involves cultivating a single agricultural species on a piece of land at a time. It can lead to soil fertility
depletion, soil structure damage, and increased reliance on chemical fertilizers. Pests and diseases may also
proliferate due to this practice.
• Mixed cropping entails growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land. For instance, wheat and gram
can be cultivated together. This method mitigates the risk of crop failure due to adverse weather conditions and
provides insurance against losses. The crops chosen for mixed cropping should have varied maturation times and
water requirements.
• Intercropping involves planting more than one crop in alternating rows on the same field simultaneously. For
example, after one row of the main crop, three rows of intercrops can be sown. This enhances productivity per unit
area.
• Crop rotation is a practice where different crops are cultivated successively on the same land in a predetermined
sequence. Crops are categorized based on their duration, with options like one-year rotation, two-year rotation, and

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [9.3]

Telangana Geography Agriculture

three-year rotation. Legumes are often included in rotation to improve soil fertility, with crops requiring high fertility
levels following legumes. Low-input crops typically follow those requiring higher inputs.
Importance of Cropping Pattern
• Enhances Soil Fertility: Cropping patterns prevent soil nutrient depletion by rotating different crops, each
interacting uniquely with the soil to release and absorb specific nutrients. This replenishes deficient nutrients and
balances excess ones, thus improving soil fertility.
• Boosts Crop Yield: By incorporating diverse crop types, cropping patterns increase overall harvests. Scientific
studies suggest a 10 to 25% yield increase through crop rotation compared to monoculture.
• Improves Soil Nutrients: Allowing land to rest and regenerate during non-cropping seasons enables natural
replenishment of soil nutrients, reducing reliance on external fertilizers.
• Mitigates Soil Erosion: Cropping patterns, particularly when combined with tree planting, stabilize soil by reducing
the impact of raindrops and water erosion through root systems' soil-binding effects.
• Enhances Soil Structure: Cropping patterns prevent soil compaction, improving soil physical conditions and
texture. This promotes optimal conditions for seed germination and root growth.
• Diversifies and Reduces Production Costs: Different crops require varying levels of labor and machinery,
distributing workload and resources across the year. This diversification reduces overall production costs to some
extent.
Crop Diversification
• Sustainable agricultural growth in the state requires crop diversification. This will make farmer incomes more
resilient to fluctuating prices and help them realize higher farm incomes. State government has emphasized on the
importance of crop diversification, in order to avoid glut in production and recommended crops like Ground nut, Sun
flower, Sesamum, Bengal gram, Black gram, Green gram, Castor, Mustard, Kusurma, Oilpalm and Jowar.
• In 2020-21, there was significantly greater crop diversification (as measured by a crop diversification index) in
Nirmal, Vikarabad and Sangareddy (the three most diversified districts), compared to Peddapalli, Karimnagar and
Suryapet (the three least diversified).

PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURE
• Agriculture productivity refers to the quantity of crops produced per unit of land.
• India's agricultural productivity remains significantly lower compared to countries like China and the USA, with an
average of 3075 Kg/ha in 2018, slightly below the global average of 3200kg/ha.
• Factors such as fertilizer usage, irrigation methods, and rainfall patterns contribute to variations in productivity.
• Regions that underwent the Green Revolution, along with Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, and Maharashtra, tend
to exhibit higher productivity levels.
• Productivity decline in the Gangetic plain is attributed to land fragmentation resulting from smaller landholdings.
• Major challenges impacting agricultural productivity include shrinking land sizes, reliance on monsoon rains, limited
access to irrigation, imbalanced soil nutrient management leading to soil fertility loss, uneven adoption of modern
technology across regions, inadequate access to formal credit, limited government procurement of food grains, and
insufficient provision of remunerative prices to farmers.
Crop Seasons
• Agriculture seasons have been classified into three categories based on Crop duration.
• Kharif: (South- West monsoon season) June- October.
• Crop duration- 5 months.
• Main crops- Rice, Sorghum (Zowar), Maize, Pearl millet (Bajra), Finger millet (Ragi), Groundnut, Coton. Sugarcane,
Tobacco.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [9.4]

Telangana Geography Agriculture

Rabi: November- February. Crop duration-4 months

• Main crops- Wheat, Sorghum, Pulses, beans, Soya beans, Chili
• Zaid: March to May (summer crop) Crop duration-3 months
• Main crops- Rice, Muskmelon, Water melon, vegetables, Maize etc. Telangana Geography
• The Agriculture Department has issued orders directing departments concerned to replace the terms Kharif and Rabi
in their official communication with Vanakalam (rainy season) and Yasangi (summer season) respectively.
Important Crops of Telangana
Food Crops:
• They are two types
• Staple crops (Cereals)-Rice, Wheat, Maize
• Millets- Sorghum, Bajra, Ragi
Cash Crops:
• Cotton, Tobacco, Jute, Sugarcane, Oil seeds etc.
• Plantation Crops: Coffee, Tea, Coconut, Rubber, Spices Horticultural Crops: Fruits, Flowers, Vegetables, Herbs
• Agriculture and Allied Activities: Trends in Output
• Sown Area
• As a result of the government's efforts and focus, overall cropping area and irrigated area have increased
significantly, the Gross Sown Area (GSA) has significantly increased from 131 lakh acres in 2014-15 to 210 lakh
acres in 2020-21. During this period, more than 79 lakh acres were brought under cultivation. This increase can be
attributed to the sustained investment in irrigation projects and paddy procurement by the Government, which has
made it possible for farmers to cultivate paddy in both seasons of the year.
• Paddy, Cotton, Maize and Red Gram are the major crops grown in Telangana. Cumulatively, the area under these
crops constitutes nearly 85% of the total area under cultivation. Currently, cultivated area under Paddy (50%) and
Cotton (28%) constitutes 78% of the total.
• In 2014-15, total area cultivated under Paddy was around 35 lakh acres and by the end of 2020-21, it increased nearly
197% to 104 lakh acres, The total area under cotton cultivation increased by 38% from 42 lakh acres to 58 1 lakh
acres. There was a significant decline in the coverage of Maize from 12. 5% of overall gross area sown in Vanakalam
0 of the gross area sown in 2020-21 Vanakalam.
Production of major crops
• The improvement in cropping area led to the overall agriculture production in the state which increased by 52% from
232 lakh MT in 2014-15 to 353 lakh MT in 2020-21. The 3 major crops grown in Telangana by production are Paddy
Cotton- and Maize, These three crops together constitute nearly 75% of total produce in 2020.
• As per the agriculture statistics 2020 of Ministry ofAgriculture and Farmer Welfare, Gol, Telangana stands at 2nd for
cotton production (with an output of 6.83 million bales) and at 3 position in Maize production (with an output of 3
Million tonnes). However, looking at the growth rate of production of pulses between 2018-19 and 2019-20,
Telangana stood 4th at the national level. As compared to the national growth rate of 4.3%, Telangana's growth rate
was 20.49% points higher.
Paddy (Rice)
• The scientific name of Paddy (Rice)is Oryza Sativa.
• Paddy is the major crop in the State. It is cultivated in 26% of the Gross cropped area. It is cultivated extensively
during Kharif and Rabiseasons.
• The crop duration of rice is 120 days/ 4 months.
• Rice is the major cultivated cereal crop in the World.
• Rice is cultivated in the largest area in India.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [9.5]

Telangana Geography Agriculture

• It is a tropical crop. Clayey loam is well suited to the raising of paddy crops.
• Rice is mainly cultivated in the districts of 1. Nalgonda 2.Suryapet 3.Karimnagar 4.Peddapalli 5.Nizamabad
6.Jayashankar Bhupalpally 7. Mulugu 8. Wanaparthy
Wheat
• Wheat is mainly grown in Tropical and SubTropical zones.
• Wheat is the second major cultivated and produced food crop after Rice in India.
• The Climate of Telangana is not suitable for Wheat. So it is very less cultivated in the state. It is a rabi crop. It is
cultivated in some areas of Adilabad, Medak and Nizamabad districts.
• Adilabad is the top most district in terms of productivity, production and area of Wheat in Telangana.
• The largest Wheat producing State of India- Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh
• The State with highest yield of Wheat- Punjab
• The Largest Wheat producing Country in the World-China
Maize
• It is a tropical crop. Maize producing districts of Telangana- Karimnagar, Peddapalli, Mahabubnagar, Gadwal,
Nizamabad, Kamareddy, Medak.
• The States that ranks first in terms of area of cultivation of maize - 1.Karnataka 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. Maharashtra
• The Largest maize producing States of India - Karnataka, Maharashtra.
• The states with highest yield of maize- Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand.
Sorghum (Jowar)
• It is also known as the Great Millet.
• Jowar can be cultivated on a variety of soil types such as black soils, clayey loam soils and sand soils. In India it is
considered as a semi arid crop
• Sorghum ís said to be the Poor man's food in India. Jowar is cultivated in about 83,401 hectares inTelangana.
• Highest cultivating districts- 1.Erstwhile Mahabubnagar 2.Adilabad 3. Erstwhile Karimnagar
• Jowar is highly cultivated in Mahabubnagar district.
• The district that registered highest yield of Jowar is- Karimnagar
• Jowar is very much connected to the traditions of Telangana. In some areas, it is used as Talambralu in marriages.
• The largest Jowar producing State in India- Maharashtra, Karnataka
Oil Seeds
• Largest cultivated districts of Oil Seeds in Telangana- Wanaparthy, Gadwal, Nagarkurnool, Nazamah Mahabubnagar,
Kamareddy, Adilabad, Nirmal.
• District with largest cultivated area and highest production- Mahabubnagar
• District with highest yield- Khammam
• The largest Oil seeds producing State of India - Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra.
• The largest Oil seeds producing Country in the World- U.S.A., China, Brazil, India
Groundnut
• ICAR- Groundnut Research Institute- Junagadh (Gujarat)
• Largest cultivated districts of Groundnut- Mahabubnagar, Wanaparthy, Jogulamba Gadwal, Nagarkurno Janagaon,
Warangal Rural, Jayshankar Bhupalapally, Mulugu, Nalgonda, Suryapet
• The largest Groundnut producing State of India- Gujarat, Rajasthan
• The largest Groundnut Producing Country in the World-China
• The Country with largest cultivated area of Groundnut in the World- India
Sesame (Gingelly)
• Largest cultivated districts of Sesame in Telangana- Peddapalli, Jagtial, Karimnagar, Kamareddy, Vikarabad,
Rangareddy

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [9.6]

Telangana Geography Agriculture

• District with largest cultivated area and highest production - Adilabad

• District with highest yield - Karimnagar
• It is a Rabi crop in South India.
• The largest Sesame producing States of India - 1.Rajasthan 2. Haryana. 3. Madhya Pradesh
Safflower Seeds (Kusuma)
• Largest cultivated districts of Safflower Seeds in Telangana- Sangareddy, Medak, Nizamabad, Kamareddy.
Vikarabad, Rangareddy
• District with highest production and productivity (Yield) -Nizamabad
• District with largest cultivated area of Safflower - Medak
Sunflower Seeds
• Largest cultivated districts of Sunflower- Nizamabad, Kamareddy, Medak, Sangareddy, Siddipet, Nagarkurnool,
Wanaparthy, Gadwal, Mahabubnagar
• District with largest area of cultivation, highest production and productivity- Medak
• The largest Sunflower producing State of India - Karnataka, Haryana
Castor Beans
• Largest cultivated districts of Cąstor beans- Mahabubnagar, Wanaparthy, Gadwal, Nagarkurnool, Nalgonda,
Suryapet, Rangareddy, Vikarabad
• District with largest area of cultivation, highest production and productivity-Khammam
• Castor oil is mainly used as lubricant.
• The largest Castor beans producing State of India- Gujarat
• The largest Castor beans producing Country in the World- India
Coconut
• Coconut tree, for its benefits to mankind is called as Kalpavriksha'. The only district ofTelangana that cultivates
Coconut is- Khammam.
• The State with largest cultivated area of Coconut- Kerala
• The State with highest production and productivity of Coconut- Tamilnadu.
• The largest Coconut producing Country in the World- Indonesia
Commercial Crops
• Crops that are mainly cultivated for commercial purposes and profits are called Commercial Crops.
• Important Commercial Crops - Cotton, Tobacco, Sugarcane, Jute
Cotton
• It is also known as White Gold or King of Fibers. Cotton is measured in Bales. 1 Bale- 170 kg
• Cotton is the most important commercial crop in India because it serves as the backbone for the development of the
textile industry.
• Telangana occupies 3rd place in the annual production of long staple cotton in India.
• Cotton is primarily cultivated in the districts of Nirmal, Adilabad, Nalgonda, Warangal rural, Mahabubabad,
Warangal Urban, Jayashankar Bhupalapally, Janagaon.
Tobacco
• Tobacco was introduced in India in A.D 1508 by the Portuguese.
• It is also measured in Bales. It is a Rabi crop.
• Tobacco is primarily cultivated in the districts of Jogulamba Gadwal, Khammam, Nizamabad, Nirmal.
• District with largest cultivating area of Tobacco - Mahabubnagar
• District with highest productivity of Tobacco - Medak, Nalgonda
• District with highest production - Khammam

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [9.7]

Telangana Geography Agriculture

Sugarcane
• Sugarcane is largely cultivated in the districts of Medak, Sangareddy, Nizamabad, Kamareddy, Bhadradri
Kothagudem, Khammam
• Crop duration- 12 months. It is a tropical crop.
• District with largest cultivated area and highest production - Medak
• District with highest productivity - Nalgonda
Oil palm cultivation
• Oil palm cultivation assumes significance for augmenting the indigenous availability of edible oil as it is the highest
oil yielding perennial crop. Oil palm cultivation Oil palm cultivation assumes significance for augmenting the
indigenous availability of edible oil as it is the highest oil yielding perennial crop.
• The consumption of edible oil in India is at 22 Million MTs per annum with a per capita consumption of 16 kg per
person whereas the production is only 7 million MTs. The deficit of 15 Million MTs of edible oil is being met
through imports from Indonesia and Malaysia spending huge foreign exchange. Out of the total edible oil imports,
Palm oil accounts to 60% i.e., 9-10 Million MTs of the total imports worth of Rs.60,000 to Rs.70,000 crores per
annum. At present, Oil Palm cultivation is taken up in 3.30 lakh Ha (8.25 lakh acres) with an annual Fresh Fruit
Bunches (FFB) production of 1 6.85 Lakh MT and Crude Palm Oil(CPO) production of 2.81 Lakh MTs in India. To
attain self-sufficiency under oil palm in India, an additional area of28 lakh Ha (70 lakh acres) is required.
• Telangana Stands 6 in Oil palm area with 21,382 Ha (53,455 acres), 1st in productivity (8 MT of FFB per acre) and
1st in Oil Extraction Rate (OER) with 19.22 % (2020-21) in the country.
• The State production of Crude Palm Oil is around 0.45 Lakh MT against the requirement of 3.66 Lakh MT.
Considering the potentiality for Oil Palm cultivation in Telangana, the state government is planning to take up 20
lakh acres under Oil Palm in a mission mode as part of crop diversification and has notified 26 districts for oil palm
cultivation and during 2022-23, state government is planning to cover 1.00 lakh ha (2.5 lakh acres) with an outlay of
Rs.471.93 crores (Gol share: Rs.283.16 crores & State share: Rs. l88.77 crores) and rest of the area in the subsequent
years. Around 11 Oil processing units are operating in the state at present. To augment the Oil Palm cultivation in the
state, the Government of Telangana is providing a subsidy of Rs. 26,000 per acre to oil palm farmers in the first year,
Rs. 5000 per acre each in second, third and fourth year as a crop investment incentive and also can avail assistance on
Micro Drip Irrigation (at Rs. 23,000 Hectare).
Practice Questions
Ques: Consider the following statements regarding the agro statistics in the state of the Telangana
1. Telangana stands at 1st place at all India levels in the yield of Maize crops.
2. Telangana stands at 6th place in the average yield of rice at all India levels in 2020-21.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
A. Only i B. Only ii
C. Both D. None

Ques: Match the following regarding the production of food grains of Telangana and its production ranking at the national
level
Name of the crop Rank at the national level
(i) Maize crop 2 nd rank
(ii) Rice 3 rd rank
(iii) Groundnut crop 4 th rank
Which of the pairs given above are matched properly?
A. Only iii B. Only i and ii
C. Only ii and iii D. All the above

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [9.8]

Telangana Geography Agriculture

Ques: Consider the following statements regarding land use pattern in Telangana
1. Telangana State is the 10th largest State in India.
2. The Net Sown Area in the Telangana state is 49.07 percent out of the total area.
Which of the statements given above are incorrect?
A. Only i B. Only ii
C. Both D. None

Ques: Consider the following statements regarding Oil Palm

1. Telangana ranks 1st in Area and Production of Oil Palm in the country.
2. Telangana ranks 2nd in production of Fresh Fruit Bunches.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. Only i B. Only ii
C. Both D. None



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [9.9]

 10 SOURCES OF IRRIGATION - CANALS,
TANKS, WELLS

Irrigation- Wells, Tanks, Canals

• Total irrigated area in the State : 20.27 lakh hectares
• Area under well irrigation : 18.05 lakh hectares (89%)
• Area under tank irrigation : 1.21 lakh hectares (5.96%)
• Area under canals : 0.6 lakh hectares (3%)
• Area under other sources :0.4 lakh hectares (2%)
• Majority of irrigation in Telangana is carried under wells followed by tanks.

Tank Irrigation
• Tank irrigation has been a traditional and integral part of agriculture in Telangana for centuries.
• Tank irrigation systems consist of small to medium-sized reservoirs or tanks built to capture and store rainwater for
agricultural use.
• Tanks are vital for the development of Telangana due to its geographical positioning and dependence on tank
irrigation across all 31 districts.
• The topography and rainfall pattern of Telangana make tank irrigation ideal for storing and regulating water flow for
agricultural use.
• Tank construction has historical roots dating back to the pre-Satavahana era, with significant advancements during
the Kakatiya period, known for their technical expertise in building large tanks like Ramappa, Pakhala, Laknavaram,
Ghanapuram, and Bayyaram that greatly supported agriculture and overall prosperity.
• The vision of Kakatiyas was continued by subsequent rulers like the Qutubshahis and Asafjahis, who constructed
numerous large and small tanks in the region.
• The government aims to revive and restore minor irrigation sources in Telangana, inspired by the Kakatiya vision.
• Tank irrigation contributes significantly to rural employment generation, poverty reduction, and agricultural growth
due to the extensive command area it covers, facilitating commercial agriculture through market linkages.
• The focus on major irrigation projects under the Andhra Pradesh irrigation policy has led to uneven development,
neglecting the significance of tank-based irrigation in alluvial plains.
• Neglect of tank maintenance and development by successive governments has resulted in siltation, breaches,
encroachments, and the decline of the tank system, making previously self-sufficient villages in Telangana prone to
drought.
• Here's an account of tank irrigation in Telangana:
1. Historical Significance:
• Tank irrigation has a long history in Telangana, dating back to ancient times. Many tanks were built during the
Kakatiya and Qutb Shahi periods, showcasing the region's rich tradition of water management and agriculture.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [10.1]

Telangana Geography Sources Of Irrigation - Canals, Tanks, Wells

2. Types of Tanks:
• Tank irrigation systems in Telangana vary in size and scale, ranging from small village tanks ("choruses" or "kuntas")
to larger reservoirs. These tanks are typically earthen embankments built across natural depressions or valleys to
capture rainwater during the monsoon season.
3. Storage Capacity:
• The storage capacity of tanks in Telangana can vary widely, with some smaller tanks holding only a few thousand
cubic meters of water, while larger reservoirs can hold millions of cubic meters. The water stored in these tanks is
crucial for irrigation during the dry months, providing a lifeline for agricultural activities.
4. Distribution Networks:
• Water from the tanks is distributed to agricultural fields through a network of canals, channels, and sluices.
Traditional water management practices, including community-based water sharing arrangements and irrigation
schedules, are often employed to ensure equitable distribution among farmers.
5. Importance in Agriculture:
• Tank irrigation plays a significant role in supporting agriculture in Telangana, especially in areas where access to
perennial rivers or groundwater is limited. Farmers rely on tank water for cultivating a variety of crops, including
paddy, cotton, pulses, and vegetables.
6. Challenges:
• Despite their historical significance and importance, tank irrigation systems in Telangana face various challenges,
including siltation, encroachment, inadequate maintenance, and declining water levels due to groundwater depletion.
Climate change and erratic rainfall patterns also pose additional threats to the sustainability of tank-based agriculture.
7. Revival and Conservation Efforts:
• Recognizing the importance of tank irrigation for rural livelihoods and agricultural sustainability, the government of
Telangana has initiated several programs and schemes aimed at restoring and rejuvenating tank systems. The Mission
Kakatiya program, launched in 2015, focuses on desilting, repairing, and restoring tanks across the state to enhance
their storage capacity and efficiency.
• Overall, tank irrigation continues to play a vital role in the agricultural landscape of Telangana, serving as a resilient
and time-tested water management system that supports the livelihoods of millions of farmers in the region.
1. Why Tank Irrigation is prevalent in Telangana?
• Challenging terrain and hard rocks make digging canals and wells difficult.
• Limited water percolation and scarcity of groundwater due to the impermeable rock structure.
• Seasonal rivers and torrential streams necessitate impounding water through bunds and tanks for use.
• Rainwater collection is facilitated by the impermeable rock structure, allowing for natural or artificial pit storage.
• Tank irrigation is favored because of the scattered population and agricultural fields.
2. Advantages of Tank Irrigation:
• Natural tanks are cost-effective to construct and have a prolonged lifespan.
• Tanks are often built on rocky foundations, contributing to their durability.
• Fishing activities in tanks provide additional food and income for farmers.
3. Disadvantages of Tank Irrigation:
• Tanks often dry up during the dry season, failing to provide necessary irrigation when needed.
• Silting of tank beds is a significant issue, requiring regular desilting efforts.
• Evaporation from large, shallow water surfaces reduces water suitability for irrigation.
• Tanks occupy considerable arable land; many areas have switched to alternative irrigation sources, reclaiming dry
tank beds for agriculture.
• Water extraction and transportation from tanks to fields is a laborious and expensive process, discouraging tank use
for irrigation purposes.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [10.2]

Telangana Geography Sources Of Irrigation - Canals, Tanks, Wells

Mission Kakatiya:
• Mission Kakatiya is a tank restoration and rejuvenation program in Telangana aimed at enhancing agricultural
income for small and marginal farmers by developing minor irrigation infrastructure and restoring tanks spread
across all 31 districts.
• Launched on March 12, 2015, by Chief Minister Sri K. Chandrashekhar Rao in Sadashiva Nagar Village, the
program is named in honor of the Kakatiya rulers known for developing numerous irrigation tanks.
• The objective is to restore 9,306 tanks annually (20% of total) with a goal of restoring all 46,531 tanks within 5 years,
aiming to bring 10 lakh acres of land under command without further water allocation.
• Restoration efforts include desilting tank beds, repairing sluices and weirs, strengthening tank bunds, and ensuring
water flow through feeder channels.
• The ongoing third phase of Mission Kakatiya focuses on these restoration activities.
• Beneficiaries of the program include all citizens, with anticipated benefits such as improved groundwater table,
reduced power consumption in agriculture, higher crop yields, livestock growth, and overall rural economic
rejuvenation.
Canal Irrigation
• Canal irrigation in Telangana involves the distribution of water from rivers or reservoirs through a network of canals
to irrigate agricultural land. Here's an account of canal irrigation in Telangana:
1. Major Canal Systems:
• Telangana has several major canal systems that serve as lifelines for agriculture in the region. Some of the prominent
canal systems include:
A. Nagarjuna Sagar Canal:
• This canal originates from the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam on the Krishna River and serves the districts of Nalgonda,
Khammam, and parts of Warangal. It is one of the largest canal systems in Telangana, providing irrigation water to a
vast agricultural area.
B. Sriram Sagar Canal:
• The Sriram Sagar Project on the Godavari River has a network of canals that supply water to agricultural lands in the
northern districts of Telangana, including Nizamabad, Adilabad, and parts of Karimnagar.
C. Lower Manair Dam Canal:
• The Lower Manair Dam on the Manair River in Karimnagar district has a canal system that irrigates agricultural
lands in the surrounding areas.
1. Types of Canal System:
• There are two types of canal systems: inundation canals and perennial canals.
• Inundation canals draw water directly from rivers without regulation and mainly provide irrigation during the rainy
season when the river floods and there is excess water.
• Perennial canals are formed by constructing barrages across perennial rivers. Most of India's canals fall into this
category.
• Perennial canals offer continuous irrigation, delivering water as required throughout the year, safeguarding crops
against drought and enhancing agricultural productivity.
2. Distribution Network:
• Canal irrigation networks in Telangana consist of main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and minors. Water is
diverted from the main source, such as a river or reservoir, into these canals, which then carry the water to
agricultural fields through a series of channels and outlets.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [10.3]

Telangana Geography Sources Of Irrigation - Canals, Tanks, Wells

3. Command Area:
• The command area of canal irrigation systems in Telangana encompasses vast agricultural lands that benefit from the
water supplied through the canals. These lands are typically located along the banks of the canals and their branches.
4. Crop Cultivation:
• Canal irrigation supports the cultivation of a wide variety of crops in Telangana, including paddy, cotton, sugarcane,
maize, pulses, and vegetables. The availability of water through canal irrigation enables farmers to practice multiple
cropping and enhance agricultural productivity.
5. Maintenance and Management:
• The maintenance and management of canal systems in Telangana are overseen by the state government's irrigation
department. Regular maintenance activities include desilting, repair of canal embankments, clearing of vegetation,
and ensuring the smooth flow of water to the command area.
6. Challenges:
• Canal irrigation in Telangana faces various challenges, including water scarcity during dry periods, inefficient water
distribution, siltation of canals, and encroachment of canal rights-of-way. Additionally, climate change and erratic
rainfall patterns pose long-term challenges to the sustainability of canal-based irrigation systems.
7. Modernization Efforts:
• To address some of these challenges and improve the efficiency of canal irrigation, the government of Telangana has
initiated modernization projects. These projects may include lining of canals to reduce water seepage, automation of
water flow control, and adoption of water-saving irrigation techniques.
• Overall, canal irrigation plays a significant role in supporting agriculture and rural livelihoods in Telangana,
providing a reliable source of water for crop cultivation and contributing to the state's agricultural economy.
1. Advantages of Canal Irrigation:
• Canal irrigation enables the development of unirrigated lands, increasing crop production in the area.
• It accelerates economic development by mitigating risks such as droughts, reducing dependence on unpredictable
rainfall.
• Canals utilize rainwater from rivers or reservoirs for irrigation, supporting crops that require additional water.
• Once established, canal systems are permanent hydraulic structures requiring only maintenance for long-term
benefits.
• Compared to unirrigated soils, canal irrigation leads to higher productivity per hectare.
• Canals serve multiple purposes including irrigation, hydroelectricity generation, navigation, drinking water supply,
and fishery development.
• Groundwater levels rise rather than fall due to canal irrigation, facilitating easier well drilling.
• Canals are increasingly becoming tourist attractions.
2. Disadvantages of Canal Irrigation:
• Soil fertility can be negatively impacted, leading to waterlogging and marshy conditions due to the rise of harmful
underground salts and alkalis.
• Stagnant water in canals can lead to infections from mosquitoes, worms, and insects.
• Uneven water distribution can result in water scarcity in some areas and waterlogging in others.
• Inundation canals may cause crop damage due to insufficient irrigation water during dry periods.
• Inadequate maintenance can lead to sediment accumulation, reducing canal capacity.
• Canal construction is time-consuming and expensive, limiting access to canal irrigation in all regions.
• Canals may overflow during heavy rainfall, causing flooding in surrounding areas.
• Canal irrigation is suitable mainly for flat terrain.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [10.4]

Telangana Geography Sources Of Irrigation - Canals, Tanks, Wells

Well Irrigation
• Well irrigation, also known as groundwater irrigation, is a common practice in Telangana, particularly in areas where
surface water sources are limited or unreliable.
• Wells are dug holes in the ground used to access water from the subsoil, typically ranging from 3 to 5 meters in
depth, although deeper wells can reach up to 15 meters.
• Various methods like the Persian wheel, Reht, Charas, or mot, dhingly are employed to lift groundwater from wells.
• Well irrigation constitutes approximately 63% of the country's net irrigated area and has grown significantly since
1950, expanding sixfold.
• Favorable regions with adequate sweet groundwater include the Northern Plains, deltaic plains of major river valleys
(Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Narmada, Tapi), weathered Deccan trap areas, and crystalline and
sedimentary zones of peninsular India.
• Large portions of peninsular India are unsuitable for well irrigation due to uneven surfaces, rocky structures, and
limited groundwater.
• Some areas in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, and parts of Uttar Pradesh have brackish underground water
unsuitable for irrigation or human consumption.
• Uttar Pradesh has the highest proportion of well-irrigated land in the country at 28%, followed by Rajasthan (10%),
Punjab (8%), Madhya Pradesh (7.9%), Gujarat (7.3%), and Bihar (6.2%).
Well Irrigation
• Well irrigation, also known as groundwater irrigation, is a common practice in Telangana, particularly in areas where
surface water sources are limited or unreliable. Here's an account of well irrigation in Telangana:
1. Types of Wells:
• Well irrigation in Telangana typically involves two main types of wells:
A. Open Wells:
• These are traditional wells dug manually or with the help of machinery to access groundwater stored in aquifers.
Open wells are typically shallow and may have stone or concrete walls.
B. Bore Wells:
• Bore wells are drilled using specialized equipment to access groundwater from deeper aquifers. Bore wells are deeper
and may have casing pipes to prevent collapse and contamination.
2. Groundwater Availability:
• Telangana is endowed with significant groundwater resources, with aquifers underlying large parts of the state. The
availability of groundwater varies across different regions and depends on factors such as rainfall patterns, geology,
and recharge rates.
3. Usage and Importance:
• Well irrigation is vital for agriculture in Telangana, especially in regions where surface water sources are scarce or
unreliable. Farmers rely on groundwater from wells to irrigate a variety of crops, including paddy, cotton, sugarcane,
fruits, and vegetables.
4. Pump Technology:
• Most well irrigation systems in Telangana are powered by electric or diesel pumps that draw water from the wells
and distribute it to agricultural fields through a network of pipes and channels. The use of pump technology allows
farmers to control the timing and duration of irrigation, enabling efficient water management.
5. Advantages of Well and Tube Well Irrigation:
• Wells are the most basic and affordable source of irrigation, accessible even to the poorest farmers in India.
• Wells provide independent irrigation that can be used on demand.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [10.5]

Telangana Geography Sources Of Irrigation - Canals, Tanks, Wells

• Well water often contains beneficial chemicals like nitrate, chloride, and sulphate, which enhance soil fertility when
applied to agricultural fields.
• Well irrigation is more dependable during droughts when surface water sources are scarce.
6. Disadvantages of Well and Tube Well Irrigation:
• These methods can only irrigate a small area; typically, a well can irrigate between 1 to 8 hectares of land.
• Overuse of wells can lead to their depletion and ineffectiveness for irrigation.
• During droughts, groundwater levels decrease, reducing water availability in wells when needed most.
• Tube wells can deplete groundwater resources in surrounding areas, leaving the land dry and unsuitable for
agriculture.
• Salty groundwater renders well and tube well irrigation impractical in certain regions.
7. Challenges:
• Despite its importance, well irrigation in Telangana faces several challenges, including:
• Overexploitation: Excessive pumping of groundwater has led to depletion of aquifers in some areas, leading to
declining water levels and deteriorating water quality.
• Salinity and Water Quality: In certain regions, groundwater may contain high levels of salts or other contaminants,
affecting crop productivity and soil health.
• Energy Costs: The use of pumps for well irrigation incurs energy costs, which can be significant for small and
marginal farmers, especially during periods of high electricity prices.
8. Regulation and Management:
• The government of Telangana regulates groundwater extraction through licensing and monitoring of bore wells.
Various schemes and programs aimed at promoting sustainable groundwater management, recharge, and conservation
are also implemented to address the challenges associated with well irrigation.
9. Technological Interventions:
• The adoption of modern irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation can help improve water
use efficiency and reduce groundwater depletion in well-irrigated areas. Government subsidies and incentives are
often provided to encourage farmers to adopt these technologies.
• Overall, well irrigation plays a crucial role in sustaining agriculture and rural livelihoods in Telangana, but
sustainable management practices are essential to ensure the long-term viability of groundwater resources in the state.

Groundwater Depletion
• Groundwater depletion is a significant issue in Telangana, driven by various factors such as excessive pumping for
irrigation, industrial use, and urbanization. Here's an account of groundwater depletion in Telangana:
1. Overexploitation for Agriculture:
• Agriculture is the primary consumer of groundwater in Telangana, accounting for a substantial portion of total
groundwater extraction. Farmers rely heavily on groundwater for irrigation, particularly in areas with limited access
to surface water sources or unreliable rainfall.
2. Unregulated Extraction:
• Historically, groundwater extraction in Telangana has been largely unregulated, leading to overexploitation of
aquifers in many regions. The proliferation of bore wells and the use of high-capacity pumps have contributed to the
rapid depletion of groundwater levels, especially in areas with intensive agricultural activity.
3. Declining Water Tables:
• Groundwater levels in Telangana have been declining steadily over the years due to excessive pumping and
inadequate recharge. In some areas, water tables have plummeted to alarming depths, making it increasingly
challenging for farmers to access water for irrigation.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [10.6]

Telangana Geography Sources Of Irrigation - Canals, Tanks, Wells

4. Impact on Agriculture:
• Groundwater depletion has adverse effects on agriculture, including reduced crop yields, increased costs of pumping,
and deterioration of soil health. Farmers often resort to deeper and costlier borewells to access groundwater,
exacerbating the problem further.
5. Impact on Environment:
• Groundwater depletion can have serious environmental consequences, such as land subsidence, saltwater intrusion in
coastal areas, and degradation of aquatic ecosystems. Depletion of groundwater also reduces baseflow to rivers and
streams, affecting their ecological health and biodiversity.
6. Urbanization and Industrialization:
• Rapid urbanization and industrialization in Telangana have increased the demand for groundwater for drinking water
supply, industrial processes, and construction activities. This further exacerbates the strain on already stressed
aquifers, leading to accelerated groundwater depletion.
7. Government Initiatives:
• Recognizing the severity of the groundwater depletion problem, the government of Telangana has initiated various
measures to address the issue. These include:
• Regulation of bore well drilling and groundwater extraction through licensing and permits.
• Promotion of water conservation and efficient irrigation practices, such as drip irrigation and sprinkler systems.
• Implementation of rainwater harvesting and recharge measures to replenish aquifers and enhance groundwater
recharge.
8. Community Participation:
• Community-based initiatives, such as watershed management programs and participatory groundwater management,
involve local communities in the conservation and sustainable management of groundwater resources.
• Despite these efforts, groundwater depletion remains a significant challenge in Telangana, requiring concerted action
by government agencies, stakeholders, and communities to ensure the long-term sustainability of groundwater
resources in the state.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [10.7]

 11 IRRIGATION PROJECTS - MAJOR,
ONGOING, MINOR

Irrigation projects in Telangana

The details of Telangana Irrigation Sector
• First five year Plan of India (1951- 56) gave highest priority and allocations to agriculture and irrigation. The Central
Water Commission was established in 1945.
• Central Water Commission is a premier technical organization of India in the field of water resources. The National
Institute of Hydrology was established in 1979. Its headquarter is located at Roorkee (Odisha).
• In 1985, the Department of Irrigation was re-constituted as the 'Ministry of Water Resources'.
• The National Water Board was founded in 1990.
• A revised 'National Water Policy' was adopted in 2002.
• On 4 November 2008, River Ganga was declared as the National River.
• Water resources are very crucial for sustainable agriculture.
• Entire Telangana state is located in the basins of two important rivers in India namely Godavari and Krishna.
Irrigation in Telangana (2015-16)
Classification of Irrigation Projects
• Irrigation Projects are classified on the basis of the irrigated area under the respective projects.
• The irrigation projects in Telangana are classified into 3 groups namely:
•
1. Major Irrigation Projects:
• These projects have the irrigation potential of more than 25000 acres (or> 10000 hectares). Eg: Nizam Sagar, Ali
Sagar, Nagarjuna Sagar, Sriram Sagar.
2. Medium Irrigation Projects:
• These projects have the irrigation potential of more than 5000 acres and less than 25000 acres (or 2000- 10000
hectares). Eg: Gaddenna- Suddavagu, Neelwai, Swarna, Gollavagu.
3. Minor Irrigation Projects:
• These projects have the irrigation potential of less than 5000 acres (or <2000 hectares). Eg: Tanks
Overview of Initiatives and Projects
• The Government of Telangana has initiated several steps to augment water resources for the development of the state.
The following objectives guide the initiatives of the government:
• Providing timely and assured water to the farming sector
• Providing potable drinking water to all the inhabitants, and
• Providing water required for industrial development
• The state government has been implementing various irrigation projects to transform the goal of providing irrigation
to at least one crore acres of land. In this direction, efforts are targeted towards completing all long- pending major
and medium irrigation projects, bridging the gap in irrigation potential by renovation of existing irrigation

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.1]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

infrastructure, and restoration and renovation of age-old irrigation tanks that are the lifeline for the rural economy.
The government has initiated several steps, such as:
• Re-engineering of projects to enhance the utility of the projects, duly ensuring water availability and wider coverage,
wherever necessary to suit the needs of the state. These include
(a) Pranahita Chevella Project (taken up as the Pranahita and Kaleshwaram Projects),
(b) J. Chokka Rao Devadula Lift Irrigation Scheme,
(c) Sitarama LIS (integration of two improperly planned projects), and
(d) Flood FJew Canal from Sri Ram Sagar Project (SRSP)
• Modernisation and restoration of existing irrigation systems to bring the contemplated ayacut under irrigation, viz,
Nagarjunasagar, Nizamsagar, Kadam, SRSP (Punarjeevana Pathakam), Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme (RDS),
Ghanpur Anicut, Sadarmat Anicut, Musi, Satnala, Chelimelavagu, Swarna, NTR Sagar, Palair Old Canal, etc.
• Grounding projects contemplated prior to state formation, i.e., Palamuru- Rangareddy LIS and Dindí LIS
• Signing of landmark agreements with Maharashtra state, facilitating the expeditious completion of Pranahita,
Kaleshwaram, Chanaka-Korata and Lendi projects in Godavari Basin.
• Giving enhanced budget support for expeditious project completion. Apart from state funding, the government is also
seeking financial assistance for the completion of major, medium and minor irrigation projects from the Government
of India under Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
• Adopting a new approach to land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation.
• Increasing the use of sustainable methods of irrigation, such as plantations in project areas, along canals and
foreshores of reservoirs, construction of check dams to arrest silt in streams, etc.
• The major rivers passing through the state are the Krishna, the Godavari and their tributaries such as Musi, Manjira,
etc. For harnessing the river waters, the government has undertaken 38 irrigation projects, consisting of 22 major
irrigation projects, 13 medium irrigation projects, one flood bank, and two modernisations of existing projects. Since
formation of the state, several projects were partially commissioned resulting in creation of 70, 10 lakh acres of new
irrigation potential, while 10.00 lakh acres ayacut was stabilized under the 38 projects. The following Major and
Medium Irrigation projects were completed after the formation of Telangana state.
Problems and Challenges with respect to Irrigation:
• Wealthier farmers predominantly adopt expensive micro irrigation systems, leaving poorer farmers unable to afford
them. This issue is being addressed by organizations like International Development Enterprises (IDE), which is
developing low-cost micro irrigation solutions and raising awareness among impoverished farmers in Maharashtra
and Gujarat.
• Delays in major and medium irrigation projects stem from a tendency to initiate numerous new projects, resulting in a
proliferation of ongoing projects. Additionally, existing project potentials are underutilized, with delays in essential
tasks like constructing field channels, water courses, land leveling, and shaping.
• Inter-state water disputes arise because irrigation development is managed individually by states in India, leading to
differences in water storage, priorities, and usage across major rivers. Narrow regional perspectives foster inter-state
rivalries over water distribution.
• Regional disparities in irrigation development are significant, with the North Eastern region's water resource
development through major, medium, and minor schemes estimated at only 28.6%, in contrast to the Northern
region's 95.3% development level.
• Irrigation introduction has caused water-logging and salinity issues in certain states, affecting millions of hectares of
irrigated land as reported by the Ministry of Water Resources.
• The cost of irrigation projects has steadily risen over successive five-year plans, placing financial strain on
development efforts.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.2]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

• Groundwater depletion is a pressing concern, particularly in dry western regions, due to over-exploitation and
insufficient recharge from rainwater.
Need of Irrigation:
• Inadequate and uncertain rainfall negatively impacts agriculture, leading to droughts and famines. Irrigation mitigates
this by boosting productivity even in regions with low rainfall.
• Productivity levels are significantly higher on irrigated land compared to un-irrigated areas.
• India's specific rainy season limits the possibility of multiple cropping in most regions. However, irrigation enables
year-round cultivation, facilitating the growth of more than one crop in many areas.
• Irrigation has facilitated the cultivation of previously fallow land, expanding agricultural activity.
• Stability in output and yield levels has been achieved through irrigation practices.
• Improved water availability due to irrigation increases farmers' income by supporting higher agricultural output.
Recent budget for Irrigation
• The Telangana government has allocated Rs 26,885 crore for the Irrigation Department for the 2023-24 fiscal year.
The government aims to provide irrigation to 1 crore 25 lakh acres.

MAJOR IRRIGATION PROJECTS COMPLETED IN TELANGANA

Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project
• Kaleshwaram Project, the flagship project ofTelangana was dedicated to the Nation by the Chief Minister of
Telangana KCR on 21 June 2019. E.S.L. Narasimhan, the Governor of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh,
DevendraFadnavis, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra and Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, the Chief Minister of
AndhraPradesh were present when the barrage was opened at Medigadda in Jayashankar-Bhupalpally district.
Kaleshwaram Project is constructed across Godavari at 'Kannepalli Village near Mahadevapura, Jayashankar
Bhupalpally district.
• It is the largest Project taken up after the formation of Telangana State. Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project is
World's largest lift irrigation project with 3 Barrages, 1531 km ofGravity Canals, 203 km ofTunnels, 20 Lifts, 19
Pump houses and 20 Reservoirs with total capacity of 147 TMC water irrigating 45 lakh acres.
• It is planned to reach the capacity of lifting 3 TMC of water per day within a year from the present 2 TMC per day.
• After conducting Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) survey the government of Telangana redesigned the carlier
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Pranahita -Chevella Srujala sravanthi project as Kaleshwaram Project. The foundation stone for
this project was laid on 2nd May 2016.
• The objective of the project is to provide water for irrigation, restore groundwater levels, and supplyyáter for drinking
and industrial needs in various districts. Initially, the project objective was to divert 160 TMC (thousand million
cubic feet) of water to irrigate 16,4 lakh acres of land across seven districts. However, after redesigning the project
and constructing new barrages, this has increased significantly to 18.3 lakh acres spread over 13 districts. Which
include the drought prone districts in the state.
• It also supplies water to Mission Bhagiratha, provides 40 TMC drinking water to Hyderabad and several towns and
villages in the State and 16 TMC water for industrial needs.
• To utilize Godavari water to the maximum extent, the earlier proposed Pranahita- Chevella project across Pranahita
near Tummidi Hatti was redesigned and re-engineered to construct a barrage across Godavari at Medigadda
downstream of the earlier proposed site.
• The lifting of water to a height of 500m and distribution across Telangana is considered as a marvelous feat of
engineering.
• The construction Project was divided into (2 blocks)They include Medigadda barrage, Medaram farrage, Medaraalifk
AnnaramJift ghn Sundilla barrage.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.3]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

• The entire project involves pumping of water to Medaram barrage near Nandi Medaram from Sundilla lift
andYellampalli, tunnel from Medaram reservoir, construction of pump house at Rajampet, pumping of water from
• Med Manair to Upper Manair, digging of approach canal from Mid Manair and construction of head regulator. The
main works of the project were completed by Megha Engineering Company, Navayuga, L&T, Afcons. The Biggest
lift schemes in the world include The Colorado lift scheme in the US and the Great Manmade Ríver in Egypt.
• 43 motors, each with a capacity of 40 megawatts are installed at Medigadda, Annaram and Sundilla pump houses.
The capacity of each motor in Package 8 is 130 MW.
• BHEL has designed and developed these huge motors and Megha completed their installation.
• Medigadda, the first barrage in Kaleshwaram was built by L&T and Annaram barrage was built by Afcons Foreign
technology was also used in the project.
• Pumps, motors from companies like Andritz, ABB, Xylem, KBL, Flowmore, Siemens from Austria, England.
Germany, China and Japan were used in the project. The 11 motors installed at Kaanapali pump house, the first and
important pump hose in Kaleshwaram project, were imported from Finland.
• The project requires 7152 MW of electricity to pump 3 TMCS of water daily, In the first phase, 4,992 MWs of
electricity is being used for pumping 2 TMCs of water.
• The total cost of the Project including additional components and re-engineering package -Rs 1.06 lakh crore.
Kondapochamma Sagar Reservoir
• Inaugurated : Telangana Chief Minister K. Chandra Shekar Rao participated in Chandi Yagam performed at Konda
Pochamma temple located at a distance of 30 km from the reservoir on 29th May 2020. He switched on the Markook
pump house amid vedic chants after the Sudarshana yagam in the presence of Tridandi Chinna Jeeyar Swamy at
Markook village in Siddipet district.
Main features:
• This reservoir was built near Markook and Pamulaparti villages in Siddipet district as part of the Kaleshwaram Lift
Irrigation Scheme. The 1S8 kilometer-long Kondapochamma Sagar lying at 510 meters MSL has a capacity of 15
TMC. This project waş built at a cost of Rs 1,668.55 crore and has a water spread area of 17.027 sq km. Its full.
reservoir level is 6l 8 m and is envisaged to provide irrigation to 2,85,280 acres of ayacut in erstwhile Medak district,
Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district and Medchal through 13 canals. It is the 10th lift under Kaleshwaram Project.
• The Mega Engineering and Infrastructure Limited (MEIL) has built Kondapochamma Sagar reservoir and pump
house with six machines with each 27 megawatts capacity were set up at Akkaram in Gajwel Mandal
• The full reservoir has a water spread area of 17.027 sq km and the FRL is 618 m. Benefited districts: Siddipet,
Sangareddy, Medak, Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri and Medchal Malkajgiri
• Water will be pumped to Keshwapur reservoir, 10 TMCs is filtered and supplied to Hyderabad city through Godavari
ring main pipelines.
Mallanna Sagar
• Mallanna Sagar, the second largest reservoir in Telangana built under Kaleshwaram Project was inaugurated by Chief
Minister KCR on 24h February 2022. It is the largest reservoir under Kaleshwaram Project.
Main Features
• The reservoir was built with a capacity of 50 TMC at Tukkapur pump house in Thoguta Mandal of Siddipet district.
It was completed with an expenditure of Rs. 6,805 crore within three and half years. 17,781 acres of land was
acquired for its construction. It submerged 8 Panchayats along with 14 habitations.
• The Full Reservoir Level of Mallanna Sagar is 35 meters, So there is a scope to supply water to many areas in
Medak, Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy districts through gravity.
• Eight pumps, each with 43 MW capacity were set up. 0,85 TMC water would be pumped daily to Mallanna Sagar.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.4]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

• The reservoir has S sluices. They would be used to send water to Kondapochamma, Gandamalla reservoir, Singur
project, Tapaspalliréservoir and Mission Bhageeratha. Stabilization of Nizam Sagar, Singur and Ghanpur would
depend on this reservoir.
• This reservoir would provide water to I5,71,050 acres. This is a Reservoir without a river constructed for the first
time in India Drìnking water and water for irrigation would be supplied to Ten districts.
• In the future, 30 TMCs would be supplied to Hyderabad city for drinking water requirements. Water for industries
would also be supplied.
• It is praised as the 'Bahubali' reservoir.

Sangameshwara-Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Projects

• On 21 February 2022, ChiefMinister KCR laid foundation stone for the construction of Sangameshwara-
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Projects at Narayankhed. The scheme would irrigate about 3.84 lakh acres of uplands in
Sangareddy, Zaheerabad, Andole and Narayankhed Assembly segments.
• Two lifts would provide water to 57 thousand acres in Sangareddy, 1.06 Zabegrabad, 56 thousand acres in Andale
and 1.65 lakh acres in Narayankhed constituencies. This LIS would be constructed on Singur reservoir. 20 TMC
water from Kaleshwaram Project has been allotted to the two lifts. Works are underway to send Kaleshwaram water
to Singur and from there to four constituencies at a cost of Rs. 4,427 crore.
• 12 TMC water would be lifted through the Sangameshwara project. It irrigates 2 lakh 19 thousand acres in
Sangareddy, Zaheerabad and Andole constituencies, 8 TMC water would be lifted through Basaveshwara project. It
irrigates 1 lakh 65 thousand acres in Narayankhed and Andole constituencies. The scheme is proposed to be
completed within two years. Basaveshwara Lift is being constructed at Borancha in Manoor Mandal Narayankhed
and Sangameshwara Lift is being constructed at Abdullapur in Raikode Mandal ofAndole constituency. It provides
drinking water to 231 villages in 12 Mandals of Sangareddy, Zaheerabad and Andole constituencies. Basaveshwara
Lift provides drinking water to 166 villages in 8 Mandals ofNarayankhed and Andole constituencies.
Nagarjuna Sagar
• Another name of Nagarjuna Sagar is Nandikonda Project.
• Structural engineer of this project was- K. L. Rao
• First Chief Engineer of Nagarjuna Sagar project was- Mir Jaffer Ali Nagarjuna Sagar is the World's biggest masonry
dam, It is famous as the 'Modern Temple
• It is a joint project of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states,
• Nagarjuna Sagar is the largest multipurpose project (408 TMC) in South India. Installed power generation capacity of
Nagarjuna Sagar is 816 MW.
• 1300 Mw of hydropower can be generated by 8 units of this project.
• On recommendation ofKhosla Committee, then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru laid foundation for Nagarjuna
Sagar Project on 10 December 1955 at Nandikonda village of Nalgonda district.
• It was inaugurated by 4 August 1967 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
• Catchment area of Nagarjuna Sagar Project- 2.15 Lakh Sq Km (Length ofDam- 1550m, Height- 124 m)
• An artificial lake was formed around Nagarjuna konda by the construction of Nagarjuna Sagar dam. A museum is
present on the island situated in the lake.
• An ancient Buddhist monastery was reconstructed on the bank of a reservoir. A Buddhist University, Stupas, Viharas
and ritual altars are also present.
• Nagarjuna Sagar Project irrigates more than 10 lakh acres.
• Right bank Canal (Jawahar Canal): Length- 202 Km. Stabilization of Ayacut- 11 lakh acres (Guntur, Prakasam) Left
bank Canal (Lal Bahadur Canal) : Length- 178 Km, Stabilization of ayacut-9.5 lakh acres (Nalgonda, Khammam). 2
lakh acres in Nalgonda district, 1.1 lakh acres in Khammam have been stabilized for the cultivation of Paddy.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.5]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

Besides, 50 thousand acres in Nalgonda district and 1.40 thousand acres in Khammam district for the cultivation of
rain fed crops.
Musi Project
• Its construction across Musi river in Kethepally mandal of Nalgonda district commenced in 1954 and completed in
1963 The length of main canal is 64 km. The dam is located 10 km upstream ofTekumatla bridge. The right flank
canal is 31 km and the left flank canal is 34 km. It provides water for irrigation to 30 thousand acres in 61 villages.
Ali Sagar Lift Irrigation Scheme
• The first LIS announced in the state under Jalayagnam project was Ali Sagar Project.
• Ali Sagar LIS is aimed at stabilization of ayacut in Nizamabad district.
• The Scheme is proposed to lift 720 úsecs of Godavari water from Sriram Sagar Project.
• Irrigation potential - 53,739 acres.
• 6 Mandals are benefited by this project. They are 1. Navipet 2. Renjal 3. Yedapally 4. Nizamabad 5. Dichpally 6.
Makloor
• The first pump house of this LIS was built on the right bank of Godavari near Kosli village in Navipet mandal of
Nizamabad district. Second pump house was built at Tadblijoli in Renjal mandal and third one was built at Jankampet
in Yedapally mandal.
• Water lifted from Jankampet is being flown into the main canal ofNizam Sagar through canals.
• Sriram Sagar Project (SRSP) Stage 1
• Sriram Sagar Project was built across Godavari river near Pochampad village in Nizamabad district.
• The construction of Sriram Sagar Project commenced on 26 July 1963 and began irrigating 25 thousand acres in
1978.
• It is the first project built across Godavari in Telangana region.
• Sriram Sagar Project got its name due to the presence of Sri Kodandarama Swamy temple nearby.
• It is a boon to the agriculture in Northern Telangana.
• Reservoir capacity - 90 TMC.
• Power generation capacity - 36 MW.
• SRSP became a reality by the sacrifices of people from the villages in Nandipet, Armoor, Balkonda mandals of
Nizamabad along with the villages in Lokeshwaram, Dilawarpur and Nirmal mandals ofAdilabad district. Its
foundation was laid by then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1963.
• It was inaugurated in 1978 by then Chief minister Mari Chenna Reddy. The project built with an objective of
providing water to 18 lakh acres has been irrigating 9.5 lakh acres in Kharif Season and 7 lakh acres in Rabi season.
Water is supplied to NTPC, Ramagundam from this project.
• Ayacut under this project- Nizamabad, Kamareddy, Karimnagar, Warangal rural, Warangal urban, Suryapet,
Mahabubabad.
• Another name of SRSP Stage 1- Pochampadu Project).
• Main canals of this project are Kakatiya, Saraswati and Lakshmi.
Sriram Sagar Project (SRSP) Phase 2
• This Project was inaugurated on 27 February 2016 at Pochampadu village in Medora mandal district.
• Total estimated cost- Rs 1220.41 crores
• The project aims at providing water to 1,78,068 hectares (4,40,000 acres) in the drought prone areas in Warangal,
Khammam and Nalgonda districts by utilizing 24,405 TMCs of surface water and 4.703 TMCs of underground
• water.
• Main objective: Extension of the length of Kakatiya canal from 284 kms to346 kms.
• Benefited Districts: Warangal, Khammamn, Mahabubabad, Janagaon and Nalgonda. Sriram Sagar (SRSP) Flood
Flow Canal:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.6]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

• A head regulator and approach canal are being constructed at Mushkil (village and mandal) in Nizamabad district to
divert the flood water downstream of Sriram Sagar Project.
• The project is built to top up the storage reservoirs by diverting 20TMCs of flood water from Sriram Sagar reservoir
and providing irrigation facilities to 2.20 lakh acres in the drought prone areas of Telangana.
• Districts benefited by this project are : Kariganagr, Siddipet, Warangal, Janaggon, Jagtial, Peddapalk and Rajanna
Sircilla.
• The ChiefMinister KCR unveiled the pylon erected at the head regulator of the flood canal on 10 August 2017 and
commenced the works of this project.
• Under this scheme, Godavari water will be reverse pumped from Mediagdda tO Annaram, Sundilla and Sripada
Sagar (Yellampalli).Water will be pumped from Yellampalli to the flood canal through Nandi medaram tank. The
prestigious scheme envisages lifting one TMC of Godavari water every day for 60 days to the Sriram Sagar Project.
Arugula Rajaram (Guthpa) Lift Irrigation Scheme
• Stabilization of ayacut by the water from Sriram Sagar reservoir on Godavari.
• Total ayacut under this LIS: 38,792 acres.
• First pump house was built on Godavari near Ummeda village in Nandipeta mandal of Nizamabad district. Second
pump house was built near Dharmaram village in Morthad mandal.
• The second irrigation scheme started under the Jalayagnam program in the state is Guthpa Lift Irrigation Scheme.
Nizam Sagar Project
• The Nizam Sagar project was constructed across the Manjeera river at Achampet in Kamareddy district.
• It is a huge masonry dam with a height of 110 feet and a width of 14 feet.
• The maximum flood flow at the project site was estimated at 5,25,000 Cusecs. Nawab Ali Nawaj Jung initiated this
project to mitigate the effects of droughts in Hyderabad state.
• The construction of Nizam Sagar project was headed by then Nizam Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan in 1923 near
Bagepalli after evacuating 40 villages.
• Its construction was completed in 1931 under the supervision of Nawab Ali Nawaj Jung Bahadur. Initially it was
built with a storage capacity of 29.72 TMCs. But a hydrological survey conducted in 1972 revealed its capacity as
11.79 TMCs only. Its storage capacity decreased by 17.91 TMC due to the accumulation of silt.
• The two canals ofNizam Sagar are- -1) Mahabubnagar Canal- Right canal Fatehnabár- Left canal. Benefiting
mandals- Nizamsagar, Kotgir, Yedpally, Makloor, Jakranpally, Banswada, Varni, Nizamabad, Penjal, Velpoor,
Birkoor, Bodhan, Dichpally, Nandipet, Balkonda (Nizamabad district).
• This project was initiated depending on the surplus Manjeera water at Singur.
• Aim of this project is to provide wáter to 2.75 lakh acres. Now water is being distributed to 2.31 lakh acres. Thís
project got the name 'Nizam Sagar' due to its construction in Nizam's rule.
• Boating and a beautiful garden are present at the project to amuse the visitors.
Jurala Project
• It is the first multi-purpose project on river Krishna în Telangana.
• This project was built in1984 with a capacity of 11.94 TMCs.
• Jurala project is located near Revulapally village in Dharur mandal of Jogulamba
• Gadwal district.
• Full name- Priyadarshini Jurala Project.
• The Jurala project produces 221.40 MW of electricity. Total ayacut- 1.02 1 lakh hectares
• This project supplies water for irrigation to 26,103 hectares through the left main canal (NTR Canal) and 15,257
hectares through the right main canal (Nalla Somanadri Canal) (Total- 41,360 hectares).
• Areas bebefñted by the left canal (NTR canal): Atmakur, Kothapet, Kollapur, Veepanagandla, Pebbair and
Wanaparthy

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.7]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

• Areas benefited by the right canał: Alampor, Gadwal, Dharoor, Itikyal and Manavapadu. The project in India with the
highest number of blocks is the Jurala project (84 blocks).
Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme (RDS)
• It is a joint project of Karnaáka and Telangana states.
• RDS was built between 1946- 1958 during Nizam's rule at Rajolibanda village in Manni taluk in Raichur district of
Karnataka.
• This scheme provides irrigation water for 87, 500 acres in the district.
• The canal enters Sindanuru village, Aija mandal of Jogulamba Gadwal district 42 Km downstream of RDS project.
• This canal distributes water to many villages in Aija, Wadapally, Manpadu, Itikyal and Alampur mandals. Water
from the RDS project is supplied through a 143 kms long canal to 8 villages in Gadwala mandal, 67 villages in
Alampur taluk, 4 villages in Kurnool district ofA.P and 17 villages in Manvi taluk ofKarnataka.
Kaddam Reservoir
• This huge project was built near Peddur village in Kaddam mandal of Nirmal district.
• Construction of Kaddam project commenced in 1949 ańd completed in 1958
• Capacity of this project is 13.243 TMCs.
• The Kaddam project irrigates about 70 thousand acres.
• Benefiting mandals- Kaddam, Jannaram, Dendepalli, Laksettipet, Mancherial. Nirmal district gets a large quantity of
water for irrigation from this project.
Lower Manair Reservoir
• Lower Manair reservoir was built across Manair river, a tributary of river Godavari in Karimnagar district.
Construction of this project was completed in 1985. This 27 meter high dam gives the residents of Karimnagar the
experience of visiting tank bund.
Singur Project
• Another name of the Singur project is Mogili Gundla Baga Reddy Singur Project.
• The Singur project was constructed during 1978-1979 near Singur village in Pulkal mandal of Rangareddy district to
provide drinking water to the twin cities ofHyderabad and Secunderabad.
• It is a multipurpose project (GroSs capacity- 30 TMCs).
• Catchment area of Singur project - 16,097 Sq Km.
• Gross irrigated area - 40,000 acres (2 TMCs of water is distributed to Sangareddy and Andole).
• Power generation capacity - 15M.
• The Singur project stops the silt flowing down the river to Nizam Sagar Reservoir.
Jawahar Nettempadu Lift Irrigation Scheme
• Foundation stone for this project was laid down in 2095. It is also known as Jawahar Lift Irrigation Scheme.
Nettempadu LIS is located on Krishna river near Upperu village in Dharur mandal of Jogulamba Gadwal district.
• This project was started to provide irrigation facility to 2 lakh agfes by lifting Krishna water.
• Estimated cost - Rs 2731.47 crores
• Irrigated area- 2 Lakh acres
• It envisages lifting of 21.425 TMCs ofKrishna water from the foreshore of Jurala project.
• Benefited areas- 148 villages in Gadwal, Alampur and Dharoor mandals.
• This project is being built under two phases, First phase- Upperu village, Dharoor mandal(Second phase Marla
Veedu village, Dharoor mandal.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.8]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

Ongoing Major Irrigation Projects in Telangana

Koil Sagar Project Mbw, Kashan P
• The construction of Koil Sagar project on Peddavagu, a tributary of river Krishna at Bollaram village in Devarakadra
mandal of Mahabubnagar was started in 1949. It was completed in 1955. Initially it was a medium irrigation project.
Later it was upgraded to a major irrigation project with a lift irrigation component.
• This project provides water to Devarakadra, Chinna Chintakunta and Dhanwada mandals.
• Irrigated area - 50,250 acres
Kanthanapally (Tupakulagudem) Sujala Sravanthi LIS
• Another name of this project is- P.V. Narasimha Rao Kanthanapally Sujala Sravanthi LIS. This project is built on
Godavari river at Kanthanapally village in Eturnagaram mandal in Mulugu district.
• It is a multipurpose project. It was proposed to construct a barrage with a capacity of 22.5 TMCs.
• Major objective- To divert water fromGodavari to Kakatiya canal.
• Estimated cost - Rs 2121 errores
• Works were started to provide irrigation facilities to 7.5 lakh acres in erstwhile Warangal and Karimnagar districts by
lifting 50 TMCS Water. It is proposed to provide water to 3. 10 lakh acres in Stage I and 4.40 lakh acres in Stage ll.
• 3 TMCs of water from this LIS is allocated for drinking purposes.
• The State government recently renamed this project as Sammakka Lift Irrigation Scheme.
Devadula Lift Irrigation Project
• Another name of this project is J. Chokka Rao Devadula Lift Irrigation Scheme.
• It is located at- Gangaram (Mulugu district, Eturunagaram mandal)
• The Devadula project is the second largest lift irrigation scheme in India. It is constructed on Godavari river.
(Irrigation area- 6.21 lakh acres).
• This project aims at providing irrigation water to 6.21 lakh acres in drought prone areas at a height from 71 meters to
540 meters in undivided Karimnagár, Warangak, Nalgondaby utilizing 38.18 TMCs of water from 467.24 TMCs of
available Godavari water.
• Benefiting districts- Karimnagar, Warangal (Urban), Warangal rural, Jayashankar Bhupalapally, Mulugu, Janagaon,
Yadadri Bhuvanagiri & Siddipet.
• Estimated cost- Rs 13,445.44 crores
• Drinking water is supplied to Warangal town from this project.
Sripada Sagar (Yellampally) Project
• Foundation stone for this project was laid on 28 July 2004 which was proposed to be built across river Godavari at
Yellampaly village near Ramagundam town in Peddapalli district.
• The objective of the government was to complete this project within three years to provide water to farmers.
• It was intended to provide an irrigation facility to 2.20,000 acres with 20.175 TMCs of water. Estimated cost: Rs
5837.48 Crores including R.R. Package and lit.
• The construction of Yellampalli Lift irrigation scheme was started in April 200S at an estimated cost of Rs 1,737 Cr.
• Benefited districts: Karimnagar, Jagtiak Rajanna sircilla, Peddapalli and Mancherial.
Sitarama Lift Irrigation Scheme
• Sitarama Project is a boon to the former Khammam district.
• The earlier Rajiv Sagar (Dummugudem) and Indira Sagar LIS were integrated, re-engineered and renamed as
Sitarama Lift Irrigation Scheme.
• Gross irrigated area: 5 Lakh 50 thousand acres.
• Estimated cost - Rs 13057.98 crores

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.9]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

• Chief Minister K. Chandrasekhar Rao laid foundation for Sitarama LIS on 16 February 2016 at Rallapadu in
Tekulapally mandal of Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
• It provides water for irrigation to Khammam, Bhadradri Kothagudem Suryapet and Mahabubabad districts. Sitarama
LIS would newly irrigate 1,57,574 acres in Bhadradri Kothagudem district, 9,196 acres in Mahabubabad district and
1,63,083 acres in Khammam district.
• Reservoirs are under construction at Rollapadu, Jagannadhapuram and Bayyaram.
Kalwakurthy Lift Irrigation Scheme KÁshna, Nagamot
• Another name of this project is- Mahatma Gandhi Lift Irrigation Scheme.
• This LIS is intended to pump Krishna water from the foreshore of Srisailam Reservoir through a lift near Yellur
village in Kollapur mandal of Nagarkurnool district.
• Constituencies covered under this project are- Achayfpeta, Nagarkudool, Kalwakuzdiy.
• Benefited districts - Mahabubpagar, Rangareddy, Nagarkurnool, Wanaparthy.
• Estimated cost - Rs 4896.24 crores.
• This LIS supplies water for irrigation to 4.1 lakh acres besides providing drinking water to severe drought prone
upland areas in erstwhile Mahabubnagar district.

MEDIUM AND SMALL IRRIGATION PROJECTS IN TELANGANA

Bogulavagu Project Mahir
• It was constructed across Boggula Vagu, a tributary of Manair at Rudraram village in Malhar Rao mandal of
Jayashan kar Bhupalpally district.
• The construction of
• The Boggula Vagu project was started in 1976-77 and completed in 1987.
• It was built with an expenditure of Rs 1.36 Crores to provide irrigation facilities to 2.09 thousand hectares.
• This project supplies water to 5150 acres in 8 villages of MalharRao and Kataraynandals.
• It was built during 1976-77 on Gundla Vagu, a tributary of Godavari at Pragalapalli village in Vajedu mandal of
Mulugá district with an expenditure of 1. 16 crores to furnish irrigation facilities to 810 hectares.
• The right and left flanks of this project supply water to 2580 acres of ayacut belonging to 5 tribal villages in Vajedu
mandal.
B.N. Gupta (Tularam) Project
• This project is located near Vinoba Nagar in Bayyaram mandal of Mahabubabad district. It supplies water to
thousands of acres in this mandal.
Gaddennavagu
• Gaddennavagu project was built on Suddavágu near Bhainsa town in Nirmart district. It provides water for irrigation
to 14 thousand acres and drinking water to 19 villages along with Bhaimsa nagar panchayat. It Was built with an
expenditure of Rs 48.69 crores. Water availability at the reservoir- 2.31 TMCs.
Komaram Bheem Project
• The construction of Komaram Bheem project was taken up across Peddavagu stream near Ada village in Asifabad
mandal of Komaram Bheem Asifabad mandal, Even though the foundation stone for this project wa laid in 2001, the
works were started in 2006 with an estimated cost of Rs 272 crores. The project was completed on 19 November
2011.
• It Provides water to 18,421 hectares (45,500 acres) in 69 villages in Asifabad, Wankidi, Kaghaj nagar and Sirpur
mandals ofAsifabad district.
• Catchment area - 437 Sq miles. (132 sq Km). Maximum flood flow - 261000 cusecs.
• Estimated cost of the project - Rs 882.31 crores

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.10]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

• Navayuga Transstroy acquired the contract on EPC turnkey basis. Rs 221 crores were allocated for construction
works and the remaining amount was allocated for resettlement & rehabilitation.
Tummidlihati Project ( Praltachaela)
• Pranahita-Chevella LIS has been built near Tummidibstfi village. So it is called the Tummidi Hatti Project.
• Storage capacity- 1.8 TMCs
• Built across- Pranahita
• Full reservoir level (FRL)- 148 M
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar Pranahita project was proposed to supply 20 TMCs of water to Adilabad,Mancherial, Komaram
Bheem Asifabad districts from Pranahita river.
• Estimated cost- Rs 6,212 crores
• The Chief Ministers of Telangana and Maharashtra made an agreement on 5 May 2012 to constitute an interstate
river board for Pranahita- Chevella Sujala Sravanthi Project.
• The Government of Maharashtra has repeatedly requested to lower the FRL from +152 M to +48 M and minimize the
extent of submergence in their territory.
• Detailed joint surveys by both the States and the actual submergence extent of Maharashtra territory was assessed as
3786 acres with barrage at FRL +152 M and 285 acres with FRL of +148 M.
• Ayacut- 2 lakh acres in Sirpur, Kaghaznagar, Asifabad, Chennur, Bellampally constituencies.
Chanaka- Korata Barrage
• This barrage is being constructed acrošs Penganga river on the downstream of Lower Penganga dam near Chanaka
and Korata Village.
• The live storage capacity Chanaka-Korata Barrage is 0.83 TMC only. With this capacity, it will be sufficient to
provide irrigation facility to nearly 51,000 acres a yacut upto October when the flows are available in the Penganga
River.
• Chanaka Korata barrage supplies water to 13,500 acres and Lower Penganga gravity canal supplies water to 37,000
acres in Adilabad District.
• The Government of Maharashtra took up the construction of Rajapet and Pimparad barrages with a capacity of0.7
TMCs and 1.50 TMCs respectively. They supply water to 5,000 acres and 14,500 acres respectively. Water sharing
under these barrages between Telangana and Maharashtra are in the ratio of 50;80 and 30:79 respectively.
Vativagu Project
• The construction of Vatti Vagu project was started during 1976-77 across Vatti Vagu stream near Pahadi Banda
village in Asifabad mandal of Kumapam Bheem district with an expenditure of Rs 5.40 crores to furnish irrigation
facility to 9914.9l hectares.
• Government aimed to irrigate an ayacut of about 25,000 acres in Asifabad And Gabbana mandals, Its construction
was stopped due to various reasons.
• Later, it was finished after two decades in 1998 and water was distributed. The main canals were also completed by
2001.
Practice Questions
Ques: Which of the following statements are correct?
(1) Rajolibanda diversion scheme is an interstate project of Karnataka and Telangana .
(2) The scheme was sanctioned during the erstwhile Nizam state.
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only
(C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2

Ques: Which of the following statements are correct?

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.11]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

(1) Kaleshwaram project was proposed To utilize 160 TMC of allocated water of Godavari basin as per GWDT award.
(2) The project can template to provide irrigation facilities for an ayacut of 16,40,000 acres in drought prone areas in 7
districts of Telangana state.
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only
(C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2

Ques: Which of the following Dam does not belong to Telangana state?
(A) Rajolibanda (B) Nizam sagar
(C) Icchampally (D) Pulichintala
Mains Question
Ques: The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation System (KLIS) is considered to be one of the world’s largest multi-purpose
projects. Explain the design of the project and its significance in the development of Telangana.
Ans: The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) is a multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in
Kaleshwaram, Bhupalpally, Telangana, India. Currently the world's largest multi-stage lift irrigation project, its
farthest upstream influence is at the confluence of the Pranhita and Godavari rivers.
The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project is divided into 7 links and 28 packages spanning a distance of
approximately 500 km (310 mi) through 13 districts and utilizing a canal network of more than 1,800 km (1,100
mi).
The project aims to produce a total of 240 TMC (195 from Medigadda Barrage, 20 from Sripada Yellampalli
project and 25 from groundwater), of which 169 has been allocated for irrigation, 30 for Hyderabad municipal
water, 16 for miscellaneous industrial uses and 10 for drinking water in nearby villages, with the remainder being
estimated evaporation loss.
Links & Irrigated Command Area/Ayacut (Acres)
Link-I: From Medigadda Barrage on Godavari River to Sripada Yellampalli Project (30,000 acres)
Link-II: From Sripada Yellampalli Project to Mid Manair Dam
Link-III: From Mid Manair Dam to Upper Manair Reservoir (86,150 acres)
Link-IV: From upper Manair Dam to Konda Pochamma Reservoir (595,754 acres)
Link-V: From Anicut to Chityala (243,500 acres)
Link-VI: From Sri Komaravelli Mallanna Sagar to Singur Dam (280,296 acres)
Link-VII: From SRSP Foreshore to Nizam Sagar Canals and to Dilawarpur and Hangarga village for Nirmal and
Mudhole Constituency (590,000 acres)
Total: 1,65,700 acres (New ayacut) Apart from: 1,875,00+ acres (Stabilisation of existing ayacut)
Significance:
Telangana is at an elevation of 300 meters to 650 metres above mean sea level. River Godavari flows at an
elevation of 100 metres below mean sea level. Hence gigantic pumps have to be used for pumping water.
A barrage is constructed at Medigadda in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district and reverse pump the water into the
main Godavari river and divert it through lifts and pumps into a huge and complex system of reservoirs, water
tunnels, pipelines, and canals.
By the time the water reaches Kondapochamma Sagar, the last reservoir in the system about 227 km away in
Gajwel district, the Godavari water would have been lifted to a height of 618 meters from its source at Medigadda.
This project will have the longest underground irrigation tunnel in the world (14.09 Km).
The pumps would be operating at a cavern and surge pool which also holds a record for being the biggest in the
world with a capacity to hold 2 crore litres of water.
Apart from the obvious benefits like irrigation, drinking water and transportation, it will also help in other aspects
which are mentioned below

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.12]

Telangana Geography Irrigation Projects - Major, Ongoing, Minor

Kaleshwaram will transform Telangana into an agricultural powerhouse. The project will enable farmers in
Telangana to reap multiple crops with a year-round supply of water wherein earlier they were dependent on rains
resulting in frequent crop failures. This year, Telangana farmers have already delivered bumper rabi crops of paddy
and maize due to better irrigation facilities and an extended monsoon.
This project will help the fishing industry. There is a burgeoning freshwater fishing industry in the state as the
numerous water bodies created under the project are also being used to grow fish and locals are given rights to fish
and sell.
KLIS covers several districts which used to face rainfall deficit and the groundwater is fluoride-contaminated.
Apart from providing water for irrigation to 45 lakh acres, a main component of the project is supply of drinking
water to several towns and villages and also to twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
Development of Water sports
Improve the tourism industry. State Governments of Telangana and Maharashtra have signed water-sharing
agreement from this project, thus putting an end to the decades-old disagreement between the 2 states.
Also Mission Bhagiratha, the Rs 43,000-crore project to supply drinking water to every household in villages,
draws a large quantity of water from the KLIS and some quantity from projects on River Krishna.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [11.13]

 12 MISSION KAKATIYA

IMPORTANCE OF THE TANKS IN THE STATE

• Tanks have been the life line of Telangana owing to the state's geographical positioning. The people of the state are
highly dependent on the tanks which are spread across all the 10 districts. The topography and rainfall pattern in
Telangana have made tank irrigation an ideal type of irrigation by storing and regulating water flow for agricultural
use.
• Construction of tanks in Telangana has been an age old activity since pre Satavahana era. During the Kakatiya era,
the construction of tanks was carried out with utmost technical expertise. Tanks such as Ramappa, Pakhala,
Laknavaram, Ghanapuram, Bayyaram which were built by Kakatiyas resemble seas and they greatly helped
agriculture and overall development and prosperity of the Kakatiya kingdom.
• This vision and legacy of Kakatiyas were carried forward by Qutubshahis and Asafjahis who ruled this region for
centuries. Hundreds of big and small tanks were built in the Telangana region during their rule. Government desires
to uphold the vision of Kakatiyas which envisages revival and restoration of Minor Irrigation Sources in Telangana
State.
• Tank irrigation has a huge bearing on generation of rural employment, poverty reduction and agricultural growth. The
sheer size of the command area under tank irrigation makes it a large center of agricultural production and provides a
critical opportunity for commercial agriculture through market linkages.

IRRIGATION POLICY OF THE COMBINED STATE OF A.P

• Infact, the A.P. irrigation policy, at the instance of Andhra leadership coming from Coastal Andhra, has given rise to
uneven development. It emphasized major irrigation, whereas the alluvial plains irrigated by the tanks have remained
largely insignificant. This irrigation policy resulted in the destruction of age-old water conservation systems with
chains of tank networks. The successive Governments successfully ignored the maintenance and development of
tanks and allowed them to face extinction by way of siltation, breaches, encroachments etc. With the extinction of the
tank system, the self-sufficient villages of Telangana have become drought prone areas.
• Today the drought is manifested in every facet of human life and it is particularly so with the rural poor. The exodus
of people from rural areas of Telangana to Hyderabad and other far off places has made their lives vulnerable. This
has also proliferated the squatter settlements and slums in the urban areas. The Krishna, Godavari, Musi and Manjira
rivers traverse through the semi-arid lands of Telangana districts especially Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Medak, Ranga
Reddy, Nalgonda and Mahabubnagar. But large quantities of water from these rivers are diverted to subsist the
industrial, drinking and other needs of Hyderabad and irrigation needs of Andhra. Otherwise, these rivers would have
sufficed and satiated the water needs of these districts. Irrigation policies of A.P. exposed the true colors of regional
bias and machinations to promote their interests.
• This continuous and policy based discrimination in Irrigation Sector turned Telangana Region into a graveyard of
farmers and land of migration. Self-sustained villages of Telangana have become drought prone villages. 80 % farmer
suicides that occurred in AP state were from Telangana region and millions of people from 10 Telangana districts

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [12.1]

Telangana Geography Mission Kakatiya

migrated to far off places like Mumbai, Bhivandi, Surat, Ahmedabad and Gulf countries as laborers in search of
livelihood. 16 lakh population from Mahaboobnagar district alone migrated to far off places. Hence, exploitation of
water resources has been one of the major concerns of Telangana movement and people strongly felt that creation of
a new state of Telangana, that is, state power alone would fetch them water.
• Realizing the importance of reclamation of tanks for growth in the state, the Government of Telangana State has
taken up the programme of restoring the minor irrigation sources under the title Mission Kakatiya (Mana Ooru Mana
Cheruvu). The mission aims at retrieving the lost glory of minor irrigation in the state with community participation
for ensuring sustainable water security.
• In July 2014 Irrigation Department, Govt of Telangana has carried out for the first time, the census of Minor
Irrigation sources in Telangana, which include M.I tanks constructed and maintained by Irrigation Dept., M.I Tanks
constructed by Panchayat Raj Dept. and later transferred to Irrigation Dept., Percolation Tanks, Forest Tanks, Private
Kuntas, Anicuts and Check dams. As per the enumeration, the total number of tanks is found to be around 46,531.
The irrigation department has planned to restore all the 46,531 minor irrigation sources in the state in the next five
years, taking up 20% of the tanks each year.

THE OBJECTIVE OF MISSION KAKATIYA

• The objective of Mission Kakatiya is to enhance the development of agriculture based income for small and marginal
farmers, by accelerating the development of minor irrigation infrastructure, strengthening community based irrigation
management and adopting a comprehensive programme for restoration of tanks.

INTRODUCTION
• The Government has prioritized the restoration of minor irrigation tanks to restore them to store their original
capacity and to effectively utilize 255 TMC of water allocated for the Minor irrigation sector under Godavari &
Krishna River basins.
• The minimum ayacut that can be irrigated with the above allocated water is about 20 lakh acres.
• But as per the statistics the ayacut now being irrigated is only about 9 to 10 lakh acres under Minor Irrigation tanks.
Thus, there is a gap of about 10 lakh acres.
• The reasons for this gap ayacut under Minor Irrigation tanks are due to.
(1) Loss of water storage capacity of tanks due to accumulation of silt in tank beds over a long period.
(2) Due to dilapidated sluices, weirs and weak bunds
(3) De to defunct feeder channels.
(4) Due to the dilapidated condition of Irrigation canals.
• A reconciliation survey was conducted to identify the exact number of all types of Minor irrigation sources in
Telangana State. As per survey 46,531 No of M.I, Small tanks, Percolation tanks, Private Kuntas and Small tanks
(constructed by Forest Department) were identified for restoration.
• The massive programme for Restoration of tanks is named as "ChinnaNeetiVanarulaPunaruddarana" and it is
renamed as "Mission Kakatiya".
• The Govt is planned to restore 9,306 Tanks every year (20% of total tanks) with an eventual target of restoring all
46,531 tanks in 5 years, in a phased manner
• The present programme of "MISSION KAKATIYA" is to bring this gap of 10 lakh acres into command which
requires no further allocation of water and also land acquisition.
• This gap of 10 lakh acres under Minor Irrigation tanks can be brought to Irrigation.
(1) By de-silting the tank beds to restore original water storage capacity of tanks.
(2) By repairing dilapidated sluices, weirs etc.,

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [12.2]

Telangana Geography Mission Kakatiya

(3) By strengthening the tank bunds to its original standards.

(4) By repairing the feeder channels to standards for getting water freely into tanks.( Part of chain of tanks)
(5) By taking up necessary works to supplement/filling Minor Irrigation tanks through canal networks of Major, medium
and lift irrigation projects taken up on both Krishna and Godavari Rivers.
(6) By re-sectioning of irrigation channels to standards & Repairs to CM & CD works for smooth distribution of water to
fields according to their requirement.

IDENTIFICATION OF TANKS
• The District Minister/ local MLA/MLC/Public representatives will be approached to identify priority order for
restoration of local tanks.
• Mandal Assistant Executive Engineer will submit the list of tanks under his Jurisdiction (along with their ayacut) to
concerned officials / public representatives.
• Identify tanks for which repair works have already been taken up under programs like CBTMP, RRR & Normal State
Plan, along with the type of the repairs taken up.
• Preference will be given to tanks which have greater ayacut and good source of water.
• Tanks which have not been covered under any programme will be given priority.
• The chain of tanks in Mandal will be identified in the 1st phase. Repairs/ Re-sectioning of Feeder channel and Silt
removal in the tanks will be taken up as priority basis.
• One urban tank at constituency Headquarters will be taken up and developed as Mini Tank Bund.
Advantages of Silt removal & Silt Application
(a) The water retention capacity of the soil will increase thereby decreasing the number of wettings.
(b) De-silting will improve ground water recharging capacity and increase the capacity of the tank thereby increasing the
availability of water even during the summer for irrigation & drinking water purposes.
(c) As per studies conducted, it is observed that due to de-silting the fluoride content in the groundwater will be reduced
considerably.
(d) Silt can be used as nutrient / fertilizer to the plant which generally reduces the usage of fertilizer.
(e) The yield of crops like cotton and chillies has increased by 20 to 30%.

MAKING IT AS A PEOPLE'S PROGRAMME

• It is programmed to publicize the importance of Chinna Neeti Vanarula Punaruddharana in the public through wide
publicity to make them aware and participate in the massive programme designed by the Government.
• There is a necessity to motivate and encourage the end users for their participation explaining the Benefits of the tank
to the public by various types of media. The respective departments are addressed accordingly to publicize the
benefits of the programme and importance of people's participation.

ORGANIZATION SETUP
• To handle the massive programme Mission Kakatiya the M.I. Sector is reorganized and Strengthened with the
following Administrative structure.
(1) Two Chief Engineers, one for Minor Irrigation (Godavari Basin) and Minor Irrigation( Krishna Basin)
(2) Nodal Officers of Chief Engineer Rank to supervise the progress works are appointed for each district.
(3) One Superintending Engineer is allotted at District Level.
(4) One Executive Engineer is allotted for each revenue division.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [12.3]

Telangana Geography Mission Kakatiya

(5) One Deputy Executive Engineer for Each Constituency.

(6) One Assistant Executive Engineer for Each Mandal.
• At present there are 556 No of AEEs/AEs, 127 No of Dy. EEs 44 No of EEs & 10 No of SEs are working under
Minor Irrigation Sector looking after Mission Kakatiya.
• In addition to the present organization setup 115 Nos. of Retired Dy. EEs/AEEs/AEs/TOs are engaged on contract
basis in the field for effective functioning of Mission Kakatiya works for attaining better results as scheduled.
• The works shall be sanctioned only after inspection of concerned officers as per the norms given below issued vide
G.O.Ms.No.44 Dt.13.03.2015.
Task Powers delegated to Value in Rs. Lakhs
Executive Engineer up to 100
Inspection before technical sanction Superintending Engineer 100-500
Chief Engineer Above 500
Technical Sanction and Tender Executive Engineer 50
Approval Superintending Engineer 50 to 100
Technical Sanction Chief Engineer Above 100 & up to AA accorded
Chief Engineer 100 to 400
Tenders Approval
Commissioner of Tenders Above 400

The schedule of tender process

Sl.No. Process Earlier Present
1 Calling of Tenders 14 Days 7 Days
2 Acceptance of Tenders 90 Days 7 Days
3 Concluding Agreements 14 Days 5 Days
4 Additional security Deposit < 25 % < 10 %

FUNDING PATTERN
• As a part of Mission Kakatiya 1621 No of works costing Rs. 379.21 Crores are funded by NABARD - RIDF
Tranche-XX with a loan assistance of Rs. 360.00 Crores under Mission Kakatiya - I. Later the NABARD has
sanctioned a loan assistance of Rs. 317.036 Crores for 1562 works costing Rs. 375.57 Crores under NABARD -
RIDF Tranche-XXI for the works covered under Mission Kakatiya Phase - I.
• The works of Mission Kakatiya Phase - I are completed by 31.05.2017.
• Government of India has agreed to sanction Restoration of tanks under RRR Phase - II scheme in XII Plan. As part of
this 596 DPRs costing 475.86 Crores were submitted in 3 Batches to CWC after STAC meetings. Out of them, 182
water bodies costing 125.45 Crores and spreading in 5 districts were approved by Government of India and these
works are in progress
Year wise Budget Allocation and its Expenditure in Minor Irrigation including IDC
Rs. in Crores

BUDGET PROVISION
Sl.No Year EXPENDITURE
MI IDC TOTAL

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [12.4]

Telangana Geography Mission Kakatiya

1 2014-15 1671.00 345.00 2016.00 519.44

2 2015-16 1783.13 300.00 2083.13 1311.48

3 2016-17 2000.00 255.59 2255.59 1919.72

4 2017-18 1973.74 220.00 2193.74

TOTAL 5756.87 775.59 6532.46 3231.20

INTERDEPARTMENTAL COORDINATION
• In order to ensure inter departmental coordination at the District level, the Government has constituted the District
Level Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Committee for Mission Kakatiya.
• The composition of the Committee is as follows:
District Collector : Chairman

Joint Collector : Member

Conservator of Forest/Divisional Forest Officer (Social Forestry) : Member

Superintending Engineer (MI) : Member-convener

Chief Executive Officer, ZillaParishad : Member

Joint Director of Agriculture : Member

Sub-Collectors/Revenue Divisional Officers in the district : Member

Project Director, DWAMA : Member

Executive Officer, BC Co-operative Society : Member

Assistant Director, Fisheries : Member

District Panchayat Officer : Member

District Public Relations Officer : Member

Deputy Director, Ground water : Member

Chief Planning Officer : Member

• District level committee shall meet once in a week during the working season and once in a month during the rest of
the year.
• The tank wise progress of implementation of the works should be reviewed, any problems encountered with, if any,
in implementation of the programme be discussed and resolved.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [12.5]

Telangana Geography Mission Kakatiya

• Minutes of the meeting will be communicated to the officers concerned.

Irrigation & CAD department

• The Irrigation & CAD department is the chief implementing department. The works will be executed through the
Superintending Engineer and the Executive Engineer of the concerned areas, supported by the field engineers i.e.,
Dy. Executive Engineers and the Assistant Executive Engineers, under overall supervision of the Chief Engineer,
Minor Irrigation.
• The engineers at all the levels will have to be in constant touch with the officials of the line departments to have
better coordination.
Agriculture Department
• The tasks that are to be carried out by the Agriculture department are : In all tanks, samples of the silt should be
collected to test its suitability for application in agriculture fields and wide publicity should be given to utilize tank
bed silt by farmers. b) The farmers should be motivated by the department on the following;
(1) Efficient use of available water through change in irrigation system and improved water management techniques.
(2) Increase in productivity of farms through suitable cropping patterns and increased cropping intensity.
(3) Balanced use of chemical fertilizers and judicious use of plant protection chemicals.
(4) Reduction of cultivation cost through introduction of improved implements and equipment.
(5) Introduction of high-tech agriculture to increase farm returns.
Rural Development Department
• The department should converge various other programmes being implemented, with the Mission Kakatiya and
coordinate with other line departments whenever and wherever necessary.
Forest Department
• The tasks that are to be carried out by the Forest department are
• Effective utilization of tank foreshore areas in selected locations through afforestation.
• Nursery raising and plantation wherever necessary.
• Training for maintenance and cultural operations. (IV)Planting Silver Oak and Toddy ( Eetha ) trees around the tank
boundaries. These activities, apart from reducing silt inflow into the tank, are also expected to create an additional,
sustainable income source for the tank community.
Fisheries Department
• The department should take up the following activities which will result in increase in aquaculture.
(i) Upgrading production practices through improved stocking.
(ii) use of Improved feeding, management and harvesting techniques.
(iii) Intensive fish and prawn cultivation.
Revenue Department
• The Revenue Department officials will have to coordinate with the field Engineers in
• Identifying the Shikam lands.
• Determining/demarking the FTL of the tank.
• Identifying the government waste lands for dumping the unproductive soil.
• Cooperating between Revenue and Irrigation depts for removing illegal constructions in tank beds .
• Ground Water Department
• The ground water department should regularly
• Monitor the groundwater levels and quality of groundwater.
• Supply list of over exploited villages to the district Superintending Engineers/Executive Engineers.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [12.6]

Telangana Geography Mission Kakatiya

Information and Public Relations Department

• Create awareness on the benefits of restoration of the tanks by using different types of media and organizing IEC
activities like street plays, kala jathas, wall writings, pamphlets and involving rural folklore like Chindu, Oggu
Kathalu etc.
• Motivate the farmers to utilize the useful silt excavated out of the tanks in their agriculture fields at their cost, by
explaining the benefits that come out of it.
• Organize essay and elocution competitions for the students on the topic "tanks and their restoration", in coordination
with the education department, at school, mandal and district levels and award prizes to the winners to encourage
them in motivating their parents.
• Involve NCC, NSS, Guides and Scouts and Nehru Yuva Kendras etc., in propagating the benefits of the programme.
• Involve Public Representatives and SHGs in the programme.

MONITORING TOOL
• A website is under development to tackle the massive programme Mission kakatiya to track the progress of works
online and proposed to effect the payments duly linking the Bill Monitoring System with this website. The web site is
under finalization and developed by the e governance wing of the Irrigation Department.
• In the recent past the restoration and maintenance works of Minor Irrigation tanks were being taken up only for Bund,
Weir, Sluice, Irrigation Channels etc.
• De-siltation of tanks is taken up to bring them to the original capacity of tanks. Now it is proposed for Silt Removal/
Silt Application as one of the component in the restoration of the Tanks. The silt so removed is proposed to use as
manure for the fields with the participation of farmers by transporting and spreading in the fields with their cost.
• On account of de-siltation of the tanks the following are the advantages which may benefit the farmers.
1. The water retention capacity of the soil will increase there by decreasing the number of wettings.
2. Desilting can improve ground water recharge and drinking water facility to cattle in the summer.
3. Due to desilting, it is observed that the fluoride content in the ground water is reduced considerably as per studies
conducted.
4. Silt can be used as nutrient / fertilizer to the plant which generally reduces the usage of fertilizer.
5. The yield of the crop is increased by 20 to 30 % for cotton and chillies.
6. There is a scope for getting carbon credits in the international market.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [12.7]

 13 INDUSTRIES - CEMENT, SUGAR, ETC

INDUSTRIES OF TELANGANA
• There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as
mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing the tertiary sector,
which deals with services (such as law and medicine) and distribution of manufactured goods and the quaternary
sector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design and development such
as computer programming, and biochemistry.
• Industrialization will be the key strategy followed for economic growth and development for Telangana, the 29th
State of the country. People of the new State have very high expectations from the Telangana State Government for
creating jobs for the youth, promote development of backward areas, maximize growth opportunities by optimum
utilization of the available resources, harness the talents and skills of the people and usher prosperity in every
household. Industrialization holds the potential for fulfilling all the dreams and aspirations of the people of
Telangana.
• The vision for industrialization of Telangana is "Research to Innovation; Innovation to Industry; Industry to
Prosperity". The industrial policy framework will be driven by the slogan "In Telangana—Innovate, Incubate,
Incorporate". The policy framework intends to provide a business regulatory environment where doing business
would be as easy as shaking hands. Innovation and technology will drive the industries of the State.
• Inspections will be streamlined to eliminate random checks without cause. Instead, a structured system will be
developed where each industrial unit is inspected once every 3 to 4 years, with the inspection cycle predetermined.
• Any random inspections will require explicit written permission from the department head to ensure accountability.
• Maximum facilitation will involve an efficient system that goes beyond the typical single-window approach. Self-
certification will be encouraged, and automatic renewals will be introduced.
• Services will include web-based helpline facilities and physical helpdesks located in Hyderabad and districts for
accessible support.
• Information and transactions with the industry department will be transparent and web-enabled.
• Both the Office of the Commissioner of Industries and the Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation will
implement a Citizens Charter outlining their activities.
Thrust Areas and Core Sectors:
• The Telangana State Government has identified 14 key sectors based on detailed studies and consultations with
experts.
• These sectors were selected based on the state's competitive advantages, including geography, available resources,
skilled workforce, raw materials, and existing manufacturing capabilities.
• Investments in these identified sectors will receive higher priority over others, with each sector having its own
specific policy and incentives structure.
• High-level advisory panels consisting of experts from the private sector and academia will be established for each
sector.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [13.1]

Telangana Geography Industries - Cement, Sugar, Etc

• Interdepartmental task forces, led by the Special Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary of Industries and Commerce,
will coordinate efforts within each sector.
• Regular investor meets focused on each thrust area will be organized to highlight the state's advantages in those
sectors.
• Sector-centric industrial parks will be developed with specialized infrastructure tailored to the needs of each sector in
strategic locations across the state.
Key Sectors:
• Life sciences - including bulk drugs, formulations, vaccines, nutraceuticals, biologicals, incubation centers, R&D
facilities, and medical equipment
• IT hardware - including biomedical, devices, electronics, cellular communications, and FAB
• Precision Engineering – including Aviation, Aerospace, and Defence
• Food processing and nutrition products including dairy, poultry, meat, and fisheries
• Automobiles, transport vehicles, auto-components, tractors, and farm equipment
• Textiles and apparel, leather &leather value-added products like shoes, purses, bags, artificial material-infused and
coated textiles, paper, and paper products
• Plastics and Polymers, Chemicals and Petro-chemicals, Glass and Ceramics
• FMCG & Domestic Appliances
• Engineering and Capital Goods, including castings, foundry and Ferro-alloys and other metallurgical industries
• Gems & Jewelry
• Waste Management & Green Technology
• Renewable Energy & Solar Parks
• Mineral & Wood-based industries
• Transportation – Logistics Hub, Inland Port, Container Depot
District-Wise Industry Locations:
Adilabad:
• Cement Industry
• Paper Industry
• Textile Industry
Medak:
• Chemical Industry
• Engineering Industry
• Automobile Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industry
Khammam:
• Mineral Industry (Granite)
• Paper Industry
• Power Industry
• Metallurgy Industry
Karimnagar:
• Fertilizer Industry
• Power Industry
• Cement Industry
• Textile Industry
Warangal:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [13.2]

Telangana Geography Industries - Cement, Sugar, Etc

• Mineral Industry
• Food Processing Industry
• Textile Industry
• Leather Industry
Ranga Reddy:
• IT & BT Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industry
• Food Processing Industry
• Defence & Aerospace Industry
Nalgonda:
• Cement Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industry
Nizamabad:
• Cement Industry
• Mineral Industry
• Food Processing Industry
Mahboobnagar:
• Textile Industry
• Mineral Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industry
• Consumer Products Industry
• These district-wise industry locations highlight the specific sectors that are prominent or planned for development
within each district in Telangana, showcasing the diverse industrial landscape across the state.
• The Industrial sector comprising sub sectors like Manufacturing, Electricity, Gas, Water Supply other utility services,
Construction and Mining & Quarrying has a share of 20.20% in the GVA of the state and provides employment
opportunities to 18.23 % of the total workforce in the state.
• Since 2016, Telangana has consistently ranked among the top 3 states in India in the Ease of Doing Business ranking
since its introduction
• Telangana stood at 2nd place in Ease of Doing Business rankings- 2020.
• Industrial sector in Telangana is primarily centered in 4 districts. They are- Sangareddy, Medchal. Malkajgiri,
Rangareddy, Hyderabad.
• The top three destinations of goods exported from the state include the: USA, China and Russia. The state ranks 6th
in export preparedness (2nd among landlocked states), according to NITI Aayog's Export Performance Index Report
2020. It ranks Sth on the Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEAD) index, and 2nd among landlocked states.
Districts of Telangana with highest number of Industrial units-
1. Medchal- Malkajgiri
2. Rangareddy
Districts of Telangana with lowest number of Industrial units
1. Mulugu
2. Jayashankar Bhupalapally
The role of industries and current (recent) trends
• The industrial sector contributes 19%, to the state's Gross State Value Added (GSVA). The manufacturing sector
contributes 9.3% to the state's GSVA - accounting for about half of the industrial sector GSVA

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [13.3]

Telangana Geography Industries - Cement, Sugar, Etc

• Sub-sector wise CAGR of GVA at current prices within Industries for Telangana & India (2014-15 to 2021-22).

Classification of Industries based on raw materials

1. Agro-based industries
• The industries that draw raw materials from agricultural products are called Agro-based industries.Eg:
• Textile, Sugar, Oil production, Vegetables and food processing industries
a. Textile Industry
• Azam jahi Mills was established in Warangal in 1934 and was closed down in 1990S. usties are mainly located in
Hyderabad, Rangareddy and Kumuram Bheem Asifabad districts.
• Suryavanshi Spinning Mill (1980) - Bhuvanagiri Penguin Textiles - Uppal (Medchal)
• Telangana Spinning Mill (1972) - Nirnmal
• Suryalakshmi Cotton Mill - Mahabubnagar
• Sanghi Textiles - Umarkhanguda (Rangareddy) • Priyadarshini Spinning Mill - Sadashivpet
• Co-operative Cotton Mill - Karimnagar
• Suryalakshmi Cotton Mill - Sangareddy
• Cotton Growers' Co-operative Spinning Mill (1980) - Adilabad
• Note: Largest Cotton producing state in India- Gujarat (87.00), Maharashtra (77.00) Gujarat is called as Cottonpolis
of India and Manchester ofIndia.
Kakatiya Mega Textiles Park
• The government of India accorded environmental clearance for Kakatiya Mega Textiles Park' between Chintalapalli
and Sayampet in Warangal Rural district. The State government allotted 2000 acres for this textile park. Chief
Minister KCR laid foundation for the mega textile park at Sayampet in Geesugonda mandal on 22 October 2017. So
far, 22 investors have entered MoU for establishment of units with an investment flow of Rs.3,400 crores. It is
expected to generate employment to 28,800 members.
• Spread over 2,000 acres, the park has an investment potential of Rs. l1,586 crore. It is being developed as a vertically
integrated model that can cover the complete textile value chain. Major national textile companies like Ganesha
Ecosphere, Youngone corporation and Kitex have proposed investments of Rs.2,000 crore in the park.
b. Silk Industry:
• Jogulamba Gadwal- Gadwal Silk Sarees
• Suryapet- Pochampally Handlooms
• Sircilla- Handlooms industry
• Tribal people in Asifabad (Komaram Bheem Asifabad district),Chalvai (Mulugu) and Mahadevpur (Jayashankar
Bhupalapally district) are producing Tussar silk.
• Largest Silk producing state in India - Karnataka
• Largest Silk producing Country in the World -China

Sugar Industry
• There are a total of 12 sugar industry factories in Telangana of which 7 industries all privately own ed. they are
1. Madhucon Sugar and Power Industries Ltd Rajeswarapuram, Khammam
2. Gayatri Sugar Ltd - Yellareddy, Nizamabad
3. Gayatri Sugar Ltd - Nizamsagar Mandal
4. Trident Sugars Ltd - Zaheerabad Mandal , Sangareddy
5. NSL Krishnaveni Sugars Ltd - Ramakrishna Rao, Mahabubnagar
6. Kakatiya cement sugar & Industries Ltd - Perumancha, Kalluru
7. Ganapathi Sugar Industries Ltd - Pasalvadi, Sangareddy

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [13.4]

Telangana Geography Industries - Cement, Sugar, Etc

Nizam Sugar Factory Limited:

• Nizam Sugar Factory was established by Mir Osman Ali Khan in 1937 at Bodhan in Nirmal district.
• It was the largest sugar factory in Asia.
• Nearly half the sugar produced in Telangana is produced by Nizam Sugar Factory. In addition to this, some more
sugar factories have been set up in the state.
1. Zaheerabad- 1973 (Sangareddy)
2. Miryalaguda- 1977 (Nalgonda)
3. Muthyampet- 1981 (Jagtial)
4. Sarangapur (Nizamabad)
• First sugar mill in India was established in 1904 at Champaran in Bihar.
• Largest sugar producing state in India- Uttar Pradesh.
• Largest sugar producing country in the World- 1. Brazil 2. India
• Paper Industry
• The main raw materials for paper industry such as bamboo, subabul, Eucalyptus, coal, water and power are abundant
in Komaram Bheem Asifabad, Mancherial, Bhadradri Kothagudem and Khammam districts Ihe
Sirpur Paper Mill :
• It was the first paper mill in Telangana.
• Sirpur naner mill was established in 1938 by Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan at Sirpur Kagaznagar.
• It started production of paper in 1942. It produced color paper also.
• Sirpur paper mill had suspended production of paper rin September 2014 and after unstinted efforts of Telangana
Government, the unit was handed over to JK Paper Limited in August 2018 for rejuvenation.
Sarapaka ITC- PSPD Paper Industry:
• Sarapaka ITC- PSPD Paper Industry located at Sarapaka, Burgampadu mandal in Bhadradri Kothagudem district
brought reputation to the district in the country.
• This heavy industry in the private sector has been producing Specialty paper, Paperboard and pulp.
• Permission for the construction of the paper mill was given in 1975. Its construction began in April 1977
• and was completed in 27 months to start production on 1 October 1979.
• Initially it was managed by Bhadrachalam Paperboards limited company.
• Later it was completely taken over by ITC Limited in 1999 and became ITC Paperboards & Specialty Papers
Division. Other Paper mills in Telangana
• A.P Rayon Unit- Kamalapur (Mulugu)
• Charminar Paper mill- Mathangi (Sangareddy)
• Nagarjuna Paper mill- Patancheru (Sangareddy)
• Bhadrachalam Paper mill (1982) - Bhadrachalam (Sarapaka)
• Telangana Paper mill- Kothagudem
• Srirama Strawboard limited- Nereducherla (Suryapet)
• First paper mill in India was set up in 1812 at Serampore in West Bengal.
• A modern paper mill was established in 1870 at Ballygunge in West Bengál.
• Largest Paper producing state in India- Maharashtra.
• Largest Paper producing country in the World- U.S.A.
Plywood Industry
• These industries are present at two locations in Telangana :
1. Novopan India Limited- Patancheru

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [13.5]

Telangana Geography Industries - Cement, Sugar, Etc

2. Hyderabad Plywood Limited- Nacharam

3. Asbestos Industry
Asbestos industry is mainly centered at Sanath nagar (1948) in Hyderabad district. Indian Hume Pipe Company is
located at Azimabad in Hyderabad.
5. Leather Industry
• It depends on animals for raw materials.
• Leather parks are present in Telangana at the following locations: Jammikunta, Rukmapur- Karimnagar
• Dandepally, Bhuvanagiri- Yadadri Bhuvanagiri
• Polepalli, Duddeda- Siddipet
• Jamkunta- Mahabubnagar
• H.S.Darga- Hyderabad
• Mallemadugu- Khammam
• Mandamarri- Mancherial Armoor-Nizamabad
• Station Ghanpur- Janagaon
• Leather clusters are also present along with parks in Telangana at the following places: Mandamarri, Armoor,
Rukmapur, Mallemadugu, Station Ghanpur and Jamkunta.
• Largest leather producing state in India- Tamilnadu (Central Leather Research Institute- Chennai).
Cottage Industries
• The Union Ministry of Tourism identified some rural tourism projects in Telangana. They are
1. Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district - Pochampally Rural Tourism Project
2. Siddipet district - Cheriyal Rural Tourism Project
3. Janagaon district - Pembarthi Rural Tourism Project
4. Nirmal district - Nirmal Rural Tourism project
Cement Industry
M.C.C Cement Company
• The Associated Cement Company (A.C.C) established at Mancherial town later became Mancherial Cement
Company (M.C.C).
• The management of ACC established the cement company in 1958-59 at Mancherial. The raw materials were
transported from a quarry located five kilometers away.
• The ACC Company for the first time in the State, set up a ropeway to transport limestone to the fact Limestone is
carried with buckets to the factory through the ropeway.
• ACC Cement company became MCC in 2004 and continues the production of cement.
Ceramic Industry
• Mancherial is well known for the Ceramic industry. Ceramic industry was started here due to the availakis of white
clay for cement pipes máde in the surrounding areas of Kaghaznagar. Many entrepreneurs start ceramic factories due
the abundance of white clay and coal.
Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL)
• The Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) is a Government coal mining company jointly owned by the
Government of Telangana and Government of India on a 51:49 equity basis. It is currently operating 18 opencast and
27 underground mines in 6 districts of Telangana with a man power of around 48,942. The spirit of Singareni... one
family, one vision... one mission Singareni Collieries produces coal that plays an important role in many industries.
The Singareni coal reserves stretch across 350 Km of the Pranhita –Godavari Válley of Telan gana with a proven
geological reserves aggregating to 8791 million tonnes.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [13.6]

Telangana Geography Industries - Cement, Sugar, Etc

• The first reference to coal mining in India dates back to 1774, during the time of Warren Hastings when permission
to work coal mines in Bengal was granted to John Sumner and Grant Heatly.
• Singareni coal field in Hyderabad state was discovered by Dr William King in 1871, and the fist production took
place after a long time later in 1889.
• The Hyderabad (Deccan) Company Limited incorporated in England acquired mining rights in 1886 to exploit coal
found in Yellandu area. The present Company was incorporated on 23rd December 20 as a public limited company
with the name The Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL). The SCCL became a Government Company in
1956. The controlling interest of the Company devolved to the Government ofAndhra Pradesh in 1956 according to
the reorganization of States.
• The headquarters of SCCL is located at Kothagudem. It is extended across 6 districts in Telangana namely Bhadradri
Kothagudem, Khammam, Jayashankar Bhupalpally, Peddapalli, Mancherial, Komaram Bheem Asifabad. Earlier, it
was spread in 4 districts in erstwhile Andhra Pradesh state. Now the company operates from Bhadradri Kothagudem
which is considered as the birthplace of Singareni.
• Poddapalli and Bhadradri Kothagudem districts produce more coal than other four districts because of the presence of
opencast mines in those two districts.
• Peddapalli and Bhadradri Kothagudem districts have 5 open mines each. There are 4 opencast mines in Komaram
Bheem Asifabad district, one in Jayashankar Bhupalpally, One in Khammam district (Sathupalli Jalagam Vengala
Rao) and one in Mancherial district.
• Areas in Districts- Mandamarri area in Mancherial district; Bhupalpally area in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district;
Sathupalli Jalagam Vengala Rao area in Khammam; Ramagundam-1, Ramagundam-2, Ramagun dam- 3, Srirampur
areas in Peddapalli district; Kothagudem, Yellandu, Manuguru area in Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
• SCCL took many initiatives like development of many green zones to mitigate the damage of the environment due to
coal mining and to increase quality of life.
• Singareni Company supplies cooking gas to its employees.
• It introduced the Eco Samman award to present to the employees who strive for the development of the ecosystem.
• SCCLbagged Golden Peacock Environment Management Award in 2005 for the development of eco parks.
• SCCL received The National Award for the Fly Ash Utilization-2005 for using the highest number of fly ash bricks
in the country in various construction activities.
• SCCL is making continuous efforts towards a sustainable environment by various Eco-Friendly mining practices and
released a book named Eco-friendly Coal Mining-The Singareni Approach highlighting the various innovative
practices initiated at SCCL.
Heavy Water Plant- Manuguru
• The construction ofHeavy Water Plant was started on 1 September 1982 and it was commissioned in December 1991.
It produces heavy water (D,0) that is used as a moderator and coolant in nuclear power plants in India. Even though
there are 12 heavy water plants in India, Manuguru heavy water plant is unique of its kind, producing more heavy
water at lesser cost with complete
• Indigenous technology. It is the largest heavy water plant supporting the Indian nuclear power program.
Nava Bharat Ventures Limited
• It produces Silico Manganese and Ferro
• Nava Bharat Ventures limited factory was established in J75. The Manganese which is used for the production of
different grades of steel.
• This factory requires Quartz, Coal and Hematite and other raw materials. They are broken into small pieces, smelted
at very high temperatures and are cooled into different sizes.
• Nava Bharat Ventures factory was established at Paloncha due to vast availability of water and coal

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [13.7]

Telangana Geography Industries - Cement, Sugar, Etc

Practice Questions
Ques: Consider the following statements regarding the policies of Telangana
(i) A startup named “Skyroot Aerospace’’’’ is the first startup from Telangana that joined the unicorn club.
(ii) Another startup Darwin Box gained the distinguished status of developing India’s first private rocket called
“Prarambh”.
(iii) T-Hub has bagged the “Best Incubator in India’’ award at the National Startup Awards 2022 of the DPIIT.
How many statements given above are correct?
(A) Only one statement
(B) Only two statements
(C) All the three statements
(D) None of the above

Ques: Assertion (A): Telangana ranks second among the major states in the India Innovation Index 2021 released by
National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog).
Reason (R): T-Hub Foundation was awarded the best incubator in the ecosystem enablers category in the National
Startup Awards 2022 declared by Startup India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
Select the answer using the codes given below
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the proper explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true, and R is the proper explanation of A
(C) Only A is true
(D) Only R is true

Ques: which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

(1) Azamjahi Mills - 1944
(2) Adilabad cotton Grovers mill - 1980
(3) Telangana spinning weaving mill -1972
(4) Priyadarshini spinning Mill -1983
Choose the correct option:
(A) 1,3 only (B) 3 only
(C) 2,3,4 only (D) All the above
Mains Question
Ques: Recently, India has emerged as the world’s largest producer and consumer of sugar and the world’s 2nd largest
exporter, due to the record production of more than 5000 Lakh Metric Tons (LMT) of sugarcane. In this context,
examine the distribution, prospects and challenges of sugar industry in Telangana.
Ans: Sugar industry is an important agro-based industry that impacts the rural livelihood of about 50 million
sugarcane farmers and around 5 lakh workers directly employed in sugar mills. The sugar industry is the
second largest agro-based industry in India after cotton.
Telangana’s tropical climate is suitable for producing sugarcane with higher sucrose content giving a higher
yield per unit area
Geographical Conditions for the Growth of Sugar:
 Temperature: Between 21-27°C with hot and humid climate.
 Rainfall: Around 75-100 cm.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [13.8]

Telangana Geography Industries - Cement, Sugar, Etc

 Soil Type: Deep rich loamy soil.

 Top Sugarcane Producing States: Maharashtra, Karnataka in south and Uttar Pradesh in North India.
Distribution In Telangana:
Kamareddy region of Telangana is known for its sugarcane production and around 70 per cent of the
farmers cultivate this crop. Sugarcane is grown in Kamareddy, Sadashiva Nagur, Machareddy and Domakonda
areas.
The sugarcane plantation is one of the major crops of this district. In view of this Sugar factories like Indira
Sugars and Gayathri Sugar factories are established. They play an important role in the economy of the district
of Kamareddy District. Sugarcane plays an important role in the economy of the district.
Nizam Sugar Factory also known as Nizam Deccan Sugars Limited (NDSL) is a sugar factory situated in
Bodhan town of Nizamabad district, NSF is known for being the largest sugar factory in Asia, when it was
commissioned. In 2002, the factory was privatised and it began incurring heavy losses. As it was set up by the
Nizams about 80 years ago and was earning profits till it fell on hard times leading to its privatisation in public –
private participation.
Madhucon sugar and power Induatries Ltd, khammam, Trident sugars ltd- Zaheerabad, Ganapathi Sugar
Industries ltd-Pasavadi, Sangareddy are other important sugar industries
Challenges:
 Uncertain Production Output: Sugarcane has to compete with several other food and cash crops like cotton, oil
seeds, rice, etc. This affects the supply of sugarcane to the mills and the production of sugar also varies from
year to year causing fluctuations in prices leading to losses in times of excess production due to low prices.
 Low Yield of Sugarcane: India's yield per hectare is extremely low as compared to some of the major sugarcane
producing countries of the world. For example, India’s yield is only 64.5 tonnes/hectare as compared to 90 tonnes
in Java and 121 tonnes in Hawaii.
 Short Crushing Season: Sugar production is a seasonal industry with a short crushing season varying normally
from 4 to 7 months in a year.
It causes financial loss and seasonal employment for workers and lack of full utilization of sugar mills.
 Low Sugar Recovery Rate: The average rate of recovery of sugar from sugarcane in India is less than 10% which
is quite low as compared to other major sugar producing countries.
 High Production Cost: High cost of sugarcane, inefficient technology, the uneconomic process of production and
heavy excise duty result in high cost of manufacturing.
Most of the sugar mills in India are of small size with a capacity of 1,000 to 1,500 tonnes per day thus fail to take
advantage of economies of scale.
There is a need to deploy remote sensing technologies to map sugarcane areas. Despite the importance of
sugarcane in the water, food and energy sectors in India, there are no reliable sugarcane maps for recent years and
in time series. Research and development in sugarcane can help address issues like low yield and low sugar
recovery rates.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [13.9]

 14 ENGINEERING, IT, PHARMA
INDUSTRIES AND SEZ

Engineering Industries
Hindustan Machine Tools (H.M.T)
• It was established in 1967. HMT has six manufacturing units throughout India, of which one is located : Medchal
Malkajgiri district ofTelangana. It produces HMT watches, bulbs and borewell spare Darte
B.H.E.L
• BHEL is renowned for the manufacture of turbines and generators. It has six units in India. One unit was established
in 1963 in Ramachandrapuram village, Sangareddy district of Telangana.
E.C.I.L (Electronics Corporation of India Limited)
• It was established in 1967. ECIL produces various electronic products to cater to the needs of Defence, Civil
Aviation, Information & Broadcasting., Telecommunications, Insurance, Banking, Police, and Para- Military Forces,
Oil & Gas, Power, Space Education, Health, Agriculture, Steel and Coal sectors and various user departments in the
Government domain.
• The company played a very significant role in the training and growth of high caliber technical and managerial
manpower especially in the fields of Computers and Information Technology.
• It is located in Medchal district.
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (H.A.L)
• It was established in 1965. HAL has six units in India, among which, one is located in Rangareddy district of
Hyderabad.
• Hindustan Cables Limited
• HCL has two units in India, one in Rangareddy district of Telangana and another in Rupnarayanpur in Paschim
Bardhaman district ofWest Bengal. It produces cables.
Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI)
• MIDHANI was established in 1973 and the Hyderåbad unit located in Rangareddy district Was commissioned in
1982. MIDHANI has been set up with a view to achieve self-reliance in production and supply of various super
alloys, special steels, materials to Defence, other Strategic Sectors of Nuclear, aeronautical and Space applications.
Bharat Dynamics Limited (B.D.)
• Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) was established in Hyderabad in 1970 to be a manufacturing base 1 guided missiles
and allied defense equipment.
• BDL has three manufacturing units, located at Kanchanbagh in Hyderabad district, Bhanur in Sangareddy district of
Telangana and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
Praga Tools
• Initially it manufactured machine tools for the defense sector. Later, it became a division of HMI and now
manufactures small and medium parts for automobiles and other industries. It was started at Kavadiguda in
Secundérabad and is now located at Balanagar.
Allwyn

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.1]

Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

• It was involved in the manufacture of automobiles, trucks, scooters, bus coach building, refrigerators and wrist
watches. The company was closed in 1995 due to heavy losses.
Electrolux Unit
• Electrolux, Hyderabad unit manufactured powered appliances for kitchen, cleaning and outdoor use, such as
refrigerators, washing machines, cookers, vacuum cleaners, chainsaws, lawn mowers, and garden tractors. It was
closed due to heavy losses.
Nuclear Fuel Complex (N.F.C)
• NFC is located in Hyderabad. It produces nuclear fuel (UO, from Magnesium Di-Uranate (MDU) or Uranium Ore
Concentrate (UOC)) and components for nuclear reactors such as Fuel bundles for Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors
(PHWR), Fuel bundles for Boiling Water Reactors (BWR), Sub- assemblies for Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR), Core
components for PHWRs and Nuclear reactor grade Zirconium Oxide, Zirconium Sponge and high purity materials.
Tobacco Industry
• Vazir Sultan Tobacco Company (VST) (1930)
• Vazir Sultan Tobacco Company was started by the late Mr. Vazir Sultan in 1916 at Vithalwadi, Hyderabad. On the
recommendation of Mokshagundam Visweswarayya, it was relocated to present V.S.T area (Azamabad) in 1930.
• The company manufactures and sells cigarettes under the brand names of Red Charms, Red Special, Charminar, Gold
and Moments and unmanufactured Tobacco.

Pharmaceutical Industry
• Hyderabad is renowned as the capital of bulk drugs and vaccines in India. Hyderabad is the Pharma Capital of India,
with over 600 life sciences companies having a combined value ofUSD 50 billion and contributing SS% of India's
pharmaceuticals production.
• Hyderabad is also home to India's largest bio cluster, Genome valley, housing abóut 200 companies. Pharmaceutical
Across Different States (LEADS) index, and 2nd among landlockedstátes.
• Pharmaceutical products are the largest exported items from the state, accounting For approximately one-third of all
exports. The state is also successfully diversifying its export basket, with rapid growth in sectors such as plastic and
paper products.
• Pharmaceuticals comprise the largest commodity export off the state, averaging over 30% of the total merchandise
exports since 2015-16. In Order to support the sector, the Government has sanctioned the Hyderabad Pharma City
Project.
• On completion, it is expected to be the world's largest pharmaceutical cluster, with a potential investment of
Rs.64,000 crore and employment to over 4.2 lakh individuals.
• The first Pharmaceutical Regulatory Academy in India is being established at Mucherla village in Rangareddy
district.
Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited ( I.D.P.L)
• IDPL has six plants across India. One among them was established at Balanagar, Hyderabad. The IDPL was
commissioned in 1967 and manufactured a wide range of 47 bulk synthetic drugs like Vitamins Sulphas,
Chloroquine, Methyldopa, Analgesics etc.
• Now, a National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER)' has been set-up on 19th October, 2007
at IDPL Research Center.
Hetero Drugs (1993)

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.2]

Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

• Hetero is one of India's leading generic pharmaceutical companies and the world's largest producer of antiretroviral
drugs for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The company is globally recognized for its strengths in Research and
Development, manufacturing and commercialization of a wide range of products.
• It has more than 21,000 employees and annual revenue of more than 2000 crores.
• Hetero Drugs started its retail pharmacy chain named Hetero with its first store in Hyderabad and established more
than 300 stores within a short period.
Aurobindo Pharma
• This pharma company headquartered at Hitech city in Hyderabad was established by P.V. Ramprasad Reddy and K.
Nityananda Reddy in 1986.
• Aurobindo pharma commenced operations in 1988-89.
• Aurobindo Pharma became a public company in 1992 and listed its shares in the Indian stock exchanges in 1995.
Dr Reddy's Laboratories
• Dr Kallam Anji Béddy founded Dr Reddy's Laboratory in 1984 at Hyderabad. It was the first Indian pharma company
listed at New York Stock exchange. It is a multinational pharmaceutical company Genome Valley
• Genome Valley, spread over 600 sq kms was conceptualized in 99 at Shamirpet in Medchal District in the vicinity of
Hyderabad. The cluster synergizes a healthy mix of companies in the realm of agri-biotech, Clinical Research
Management, biopharma, vaccine manufacturing, regulatory and testing, and other related areas.
• The cluster has over 150 life sciences companies, employing around 10,000 people. It includes 6 of the world's top 10
R&D companies and three of India's largest vaccine manufacturers, namely Bna Biotech, Biological E and Indian
Immunologicals.
• Genome valley is India's first systematically developed R&D cluster, boasting world-class infrastructure facilities in
the form of Industrial / Knowledge Parks, Special Economic Zones, Multi-tenanted wet laboratories and incubation
facilities.
Shapoorji Pallonji Biotech Park
• This biotech park spread across 300 acres is located at Turkapally village in Shameerpet mandal of Medchal-
Málkajgiri district.
• It was developed in the first phase. It is being expanded in Lalgadi Malakpet in the second phase.
• The third phase and fourth phase are under development at Karkapatla and Mulugu respectively Pharma City
• Pharma City is being established at Mucherla in Rangareddy district on the outskirts of Hyderabad.
• Kandukur and Yacharam mandals of Rangareddy district come under the Pharma city.
• The pharma city is named as Hyderabad Pharma City.
• Pharma University and Research Institute are also coming up in the Pharma City. It was decided to set up a friendly
pharma city with international standards.
• Many internationally reputed companies approached the State government seeking land in Pharma City proposed in
Kadthal village limits in Rangareddy district.
• This Pharma City would provide employment to 70,000 persons directly and indirectly.
• The Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (TSIIC) has already acquired about 8,500 acres for the
Pharma City project.
• Hyderabad Pharma City, which is conceived as one of the biggest Pharmaceutical parks in the world, spread over an
area of 19,330 acres with an investıment potential of Rs.64,000crores and employment potential of 4.20 lakh.
Medical Devices Park- Sultanpur
• The Medical Devices Park set up at Sultanpur village in Ameenpur mandal of Sangareddy district was inaugurated by
ministers Harish Rao and K.T.R on 17 June 2017.
• This park established by TSIIC is the largest of its kind in the Country. Minister K.TR said, it provides employment
to 4,000 persons directly and 8,000 persons indirectly.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.3]

Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

• The establishment is spread over 302 acres and has over 50 companies with manufacturing/ R&D capacity. The totąl
investment in the park is close to Rs.1,424 crore, and it has generated over 7,000 jobs
Shantha Biotechnics
• Shantha Biotechnics Ltd was founded by Dr K.I. Varaprasad Reddy in 1993 at Muppireddypally in Medchal
Malkajgiri district.
• In 1997, Shantha Biotechnics developed and commercialized India's first r-DNA Hepatitis-B vaccine named
Shanvac- b.

I.T. Industry
• The IT exports from Hyderabad (Telangana) stood second in the country in FY 2019-20. There are 1500 IT
companies in Hyderabad.
Employment in IT Sector in Telangana
• Employment generated by the IT sector in the state grew at 7.2% compared to the all-India average growth of 4.9%.
The state's share in national IT employment grew from 13.1% in (2018-19) to 12- (2019-20),
• The state 's overall share of India's IT employment growth for 2019-20 was 19.1%.
• Second ICT Policy (2021-2026) of Telangana aims to scale the exports from this sector from Rs. 1.45 lal crore in
2020-21 to Rs. 3 lakh crore by 2026. In doing so, it targets increasing the employment in the IT sector from 6.3 lakh
to 10 lakh by the year 2026.
• The IT Sector of Hyderabad has its origins in Mythrivanam in the 1990s. Later, IT Hub was started in Madhane in
1992. IT parks are located at Madhapur, Gachibowli, Nanakramguda and other places. The largest office of Google
outside USA and Microsoft India Development Center are located at Hyderabad Telangana government's IT dept.
won NASSCOM's 'AI Game changer' award' for implementing the "Crowd Monitoring using Al".
ITIR (Information Technology Investment Region)
• The Government of India approved the Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR) project for Hyderabad
in/2013.
• It was designed for the development of the IT industry by attracting global investments. ITIR was aimed at attracting
an investment of Rs 2.19 trillion ($44 billion) in the IT, ITES and electronics sectors and providing direct
employment to 15 lakh persons and indirect employment to 53 lakh persons. ITIR would boost direct revenue to Rs
3,10,849 crores, investment capacity in IT sector to Rs 2,19,440 crores and IT exports to Rs 2,35,000 crores.
• Telangana IT & C minister K.T.R informed the Assembly on 21 Sep 2019 that the central government had shelved
the ITIR project.
Gaming and Animation
• Recognizing the importance of Gaming, Animation, Visual effects and Digital entertainment asd promising fastest
growing sector, the government of Telangana took many initiatives for its development.
• 30 acres of land belonging to TSIIC in Rayadurgam was allotted to set up a Gaming and Animation park.
• This park houses facilities such as studios, labs, media center, business center etc. A Gaming and Animation
Academy would be established with private partnership.
Hy-Fi
• In 2017, under the Digital Telangana umbrella, the Government of Telangana had launched the pilot version of
Hyderabad City Wi-Fi Project. The pilot project has seen the Government partner with ISPs to provide free Wi-Fi at
approximately 100 public category locations across Hyderabad. These locations include malls, tourist locations,
public offices, police stations, government schools, and colleges, etc to provide better connectivity to the citizens to
access digital services like mobile governance, individual. awareness, weather warnings and traffic updates.
Telangana State Data Centre

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.4]

Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

• A State Data Centre will work as a physical storehouse of public and private data which will act as a centralized
database for various e-Government applications.
• The government of Telangana set up a State Data Centre at Manikonda.
• It is spread over an area of 9000 sq ft. In the first phase, a server with 35 racks was established with the funds of ITES
department.
• Server with 24 racks would be established in the second phase that is funded by the government of Telangana.
• Power, AC, UPS, Generator, infrastructure related to network security, computers management, data storage and
cooperation are always available to this center.
• This data center works continuously with 99.74% efficiency.
T- SCAN
• Telangana Secretariat Campus Area Network was set up to connect 500 nodes on the network for data in the
Secretariat.
• Every workstation is interconnected through a data port. At present, 3000 computers are connected to the network in
the Secretariat. Entire network is managed and supervised from here.
• So FTNET- Society for Telangana State Network
• So FTNET earth station in Telangana region has been working from the year 2002. This station has 5 video channels
and one data channel. At present, 4 channels are functioning. They are useful to promote distance education,
Telemedicine, agriculture extension activities, e-governance and awareness of human resources in the state.
• Society for Telangana State Network (So FTNET) is a not for profit organization established under the Department of
Information Technology, Electronics & Communications (ITE&C).
• It is a SATCOM initiative for distance learning through television using satellite communications. One of the primary
channels of So FTNET, the S-SAT app, has 1,211,699 downloads to date. T-SAT Nipuna and T-SAT Vidya channels
today reach over 6 million homes in the state.
e- Procurement
• e Procurement system was started to conduct an online tendering process for purchasing goods required by the
government.
• This system reduces cost, corruption and the time taken to procure goods and increases transparency and
accountability in government contracts.
Telangana Academy for Skill and Knowledge (TASK)
• In 2014, Telangana Academy for Skill and Knowledge (TASK) was started by the government of
• Telangana to increase the employability skills of the graduated youth by providing skill offeringe
• TASK was established with the aim of creating a pool of trained and certified graduates to the hiring industry both for
internships and full-time positions.
• The Government involves academia, industry and the Government itself to transform the youth state into valuable
assets in the Indian and global workplace.
• Since its inception, TASK has facilitated training to 3,07,847 students and about 700 colleges are empanelled for the
programmes offered by TASK. 2,918 engineering students are enrolled in a Technology Entrepreneurship
Programme (TEP) which aims to foster entrepreneurship by guia. engineering students in creating technology-
enabled products and services. 1,329 healthcare employees under Telangana Vaidya Vidhana Parishad (TVVP) have
been trained by TASK to date.
TASK works on three primary areas :
1. Education: Educating students on the latest technologies that do not feature in the current academic curriculum.
2. Entrepreneurship: Building an entrepreneurial temperament among students and guiding buddine entrepreneurs
3. Employability: Enhancing employability by enhancing the professional, organizational and personal skills of the
youth in the state.
Awards
KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.5]
Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

• TASK received the Outstanding Youth Transformation Initiative Award in the India Global Education and Skills
Summit 2021
• The Global Ignite Excellence Award in 2021.
• TASK achieved a place in the Asia Book of Records for simultaneously training the maximum number of students
across the state through the F-Tech 2.0 programme.
State Wide Area Network (SWAN)
• SWAN was set up to provide connectivity between State Head Quarter (SHO) at Secretariat to District Head Quarter
(DHQs) and Mandal Head Quarter (MHQS) for Voice, Video & Data applications lor Government applications.
Government of India is providing funds to implement TSWAN up to Manda HeadQuarters.
Hardware Park
• It is located at Raviryal Village in Maheshwaram mandal of Rangareddy district.
Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH)
• Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH) is an initiative of the government of Telang to promote
innovative technologies and improve collaboration between startups and service providers RICH is the platform that
will link research institutions, academia and industry along with venture capitalists, angel investors and incubators.
The activities of RICH
• Introducing entrepreneurs to investors and funders for various stages of their growth, thus helping raise funds.
Providing policy inputs to the government for Creating an innovation-led entreprete culture in the State.
• Coordinating training inputs in design thinking, business management & project execution for scientists &
entrepreneurs. Supporting educational institutions to ensure practical training for technical graduates, making them
employable once out of college.
Partners of RICH:
• ARCI, CCMB, ICMR, ICRISAT, IICT, IIMR. NRDC. TIFR, Apollo, Dr. Reddy's, Aurobindo, PICCI, ALEAP, BITS
Pilani, IIT, ISB, NALSAR, NIPER, Caspian, Endiya, Indian Angel Network, Avid Invent, R&A Associates,
SAMVAD etc.
• The Government of Telangana invested substantially in RICH so that it can become a self-sustaining organization.
e- Office Management
• GHMC has been using the modern technology of e-office for the paperless electronic file management. GHMC is the
first municipal corporation in the country to use such a system. It makes file tracking easy. It facilitates faster
management of files, improves accountability and transparency.
T- Bridge
• The government of Telangana aims at making Hyderabad one of the top 10 startup cities in the world. The state
government launched T-Bridge, T-Hub outpost at Silicon Valley in USA on 15 October 2016. T-Bridge will enable
startup communities in India and around the world to exchange ideas, innovate and create channels for knowledge
transfer.
T - PRIDE
• The government of Telangana launched T-PRIDE (Telangana State Program for Rapid Incubation Dalit
Entrepreneurs) incentive scheme on 29 November 2014 to provide a special incentive package for SC/ST
Entrepreneurs. Under the New Industrial Policy Framework for The State of Telangana 2014, the State Government
approved various fiscal benefits under the T-PRIDE incentive scheme.
• The total amount released under TS-PRIDE to eligible social groups. Between 2016- 17 and 2020-2 1, the
disbursements had increased almost 234%. 12,602 SC applicants, and 11,694 ST applicants have received subsidies
to the tune of Rs. 1,150.5 crore till January 2022.
T-IDEA

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.6]

Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

• The T-IDEA (Telangana State Industrial Development and Entrepreneur Advancement) scheme provides various
incentives to the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME), large enterprises, Mega Projects and to the women
entrepreneurs. The government of Telangana passed orders regarding T-IDEA on 29 November 2014.
• The Telangana State Government has considered providing incentives to the entrepreneurs in the following areas
under its T-IDEA scheme:
1. Micro/ Small industries
2. Large, Medium enterprises
3. Industries by Women entrepreneurs
4. Mega projects
5. Existing micro, small and medium enterprises
6. Infrastructure support 8.Textile sector
7. Other incentives (All Categories)
• Cumulatively, the Government has sanctioned Rs.2,965. 10 crore under this scheme up to January, 203%
T-HART
• A large number of internationally recognized traditional arts and handicrafts sector is present in Telangana. They
include Nirmal, Dokra metal works, Bidriware, Pembarti Brassware, Pochampally Ikat Gadwal sarees, Warangal
carpets and textiles.
• The government of Telangana launched T-HARP(Telangana State Handicraft and Artisans Revival with Technology)
program to enhance the income and productivity of this sector. It includes the following initiatives.
1. Cluster approach for specific arts and crafts
2. Technology upgradation and Design support centers
3. Common Facility centers
4. IP & GP Registration support
5. Skill up gradation and quality improvement
6. Appropriate Productivity development
7. Marketing assistance and Marketing events partnership
Skill Development
• The skill development programmes targeted at industrial sector jobs will be supported by the government under the
ambit of the Telangana State's Skill Development Mission in general and the Telangana State Accelerated SSI Skills
Training (T-ASȘIŠT) program of the Industries and Commerce Department. Skill development programmes would
aim to train the youth in getting entry-level jobs, and also upgrade the skills of the existing employees.
• The Telangana State Government took up appropriate skill development programmes so that technically qualified
youth can find employment in the industry.
• The Industrial Area Societies are being encouraged to participate in design and implementing skill development
programs.
T-WORKS
• T-Works is an initiative of the Government of Telangana that aims to create and celebrate a culture of hobbyists,
makers and innovators who explore and experiment without the fear of failure.
• T-Works is the India's largest prototyping center for electronics, electromechanical and mechanical startups. The
government of Telangana launched T-WORKS with the objective of facilitating entrepreneurs to design, develop, and
test innovative hardware products in the areas of electronics, mechanical mechatronics through active collaboration
with industry, academia, investors, experts, and other stakeholders.
• Phase 1 will be India's largest prototyping center, at 78,000 square feet.
Telangana Fiber Grid Project

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.7]

Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

• The Government of Telan gana initiated the Telangana Fiber Grid (T-Fiber) project in 2015. T-Fiber's vision is to
establish state-of-the-art network infrastructure that would facilitate the realization of Digital Telangana to 10 Zones
(33 Districts).
• The network will be capable of delivering 16-20 Mbps to households and a minimum of 100 Mbps to all government
institutions, and will be scalable to 1Gbps per institution.
• As part of BHARATNET Phase II, India, T-Fiber has signed an MoU to establish the network to connect mandals to
gram panchayats, and is expected to complete the network by the end of 2021. Digital Telangana Centers or Village
Integrated Service Centers
• The 'Digital Telangana Centres' or 'ePanchayats' programme of the state government was launched on 2 October 2015
in Nalgonda district. It offers e-governance facilities to villagers.
• It is the first of its kind in the Country.
• Citizen services, government services, payments of social welfare pensions and wages for rural employment
(MGNREGS) will be made available through these Centers, which can also be converted into banking and insurance
centers.
T-Wallet
• T-Wallet is the official digital wallet of Telangana, launched on IstJune 2017.
• It is the first digital wallet owned by any state government in India. T-Wallet was introduced to help citizens to make
cashless payments effortlessly and avail both government and private services. It is available as an Anytime
Anywhere digital payment option for everyone.
• Citizens without a phone can use T-Wallet through many of the 4S00+ MeeSeva centers using their Aadhar number
with biometric authentication.
• T- Wallet has been made available in three languages: English, Telugu,and Uzdu.
• Over the last year, T-Wallet has been integrated with multiple departments such as Labour, Traffic Police, TSRTC,
and Civil Supplies And with various services-such as disbursement of Rs.2 Cr SCDD Scholarships, Streenidhi,
Vijaya Dairy, etc.
• Cash withdrawal using T-Wallet is another option available to citizens.
• As a special case, RBI has provided permission to T-Wallet to carry out the cash out process in MeeSeva centers on a
pilot basis for 3 months across 5 districts.
T-Hub
• Since its incorporation in 2015, it has provided assistance to more than 1,100 national and international startups in
accessing better technology, talent, mentors, customers, corporations, investors and government agencies.
• The 70,000 square feet T-Hub Catalyst building is an official landmark in Hyderabad. It has been hon. to over 300
startups since its inception, 52 of which have gone on to raise funds and register 36 patents and trademarks.
• On 26th November 2019, T-Hubin partnership with Department of Science and Technology an4 NPCIlaunched its
FinTech Accelerator program to coach FinTech startups.
• T-Hub is hosting several innovation hubs of corporations at its premises, with the latest being NPC:. Ist Innovation
Hubtxnnxt", for many startups to use NPCI products and resources with ease. 4 ofT. Hub Lab's 32 startups were
awarded HDFC Bank CSR Grants. 5 startups (AllizHealth, Click & Pa Intelli-Vision, AuthMe, and VaDR) of the 70+
startups that graduated from Corporate Innovation programs since 2016 were acquired in the last financial year.
• In addition, T-Hub, as one of the partner incubators, has been engaging with the Ministry of Defence and Bharat
Dynamics Limited on the Defence India Startup Challenge.
T-Hub Phase II
• After achieving phenomenal success in the establishment of T-Hub, T-Hub Phase II is being constructed on 3 acres of
land with a total built up space of 3,50,000 square feet.
• It will provide IT incubation space for 4,000 IT Entrepreneurs/Professionals.
•
KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.8]
Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

• T-Hub Phase-II will be operational by April 2020.

• Telangana State Innovation Cell (TSIC)
• Telangana State Innovation Cell (TSIC) was established in 2017, under the state's Innovation Policy, to nurture early-
stage startups and foster an innovation -driven economy in the state.
• It is a single window for administering all incentives announced in the innovation policy for startups and incubators.
• Priority is given to the early-stage startup ecosystem. So far, TSIC has helped around 100 innovators, many from
rural Telangana.
• The focus of TSICis to expand its activities to all 33 districts and to create a model of recognition for innovators as
well as mentors.
Three New Zones in TSIIC
• Three new zones were set up in Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation The State government issued
orders on 15 February 20 17 establishing the new zones centered at Nizamabad, Khamyam and Yadadri.
• A Sub- Zone was established with Siddipet as its center.
• The number of TSIIC zones increased to 9.

Special Economic Zones

• A Special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in a Country that is subject to different economic regulations than other
regions within the same Country. SEZs are typically created in order to facilitate rapid economic growth by
leveraging tax incentives to attract foreign investment and spark technological advancement.
• The Government ofIndia granted 67 SEZs to Telangana state, but had given permission only to 7 SEZs. As the
Government of India proposed an electronics manufacturing cluster at Maheshwaram, the proposal for SEZ was
dropped.
• TSIIC acts as nodal agency for setting of SEZs in Telangana.
• IT SEZ is proposed in Rayadurgam Knowledge Hubin 3,6 acres with an investment of Rs. 823 crore.
Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (TSIIC)
• Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Ltd is the premier organization in the state of Telangana.,
vested with the objective of providing industrial infrastructure through the development of industrial areas.
• Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Ltd. (APIIC) was incorporated on 26h September, 1973 to
provide industrial infrastructure through the development of industrial areas. After the bifurcation of the State, TSIIC
was established in 2014.
Objectives :
• It acts as a nodal agency for the development of industrial parks in Telangana state. To formulate, promote, finance,
aid, assist, establish, manage and control schemes, projects or programmers, to provide and develop infrastructure
facilities, including factory sites, factory sheds, godowns, marketing facilities, warehouses facilities of
communications, power, water drainage, housing, hospitals and other medical and health and educational institutions
and other services of any description in order to promote and assist the rapid and orderly establishment, growth and
development of industries and commerce.
Mains Question
Ques: Give an account of Industries and Industrial estates of Hyderabad in Engineering and Pharma sectors.
Ans: The Hyderabad district houses some of the most prestigious engineering and pharma based industries of India.
During the 1950s and 1960s, most of the Indian premier public enterprises—BHEL, NMDC, HMT, BEL, IDPL,
ECIL, DRDO, and HAL—were established in Hyderabad, changing the economical pattern of the city from a
traditional manufacturing to a cosmopolitan industrial service sector.
Engineering based industries:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.9]

Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is India's largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in the energy
and infrastructure sectors. Established in 1964, we are a leading power equipment manufacturer globally and one of
the earliest and leading contributors towards building an Atma Nirbhar Bharat. BHEL manufactures products,
systems and services to its customers in the areas of power-thermal, hydro, gas, nuclear & solar PV, transmission,
transportation, defense & aerospace, oil & gas, and water.
Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (abbreviated as MIDHANI), is a specialized metals and metal alloys manufacturing
facility in India, located in Hyderabad, Telangana. It is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), under the administrative
control of the Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. MIDHANI is the only
producer of Titanium in India.
Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) is one of India's manufacturers of munitions and missile systems. It was founded
in 1970 in Hyderabad. BDL was established to be a manufacturing base for guided weapon systems and began with
a pool of engineers drawn from Indian Ordnance Factories, DRDO and aerospace industries.
The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) was established in 1971 as a major industrial unit of India's Department of
Atomic Energy, as a nuclear plant also specializing in supply of nuclear fuel bundles and reactor core components. It
is a unique facility where natural and enriched uranium fuel, zirconium alloy cladding and reactor core
components are manufactured under one roof.
Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) is a Public Sector Enterprise under the Department of Atomic
Energy, established in 1967 by A. S. Rao at Hyderabad, to create a strong indigenous base in electronics. ECIL is a
multi-product, multi disciplinary organization with focus on indigenous Nuclear energy, space and Defence
sectors. ECIL also has a strong presence in indigenous Electronic Security, Communications, Networking and e-
governance domains. ECIL has committed partnerships with nuclear energy establishments of India, particularly
Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) and Indira
Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR).
Hyderabad Allwyn Limited, established in 1942, was a Hyderabad State government engineering and white goods
manufacturing company involved in manufacture of automobiles, trucks, scooters, bus coach building, refrigerators
and wrist watches.
Pharma based industries
In the 1970s, the pharmaceutical and electronic industries were established in the city because of its strategic
location in south-central India, for which it is known as the gateway to south-central India. Hyderabad emerged
as a pharmaceutical and biotechnology hub and is known as India's pharmaceutical capital and "Genome Valley of
India."
The south—central location of Hyderabad, and the incorporation of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited
(IDPL) in 1961 proved to be a foundation of pharmaceutical industry in Hyderabad, later in the 1990s the expansion
in the industry took place with the formation of Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, National Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology and National Institute of
Nutrition along with the regional institutions making Hyderabad the hub of pharmaceutical and biotechnology in
India.
Biological E Limited (also known as Bio E) is an Indian biotechnology and biopharmaceutical company based in
Hyderabad, Telangana. It specializes in the areas of low-cost vaccine production.
Divi's Laboratories was established in 1990 as Divi's Research Centre. The company initially started developing
commercial processes for the manufacturing of APIs and intermediates. Divi's Research Centre changed its name to
Divi's Laboratories Limited in 1994 to signal its intent to enter the API and intermediates manufacturing industry.
Following this, the company established its first Manufacturing facility in 1995 at Choutuppal, Telangana.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.10]

Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

Aurobindo Pharma Limited is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical manufacturing company headquartered in

HITECH City, Hyderabad, India. The company manufactures generic pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical
ingredients.
Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL) is an Indian multinational biotechnology company headquartered in
Genome Valley, Turakapally, Hyderabad. It is engaged in the drug discovery, drug development, manufacture of
vaccines, bio-therapeutics, pharmaceuticals and healthcare products.
Shantha Biotechnics Limited is an Indian biotechnology company headquartered in Medchal. It is the first Indian
company to develop, manufacture and market recombinant human healthcare products in India.
Hetero is an Indian pharmaceutical company and the world’s largest producer of antiretroviral drugs. It is also among
the world’s leading producers of key Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)
Since the 1990s, the economic patterns of the city have changed it from a primary service hub to a more
diversified spectrum, with the growth of IT enterprises, biotech, insurance, and financial institutions, and a
strong employment base in ancillary activities such as trade and commerce, transport and communication, real-
estate and retail, which employ three times more people than the IT industries.
Ques: Examine the factors which caused the development of IT and ITIR sectors in Telangana.
Ans: Hyderabad is among the global centers of information technology. The city's IT sector includes the IT-enabled
services, business process outsourcing, entertainment industries, and Financial services.
The Hyderabad Information Technology and Engineering Consultancy City, abbreviated as HITEC City is
spread across 81 ha (200 acres) of land under suburbs of Madhapur, Gachibowli, Kondapur, Manikonda,
Nanakramguda and Shamshabad all the combined technology townships is also known as Cyberabad with a
radius of 52 km surrounding approximate area of 6,100 ha (15,000 acres).
Factors led to growth of IT and ITIS sector
 The development of a township with related technological infrastructure called HITEC City prompted global and
particularly US—based companies to establish their operations in Hyderabad. The Deloitte, Franklin Templeton
Investments, GE Capital, Accenture, HSBC, Bank of America, ABN AMRO, S&P Global, Ernst & Young,
KPMG, Capgemini, Genpact are some of the financial services companies with offices in the city.
 In Hyderabad, the central region of the business happens in Nanakramguda Financial District, HITECH City , the
Madhapur suburb , Kokapet SEZ (Neopolis) and Salarpuria Sattva Knowledge City.
Government policies and incentives
 Infrastructure development: Government constructed Iconic Cyber towers. Very soon key Campuses like Laxmi
Cyber City, R & D center,L&T Infocity, CII - Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad International
Convention Centre, Raheja Mindspace IT Park have been constructed.
 Skilled workforce: As of 2022, Hyderabad has 7.7 lakh employees in the IT/ITES sector, working in more than
1500 companies. Hyderabad added two companies in the unicorn startup list in the first two months of 2022.
 Global Demand: The IT exports from Hyderabad (Telangana) stood second in India at ₹183,569 crore (US$23
billion) in FY 2021-22 improving from previous year.
 Foreign Direct Investments: The major multinational IT firms located in Hyderabad are Microsoft (the largest
R&D campus outside the US), Google, Thoughtworks, CA Technologies, Amazon, IBM, Virtusa, Facebook and
others.
 The major Indian firms with development centres in the city are Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Wipro, Cognizant,
Tata Consultancy Services, Polaris, and others. The main areas where such IT and ITeS campuses have been set up
are Madhapur, Gachibowli, Kondapur and Uppal. Apple announced the opening of a new office in Hyderabad
that will focus on development of its Maps product.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.11]

Telangana Geography Engineering, It, Pharma Industries And Sez

Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR)

The Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR), Hyderabad is an upcoming IT investment region jointly
being developed by the government of India and Government of Telangana. This ITIR consists of self-contained
integrated knowledge clusters for growth of IT and electronic hardware manufacturing in 50,000 acres in and
around Hyderabad.
Government policies
 The project which is modeled along the lines of Shenzhen SEZ in China, is aimed at attracting an investment of Rs
2.19 trillion ($44 billion) in the IT, ITES and electronics sectors and providing direct employment to 1.5
million people.
 Under the mega project, special economic zones (SEZs), industrial parks, free trade zones, warehousing zones and
export-oriented units would come up in three corridors around the city which includes the areas Madhapur,
Gachibowli, Uppal, Mamidipalli, Raviryal, Adibatla and Maheshwaram, and Pocharam. The government
proposed to develop the infrastructure for ITIR at an estimated cost of over Rs 2.19 lakh crore.
 The government of Telangana has released the ICT policy of the state in April 2016. The ICT policy of Telangana
was considered as one of the best ICT policies across the country and it led to the launch of several focused sub
sector policies such as data center policy, open data policy, AI framework and electronics policy. These measures
are creating a strong ecosystem for innovations and start ups and further strengthening the sector.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [14.12]

 15 HANDICRAFTS AND HOUSEHOLD
INDUSTRIES

Handicrafts of Telangana
• Handicrafts of Telangana include Silver cross Dyeing, Bidar handlooms, Laces- Braids, toys, playing items, Bronze,
Brass and Copper crafts and Beads and Pearls industries.Telangana handicrafts have a unique place in handicrafts of
India. Some of them have been explained below:
Pembarthi Metal Crafts
• Metalworking has been a practiced art in India since the time of the Indus Valley Civilization. The discovery of
artefacts like the Dancing Girl statue illustrates the advanced metalworking skills of ancient inhabitants of the Indian
subcontinent. This finding underscores the deep-rooted tradition of metal craftsmanship in the region, showcasing the
sophisticated techniques developed by early civilizations for molding and casting metals.
• It's fascinating how early civilizations developed metalworking techniques, especially with materials like copper and
iron. Bronze, a pivotal advancement, brought significant benefits due to its strength and versatility. The mention of
these processes in ancient texts like the Matsya Purana and later works highlights the value placed on metallurgy
across various cultures. The refining of metals and the creation of new alloys were essential steps in advancing
technology and craftsmanship in those eras.
• Pembarthi is well known for the making of sheet metal from bronze, brass and copper.
• The Brass metal workmanship of Pembarthi is popular throughout the world.
• The metal craft reached the pinnacle of perfection during the Kakatiya rule. It declined after Kakatıya period and
regained glory in Asaf Jahi period.
• Pembarthi brass craft stands as a synonym of Telangana's artistic heritage. Its craftsman ship was influenced by
Hindu- Muslim culture and developed as a secular craft form.
• The exquisite metal art work was born in Pembarthi village of Jangaon district. It adorned the statues and chariots of
several Hindu temples during the Kakatiya period. It was also used in the historic Kakatıya arch.
• The Union Ministry of Tourism identified Penmbarthi as one of the rural tourism projects.
• Pembarthi crafts can be seen at Goddess Tulja Bhavani Matha Temple located in Maharashtra. The craft form
received the prestigious Geographical Indication in 2010.
Ayla Achari
• He was the craftsman who made Pembarthi metal craft famous at International level.
• Ayla Achari founded Vishwakarma Brass Copper and Silver Cooperative Society in 1956.
• Logos and shields for the First World Telugu Maha Sabha Held at Hyderabad in 1975 were made under his
supervision.
• The statue of Nandi presented to the winners of the prestigious Nandi award was designed by Ayla Achari.
• National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises plays a vital role in the development of MSMEs through
the implementation of cluster development schemes.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [15.1]

Telangana Geography Handicrafts And Household Industries

• SFURTI (Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries) scheme has benefitted many clusters in
fulfi)ing their infrastructure and training needs. Pembarthi Brass crafts cluster got a funding of Rs 1.8 crores under
this scheme.
Nirmal Artware (Nirmal Wooden toys and Paintings)
• The earliest evidence of toy carts dates back to the Harappan civilization and extends through the early historic
period. Archaeological sites like Alamgirpur, Ambkheri, Kalibangan, and Lothal have yielded models for toy carts
made from copper, bronze, and terracotta. Similarly, sites from the early historic period like Atranjikhera,
Nagarjunakonda, Sambhar, Sonapur, Ujjain, and Brahmpuri also feature similar cart models. Toys crafted from a
variety of materials, including clay, paper, papier-mâché, and painted or lacquered wood, were common during
ancient and medieval times.
• EnugulyVeergswami (a travel historian) mentioned about Nirmal region and Nirmal toys and Panchapa in his book
Yayati Charitra. Artistic toys, paintings and utility itéms are made at Nirmal town. The art and oe community of cra
ismen living in Nirmal is also called as 'Nagásh'. Items in three forms namely Nirmal Toe Utility items, Nirmal
Furniture and Nirmal Paintings are collectively called as Nirmal Artware.
• Nirmal toys, paintings and furniture are renowned throughout the world. Nimmanaidu, who ruled Nirmot 400 years
ago (1 7h Century) brought Naqash artisans to Nirmal and provided employment to them. Nirmal foe was named
after him. He built houses for the Naqash artisans at Kasuba.
Nirmal Toys- Utility items
• Nirmal wooden toys are widely popular at national level. They are lively and natural and made of soA whitewood
(Poniki wood).
• This wood is mainly available in the forest located between Khanapur and Manchera and in the forests near
Bellampalli, Jannaram, Mancherial, Neradigonda, Bodh and other places. Nirmal toys are being exported to other
countries through Golkonda emporia in Hyderabad.
• Nirmal toys also include the images of various deities like Radhakrishna, Ganesh, Buddha and tribal women. Utility
items include Nirmal bangle boxes, Jewelry boxes, Envelope racks, Pencil boxes, Cigar cases, Paper- Pen stands etc.
Nirmal Paintings
• Nirmal paintings and toys formed a cottage industry and got worldwide fame. Its unique feature is, the plaque is
given a coat of Duco paint using the desired baçkground color which is generally black.
• Natural colors were used before the Duco paint. Shells were used for white, turmeric for yellow and Butea flowers
for red color.
• Lamp black collected from oil lamps was used for black color. The talent of Nirmal artisans in synthesizing the
Indian and Mughal schools of art is admired very much. Oil paintings and Wooden paintings depicting the epics like
Ramayana and Mahbharata are famous throughout the world.
Nirmal Furniture
• Nirmal furniture include imany items like Sofa sets, Chairs, Dining table screens (Wooden), Stools, Diwan cots,
Trays, Ashtrays, Lamp shades, Executive office sets, Low level Sofa sets, Rajasthani Sofa sets, Trolleys, Dressing
tables, Rajasthani Pen tables, French pen tables and others.
• Nirmal Arts and crafts, Furniture and Paintings got GI tag in 2008.
• Nirmal Toys Industrial Co-operative Society was established in 1955.
• Pochampally Sarees

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [15.2]

Telangana Geography Handicrafts And Household Industries

• Pochampally sarees became world famous from the year 1800 AD. They are the first products from Telangana region
to receive GI status in the year 2005. Pochampally is renowned as a handloom production center and rural tourism
spot.
• Pochampally village is popular for cotton, silk and sico (a mix of silk and cotton) fabrics. Pochampaly sarees come in
many elegant patterns which speak of both ing by grandeur and style. So Pochampally is called the Silk city of
Telangana.
• The tie and dye process got patent at international level for two decades. Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute
(SRTRI) provides computer based weaving designs. Bhoodan Pochampally is well known as the birthplace of the
Bhoodan movement and a weaving center. But it became a rural tourism cluster and a shooting spot for Telugu film
industry.
• Film shooting started at Pochampally with the shooting of the film Susman by Syam Benegal and the number of film
shootings increased. The handloom industry, rural culture and greenery around Pohampally have been attracting
many filmmakers.
Cheriyal Scroll Paintings
• Telangana is well known for Cheriyal scroll paintings that depict stories from Indian mythology as well as the shorter
stories related to the puranas and Epics.
• The artists of Cheriyal paintings are called Nakashi artists. Cheriyal I scroll paintings are also called Theme
paintings.
• Cheriyal village in Siddipet district is famous for world renowned Scroll paintings.
• Cheriyal scroll painting received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in the year 20io The subjects of the scroll
paintings are mostly drawn from mythological, ancient literary and folk traditions.
• Siddipet Gollabhama Sarees
• The major handloom variety of Siddipet is Gollabhama sarees. The handlooms of Siddipet are hand- woven, and the
frame looms are mostly used for weaving.
Siddipet Gollabhama sarees obtaingGI tag in 2011.
• A Telangana weaver who weaved a saree that can be kept in a matchbox is- Parandhamulu
Silver Filigree
• Filigree is a delicate form of jewellery metal work that involves the conversion of metals into fine threads and
soldering them together. The English word filigree is derived from the Latin word filum' which means thread and
'granum' means grain that signifies a small bead.
• This craft originated 200 years ago at Elagandal region in Karimnagar. Silver filigree work was introduced by
Kadarla Ramaiah. It is an age ołd traditional handicraft skill practiced by Viswabrahmans, Filigree art is locally
called as Jaali work'.
• Karimnagar is famous for delicate silver filigree work. The filigree artisans of Karimnagar are skilled in creating
many articles through Silver Filigree such as spoons, cigarette cases, buttons boxes, ashtrays, jewelry and buttons pill
boxes, paandans and also perfume containers.
• Karimnagar Silver Filigree received the Intellectual property rights protection or Geographical Indication (G) status
in 2007.
• The filigree technique entered India through Odisha state from Indonesia.
• The first city famous for filigree work in India is- Cuttack (Odisha).
• The second city famous for filigree work in India is- Karimnagar (Telangana).
Narayanpet
• Narayanpet is famous for gold jewelry and handloom fabrics. Sarees with golden borders are produced here.
• Narayanpet handloom woven sarees received GI status in 2012.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [15.3]

Telangana Geography Handicrafts And Household Industries

Gadwal- Kothakota Sarees

• Gadwal is also known as the Cotton seed bowl of Telangana. The world famous Gadwal sarees s are made
• with a mix of silk and cotton threads. Gadwal silk clothes have been presented to Lord Venkateswara for & four
decades. Hundreds of families in Kothakota region of Jogulamba Gadwal district weave these fabri handlooms. The
sarees are woven using silk, zari, silk zari, laces and Kalankaris with great skill. Gadwal sarees received GI status in
2012.
Bidriware
• Bidriware of Hyderabad got worldwide fame. This metal handicraft form was developed in Bidar reoi erstwhile
Hyderabad state. So it got the name 'Bidriware'. The artisans of Bidriware were migrated from l Sultan Ahmed Shah
brought this art from Persia to India. The articles manufactured from gun metal (an alls.e Copper and Zinc) are
initially painted black and designs are hammered on them with silver or golden fine wires flattened strips.
• The makers ofBidriware create designs like flowers, leaves and also geometric designs, stylized poppy plants, human
figures etc.
• Bidriware is used for making paandars, hookahs, and vases as well as boi ornament boxes, earrings, trays and other
jewelry and showpiece items. Bidriware also practiced in North India's cities of Murshidabad, LuckpóNw and Pye.
Banjara Needle Craft
• Banjara needle craft primarily belongs to North India. It entered Telangana in 17" century. The craft has evolved
through centuries across generations. It is an embroidery and mirror work on tapestry. Generally various colors such
as brown, pink, white, yellow and blue coloured clothes are used.
• The colorful threads used on the basic cloth along with tiny mirrors, beads and cowrie shells impart a vibrant look to
the piece of cloth. Banjara needle craft presents a range of embroidery such as bags, kurtas, cushions, gift articles,
women's garment fabric, bed sheets, and other home furnishing cloths.
Bronze Statues
• Telangana is renowned for the manufacture of bronze statues. Statues of deities, Nataraja and decorative articles are
made at Hyderabad. Shilparamam is a platform for bronze articles.
Asia (Telia) Rumal
• Pochampally in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district is famous for them. Telia Rumal is a double Ikat weave. Going by the
name, the yarn is treated for four days with oil and the products used for the treatment of the yarn include sheep dung,
castor pod ashes and oil.
• The treated yarn, which is used for the warp and weft is tied and dyed by predetermined geometrical designs such as
small blocks, stars, dots, lines and diamonds.
• Traditionally only three colors-red, black and white are used in geometrical designs. The makers of telia rumal are
now creating dress materials, dupattas, saris, dhotis and other pieces.
• Puttapaka Telia Rumal was given status on 10 May 2020. Mr Gajam Govárdhan filed the application in 2015 on
behalf of Puttapaka handloom cluster, Nalgonda.
Dokra Metal Craft
• Dokra metal craft is also known as bell metal craft. The method of making Dhokra is done by combining the
metallurgical skills with that of the lost wax casting technique.
• Dokra is a form of ancient triby metal craft practiced in Ushegagn village of Jainoor Mandal in Adilabad district.
Dokra artifacts are made in brass using the lost waK method finished pieces do not have any form of joints.
• Clay, wax and brass are used to make metal figurines, The technique of lost wax casting has been practiced in India
for more than 4000 years. Dancing girl of Mohenjodaro image is an example of Dokra metal craft. This tribal metal
craft is practiced in Komaram BheemÁsiabad district, Kerimeri mandal, Kesalagooda and Jamgaon (Jainoor Mandal),
Ushagaon and Chittalbari agency areas in Adilabad District of Telangana.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [15.4]

Telangana Geography Handicrafts And Household Industries

• The designs made are folk motifs, Dokra horses, elephants, peacocks, metal figurines, and also household articles
such as lamp caskets, images of deities and measuring bowls. The pieces of Dokra artifacts do not have any form of
joints.
Lace Art
• Dummugudem in Bhadradri Kothagudem district ofTelangana is well known for the lace industry. It was introduced
in India by the Christian missionaries.
• The making of laces by hand weaving is known as Creatia needle work. Lace-making is undertaken by women during
leisure time from home. Lace making has been an avocation for generations in the region.
Carpets
• The carpets made in Warangal are called Durries. Kothawada in Warangal urban district of Telangana is famous for
its carpets. These carpets are locally called as Jampaķhanas. The nobles of the Nizam period named these carpets
Deccan Razayi. The carpet industry reached its zenith during the Mughal period.
• The Warangal durrie weavers made their mark across the world owing to their fine craftsmanship. Bright colors,
geometrically repetitive patterns and interlocking zigzag motifs in cotton and jute are the signature styles of the
carpets. A Warangal carpet with 400 zigzags in a square inch was exhibited at a London exhibition in 1857. It is still
preserved at South Kensington Museum.
• Marcopolo, an Italian traveler, mentioned these carpets in his book Travels.
Wood Carvings
• Yadadri Bruvanagiri district of Telangana is famous for Wood carvings. The art of wood carving produces beautiful
articles. They include wooden panels, decorative items, God images, arches and chairs.
Problems faced by handicrafts and household industries
• Household industries in Telangana face several challenges that hinder their growth and sustainability. Here's an
account of some of the problems faced by household industries in the state:
1. Lack of Access to Finance:
• One of the significant challenges faced by household industries in Telangana is the limited access to finance. Many
small-scale entrepreneurs lack access to formal banking services and find it challenging to secure loans or credit
facilities to start or expand their businesses.
2. Infrastructure Deficiencies:
• Infrastructure deficiencies, such as inadequate transportation facilities, unreliable power supply, and poor access to
water and sanitation facilities, pose significant challenges for household industries. Lack of proper infrastructure
increases production costs and affects the competitiveness of these businesses.
3. Limited Market Access:
• Household industries often struggle to access markets beyond their immediate vicinity. Limited market access
restricts their ability to reach a broader customer base and hampers their potential for growth and expansion. Lack of
marketing skills and resources further exacerbates this problem.
4. Technological Obsolescence:
• Many household industries in Telangana still rely on traditional methods of production and outdated technologies.
The lack of technological innovation and modernization limits their productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness in
the market.
5. Quality Control and Compliance:
• Ensuring quality control and compliance with regulatory requirements can be challenging for household industries,
particularly those operating on a small scale. Compliance with health, safety, and environmental regulations often
requires resources and expertise that small-scale entrepreneurs may lack.
6. Skill Shortages:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [15.5]

Telangana Geography Handicrafts And Household Industries

• Household industries often face challenges related to the availability of skilled labor. The lack of skilled workers with
relevant technical and vocational training hampers the productivity and growth potential of these businesses.
7. Competition from Larger Industries:
• Household industries in Telangana often face stiff competition from larger industries and multinational corporations
that have greater financial resources, economies of scale, and marketing capabilities. Competing with larger players
can be daunting for small-scale entrepreneurs.
8. Policy and Regulatory Challenges:
• Inconsistent policies, complex regulations, and bureaucratic red tape can pose significant challenges for household
industries. Streamlining regulatory processes and creating a conducive policy environment for small-scale businesses
can help address these challenges.
9. Vulnerability to Economic Shocks:
• Household industries, particularly those operating in sectors sensitive to economic fluctuations, are vulnerable to
external shocks such as changes in market demand, fluctuations in raw material prices, and economic downturns.
• Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort from the government, policymakers, industry associations,
financial institutions, and other stakeholders to create an enabling environment for the growth and sustainability of
household industries in Telangana.
Mains Question
Ques: List out the five flagship schemes launched by the government to improve the Handlooms sector in Telangana.
Telangana is one of the important States in the Handloom Industry and is famous for Pochampally Ikat, Gadwal,
Narayanpet & Gollabhama Sarees and Durries from Warangal. There are about 17,069 working handlooms.
The estimated weavers and ancillary workers dependent on the industry is about 40,000.
The Government has launched several flagship programs to help the handloom weavers of the state. Among them,
the prominent schemes include:
1. Nethannaku Cheyutha (Thrift Fund Scheme)- In order to inculcate saving habit among the handloom weavers,
the Government launched a Thrift Fund Scheme for the farmers in June 2017, where the weaver contributes 8% of
his wage into the savings account, and the state supplements that amount by contributing 16% of weaver’s wage to
each of the weaver’s account.
2. Chenetha Mitra (Input Subsidy Linked wage compensation Scheme) - Since it was necessary to increase the
wages accruing to the weavers without hurting the profit margins in a competitive market, the Government
introduced an input subsidy scheme that provided 40% subsidy for yarn, dyes and chemicals. The scheme won the
nationally renowned SKOCH Award at the 73rd SKOCH Summit in 2021.
3. Credit Support: The District Co-Cooperative Central Banks issue cash credit to primary handloom weavers to
help with the day-to-day running of their looms. In 2020-21, Rs.1,200.50 lakh was distributed as loans to 86
Weavers Societies.
4. Pavala Vaddi Scheme: In order to reduce the burden of interest on Handloom Weavers Cooperative Societies,
APEX Society, Individual Weavers covered under Artisan Credit Cards and Handloom weaver Groups (HWGS),
the Government disbursed over Rs. 152.16 lakh under this scheme in 2020-21 to cover interest payments of weaver
loans.
5. Telangana State Handloom Weavers Cooperative (TSCO): TSCO was registered as an Apex Handloom
Cooperative Society in 2017 to represent the interests and market the products created by the weavers of
Telangana. Currently, the society owns 29 showrooms around the country.
In 2020-21, the sales from TSCO stores totalled Rs. 498 crore, despite the stalling of economic activity brought
about by the pandemic. In addition, the society also launched an e-commerce store on Shopify in 2019. The society
also earned Rs. 453.37 crore from the Government supplies for programs like distribution of Bathukamma sarees
and sale of uniforms.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [15.6]

 16 RAIL NETWORK OF TELANGANA

Rail Network of Telangana

• Telangana is the 29th (the newest) state of India, coming into existence on June 2, 2014. Earlier it was a part of the
state of Andhra Pradesh. It comprises of an area carved out of the ten north-western districts of the former state of
Andhra Pradesh, which are Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Medak, Warangal, Khammam, Rangareddy,
Hyderabad, Nalgonda and Mahabubnagar.
• The region shares its border in the North and North-West with that of Maharashtra.
• To its West lies Karnataka, while Chhattisgarh occupies its North-East side.
• To the East, it is surrounded by Odisha.
• Situated on the Deccan Plateau, the region has a total area of 1,14,840 square kilometers, the largest of the three
regions of Andhra Pradesh. The most important rivers here are Musi, Krishna, Godavari and Manjira.
• Before India became independent, the now-carved state was a part of Hyderabad which had two divisions, namely
Warangal and Medak. The bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh has been opposed on the grounds of territorial
integrity. As per 2011 census, the region has a population of 35,286,757 which is 41.6% of the total population of
Andhra Pradesh.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [16.1]

Telangana Geography Rail Network Of Telangana

Rail Network in Telangana

• Telangana comprises districts that are well connected by rails that run all across the state. The map of Telangana
shows various stations and railway routes that connect various places in the state. These routes are helpful in guiding
a traveler to his destination. The state is not only well connected inter state but also intra state. As the state has been
carved out of Andhra Pradesh which was already well connected with other states in the country, Telangana stands to
benefit from it. People residing in the state can also enjoy better rail connectivity for other states, which means that
they can visit other states without any hassle.
• The already well laid out rail connectivity in the state is surely going to play a significant role in propagating
commerce and tourism in the state. Telangana rail network connects all its major districts namely Adilabad,
Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Medak, Warangal, Khammam, Rangareddy, Hyderabad, Nalgonda and Mahabubnagar. The
major railway stations in the state are Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Mancherial, Warangal, Janampeta,
Hyderabad, Khammam, Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar and Kurnool.
• The rail network in Telangana is an essential part of its transportation infrastructure, providing connectivity within
the state as well as to other parts of the country. Here's a detailed account of the rail network in Telangana:
1. History:
• The history of railways in Telangana dates back to the British colonial era when the Nizam's Guaranteed State
Railway (NGSR) operated in the region. After independence, the Indian Railways took over the operations, and the
rail network expanded significantly over the years.
2. Zones and Divisions:
• Telangana falls under the jurisdiction of two railway zones:
South Central Railway (SCR):
• The majority of the rail network in Telangana is under SCR, with its headquarters in Secunderabad. The
Secunderabad division and the Hyderabad division are the two divisions responsible for managing railway operations
in most parts of Telangana.
East Coast Railway (ECoR):
• A small portion of Telangana, including Kazipet and Jangaon, falls under the jurisdiction of ECoR.
3. Major Railway Stations:
• Telangana is home to several major railway stations, including:
1. Secunderabad Junction: One of the busiest railway stations in India, serving as a major hub for both passenger and
freight trains.
2. Hyderabad Deccan (Nampally) and Kacheguda: These are other important railway stations in Hyderabad, serving as
major terminals for both local and long-distance trains.
3. Kazipet Junction: A significant railway junction connecting various routes and serving as a crucial freight-handling
point.
4. Connectivity:
• The rail network in Telangana connects the state with major cities and towns across the country. Some of the
important rail routes include:
• - Hyderabad to Mumbai via Secunderabad
• - Hyderabad to Chennai via Secunderabad
• - Hyderabad to New Delhi via Secunderabad
• - Secunderabad to Bengaluru
• - Secunderabad to Vijayawada
• - Kazipet to Visakhapatnam
5. Expansion and Modernization:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [16.2]

Telangana Geography Rail Network Of Telangana

• The Indian Railways has undertaken various projects for the expansion and modernization of the rail network in
Telangana. This includes electrification of rail lines, doubling and tripling of tracks, introduction of high-speed trains,
and upgrading station infrastructure to enhance passenger amenities and safety.
6. Cargo and Freight:
• Apart from passenger trains, the rail network in Telangana also plays a crucial role in transporting cargo and freight.
Freight terminals and goods sheds at various railway stations facilitate the movement of goods, raw materials, and
industrial products.
• Overall, the rail network in Telangana is a vital mode of transportation, providing efficient connectivity for
passengers and goods within the state and beyond. Continued investment in infrastructure and modernization efforts
are essential to further enhance the efficiency and capacity of the rail network in the region.
South Central Railway Zone
• The South Central Railway (SCR) zone, headquartered in Secunderabad, plays a crucial role in the transportation
infrastructure of Telangana and neighboring states. Here's an account of the South Central Railways with a focus on
Secunderabad:
1. Headquarters:
• The headquarters of the South Central Railway zone is located in Secunderabad, which is a twin city of Hyderabad.
Secunderabad serves as a major railway hub in the region, with extensive connectivity to various parts of the country.
2. Divisions:
• The South Central Railway zone is divided into six divisions, and the Secunderabad division is one of the most
prominent ones. The other divisions under SCR are Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntakal, Guntur, and Nanded.
3. Connectivity:
• Secunderabad is well-connected by rail to major cities and towns across India. It serves as a crucial junction for both
passenger and freight trains. Secunderabad Junction and Hyderabad Deccan (Nampally) are two major railway
stations in the city, catering to a large volume of passenger traffic.
4. Passenger Services:
• Secunderabad division operates a wide range of passenger services, including long-distance express trains, superfast
trains, intercity trains, and suburban services. These trains connect Secunderabad with cities like Mumbai, Chennai,
New Delhi, Bengaluru, Kolkata, and many others.
5. Freight Operations:
• Secunderabad division handles a significant volume of freight traffic, including bulk commodities, industrial goods,
and containerized cargo. It has dedicated freight terminals and goods sheds to facilitate the movement of freight
trains.
6. Modernization and Upgradation:
• The South Central Railway zone, including the Secunderabad division, is focused on modernization and upgradation
of infrastructure to enhance safety, efficiency, and passenger amenities. This includes electrification of rail lines,
doubling and tripling of tracks, installation of modern signaling systems, and upgrading station facilities.
7. Initiatives:
• SCR undertakes various initiatives to improve customer service and operational efficiency. This includes the
introduction of mobile ticketing services, online reservation systems, cleanliness drives at stations, and passenger
awareness campaigns.
8. Safety Measures:
• Safety is a top priority for SCR, and the division implements various measures to ensure the safety of passengers and
railway staff. This includes regular inspections, maintenance of tracks and rolling stock, and awareness programs on
railway safety.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [16.3]

Telangana Geography Rail Network Of Telangana

• Overall, the South Central Railway zone, headquartered in Secunderabad, plays a significant role in the rail
transportation network of Telangana and neighbouring states. Its operations are vital for both passenger and freight
movement, contributing to the socio-economic development of the region
Increase capital investments
Increased capital investments
Annual budget grant of Railways in Telangana has increased Current Year (2022-23) budget allocation is 92% more than
by more than 11 times in 2022-23 as compared with the grant the average budget allocation for the last 8 years (2014-22)
in 2014-15

It may be noted that the allocated to various projects are not apportioned state wise but reflect the cost of the project

Works completed in last 8 years

• 285 km new Railway lines completed
• 221 km Doubling/Tripling/Quadrupling works done
• Average new Railway lines completed during 2014-22 is 36 kms per year as compared to 15 kms per year during
2009-14
• Average Doubling / Tripling/Quadrupling of Railway lines completed during 2014-22 is 28 km per year as compared
to Nil kms during 2009-14.
Electrification of Railway Lines
• Average electrification of Railway routes per year increased from 41 km in 2009-14 to 80 km per year in 2014-22
• 733 RKms electrified since 2014
• In addition, 398 Track Kms (Doubling & Thirdline etc.) electrified since 2014.
Important projects completed since 2014
• New Railway lines
• Nizamabad - Lingampet Jagityal
• Mellacheruvu - Mattampalli - Janpahad
• Devarkadra - Makthal (part of Munirabad - Mahbubnagar project)
• Telapur - Ramachandrapuram (Part of MMTS Phase-II project)
• Manoharabad - Kodakandla (Part of Manoharabad - Kothapalli project)
• Bhadrachalam Road - Chandrugonda (Part of Bhadrachalam Road - Sattupalli)
• Akanapet - Medak
• Doubling/Tripling/Quadrupling of Railway lines
• Bolarum - Medchal Doubling
• Falaknuma - Mahbubnagar Doubling
• Potkapalli - Peddampet - Manchiryal - Mandamarri Tripling

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [16.4]

Telangana Geography Rail Network Of Telangana

• Moula Ali - Ghatkesar Quadrupling

• Wirur - Manikgarh
Freight initiatives during Covid-19
• Uninterrupted movement of freight trains during lockdown to ensure the supply of essential commodities across the
Nation
• 10 million tonnes of food grains transported from Telangana to different parts of the country to balance the food
supply since April 2020
• 13 rakes of essential commodities like turmeric and dry chillies transported from Nizamabad and Warangal to
Bangladesh Railways
• Unique concept of 'Jai Kisan' trains introduced from Telangana by clubbing two freight trains to ensure fast delivery
of food grains
• 44 rakes of 'Jai Kisan' special trains operated from Telangana
• Food grains transported to Tamil Nadu from two private freight terminals of Telangana
• For the first time in Indian Railways, a unique concept of "Cargo Express" introduced from Telangana to aid small
and medium sized freight customers
• As part of it, a time tabled freight train has been operated from Sanathnagar in Telangana to Adarsh Nagar in New
Delhi
• Automobiles transported from Zaheerabad to Jirania Station in Tripura, farthest distance covered by SCR for the First
time
Digital Rail - Digital India
• Fast and Free Wi-Fi
• Free high speed Wi-Fi network provided at all Railway stations in Telangana state, except halt stations
• 174 stations in Telangana provided with free Wi-Fi facility in the last 8 years.
• DiGiPAY Stations
• 4 stations viz., Kacheguda, Hyderabad, Secunderabad and Basar are now completely DiGIPAY Stations
• Cashless transactions can be made through BHIM/RuPay/Debit Cards/ e-wallets, etc. at all ticket counters
• UTS on Mobile
 UTS on Mobile App is extended on Pan India level for purchase of paperless unreserved ticket from any station
to any station including platform ticket and season tickets
• QR Code Payments at Automatic Ticket Vending Machine (ATVMs)
• Enabled payments through QR Code for tickets purchased through ATVMs
Swachh Rail - Swachh Bharat
• On-board house keeping services available on 34 pairs of trains
• Mechanised cleaning arrangements available at 14 stations.
• Clean train station (CTS) concept is available at Secunderabad station
• Mechanised cleaning of coaches is made available at 3 coaching depots
• All the identified 16 stations, pertaining to Telangana, identified by National Green Tribunal have received ISO
14001 certifications for implementing Environmental Management System
• Plastic Bottle Crushing Machines installed at 22 stations
Harvesting Solar Energy
• 4.7 MWP solar panels are provided at around 284 locations
• Solar Initiatives
 Innovative solar roof for booking office building at Kamareddi station and solar COP at Lingampalli
• LED Fittings
 All the Railway stations, Railway colonies, Street lights, LC gates in Telangana State are LED lit

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [16.5]

Telangana Geography Rail Network Of Telangana

• Daylight Pipe Technology

 286 locations provided with state-of-the-art day light pipes
• Energy Neutral stations
 4 stations viz., Ghatkesar, Raghunathapalli, Dharur and Mellacheruvu made energy neutral
• Sewage treatment
 At Kazipet and Zahirabad
• Effluent Treatment plants
• At Lallaguda Workshop and Diesel Loco Shed, Kazipet
• Water Recycling Plant
 Recycling plants are installed at the following locations - Secunderabad, Kacheguda, Hyderabad, Central
Hospital, Lallaguda, Rail Nilayam and Lallaguda Workshop
• Waste to compost plants
 Commissioned at Hyderabad, Kacheguda and Kazipet stations



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [16.6]

 17 ROAD NETWORK OF TELANGANA

Road Network of Telangana

Roads and road transport system in India

• India has the second-largest road network in the world, Total Road Length – – 6.4 million km (comprises of national
& state highways and urban & rural roads).
• Transportation of goods – 64.5% by road.
• Passenger traffic – 90% by road.
• National highways account for 2% of the total road network and carry over 40% of total traffic. Highway
construction in India increased at 17.00% CAGR between FY16-FY21. Despite pandemic and lockdown, India has
constructed 13,298 km of highways in FY21. In FY21, 13,298 kms of highway was constructed across India.
• Government push towards Road Infrastructure
• National Infrastructure pipeline – Rs. 111 lakh crore allocated for FY 2019-25 The roads sector is likely to account
for 18% capital expenditure over FY 2019-25.
• India has a well-developed framework for Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) in the highway sector. Asian
Development Bank ranked India at the first spot in PPP operational maturity and also designated India as a developed
market for PPPs.
• Bharatmala Pariyojana, – aims to build 66,100 km of economic corridors, border and coastal roads, and expressways
to boost the highway network.
• The market for roads and highways is projected to exhibit a CAGR of 36.16% during 2016-2025
• Almost 40% (824) of the 1,824 PPP projects awarded in India until December 2019 were related to roads.
• The highways sector in India has been at the forefront of performance and innovation. The government has
successfully rolled out over 60 projects worth over $10 bn based on the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM). HAM has
balanced risk appropriately between private and public partners and boosted PPP activity in the sector.
• Data Lake and Project Management Software – NHAI has become ‘Fully Digital’, with the launch of unique cloud
based and Artificial Intelligence powered Big Data Analytics platform. The entire project management work flow of
NHAI is transformed from manual to online portal based, wherein the complete project execution operations
including ‘workflow with time lines’ and ‘alert mechanism’ have been configured. All project documentation,
contractual decisions and approvals are now being done through portal only.
• 2021-22 Budget recognises this need with a significant budgetary outlay for the road transport and highways sector of
₹1,18,101 crore
• Roads and road transport system in Telangana
• Roads are the life-line of nation providing transportation facility over the length and breadth of country. Systematic
development of road is one of the important pre-requisites for development and acceleration of Socio-economic
growth of the Country. Among the different modes of transportation systems, road transport carries more than 80

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [17.1]

Telangana Geography Road Network Of Telangana

percent of the Goods and Passenger traffic. The network of roads, particularly from villages to town/cities facilitates
speedy movement of goods and services and ensures higher growth trends, social integrity and well-being of the
society. The productivity and efficiency of Road transport is directly linked with the availability and quality of Road
network.
• Telangana Road Network
• Roads and Buildings Department, Telangana State, came into existence on 02-06-2014, on formation of Telangana
State. The Operations of the department are conducted, in the name and authority of the Governor of Telangana.
• The Minister for Roads & Buildings in the State Cabinet is responsible to the State Legislature relating to the works
of the Department.
• The Department strives to provide efficient, affordable, customer-focused, environmentally sustainable integrated
transportation solutions, connecting villages, towns, cities and centers of industry, commerce, tourism and pilgrimage
across the State. The department constructs and maintains roads and bridges on all roads under its control
Transport Department of Telangana
● The Transport Department of Telangana is set up for enforcement of the provisions of the Motor
Vehicle Act, 1988 and Telangana Motor Vehicles Taxation Act, 1963 and the rules under it.
● Though Telangana has a good rail and air transport system, yet road transport is the most important
one. It helps the people especially in rural areas to travel from one place to another with much ease.
● The Transport Department of Telangana is controlled by the Transport Commissioner who is the Head
of the Transport Department and is helped by an Additional Commissioner and four Joint
Commissioners, three Regional Transport Officers and one Regional Transport officer

• In Telangana State, the road assets of R&B Dept. comprises of 24,245 kms of road length with 3,152 kms of State
Highways, 12,079 kms of Major District Roads, and 9,014 kms of Other District Roads. 16 National Highways are
passing through the State of Telangana covering a length of 2,690 kms, out of which 868 kms are with National
Highways Authority of India (NHAI).
• Ministry of Road Transport, Highways and Shipping, Government of India provides complete financial support for
the development and maintenance of National Highways under the control of the department.
• R&B Department, Telangana is also responsible for construction and maintenance of Government Buildings of
various State Government Departments aggregating to 54.50 lakhs square feet area (Non-Residential Buildings –
13.13 lakhs Sq.fts and Residential Buildings – 41.37 lakhs Sq.fts) and acts as the custodian of State Government
Buildings and the appurtenant lands.

National Highways in Telangana

• Around 6 national highways form a large network of roads in the state. These highways interconnect every district,
making the journey from one town to another a smooth affair. The longest national highway that crosses Telangana is
NH7, which enters the state from its North, starting from Adilabad and going on to Mahbubnagar before exiting the
state on its South. Along the way it touches the important districts of Nizamabad, Medak, Ranga Reddy and
Hyderabad, the capital of the state.
• The Hyderabad city would serve as the joint capital of both Telangana and the rest of Andhra Pradesh for ten years.
• NH9 crosses the state, surpassing Hyderabad, Medak, Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy along its way. In Andhra Pradesh
it passes through Zahirabad, Suryapet, Narketpally, Vijayawada, Kodad and Machilipatnam.
• NH16 in the state passes through the important towns of Karimnagar, Adilabad and Nizamabad. This national
highway crosses NH7 at Nizamabad before ending at the district HQ. NH222 is the shortest of all the national

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [17.2]

Telangana Geography Road Network Of Telangana

highways in the state which touches only Adilabad district of the state. NH202 stretches from Hyderabad to
Warangal. NH221 is another important national highway that passes through Khammam.

List of National Highways In Telangana

• The southern Indian state of Telangana shares its borders with the neighbouring states of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh,
Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. Its limits are crossed by several National Highways (NHs), which are part of a well-
established road network. These roads serve as vital connectors between Telangana and neighbouring states, offering
effective connections for trade and transportation. These highways are maintained by the National Highways
Authority of India (NHAI), ensuring they are fit for safe and enjoyable travel.
• National Highway 63
• National Highway 161
• National Highway 163
• National Highway 30
• National Highway 44
• National Highway 61
• National Highway 65
• National Highway 161AA
• National Highway 161B
• National Highway 161 BB
• National Highway 167
• National Highway 353B
• National Highway 353C
• National Highway 363
• National Highway 365
• National Highway 365A
• National Highway 365B
• National Highway 365 BB
• National Highway 563

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [17.3]

Telangana Geography Road Network Of Telangana

• National Highway 765D

• Prominent National Highways In Telangana
• National highways are the lifeline of the state economy. It supports not only the transportation of people but also the
movement of goods across the state. Prominent roads of any locality are equipped with the best facilities and built
with great care.

Name of road No. Length (mi) Length (km)

Maharashtra Border- Nirmal, Khanapur, Mallapuram, Raikal -junction with

NH 61 35.6 57.3
NH-63 near Jagtial

Sangareddy-Jogipet - Pitlam-Madnoor - (Maharashtra Border) NH 161 87.3 140.5

Chhattisgarh Border- Warangal - Jangaon - Bhuvanagiri - Hyderabad NH 163 185 298

Vijayawada - Jagdalpur Road NH 30 62.4 100.4

Junction with NH-161 near Nizampet - Moodguntal, Narayanakhed, Manoor,

Belapur, Pulkurthi, Ibrahimpur, Athnoor, Dappur Telangana/Karnataka NH 161B 37 60
border

Jagdalpur road -Nizamabad - Bodhan - Maharashtra border NH 63 164.4 264.5

Nagpur - Hyderabad - Bangalore NH 44 318.55 512.65

Nakrekal-Thungathurthi - Mahbubabad-Mallampalli Road NH 365 116 187

Mancherial-Wankidi NH 363 56 90

Jagityal - Karimnagar - Warangal - Khammam NH 563 154.6 248.8

Suryapet-Thirumalagiri-Jangaon-Siddipet-Siricilla NH 365B 114 184

Pune - Hyderabad - Suryapet - Vijayawada NH 65 172.0 276.8

Suryapet - Mothey- Khammam- Wyra-Sattupalli-Aswaraopeta- Andhra

NH 365BB 104 168
Pradesh Border- Rajamahendravaram

Nakrekal - Nagarjuna Sagar Road NH 565 53.5 86.1

Haggari - Raichur -Mahabubnagar -Jadcherla Road - Mirialaguda - Kodad NH 167 193.8 311.9

Adilabad - Bela - Vansadi road NH 365B 21 33

Hyderabad - Amangal - Kalwakurthy - Achampeta - AP border NH 765 116.1 186.8

Kalaburgi - Yadgir - Krishna Road NH 150 7.61 12.24

Sironcha- Atmakur NH 353C 61.6 99.2

Hyderabad (junction at outer ring road) - Narsapur- Rampur, - Medak NH 765D 34 54

Junction with NH 161 near Madnoor -Sonala, Thadi Hipperga, Limboor,

NH 161BB 97.9 157.5
Sirpur, Kotagiri, Rudrur - junction at NH-63 near Bodhan

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [17.4]

Telangana Geography Road Network Of Telangana

Junction with NH No. 161 near Sangareddy(NH 65) - Narsapur,

Toopran(NH 44), Gajwel(SH 1), Jagdevpur, Bhuvanagiri(NH 163)-junction NH 161AA 97.9 157.5
with NH-65 near Choutuppal

Kodad - Khammam - Kurvai Road NH 365A 47 76

State highways of Telangana

• Telangana has an extensive network of state highways that play a crucial role in connecting various cities, towns, and
rural areas within the state. Here's a more detailed overview of some of the major state highways in Telangana:
1. State Highway 1 (SH-1):
• - Route: Hyderabad – Nizamabad – Adilabad
• - Length: Approximately 306 kilometers
• - Importance: SH-1 is one of the longest state highways in Telangana, connecting the capital city Hyderabad with the
northern districts of Nizamabad and Adilabad. It serves as a vital link for transportation of goods and people between
these regions.
2. State Highway 7 (SH-7):
• - Route: Hyderabad – Karimnagar – Mancherial
• - Length: Approximately 224 kilometers
• - Importance: SH-7 connects Hyderabad with the eastern districts of Karimnagar and Mancherial. It serves as a major
transportation artery, facilitating the movement of agricultural produce, industrial goods, and commuters between
these areas.
3. State Highway 9 (SH-9):
• - Route: Hyderabad – Vikarabad – Raichur (Karnataka Border)
• - Length: Approximately 155 kilometers
• - Importance: SH-9 links Hyderabad with the southern districts of Vikarabad and extends up to the Karnataka border
near Raichur. It plays a significant role in connecting Telangana with neighboring states and facilitating trade and
travel.
4. State Highway 10 (SH-10):
• - Route: Hyderabad – Sangareddy – Medak
• - Length: Approximately 119 kilometers
• - Importance: SH-10 connects Hyderabad with the northwestern districts of Sangareddy and Medak. It serves as a
vital transportation corridor, particularly for agricultural products and industrial goods.
5. State Highway 24 (SH-24):
• - Route: Hyderabad – Siddipet – Karimnagar
• - Length: Approximately 163 kilometers
• - Importance: SH-24 links Hyderabad with the districts of Siddipet and Karimnagar in the northern part of the state. It
facilitates the movement of people and goods, contributing to the economic development of these regions.
6. State Highway 18 (SH-18):
• - Route: Hyderabad – Suryapet – Khammam
• - Length: Approximately 207 kilometers
• - Importance: SH-18 connects Hyderabad with the districts of Suryapet and Khammam in the southern part of
Telangana. It serves as a key transportation route, supporting trade, commerce, and tourism activities in the region.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [17.5]

Telangana Geography Road Network Of Telangana

District roads
• District roads in Telangana play a crucial role in connecting various towns, villages, and remote areas within each
district.
• These roads are maintained by the respective district administrations and serve as vital links for transportation,
commerce, and access to essential services. Here's an overview of the district roads system in Telangana:
1. Administration:
• District roads in Telangana are managed and maintained by the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) and the
respective district administrations. These roads are essential for rural development and connectivity.
2. Connectivity:
• District roads connect major towns, villages, agricultural areas, markets, educational institutions, healthcare facilities,
and other important destinations within each district. They provide access to essential services and promote socio-
economic development in rural areas.
3. Length and Classification:
• District roads vary in length and classification based on their importance and usage. They may range from smaller
village roads to larger arterial roads connecting multiple towns within the district.
4. Maintenance:
• The maintenance of district roads includes activities such as construction, repair, widening, and regular upkeep to
ensure safe and smooth transportation for vehicles and pedestrians.
5. Importance:
• District roads serve as lifelines for rural communities, facilitating the movement of people, goods, and agricultural
produce. They play a crucial role in enhancing access to markets, education, healthcare, and government services in
remote areas.
6. Development Initiatives:
• The Government of Telangana, through various rural development schemes and programs, focuses on improving the
condition and connectivity of district roads. Initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
and state-funded projects aim to upgrade and strengthen the district road network to boost rural development and
enhance livelihood opportunities.
• Overall, district roads form an integral part of Telangana's transportation infrastructure, contributing to the socio-
economic development and well-being of rural communities across the state. Their maintenance and improvement
remain a priority for the state government to ensure enhanced connectivity and accessibility in rural areas.
Roadways in Adilabad
• National Highway-44, which is the largest National Highway in India, passes through Adilabad. Transportation is
easy to and from Adilabad and this explains why there are so many industrial units based in and around this place.
• Distance from Hyderabad: 310 kms.
• Distance from Nagpur: 196 kms.
Roadways in Karimnagar
• The main bus stand in Karimnagar is B.R.Ambedkar Bus Station.It is a very busy bus station as buses to Adilabad,
Nizamabad, Warangal, Khammam districts among others. The Zonal headquarters of TSRTC (Telangana State Road
Transport Corporation) is in Karimnagar.
• Distance from Hyderabad: 162 kms.
• Distance from Warangal: 70 kms.
• Distance from Nizamabad: 150 kms.
• Road Transport in Medak

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [17.6]

Telangana Geography Road Network Of Telangana

• Important cities of this district such as Sadasivpet, Zahirabad, Medak, Siddipet and Sangareddy are well connected
with villages and towns. Sangareddy is the district Headquarters. There are buses to different places, including
villages near Medak.
• Road Transport in Nizamabad
• National Highway-7 passes through Nizamabad, connecting Varanasi–Kanyakumari. Another National Highway NH-
16 starting from Nizamabad, passes through Karimnagar to Jagadalpur (in Chattisgarh). Buses connect various cities
such as Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Warangal, Tirupathi and Vijayawada to Nizamabad.There is a proposal for building
an airport in Jakranpally near Nizamabad.
• Road Transport in Warangal
• Buses connect cities located near Warangal. These include Bhoopalpally, Parkal, Narsampet, Torrur and Jangaon etc.
• Distance from Hyderabad: 140 kms.
• Road Transport in Nalgonda
• National Highway 65 passes through Nalgonda district from Hyderabad to Vijayawada. It also passes through
Choutuppal, Chityal, Narketpally, Nakrekal, Suryapet and Kodad.
• Road Transport in Mahbubnagar
• There are bus services by TSRTC to Hyderabad, Bangalore, Gulbarga, Kurnool, Raichur, Thirupathi, Kodada, Guntur
and Mumbai. You can reach Mahbubnagar from National Highway 44 connecting KanyaKumari and Varanasi.
• Road Transport in Khammam
• Telangana state transport operates buses to various towns and cities in Khammam. Khammam is situated on a link
Highway - NH-9 and NH-5 that connects Hyderabad City and Rajamundry Town.There is a bus station at Indira
Nagar too.
• Road Transport in Hyderabad
• Hyderabad, being an economic centre and capital city of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, has buses to all major cities
in India. These include Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Nagpur, Chennai, Pune, Vishakapatnam and
Vijayawada.
• Three national Highways pass through Hyderabad -
• National Highway-7
• National Highway-9
• National Highway-202.
• The State Highways (SH-1, SH-2, SH-4, SH-5 and SH-6) also begin from Hyderabad. There is the Inner Ring Road,
Outer Ring Road, flyovers etc. for commuting easy in Hyderabad and avoiding traffic congestion.
• Some roads also have three lanes in Hyderabad. There are also multi-storeyed parking spaces in Hyderabad apart
from Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The roads are well laid and planned out as per requirements of the city
traffic.
• The new Jawaharlal Nehru Hyderabad Outer Ring Road is about 160 kms! The longest flyover in India is the PV
Narasimha Rao Elevated Expressway Corridor from Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital to Aramgarh Junction in Hyderabad.
It is 11.5 kms. in length and allows high speed access to the Hyderabad International Airport.
• Bus Station in HyderabadMahatma Gandhi Bus Station is also known as Imlibun bus station by the local people. It is
one of the largest bus stations in Asia.
• Other Bus Stations in Hyderabad are ---
• Jubilee bus station (JBS)
• Dilsukhnagar bus station
• The TSRTC buses help people to commute with the city and also to far and near cities. More than 4,000 buses ply on
Hyderabad streets for the convenience of commuters. Double-decker buses were introduced in the city in 1963.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [17.7]

Telangana Geography Road Network Of Telangana

Practice questions
Ques: Which National Highway Links Hyderabad to Vijayawada?
(a) NH-9 (b) NH-44
(c) NH-7 (d) NH-65

Ans: (d) NH-65

Ques: What is the total length of National Highway-44 in the state of Telangana?
(a) 705 km (b) 550 km
(c) 624 km (d) 496 km

Ans: (c) 624 km

Ques: Which National Highway links Chennai to Nagpur via Hyderabad?

(a) NH-16 (b) NH-763
(c) NH-44 (d) NH-65

Ans: (a) NH-16

Ques: Which National Highway links Solapur to Hyderabad via Bijapur?

(a) NH-167 (b) NH-12
(c) NH-65 (d) NH-9

Ans: (c) NH-65

Mains Question
Ques: Explain the distribution of the Road network in Telangana and its role in economic development.
Telangana is a landlocked state, hence, land transportation infrastructure is essential to spatially connect the
resources across this wide area span in the state. Additionally, it is also an important component of the state’s total
economic product.
The road network in Telangana comprises (i)National Highways (NH), (ii) roads managed by the Roads and
Buildings Department (R&B), (iii) rural roads managed by the Panchayat Raj Engineering Department (PRED) and
(iv) roads managed by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC).
The state has more than 1 lakh km-long road network of which 62.37% are rural roads, 25.65% are state highways
and district roads, 3.62% are National Highways and 8.36% are GHMC roads.
Telangana rural roads are playing a key role for transporting agricultural produce to the market centers.
The total road network in the state other than NHs is 1,03,961 km in length of which more than half are blacktop
roads. Nearly one-tenth of the total state roads (except NHs) are cement-concrete roads. Around 9% of the
total state roads (except NHs) are metalled.
Among the districts, being a metropolitan area, Hyderabad has the longest road network in the state. The
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) has a total road network of 9,013 km of which 2,846
km (31.58%) are blacktop roads and 6,187 km (68.42%) are cement concrete roads. Nalgonda with a total
road network of 7,511 km is the district with the second-longest road network.
• Road network and transportation is one of the biggest factors for burgeoning trade in Hyderabad which provides huge
employment.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [17.8]

Telangana Geography Road Network Of Telangana

All-weather roads are the roads that are trafficable in all weather conditions. Cement-Concrete roads, Black Top
roads and Metalled roads are considered all-weather roads. The total length of all-weather roads in the state is
72,609 km, nearly 70% of the total road network (except NHs). All GHMC roads and nearly 97% of the R&B
roads are all-weather roads. Nearly 55% of the rural roads are all-weather roads.
As of 2020-21, Telangana has a total road density of 96 km per 100 square km. The road density of
Hyderabad district is the maximum at 4,154 km per 100 square km. Warangal Rural and Karimnagar are the
districts (other than Hyderabad) with the highest road density at 130.3 km per 100 sq km and 121.1 km per 100 sq
km respectively.
Thus, roads make a crucial contribution to economic development and growth and bring important social benefits.
They are of vital importance in order to make a nation grow and develop. In addition, providing access to
employment, social, health and education services makes a road network crucial in fighting against poverty.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [17.9]

 18 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Population of Telangana
State profile
• Formed as the 29th State of India, Telangana came into being on the 2nd of June, 2014. The State has an area of
1,12,077 sq. Km. and has a population of 3,50,03,674 (2011 Census).
• The Telangana region was part of the Hyderabad state from 17th September 1948 to 1st November 1956, until it was
merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh.
• After decades of movement for a separate State, Telangana was created by passing the AP State Reorganization Bill
in both houses of Parliament.
• Telangana is surrounded by Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh in the North, Karnataka in the West and Andhra Pradesh
in the South and East directions. Major cities of the State include Hyderabad, Warangal, Nizamabad, Nalgonda,
Khammam and Karimnagar.
• Demography refers to the statistical study of human populations – their size, composition and distribution across
space – and the process through which populations change.
• Knowledge on the demographic patterns of the state provides insights to the Government to develop effective
programmes and policies.
• It also helps the Government design strategic and targeted policy interventions to address the persistent challenges
faced by the vulnerable social groups in the state.
Telangana Statistics

Items Quantity

Capital City Hyderabad

Area 112,077 Sq. Kms.

Districts 33

Revenue Divisions 74

Towns 141

Municipal Corporations 13

Municipalities 129

Zilla Praja Parishads 32

Mandal Praja Parishads 540

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.1]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

Gram Panchayats 12,769

Revenue Mandals 612

Revenue Villages (as per Census, 2011) 10,434

Inhabited Villages (as per Census, 2011) 9,834

Un-inhabited Villages (as per Census, 2011) 600

Households 83.04 Lakhs

Household size 4

Population 350.04 Lakhs

Male 176.12 Lakhs

Female 173.92 Lakhs

Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 Males) 988 Ratio

Density of Population 312 per Sq. Km

Decadal Growth Rate (2001-2011) 13.58 Rate

Rural Population 213.95 Lakhs

Rural Population Male 107.05 Lakhs

Rural Population Female 106.90 Lakhs

Rural Population Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 Males) 999 Ratio

Rural to Total Population 61.12 %

Urban Population 136.09 Lakhs

Urban Population Male 69.07 Lakhs

Urban Population Female 67.02 Lakhs

Urban Population Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 Males) 970 Ratio

Urban to Total Population 38.88 %

SC Population 54.09 Lakhs

SC Population Male 26.93 Lakhs

SC Population Female 27.16 Lakhs

ST Population 31.78 Lakhs

ST Population Male 16.08 Lakhs

ST Population Female 15.70 Lakhs

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.2]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

Child Population (0-6 years) 38.99 Lakhs

Child Population (0-6 years) Male 20.18Lakhs

Child Population (0-6 years) Female 18.81 Lakhs

Child to Total Population 11.14 %

Child Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 Males) 932 Ratio

Literates 206.97 Lakhs

Literates Male 117.02 Lakhs

Literates Female 89.05 Lakhs

Literacy Rate 66.54 %

Literacy Rate Male 75.04 %

Literacy Rate Female 57.99 %

Total Workers 163.42 Lakhs

Main Workers 137.20 Lakhs

Marginal Workers 26.22 Lakhs

Members of Parliament (MPs) 17

Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) 120

Member of Legislative Council (MLCs) 40

Towns (Statutory) 136

Key Highlights
Total Population
The total population of Telangana as of 2011 was 3,50,03,674. This was nearly 2.89% of the population of India in
2011.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.3]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

• According to the projections of the National Commission on Population, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
Government of India, the population of Telangana in the years 2021 and 2031 would be 3,77,25,000 and 3,92,07,000
respectively.
• This is 2.77% and 2.66% of the total population of the country in 2021 and 2031 respectively.
• The state’s share in the national population is estimated to decrease by 0.23 percentage points between 2011 and
2031.
Density of Population:

• The density of population is defined, in general, as the average number of persons residing per square kilometer of
area.
• The density of population in the State ranges from 170 to 18,172 per square kilometer.
• Adilabad district has the lowest density of 170 per sq. kilometer and Hyderabad district with highest density of
18,172 per sq. kilometer.
• The districts of Adilabad, Khammam and Mahabubnagar have lower density with 170, 197 and 220 per sq. kilometer
respectively, as compared with the State average of 312 per sq. kilometer.
Gender-wise population

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.4]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

• Of the total population in Telangana in 2011, 1,73,92,041 are females and 1,76,11,633 are males.
• The share of females and males in the total population of the state is 49.69% and 50.31% respectively.
• The sex ratio (the number of females per thousand males) of the state is 988.
• The sex ratio among the districts varies from 950 to 1046 with a median value of 996. Three districts; Suryapet,
Mahabubabad and Hanumakonda, have a sex ratio of 996.
• Rangareddy, with a sex ratio of 950, has the lowest sex ratio in the state.
• Nirmal, with a sex ratio of 1046, ranks highest among the districts in terms of the sex ratio.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.5]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

Urban and Rural Population

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.6]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

• The urban and rural population of Telangana are 1,36,08,665 and 2,13,95,009 respectively.
• The share of the urban and rural population out of the total population in the state is 38.88% and 61.12% respectively.
• Hyderabad and Medchal Malkajgiri are the most urbanized districts in the state, with 100% and 91.47% of their
populations, respectively, residing in urban areas.
• Mulugu has the highest share of rural population at 96.10% followed by Narayanpet at 92.63%.
Social Groups
• The total SC and ST populations of Telangana are 54,08,800 and 31,77,940 respectively. The two social groups
account for 15.45% and 9.08% of the state’s total population respectively.
• Mancherial has the highest share of SC population out of the total district population at 24.72% followed by
Jayashankar Bhupalpally at 22.08%.
• The districts with the least share of SCs out of the total district population are Hyderabad and Medchal- Malkajgiri at
6.28% and 9.42% respectively.
• In the entire state, the maximum number of persons from the SC community reside in Rangareddy district, and the
least number in Mulugu district.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.7]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

Literacy

• 2,06,96,778 persons (> 6 years of age) in the state are literate of which 89,95,049 are females and 1,17,01,729 are
males.
• The total literacy rate of the state is 66.54%.
• The literacy rate among females and males respectively 57.99% and 75.04%.
• The literacy rate among the rural population is 57.30% whereas among the urban population this is 81.09%

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.8]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

Child Sex Ratio

• There are 38,99,166 children (0-6 years) in the state of which 18,81,231 are females and 20,17,935 are males.
• The child sex ratio (0-6 years) in the state is 932. The child sex ratio (CSR) among the districts varies from 903 to
971 with a median value of 934.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.9]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

• Wanaparthy and Mahbubabad, with a CSR of 903, have the lowest child sex ratio in the state, whereas Mulugu, with
a CSR of 971, has the highest child sex ratio in the state.
Population Density

Practice Questions
Ques: Consider the following statements regarding the health statistics of Telangana
(i) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Telangana has decreased from 2014 to 2020.
(ii) The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has increased from 2014-16 to 2018-20.iii) Telangana is the third lowest
MMR state among the 18 Non-Special Category states of the country.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
(A) Only iii (B) Only i and iii
(C) Only i and ii (D) All the above

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.10]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

Ques: Consider the following statements regarding Telangana state

(i) Telangana is ranked 12th in the country in terms of population and ranked 11th in terms of area.
(ii) Telangana is ranked 10th in the country in terms of population and ranked 11th in terms of area.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(A) Only i (B) Only ii
(C) Both (D) None

Ques: The highest population growth in the Telangana state had been registered during the years of?
(A) 1961-71 (B) 1971-81
(C) 1961-91 (D) 2001-11

Ques: Consider the following statements regarding institutional demography of the Telangana
(i) Institutional births in the Telangana increased from NFHS 4 to NFHS 5.
(ii) Births in Government hospitals in the Telangana state increased from 30.5 percent in 2015-16 to 95 percent in
2022.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(A) Only i (B) Only ii
(C) Both (D) None

Ques: Consider the following districts in the Telangana state

(i) Hyderabad district
(ii) Medchal-Malkajgiri
(iii) Rangareddy district
Arrange the districts given above in the descending order of their population?
(A) ii-i-iii (B) ii-i-iii
(C) i-ii-iii (D) iii-ii-i

Ques: Consider the following statements regarding the literacy rate of Telangana in 2011 census
(i) The literacy rate of Telangana is 66.46 percent according to the 2011 census.
(ii) The literacy rate of Telangana is higher than the national average.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(A) Only i (B) Only ii
(C) Both (D) None

Ques: Consider the following demographic details of Telangana according to 2011 census Issue Percentage/details
(i) Urban Population 29.5 percent
(ii) Decadal Growth Rates of Population 13.58 percent
(iii) Density of Population 312
Which of the pairs given above are matched properly?
(A) Only iii (B) Only i and ii
(C) Only ii and iii (D) All the above

Ques: Consider the following statements regarding the sex ratio in the Telangana
(i) Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males.
(ii) The sex ratio of the Telangana state as per the 2011 census is 988.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.11]

Telangana Geography Population And Demographics

(A) Only i (B) Only ii

(C) Both (D) None

Ques: The rate of literacy was the highest in the Hyderabad district of the Telangana state, which among the following
district of the Telangana was the least literacy rate district?
(A) Mulugu district
(B) Jogulamba district
(C) Narayana pet district
(D) Mahbubnagar district
Mains Question
Ques: Analyze the trends in the composition and distribution of population in Telangana.
Ans: Telangana is 12th most populous state in India with more than 3.5 crore people according to the 2011 census.
Analyzing the trends in composition and distribution of population is vital for formulating developmental policies.
Trends in composition:
Sex ratio has improved from 967 in 1991 to 971 in 2001 and in 2011 it was 988. Out of 33 districts, 13 districts
have above 1000 females per 1000 males.
The child sex ratio shows a worsening trend. In 2011 it was only 932. Out of 33 districts only 5 districts have
more than 950 girl children to 1000 boys. While the bottom 8 districts have below 920 girls for 1000 boys, the
lowest noted district Wanaparthy Child sex ratio is 903.
Age structure: The population in the working age group of 15-59 years is highest with 2.2 crore persons. In this
the rural population is 1.3 crore and urban population is 80 lakhs. The next big category is 4-14 years of about 67
lakhs followed by 32 lakhs of 60+ age group and 26 lakhs of 0-4 age group.
 Trend: From 2001 to 2011 there is an increase in the working age population and decrease in the child population.
 Religion: Hindus are the majority with 85.1% of population followed by 12.7% of Muslims and 1.3% of
Christian population.
 Trend: Hindu population has decreased from 87.87% in 1961 to 85.1% in 2011, while Muslim population has
increased from 10.04% in 1961 to 12.7% in 2011. Christian population declined from 1.92% to 1.3%. Other
religions are below one percentage.
Literacy: As per 2011 census, the literacy rate of the Telangana State is 66.5%. Male literacy stands at 75% and
female literacy at 57.9%. There is a huge gap in literacy between urban areas and rural areas. Out of 33 districts,
Hyderabad has the highest (83.2%) literacy rate, followed by Medchal-Malkajgiri, Rangareddy and Karimnagar
districts, while lowest (49.8%) literacy rate is recorded in Jogulamba Gadwal district.
 Trend: Significantly improved from just 17.3% in 1961 to 66.5% in 2011.
Trends in Distribution:
The population density has increased from 270 persons per sq.km to 312 persons per sq.km. According to the
new 33 districts, the Hyderabad district recorded the highest (>18,000 persons per sq.km), while districts like
Kumaram bheem and Mulugu have very low density, in the state. However the growth rate has decreased from
18.7%(2001) to 13.6%(2011).
The urban population was 1.3 crores which accounts for 39% and rural population stands at 2.14 crore which
is 61% indicates the predominance of agriculture and allied sector in the state.
The present trend of growing urbanization is causing a massive demographic shift. This is leading to unprecedented
rural-urban migration resulting in slums and squatter settlements. Thus, a proper urban planning along with
decentralization of development is the need of the hour.


KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [18.12]

 19 TRIBAL POPULATION - PROBLEMS
AND POLICIES

Tribal population and issues

• The tribal population in Telangana is an integral part of the state's demographic landscape, with distinct cultural,
social, and economic characteristics.
About Tribes
● According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India, a tribe is a collection of families bearing a common
name, speaking a common dialect, and occupying or professing to occupy a common territory. India is
known as a Melting pot of tribes and races.
● After Africa, India has the second largest concentration of tribal population in the world. As per the
2011 Census, the tribal population constitutes about 8.9% of the total population in India.
Scheduled Tribes (STs)
● The term 'Scheduled Tribes' first appeared in the Constitution of India. Article 366 (25) defined
scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal
communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this
constitution".
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)
● PVTGs stands for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. They are considered the most disadvantaged
and marginalized among the tribal communities.
● On the recommendation of the Dhebar Commission (1973), in 1975 Government of India created a
sub-category called Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), later renamed as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal
Groups (PVTGs). Now there are total of 75 PVTGs spread over 17 states and one Union Territory
(UT).
● Characteristics of PVTGS: They are mostly homogenous, with a small population, relatively
physically isolated, social institutes cast in a simple mold, absence of written language, relatively
simple technology, and a slower rate of change etc.

Tribes in Telangana
• As per Census 2011, Tribal Population in Telangana is 31.78 Lakhs and constitutes 9% of the total population of the
state Considering the importance of tribal development and related matters the Government of India set up a separate
Ministry of Tribal Affairs in 1999.
• In 2021, Government of India declared 15th November as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas to honour the tribal freedom
fighters and for commemorating their contribution to India's freedom struggle and cultural heritage.
• Here's an account of the distribution of tribal population in Telangana:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [19.1]

Telangana Geography Tribal Population - Problems And Policies

1. Tribal Groups:
• Telangana is home to several tribal communities, each with its own unique culture, language, and traditions. Some of
the prominent tribal groups in Telangana include the Gonds, Lambadas (Banjaras), Kolams, Thotis, Yerukalas,
Koyas, and Chenchus.
2. Geographical Distribution:
• Tribal communities in Telangana are primarily concentrated in the hilly and forested regions of the state, particularly
in districts bordering Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh. Adilabad, Khammam, Bhadradri Kothagudem,
and Mahabubabad are among the districts with significant tribal populations.
3. Adilabad District:
• Adilabad district in northern Telangana has the highest concentration of tribal population in the state. The district is
home to various tribal communities, including the Gonds, Kolams, and Thotis. Many tribal villages in Adilabad are
located in remote and inaccessible areas, contributing to their socio-economic marginalization.
4. Khammam District:
• Khammam district, located in southern Telangana, also has a significant tribal population, particularly in the agency
areas of the district. The Koya and Lambada tribes are among the prominent tribal groups in Khammam.
5. Socio-Economic Status:
• Tribal communities in Telangana often face socio-economic challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of access to
healthcare and basic amenities, and marginalization. Limited access to education and employment opportunities
further exacerbates their socio-economic disparities.
6. Livelihood Patterns:
• Traditional livelihoods of tribal communities in Telangana include agriculture, forest-based activities such as
collection of minor forest produce, hunting, fishing, and handicrafts. However, with increasing pressure on natural
resources and changes in land use patterns, many tribal communities are facing livelihood challenges.
7. Government Initiatives:
• The government of Telangana has implemented various welfare and development programs aimed at improving the
socio-economic status of tribal communities. These include initiatives such as the Integrated Tribal Development
Agency (ITDA), which focuses on holistic development of tribal areas through infrastructure development,
education, healthcare, skill development, and empowerment of tribal communities.
•
8. Land Alienation and Displacement:
• Land alienation and displacement due to development projects, industrialization, and urbanization are significant
challenges faced by tribal communities in Telangana. Many tribal communities have lost their traditional lands and
livelihoods, leading to social unrest and displacement.
• Understanding the distribution and socio-economic status of tribal populations in Telangana is essential for
formulating effective policies and programs aimed at addressing their unique needs and promoting inclusive
development in the state.

Problems faced by tribes in Telangana

• Tribal areas in Telangana face a myriad of challenges that impact the socio-economic development and well-being of
tribal communities. Here's an account of some of the key problems faced by tribal areas in Telangana:
1. Poverty and Marginalization:
• Tribal communities in Telangana often experience high levels of poverty and marginalization. Limited access to
education, healthcare, and employment opportunities exacerbates their socio-economic vulnerabilities.
2. Lack of Basic Amenities:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [19.2]

Telangana Geography Tribal Population - Problems And Policies

• Many tribal areas in Telangana lack access to basic amenities such as clean drinking water, electricity, sanitation
facilities, and roads. The absence of these essential services hampers the quality of life and hinders development in
tribal communities.
3. Land Alienation and Displacement:
• Land alienation and displacement are significant issues faced by tribal communities in Telangana. Development
projects, industrialization, and urbanization often lead to the loss of traditional lands and livelihoods, leading to social
unrest and displacement.
4. Healthcare Challenges:
• Tribal areas in Telangana often lack adequate healthcare infrastructure and services. Access to healthcare facilities,
trained medical personnel, and essential medicines is limited, resulting in poor health outcomes and high morbidity
rates among tribal populations.
5. Education Disparities:
• Education disparities persist in tribal areas of Telangana, with low enrollment rates, high dropout rates, and poor
quality of education. Lack of proper infrastructure, trained teachers, and educational resources hinder educational
attainment among tribal children.
6. Exploitation and Vulnerability:
• Tribal communities in Telangana are vulnerable to exploitation by outside forces, including land grabbers,
middlemen, and moneylenders. Lack of awareness of their rights, limited access to legal aid, and weak enforcement
of protective laws contribute to their vulnerability.
7. Forest Rights and Conservation:
• Many tribal communities in Telangana depend on forests for their livelihoods, but their traditional rights over forest
resources are often not recognized or protected. Conservation policies and restrictions on forest access further
marginalize tribal communities and disrupt their way of life.
8. Gender Inequality:
• Gender disparities persist in tribal areas, with women facing discrimination and limited opportunities for education
and employment. Traditional gender norms and practices often perpetuate inequality and restrict women's
empowerment and participation in decision-making processes.
9. Climate Change Impacts:
• Tribal communities in Telangana are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including erratic rainfall, droughts,
and floods. These environmental stresses further exacerbate their socio-economic vulnerabilities and undermine their
resilience.
• Addressing the problems faced by tribal areas in Telangana requires a comprehensive approach that involves
empowering tribal communities, ensuring their participation in decision-making processes, and implementing
targeted policies and programs that address their specific needs and challenges.

Steps taken by the government

• The government of Telangana has implemented several policies and programs aimed at promoting the socio-
economic development and welfare of tribal communities in the state. Here's an account of some of the key policies
for Tribal Area Development in Telangana:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [19.3]

Telangana Geography Tribal Population - Problems And Policies

Education

Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS)

Pre-Matric Scholarship Scheme
Post Matric Scholarship Scheme Universal for eligible Candidates
National Scholarship Scheme (Top Class)
National Fellowship Scheme
By Selection
National Overseas Scholarship Scheme
Multi Sectoral Schemes: Grants to States
Grants under Article 275(1)
Scheme for Development of PVTGs
Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PM-AAGY)
Research Monitoring & Evaluation
Support to Tribal Research Institute (TRIs) and Centres
for Excellence (CoEs)
Monitoring & Evaluation, Events, Surveys and Social
Audits
Livelihood
Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PM-JJVM)
Venture Capital Fund for STs
Logistics and Marketing of tribal products in North East
Support to NSTFDC

1. Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA):

• The ITDA is a specialized agency established by the government of Telangana to oversee the development of tribal
areas in the state. It implements various development programs and schemes targeting tribal communities, focusing
on areas such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, livelihoods, and empowerment.
2. Tribal Welfare Department:
• The Tribal Welfare Department of Telangana is responsible for formulating and implementing welfare policies and
programs for tribal communities. It provides various services and benefits to tribal individuals and communities,
including scholarships, healthcare services, housing, and skill development programs.
3. Forest Rights Act (FRA) Implementation:
• The government of Telangana has initiated efforts to implement the provisions of the Forest Rights Act (FRA) to
recognize and secure the land and forest rights of tribal communities. This includes the distribution of individual and
community forest rights titles to eligible tribal households and communities.

FOREST RIGHTS ACT (2006)

• Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India administers The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition Of Forest Rights) Act, (in short FRA), 2006.
• The FRA, 2006 has provisions for recognition and vesting of forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest
dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDSTs) and other traditional forest dwellers (OTFDs).

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [19.4]

Telangana Geography Tribal Population - Problems And Policies

• As per FRA and rules made thereunder, the responsibility for implementation of the Act lies with State
Governments/UT Administrations.
• As on June, 2023, a total of 45,54,603 claims 43,68,025 individual and 1,86,578 community) have been filed under
FRA 2006 and 23,12,041 titles (22,01,842 individual and 1,10,199 community) have been distributed to the extent of
1,77,90,056 acres (47,56,040 acres for individual and 1,30,34,016 acres for community) of forest land.
• Ministry of Tribal Affairs provides necessary support to the States / UTs for implementation of FRA as and when
asked for. Joint Communication has been issued by Secretaries of Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change for implementation of the FRA, 2006 .
4. Special Development Funds:
• The government allocates special funds and budgetary provisions for the development of tribal areas in Telangana.
These funds are utilized for infrastructure development, provision of basic amenities, livelihood support, and other
development initiatives in tribal communities.
5. Education Initiatives:
• Several initiatives are undertaken to improve educational outcomes among tribal children and youth. These include
the establishment of residential schools (Gurukul schools) for tribal students, scholarships and stipends for students
from tribal communities, and efforts to enhance the quality of education in tribal areas.
6. Healthcare Services:
• The government provides healthcare services and facilities tailored to the needs of tribal communities, including
mobile health units, primary health centers, and community health workers. Efforts are made to improve access to
healthcare, reduce maternal and child mortality rates, and address health disparities among tribal populations.
7. Livelihood Support:
• Various livelihood support programs are implemented to enhance the economic well-being of tribal communities in
Telangana. These programs include skill development training, agricultural extension services, livestock development
initiatives, and promotion of non-farm livelihood options such as handicrafts and small-scale enterprises.
8. Empowerment and Participation:
• Efforts are made to empower tribal communities and ensure their participation in decision-making processes that
affect their lives and livelihoods. This includes promoting self-governance and community institutions, strengthening
traditional governance systems, and enhancing the capacity of tribal leaders and representatives.
• Overall, these policies and programs for Tribal Area Development in Telangana aim to address the socio-economic
disparities and improve the well-being of tribal communities, promoting inclusive and sustainable development in the
state.

JANJATIYA GAURAV DIVAS

• With the declaration ( of 15th November as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas ) the birth anniversary of Bhagwan Birsa Munda
as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas on 15th November, iconic week celebrations from 15th to 22nd November took place
throughout the nation .
• Hon'ble President Smt. Droupadi Murmu, paid floral tributes at the statue of Bhagwan Birsa Munda in Ulihatu,
Jharkhand, his birthplace
• Hon'ble Vice President Shri Jagdeep Dhankar offered floral tributes to the statue of Bhagwan Birsa Munda in the
Parliament premises
• Hon'ble Prime Minister in a special video message said that the nation is moving with the energy of ‘Panch Praan’ to
realize the dreams of Bhagwan Birsa Munda

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [19.5]

Telangana Geography Tribal Population - Problems And Policies

• Hon'ble Union Minister of Tribal Affairs, Shri Arjun Munda, Minister of State for Tribal Affairs, Smt. Renuka Singh
& Minister of State for Tribal Affairs and Jal Shakti, Shri Bishweswar Tudu, Parliamentarians and other dignitaries
participated in the Jan Jatiya Gaurav Divas celebrations.
Practice Questions
Ques: Which of the following pair of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) and their state incorrect?
(a) Odisha – Birhor
(b) Tripura - Reangs
(c) Telangana - Konda Reddis
(d) Karnataka – Kathodi

Mains Question
Ques: As the problems of Tribal areas are very specific the developmental policies of tribal areas need a specific
approach. Explain the government’s strategy to develop tribal areas of Telangana with a special mention
about schemes like “Giri Vikasam” and ‘’Giri Poshana”
Telangana has a tribal population of 31.78 lakh , which is 9.08% of the state's population, with a total of 32 tribal
communities. Scheduled Areas Covered under fifth schedule of Constitution of India are Spread over in 9
districts ( Adilabad, Asifabad, Mancherial, Warangal, Mulugu, Mahbubabad, Khammam, Bhadradri-Kothagudem
and Nagar Kurnool)
85 Mandals (30 fully & 55 partly) and 1,174 villages (PESA Gram Sabha villages 1738, habitations covered
3765). Predominant tribal groups of Telangana are Lambadas, Gond, Chenchu, Yerukala, Kolam, Koya,
Pardhan, Thoti.
Government has adopted a multi-pronged strategy for overall development of tribal people across the state, which
includes support for education, health, sanitation, water supply, skill development, livelihood etc.
Legal rights:
Forest Rights Act-2006; The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Rights) Act, 2006
Protection of Civil Rights act-1955; An Act to prescribe punishment for the [preaching and practice of –
“Untouchability”] for the enforcement of any disability arising there from for matters connected therewith.
SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act; An Act to prevent the commission of offenses of atrocities against the
members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, to provide for Special Courts for the trial of such
offenses and for the relief and rehabilitation of the victims of such offenses and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto.
Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 or PESA is a law enacted by the Government of India to
cover the “Scheduled areas”, which are not covered in the 73rd amendment of Panchayati Raj Act of the Indian
Constitution.
Financial support:
Scheduled Tribes Special Development Fund: The Government passed the “Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes Special Development Fund (Planning, Allocation and Utilisation of Financial resources) Act in 2017”
to secure earmarked funds for implementation of schemes that aim at ensuring accelerated development of SCs and
STs with an emphasis on achieving equality, focussing on economic, educational and human development along
with ensuring their security and social dignity. The Act also ensures that unused funds are carried forward into
subsequent financial years.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [19.6]

Telangana Geography Tribal Population - Problems And Policies

Special schemes for Tribal welfare:

Giri Vikasam: Land Rights to Scheduled Tribes (STs) & Under the ‘Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional
Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act’ in 2006, the Government has granted the Scheduled Tribes
and other traditional forest dwellers the right to hold and live in the forest land and the rights to “protect,
regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource that they have been traditionally protecting
and conserving for sustainable use.”
• “GIRI VIKASAM” scheme is aimed to convert the uncultivable agricultural lands of small & marginal Scheduled
tribe (ST) farmers into cultivable lands for the sustainable agriculture development.
Giriposhana: – an innovative approach towards improved nutrition. To improve the nutritional status of the
tribal population in Telangana, the Tribal Welfare Department (TWD) in collaboration with Agribusiness and
Innovation Platform (AIP), ICRISAT has initiated a project called Giri Poshana, an innovative approach to
improve dietary diversity among tribal children and women. The objective of this initiative is to sensitize and
provide the tribal communities with affordable and nutritious food products to supplement their existing
diet.
This focuses on improving the dietary diversity and overall nutritional intake for children in the age group of 3
to 6 years, and maternal and lactating mothers.
Thus, these policies are in line with Nehru's Tribal Panchsheel strategy to develop tribal areas without disturbing
the unique cultural ethos of tribes.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [19.7]

20 URBANIZATION IN TELANGANA

Urbanization in Telangana
• Urbanization is a global phenomenon. It is increasing continuously in the last two hundred years throughout the
world.
• Most of the developed countries are pretty well urbanized and the developing world is also catching up. Though
urbanization is undoubtedly happening, it is throwing many challenges to the government and the society.

About Urbanization
● Thus, the primary criteria for deciding whether a particular place is a town or not was the
administrative set-up rather than the size of the population.
● Because of this definition many of the towns in reality were nothing more than over-grown villages.
● In 1961 ‘town’ was redefined and determined on the basis of a number of empirical tests:
● A. a minimum population of 5,000,
● B. a density of not less than 1,000 per square mile,
● C. three-fourths of the occupations of the working population should be outside of agriculture, and
● D. place should have a few characteristics and amenities such as newly founded industrial areas, large
housing settlements, and places of tourist importance and civic amenities.
● As a result of the new definition of ‘town’ was a reduction in the total number of towns in India
between 1951 and 1961. The 1961 basis was adopted in the 1971, 1981 and 1991 censuses too for
defining towns.

• Different strategies have had India after independence rapidly urbanizing and many cities, towns have come into
existence and everyday new areas are coming under the grasp of urbanization.
• Urbanization has been an engine of inclusive economic growth. Urban agglomerations propel economic growth by
bringing together interrelated industries in one geographical area, promoting positive externalities and reducing
transaction costs, leading to new vistas of opportunities, especially for rural migrates.
• With this urbanization India is also facing different challenges which are of diverse nature.
• The state of Telangana is one of the fast-urbanizing states in the country, along with the rapid economic
transformation.
• The urban centers have become epicenters for industrial and services-oriented business activity, robust transportation,
civic facilities and availability of skilled workforce.
• Hyderabad alone accounts for a lion’s share of the state’s urban population which has become a growth center for the
state.
• The city of Hyderabad is being recognised as a true cosmopolitan city for being an accommodating city despite the
existence of varied cultures.
• This greatness has resulted in the city hosting a number of national and international events.
• In addition, cities like Warangal, Nizamabad and Karimnagar are fast changing the urban landscape of the state. This
paper is an attempt to find out the challenges that this town is facing.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [20.1]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

• Telangana is the 29th state of India, where urban development is centered in and on Hyderabad. Over the last few
decades has eclipsed the growth of other small and medium towns in Telangana, leading to “intra-sub-regional
disparities”. This paper is an analysis in the context of the birth of the new state.
• It chronicles the developments over the last six decades in the field of urban development in Telangana.
• In the last 60 years, Hyderabad has grabbed all attention, and most growth centers identified have recorded little or no
growth. Hyderabad had a population of 12.51 lakhs in 1961.
• In the next four decades (1961-2001), Hyderabad emerged as one of the fastest-growing metros in India. Over two
decades 1991- 2011, the population growth rate of most of the 27 Telangana towns declined.
• Vijayapuri and Bellampally recorded a fall in population even in absolute terms. Sangareddy, Siddipet,
Mahbubnagar, and Zahirabad—towns within proximity of Hyderabad alone recorded some growth.
• Within Telangana, growth happened only in areas close to Hyderabad. For comprehensive planning and development
of Telangana, it is proposed alternative patterns of regional urban development for the future network of towns in the
state.
• Firstly, a Three Tier Pattern based on the concept of urban hierarchy.
• Secondly, the Multiple Urban-Industrial Nuclei Pattern of Development, and
• lastly, the Metropolitan Region, which was centered on the city of Hyderabad. It may be concluded within the
Telangana; Hyderabad Metropolitan region grew at the cost of smaller towns.
• Urbanization in Telangana refers to the process of rapid growth and expansion of urban areas, characterized by the
increasing concentration of population, economic activities, and infrastructure development in urban centers. Here's
an account of urbanization in Telangana:
1. Historical Context:
• Urbanization in Telangana has been influenced by various historical, geographical, and socio-economic factors. The
region has a rich history of urban settlements, including ancient cities such as Warangal, Hyderabad, and Karimnagar,
which served as centers of commerce, culture, and governance.
2. Population Growth:
• Telangana has experienced significant population growth in recent decades, driven by factors such as natural
increase, rural-urban migration, and the expansion of economic opportunities in urban areas. The population density
is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas, reflecting the trend of urbanization.
3. Expansion of Urban Centers:
• Urbanization in Telangana has led to the expansion and consolidation of urban centers, including the state capital
Hyderabad. Other major cities and towns in Telangana, such as Warangal, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, and Khammam,
have also witnessed rapid urban growth and development.
4. Infrastructure Development:
• Urbanization has spurred the development of infrastructure in Telangana's urban areas, including transportation
networks, housing, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, commercial complexes, and recreational spaces.
Investments in infrastructure aim to accommodate the growing urban population and enhance the quality of urban
living.
5. Economic Opportunities:
• Urbanization in Telangana has created new economic opportunities in sectors such as manufacturing, services, trade,
information technology, and real estate. Urban areas serve as hubs of economic activity, attracting investments,
skilled labor, and entrepreneurship.
6. Challenges:
• Despite its benefits, urbanization in Telangana also poses several challenges, including:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [20.2]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

Infrastructure Deficiencies:
• Rapid urbanization has strained existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as traffic congestion, inadequate water
supply, sanitation problems, and environmental degradation.
Housing Shortage:
• Urban areas in Telangana face a shortage of affordable housing, leading to the proliferation of informal settlements
and slums. Access to decent housing remains a challenge for many urban residents, particularly low-income groups.
Social Inequality:
• Urbanization has exacerbated social inequalities in Telangana, with disparities in access to education, healthcare,
employment opportunities, and basic services between different socio-economic groups.
Environmental Degradation:
• The rapid expansion of urban areas has resulted in environmental degradation, including air and water pollution, loss
of green spaces, and depletion of natural resources. Addressing environmental concerns is essential for sustainable
urban development.
7. Government Initiatives:
• The government of Telangana has initiated various policies and programs to address the challenges of urbanization
and promote sustainable urban development. These include investments in infrastructure, urban renewal projects,
housing schemes, slum redevelopment initiatives, and efforts to improve urban governance and planning.
• Overall, urbanization in Telangana is a complex phenomenon with both opportunities and challenges. Effective
planning, infrastructure development, and inclusive policies are essential for managing urban growth and ensuring
equitable and sustainable development in the state's urban areas.
Steps by government
• The Government of Telangana has undertaken various initiatives for strengthening the infrastructure and to make
cities and towns more inclusive.
1. The state government has initiated the ‘Telangana Municipal Development Project’ (TMDP) with an objective of
preparing the Master Plan for 20 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) with the financial assistance of the World Bank. The
preparation of GIS Base Maps for 37 ULBs in Phase-I and 22 ULBs in Phase-II are in process.
2. The government has initiated the Support to Urban Street Vendors (SUSV) scheme for identification, issue of ID
cards, vending certificates, financial inclusion, and social security for street vendors. Until now, 67,294 street vendors
have been identified, out of whom 63,361 have been issued identity cards. The survey has been completed in 66
ULBs.
3. With an objective to provide shelters for the urban homeless, the government initiated the Shelter for Urban
Homeless programme. Till now, 25 shelters are functioning in the state providing accommodation to 1,163 homeless
people. It is proposed to construct such shelters in 50 government hospitals for patient attendants and recovering
patients.
4. The Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas (MEPMA) has been actively involved in implementation
of poverty alleviation programmes through programmes like Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana--National Urban
Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM), employment through skills training and placement, self-employment
programmes, Vaddi Leni Runalu, (Loans without any interest) etc. Until 2017 end, 1.46 lakh SHGs were formed in
urban areas under the aegis of MEPMA. During the year 2017- 18, Rs. 716.41 crore were provided to 18,132 Self
Help Groups (SHGs).
5. In order to ensure that cities and towns in Telangana become totally clean, sanitized, healthy and livable for all
citizens, Swachh Telangana Vajrostavam was observed from 25 September to 2 October, 2014. The special focus of
the campaign was on hygienic and affordable sanitation for the urban poor and women. One of the key initiatives of
the Government of Telangana is to achieve 100 percent sanitation in urban areas. Massive public awareness through
an intensive campaign on cleanliness was conducted during the Swachh Telangana Vajrostavam.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [20.3]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

Spatial-Temporal Changes
• Spatio-temporal changes in urban areas in Telangana refer to the evolution and transformation of urban landscapes
over time, both in terms of spatial expansion and temporal dynamics.
• Here's an account of the spatio-temporal changes in urban areas in Telangana:
1. Historical Urban Centers:
• Telangana has a rich history of urban settlements dating back to ancient times. Cities like Hyderabad, Warangal, and
Karimnagar have been important urban centers for centuries, serving as political, economic, and cultural hubs.
2. Colonial Influence:
• During the colonial period, urbanization in Telangana was influenced by British colonial policies and administrative
structures. Cities like Hyderabad saw the development of colonial-era infrastructure, including railways, roads, and
administrative buildings.
3. Post-Independence Development:
• After independence, Telangana witnessed rapid urbanization, driven by factors such as population growth, rural-
urban migration, industrialization, and economic development. The government implemented various policies and
programs to promote urban growth and infrastructure development.
4. Spatial Expansion:
• Urban areas in Telangana have expanded spatially over time, with the outward growth of cities and towns into
surrounding rural areas. This expansion is characterized by the conversion of agricultural land into urban settlements,
the development of peri-urban areas, and the emergence of satellite towns.
5. Population Dynamics:
• The population of urban areas in Telangana has grown significantly over the years, fueled by natural increase and
migration. The influx of people from rural areas seeking better employment opportunities and amenities has
contributed to the demographic changes in urban areas.
6. Economic Transformation:
• Urban areas in Telangana have undergone significant economic transformation, with the transition from agrarian
economies to diversified urban economies. The growth of industries, services, trade, and commerce has reshaped the
economic landscape of urban areas.
7. Infrastructure Development:
• Spatio-temporal changes in urban areas are reflected in the development of infrastructure such as transportation
networks, housing, utilities, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and commercial complexes. Investments in
infrastructure aim to accommodate the growing urban population and support economic growth.
8. Environmental Impact:
• The expansion and development of urban areas in Telangana have had environmental implications, including
increased pressure on natural resources, habitat loss, air and water pollution, and degradation of ecosystems.
Sustainable urban planning and environmental management are essential to mitigate these impacts.
9. Future Challenges:
• Despite the progress made, urban areas in Telangana face several challenges, including congestion, inadequate
infrastructure, housing shortages, social inequality, environmental degradation, and governance issues. Addressing
these challenges requires comprehensive urban planning, investment in infrastructure, and inclusive policies that
promote sustainable urban development.
• Overall, the spatio-temporal changes in urban areas in Telangana reflect the dynamic nature of urbanization and its
impact on the socio-economic and environmental fabric of the state. Understanding these changes is essential for
informed decision-making and planning for sustainable urban development in the future.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [20.4]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

Urban growth and Migration

• Urban growth and migration play significant roles in shaping the urban landscape of Telangana.
• Here's an account of urban growth and migration in the state:
1. Population Growth:
• Telangana has experienced significant population growth over the years, driven by factors such as natural increase,
rural-urban migration, and the expansion of economic opportunities in urban areas. This population growth has
contributed to the expansion and development of urban centers in the state.
2. Rural-Urban Migration:
• Rural-urban migration is a major driver of urban growth in Telangana. People migrate from rural areas to urban
centers in search of better employment opportunities, improved living standards, access to education and healthcare,
and other amenities. The influx of migrants contributes to the demographic, social, and economic diversity of urban
areas.
3. Industrialization and Economic Opportunities:
• Urban areas in Telangana offer a range of economic opportunities, including employment in industries, services,
trade, and commerce. The growth of industries such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and
manufacturing has attracted migrants from both within the state and from other parts of the country.
4. Infrastructure Development:
• The government has invested in infrastructure development in urban areas to accommodate the growing population
and support economic growth. This includes the construction of roads, highways, public transportation systems,
housing complexes, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and commercial centers.
5. Housing and Real Estate:
• The demand for housing in urban areas has led to the expansion of residential areas and the development of new
housing projects. The real estate sector in Telangana has witnessed rapid growth, with the construction of apartments,
gated communities, and commercial complexes to cater to the housing needs of the growing urban population.
6. Social and Cultural Dynamics:
• Urbanization and migration have contributed to the social and cultural diversity of urban areas in Telangana.
Migrants bring with them their own languages, traditions, and customs, enriching the cultural fabric of urban centers.
However, migration also poses challenges related to social integration, identity, and cohesion.
7. Challenges:
• Urban growth and migration in Telangana also pose several challenges, including:
Infrastructure Deficiencies:
• Rapid urbanization strains existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as traffic congestion, inadequate water
supply, sanitation problems, and environmental degradation.
Housing Shortages:
• The influx of migrants creates a demand for affordable housing, leading to shortages and the proliferation of informal
settlements and slums in urban areas.
Social Inequality:
• Urbanization exacerbates social inequalities, with disparities in access to education, healthcare, employment
opportunities, and basic services between different socio-economic groups.
Environmental Impact:
• The expansion of urban areas has environmental implications, including air and water pollution, loss of green spaces,
and depletion of natural resources.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [20.5]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

8. Government Initiatives:
• The government of Telangana has implemented various policies and programs to address the challenges of urban
growth and migration, including investments in infrastructure, housing schemes, slum redevelopment initiatives, and
efforts to improve urban governance and planning.
• Overall, urban growth and migration are dynamic processes that shape the socio-economic and spatial characteristics
of urban areas in Telangana. Understanding these processes is essential for planning and managing sustainable urban
development in the state.
Practice Questions
Ques: Consider the following districts of Telangana
(i) Karimnagar,
(ii) Rajanna Sircilla,
(iii) Nizamabad,
(iv) Adilabad
(v) Warangal districts
Which of the districts given above witnessed widespread migration from Telangana?
(A) Only I and iv and v (B) Only I, ii, iv and v
(C) Only I, ii and iii (D) All the above

Mains Question
Ques: Analyze the Spatio-temporal changes caused by urbanization in Telangana.
The urban population in Telangana is rapidly increasing and it has surpassed the national average too.
Telangana has also shown a large population shift to the urban areas over the last 100 years. Urban
population in the state grew by 38.12% in the decade 2001 to 2011 as compared with 25.13% in the
preceding decade.
Spatio-temporal changes
Land cover analysis showed that there is an increase in non-vegetation categories like bare soil,
barren land etc. in Telangana. To understand the land use changes, especially to estimate the percentage
built-up area is a key metric to measure urban growth and sprawl.
There is a steep increase in the built up areas pertaining to Malakpet, Madapur, Bolarum,
Kukatpally, Cherlapally etc showing 93% increase during the period of 1989-99 and 319% increase
during the period of 1999-2009. Water bodies have also seen an alarming rate of decline from
3.75% to 1.84%.
The capital city of Hyderabad, which is entirely urban, accounts for over 29% of the state’s total
urban population (2011). Ranga reddy district which surrounds Hyderabad is the next highly urbanized
district in Telangana with 70% of urban population.
Presently, Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation alone contributes 20% urban population in the
state. Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation (GWMC) is another fast growing city and
contributes to 2% of the urban population in the state. The government proposed Outer ring road (ORR),
Textile Park and spreading IT sector in Warangal city.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [20.6]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

Since 1981 there has been a steady increase in urban population in Ranga reddy district. However the
saturation in Hyderabad metropolitan region is obvious during the same period.
The 3rd fastest growing urban population was seen in Adilabad while Warangal and Khammam grew at a
comparatively slower pace. Mahabubnagar district had the least share of urban population, i.e., about
15%. There are about 15 Class-I cities , 26 Class-II cities, 41 Class-III towns and 43 Class-IV towns.
In 1901, the Hyderabad city accounted for 66.7 % of telangana urban population. By 2001, the share of
the city had gradually increased to 75%. There were no medium towns in Telangana in 1901. In 2011, the
Hyderabad share of urban population was above 50%.
Growth of slums: unplanned urbanization has led to development of slums and squatter settlements.
Due to high concentration of population in Hyderabad the problems like traffic, congestion and urban
floods are increasing. Therefore the pressure on Hyderabad has to be reduced by developing counter
magnets like Warangal, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, etc can absorb the migrant population and lead to
balanced Urbanization.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [20.7]

 21 URBANIZATION IN TELANGANA

Hyderabad City
• Hyderabad, once known as Bhagyanagar' was estab- lished around A.D 1591 by Mohammad Quli-Quth- Shah the 5h
ruler ofQutb- Shahi dynasty. The city was established at eight (8) kilometers distance to the East of Golconda fort
and South of Musi River. Since then, the city of Hyderabad, witnessed the rule of subsequent rulers of Qutb- Shahis',
the Mughals and successive heirs of Asaf Jha reign till the accession of Hyderabad state into the independent Indian
Union in the year 1948.
• Hyderabad, also known as the City of Pearis'. functioned as the civil capital during the Qutb- Shahi Ruler. The city
had rich resemblances of survey- ing capital since from the tenure of Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II for Asaf Jahi
dynasty (1763 1948), through the independent Indian state of Hyderabad (1948 to 1956). to the erstwhile-state of
Andhra Pradesh (1956 to 2014) to the newly formed state of Telangana (Since 2014). The city, indeed, consists of
two cities in it, Hyderabad and its twin Secunderabad together known as twin cities,offer a fascinating panorama of
the past with richly blended geography that include physical, cultural, industrial and economic landscape with
historic-spatio-temporal changes spanning over 425 years.
Nomenclature of Hyderabad
• The nomenclature of the city attracts a wide ranging speculations as some believed the city was established by the
name of ruler s beloved wife, Bhagyamathi, some would argue that it is not Bhagynagar but to imply that the e city
of Bhags meaningt gardens. However the name Hyderabad', larly known at global level for its multifaceted of then
Qutb-Shahi was Bhagyanagar outlook.
Evolution of Hyderabad City
• Though the city of Hyderabad was formally es- tablished around A.D. 1591, during the reign of Outb-Shahis, the
historical city takes its origins in the famous Golconda fortress which, once was a citadel constructed by Kakatiya
rulers dur- ing 13th century'. Since then it has undergone various changes and developments in a distinct phase wise
manner while it transformed from a citadel to fortress town, from fortress to a walled city, modem city, Metropolis,
and finally as an emerging Global Mega City.

HYDERABAD GROWTH PHASES

• The historical growth phases of Hyderabad city, Characterized by distinct historical, political and administrative
changes, can be classified in to
SIX major phases
1. The Fort City of Golconda Phase/the Early Qutb- Shahi Phase (Extending from 13th Century to A.D. 1591)
2. The Later Qutub Shahi Phase/the Parly Twin Pity (Hvrleraharh Phase (A.D. 1 1591 to 1687)
3. The Tarly Asat Jahi Phase/The Second Twin City (Secunderabad) Phase (A.D. 1724 to 1874)
4. Emergence of Modern City/Later A saf Jahi Phase (A.D, 1874-1948)
5. The Pre-Economic Reforms Phase/ the Metropolitan Phase (A.D. 1948-1991)
6. The Post Globalisation Phase/Contemporary Megapolis Phase (From A.D. 1991 onwards)
KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [21.1]
Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

Fort City of Golconda Phase/ The Early Qutb-Shahi Phase (From 13" Century to A.D.1591)
• It is imperative to know about the origin and early history of fortress city. Golconda which paved the way for its
future form that is 'the City of Pearls'. Hyderabad. It was during the famous Kakatiya Emperor Ganapatideva's rule a
mud fort was built for the first time over a hill called 'Mankal' now known as Golconda, a towering granitic rock that
measures about 150-300 meters above the vale. Hence, in fact, the present cOsmopolitan city of Hyderabad started its
journey as a cita- del from 13mCentuiy of Medieval period in the Indian History.
• Later, during the reign of Mahmood Shah III (around A.D. 1463) the thirteenth king of the Bahmani dynasty (of
Ahmednagar), Baharul Turk of Hemadan, Sultan Quli was appointed to quell an internal struggle that erupted in
Telangana region and to govern the area from the fortress. During the rule of Mahmood Shah IV (around A.D. 1482)
Sultan Quli assumed as Amir of the Bahmani Empire and, was awarded with thẹ title of Qutb-ul-Mulk and the Jagir
of Golconda. In A.D. 1512 Qutb-ul-Mulk declared independence from the disintegrated & already weakened
Bahmani kingdom, started Qutb- Shahi rule, and made Golconda fort as capital city because of its defense strategic
location and it stood on the trade route from the port of Masulipatnam /of the eastern coast to Aurangabad, a great
military & trade center.
• By A.D. 1576, the fortress town became very congested and there was no scope for further expansion within its
expanse. Hence Nobles and higher officials started constructing their palaces on the banks of the river Musi.
Anticipating the future growth of the city eastwards or to the South of River Musi, Sultan Tbrahim Qutb-Shah has
laid a milestone in the history of Hyderabad when he had abridge (Purana Phul) constructed in A.D. 1573 over the
river where it flows to a narrow length and the bridge paved way for the future city of Hyderabad. Therefore this
phase may be also treated as pre-Hyderabad phase.
The Later Qutub Shahi Phase or the Early Twin City (Hyderabad) Phase (A.D.1512 -1687)
• Due to the remarkable increase of population within the walled city, to ease pressure on the fortress city (Golconda),
Mohammad Quli-Qutb-Shah, in A.D. 1591, laid the foundation for the city of Hyderabad, south of the River Musi.
The area at that time consisted of seven villages, the most well known among them was Chichlam.
• The city of Hyderabad was planned on a grid pattern with two main intersecting roads, 60 feet wide, running east-
west. north-south and the Charminar at their intersection. Construction of the Charminar was completed in 1591 A.D.
• Hussaini Álam, Daruslhifa and Sultan Shahi were the three densely populated areas or mohallas within the walled
city of Hyderabad. On the outskirts of the city the densely populated suburb was Karwan near Puranapool. Other
suburbs in the emerging stage were namely; Khairatabad. Naubat Pahad etc. Chief source of drinking water during
the rule of Qutub Shahi was Mir Jumla tank and Jalpally reservoir nearby Golconda fort. Water was supplied to the
city through underground earthen pipes.
• The growing splendor and prosperity of Hyderabad city was brought to a grinding halt by the Mughal invasion in
A.D. 1683. The Mughal army plundered the city ofHyderabad and razed most of its palaces to the ground. The Sultan
and his nobles were forced to take shelter in Golconda fort and The rule of Qutub Shahi dynasty came to an end in
the year 1687A.D.
The Transitional Phase (A.D. 1687-1724)
• With the end of the Great Qutb-Shahis era Hyderabad city had undergone a darkphase in its history as the importance
of Hyderabad declined and the city fell into partial ruins. This period, between A.D. 1687 and 1724. has been termed
as a transitional phase because it was marked by political instability and there was no developmental activity within
the city of Hyderabad except for the building of parts of the city wall from Chaderghat to Dabirpura gate demarcating
boundaries of Hyderabad city. The Golconda kingdom that was conquered by Aurangazeb was merged into his
Mughal Empire and" made Aurangabad as capital for the newly accessioned Deccan Subha. This lean phase
continued with the establishment of the Asaf Jahi dynasty in the Deccan region.
The Early Asaf Jahi Phase/ The Second Twin City (Secunderabad) Phase (A.D. 1724 to 1874)
KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [21.2]
Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

• By 1761, the Mughal empire existed in name only due to its vulnerabilities that allowed local powers to become
independent. Despite this, the Mughal emperor retained symbolic authority and was seen as a source of political
legitimacy.
• The newly formed states did not openly challenge the emperor's authority but instead sought his approval to validate
their rule. The rise of these states during the eighteenth century marked a shift rather than the downfall of the political
structure. It reflected a decentralization of power rather than a power vacuum or political disorder.
• Nizam-ul-Mulk, bearing the title ofA Asaf Jah established his own kingdom in A.D. 1724 thereby started the rule of
Asaf Jahi dynasty also known as Nizams which lasted till the Police Action (by Indian Union) in 1948. The Asaf Jahi
dynasty ruled Deccan areas or the Nizam dominions of the princely state of Hyderabad for around 215 years (A.D.
1724 to 1948). Under the phenomenal Nizams ruled Hyderabad forged a remarkable progress that the fortress city
had been transformed into a modern city first, and then the stage was set for the next phase of metropolis. During the
reign of Nizams the city was developed in key aspects impor- tantly; the Infrastructure, Trade & Commerce, Culture,
Planning, and Administration etc.
• The period between A.D. 1724 and 1763, was labeled as Inhibition period' in the history of Hyderabad because it was
one of the great economic stress, and due to the retention of Aurangabad as capital city during the rule of Nizam-ul-
MulkAsaf Jah I. This forced many wealthy feudal landholders to leave Hyderabad and to migrate to the then capital
city, Aurangabad.
• The succession of Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah in A.D. 1763 started the glorious period of Accelerated growth for
Hyderabad city (A.D. 1763-1798) who shifted his headquarters from Aurangabad to Hyderabad. This was one of the
historical, landmark decisions pertaining to the Hyderabad with which tho city took a re-birth as 'the-chief city of
Deccan region" after a lapse of about seventy six years. As a result nobles of the court and their retainers also
returned to Hyderabad from Aurangabad, commerce and land revenue were remarkably increased which, in return,
greatly stimulated urban growth in Hyderabad city.
• Till A.D. 1761, the city had only four bazaars and one grand bazaar called Chowk. but by A.D. 1798 there were
twelve bazaars, three grand bazaars and a large wholesale business center of Begum Bazaar. From A.D. 1770-98,
Hyderabad city regained its past glory and political stature.
• Though Hyderabad city's major axis of growth ran in the East-West direction, by the end of 18h century the main
road North of Charminar or present Afzalgunj road emerged as an important business Street New settlements also
came up in the mohallas like Darushifa, Moghalpura. Hussaini Alam, Shaalıbanda, etc., and small villages and
hamlets appeared around Yakutpura, Uppuuuda, Jahanuma and Asaf-nagar.
• The Nizams subsidiary alliance treaty with British East India Company in A.D. 1798 and construction of British
Residency on the northern banks of river Musi, in A.D. 1806, had two major effects on the growth of Hyderabad city.
First, it led to the formation of Secunderabad; secondly, it ushered in the 2d twin city growth of residential areas on
the Northern bank of the river Musi and hence it changed the axis of city's after the then Nizam. Sikandar Jah,
because of its military functions and business opportunities, growth towards the Northern direction, The British
cantonment was namcd as Secunderabad in A.D. 1806 Secunderabad drew large numbers of people from surrounding
areas, leading to a compact settlement called the General Bazaar.
• Secunderabad being a British cantonment, developed a cultural pattern quite distinct from that of the St. John's
Church and St. Mary's cathedral dominated its urban profile. The center of native settlement was the Hindu Mahakali
temple.
• A grain market was constructed on the north of river Musi known as Afzal gunj. Till A.D. 1869 there was scarcely
yabuilding between the places of Afzalgunj -Begum Bazaar, and Nampally and the area was full of paddy fields. The
introduction of the railway in A.D. 1874 led to the increase in the built up area with settlements extending towards
Nampally. The increasing built up area within the walled city of Hyderabad and, the urban sprawl in the northern half
of the city because of the Residency and the Secunderabad cantonment.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [21.3]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

Emergence of Modern City/Later Asaf Jahi Phase (A.D. 1874-1948)

• The Hyderabad city growth phase from the commencement of the Railways in 1874 to till the accession of
Hyderabad into Indian Union in A.D. 1948 may be termed as the Emergence of Modern City/Later Asaf Jahi Phase.
• With the advent of railways, urban growth was oriented towards the railway stations, goods yards, associated
warehouse areas and industrial regions. Rapid extension of settlements north of the river occurred around Begum
Bazaar. Chaderghat and the Residency bazaar.
• The location of another railway station at Kachiguda led to the establishment of localities such as Kachiguda.
Nimbolika Adda, Barkatpura and Chappal Bazaar. New colonies came up at Amberpet, Adikmet and Malakpet.
• The continued urban growth persuaded the ruler to take a number of steps. A department of Municipal and Road
maintenance had already been formed in A.D. 1869 with a Municipal Commissioner as its head. The city water
works' scheme for filtered water from Mir Alam tank was prepared in A.D. 1888 thus. In 1889 a Hyderabad Water
Works Department was also formed. In the year 1896. The Chaderghat Municipality was separately constituted
because of its enhanced large built up area with which the Smith city assumed two distinct titles, Andrun' and
'Babrun' i.e., inside and outside the city wall.
• Such were the conditions in Hyderabad which suddenly changed its course when disastrous floods in the river Musi,
in A.D. 1908, severely affected parts of the city near the river banks. The floods, consequently hastened the
stagnation in the walled city.
• The devastation caused by floods also made the ruler (Nizam) to realize the pitfalls of unplanned growth. A planning
body called City Improvement Board was Setup in A.D 1912 to look after the problem of city development. This
planning body worked under the able guidance of Sir M. Vishveshwarayya, an eminent engineer from Mysore.
• The Board controlled the grant of building permits on main roads and in areas where improvement schemes were to
be undertaken. As a post-flood measure, rebuilding was prohibited within a certain distance of the river. This project
achieved the twin purpose of not only beautifying the river front but also removing chances of such a disaster from
occurring ever again. The river was dammed at two locations to tame river water; one in the year 1917/(Osman Sagar
Lake), and the other one in 1927 (Himayat Sagar Lake). These lakes have helped not only in taming the river but
were the sole source for supply of drinking water to twin cities.
• The introduction of suburban train services in the year 1928 and the suburban bus services in 1932 helped to further
unite the cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad into one great conurbation and also saved the southern half of the
city from disintegration and depopulation. Although the intra-city bus and train services saved the southern half from
depopulation, it did not result in any industrial growth or any economic function being centered there, as it (walled
city) remained essentially a residential area for all classes of people.
• The most important political event that had a tremendous effect on the growth of the city, especially the Southern half
of the city, was the Police Action launched by the Government of India in September, 1948. to liberate the state of
Hyderabad from the Nizam's control and integrate it with the Indian Union. This event was preceded by other related
events which played a role in the instability and economic depres- sion. The partition of India (in A.D. 1947) and the
communal riots in northern India saw a mass exodus of Muslim population into Hyderabad State, especially its
capital.
• Operation Polo in 1948 marked a significant shift in the history of the Hyderabad Kingdom. The Nizam of
Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan, governed a largely Hindu populace as a Muslim ruler.
• Tensions between Hyderabad and the Republic of India increased, resulting in Indian military intervention. The
Indian government viewed the Nizam's hesitation to integrate with India as a threat to national sovereignty, leading to
the launch of Operation Polo in September 1948.
• Indian forces swiftly defeated Hyderabad's military, incorporating the state into India and terminating the Nizam's
reign. Various factors, including religious divisions, delayed decision-making, and the termination of British
alliances, contributed to Hyderabad's decline.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [21.4]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

• Today, Hyderabad stands as a prominent city, serving as the capital of Telangana, renowned for its technology,
commerce, and rich cultural heritage.
• Hyderabad city population increased from 448,466 in the year 190l to 739, 1 59 in 1941. Hyderabad popula- tion,
during the period (1901-1941), increased at a very less pace. As the Nizam's state ofHyderabad was predominantly an
agrarian state could attract few people from the rural areas that manifested in the low urban growth of Hyderabad.
The second decade of the 20h century (1911- 1921) witnessed a negative growth (-19,21 %) in the city, which can be
observed even at all India levels, during the same period. With the development of modem transportation, education
and business services in the city, urban growth started to increase from the 4th decade of 20th century (1931 -1941),
in which the city witnessed a remarkable 58% of growth in population.
The Pre-Economic Reforms Phase/Metropolitan Phase (1948-1991)
• After a short period of time under the statehood of Hyderabad, the take-off to Metropolitan phase for Hyderabad city
started with the formation of the State of (erstwhile) Andhra Pradesh, in A.D. 1956. In fact it was during this phase
Hyderabad city crossed the 1 million mark (in A.D, 195l) and, thus, started a new era of Metropolitan phase for the
city.
• Many Indian premier public enterprises, during this period, BHEL, NMDC, HMT, BEL, IDPL, ECIL, DRDO and
HAL were established in Hyderabad, changing the economical pattern of the city from a traditional manufacturing to
a cosmopolitan industrial service sector.
• The industrial estate of Sanathnagar which had come up in 1940 but was almost deserted by 1955 was rejuvenated
and together with Musheerabad, became two main industrial nuclei of large and medium industries of die twin cities.
This industrial sector has grown enormously and, during this period, these were four distinct clusters of large and
medium scale industrial units in Hyderabad. They were;
a. The Azamabad Industrial Area, the oldest in the city.
b. The Balanagar-Sanath Nagar- Kukatpally industrial cluster which had a variety of industrial and consumer units like
refrigerators, pharmaceutical products, machine components, soft drinks, etc, the important ones being Allwyn,
H.M.T., LD.PL., H.A.L. and others
c. The Moula-Ali-Nacharam-Uppal industrial area had important industrial units like the EC Warner Hindustan
Limited, N.EC., etc.
d. The Ramachandrapuram - Patancheru Industrial cluster which had B.H.E.L. (one of the biggest public sector units
located in Hyderabad), I.C.R.LS.A.L., etc.
The Chandulal Baradari industrial estate did come up in 1963 in the southern half, outside Fateh Darwaza. But this
industrial estate consisted mostly of small scale industries and only a few medium scale indus- tries manufacturing
steel & metal sheets, chemicals & pigments, utility articles, etc., could employ only a few hundred people.
The municipal corporation boundary (erstwhile MCH limits) of twin cities, by the year 1991, covered an area of
194.25 km. The traditional trend of Hyderabad city growth either in East-West or South-North was changed to four
new directions towards;
i. The North- West i.e., from the Sanath Nagar-Balanagar-Kukatpally area towards Ramachandrapuram Patancheru
industrial nucleus.

i. The North-East i.e., from Bolarum to Moula Ali and Nacharam.

ii. The South-East i.e., from Dilsukhnagar to Hayathnagar along the Vijayawada highway. iv. The South-West i.e.,
towards Rajendranagar
• Apart from IT industry, Pharmaceutical industry, which largely concentrated in the North-Western part of the city,
also enhanced its economic share and soon became the prime region in India for pharmaceuticals production and
exports. With the inflow of investment into software development projects and IT enabled Services (ITES), the allied

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [21.5]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

industries such as the Hotel, Transport, Construction, Communication, Tourism and Modem Services also caught the
momentum which ignited the real estate boom in Hyderabad city.
• Later on (after 2004-05), the erstwhile state administrators also made some significant efforts in the aspect Of city
administration and infrastructure development. It was during this period the GHMC (in 2007), a governing body of
Hyderabad in place of erstwhile MCH, and HMDA (in 2008), a planning body replacing erstwhile HUDA, were
constituted. Construction of Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) near Shamshabad, towards the South of the
city was completed in 2008. Some of the mega Infrastructure projects in and around Hyderabad such as Jawaharlal
Nehru Outer Ring Road (JN-ORR), Sri P.V. Narasimha Expressway (PVNREW) was undertaken. Numerous Special
Economic Zones (SEZs) also were consti- tuted in and around Hyderabad which also played a key role on the city's
economy as well asPost Globalization phase/Global Megapolis Phase (A.D. 1991 onwards)
• With a landmark decision to bring economic reforms in India, which saw major economic policy shifts towards
Liberalization, Privatisation and Globalization formulated during the period directly or indirectly. Transforming
Hyderabad into a global city. As a result of new policy of economic globalization, Hyderabad received maximum
benefit which in turn, restructured the total shape of the city both in terms of its economy and urban structure.
• Administrators of the erstwhile A.P. state grabbed the opportunity at early stages, and realized Hyderabad as an
alternative destination, after Bengaluru for Information Technology (IT) industry. Hyderabad's modern replica, Cyber
towers (the first phase of HITEC City) at Madhapur, one of the major IT clusters of India, was inaugurated with a
foundation stone laid, in A.D, 1991. Development of transport infrastructure, espe- cially Inner Ring Road (TRR)
well supported with flyovers at various locations, significantly contributed for the growth of the city.
• morphology The Special Economic Zones (SEZS) which were intended for providing required infrastructure along
with sizeable land space and tax incentives for the Manufacturing Corporates to set up their units in a particu- lar area
also have their part on the city in a number of ways.
• Hyderabad UA population which stood at 43,44,437 in the year 1991 increased to 57,42,036 in 2001 with a growth
rate of 32% and, by the year 201 l it further increased to 77,49,334, with a decadal growth rate of35 percent. It
implies, though there was an increase during 2001-11, the urban growth rate of the city reached its stabilization stage
and current trend suggest the pace of urban growth in and around Hyderabad is in sync with the national standard
urban growth rate which stood at 31 % as per 2011 census.
• With an increase of I3.97.599 populations from 1991 to 2001 the city attracted population mainly into the
surrounding outgrowth areas of 1991, making them densely populated.
• Hyderabad has seen a huge urban population increase during 2001 -11 in which 20,07,298 persons were added (the
highest throughout the census history of Hyderabad),
• After a long gap, the southern part of the city could significantly extend its geographical limits during the period
(2001-11) which witnessed stagnation during previous phases, significantly growing especially along the National
highway, NH-44. This may be largely attributed to the newly established international airport (2007) at Shamshabad
which lies towards the south of the city and also due to the newly allotted industrial corridor in this region extending
in the areas of Maheshwaram, Shamshabad, Kothur, Adibatla etc. The growth rate between 2001 and 2011 also hint
at traces of new expansion of the city Growth beyond GHMC boundaries i.e., in the rest ofHyderabad Metropolitan
Development Authority (HMDA) areas.
• It is estimated that the projected population ofHyderabad Metropolitan area crossed 10 million (ferore) mark in 2014
and Hyderabad UA would increase its population to 12 crores by the year 2030 which also indicates the stage was set
for Megapolis or Mega City' phase for Hyderabad.
• The newly formed Telangana state government took no time to review the progress of Hyderabad city as it already
announced the government's policy and vision for making Hyderabad a top class global city. The actions taken in this
regards by the new government are at various stages of their implementation that include,

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [21.6]

Telangana Geography Urbanization In Telangana

1. Development of Transport infrastructure - expansion of Metro Rail networks in Twin cities (first phase nearly
completed), construction of multi-level flyovers/sky way/transit corridors (at planning stage) around Hyderabad to
ease traffic pressure and smooth flow of vehicles in the city.
2. Development of Industrial Infrastructure - with a global vision, to match the needs of world & domes- tic markets,
the T.S. government has introduced a unique industrial policy which offers an online single window system (T-
iPASS) for the investors

3. Effective Monitoring and Policing - a visionary urban policing system was already introduced with provision of high
tech/speed vehicles to the city police of Hyderabad. A never before surveillance with 1 lakh CC cameras is being
implemented for which a central command station in the mammoth multi-storeyed twin towers, at Banjara Hills, is
under construction.
4. Supply of Electricity on Continuous Basis- for decades under erstwhile A.P. administration, supply of electricity to
the city both for residential and industrial sector, had been a big problem which often resulted in factory lock-outs
during the peak demand hours. This situation was completely changed .Genius Publications within one year under the
new T. S. government. Now, since 2015, the city is being supplied with electricity for both the sectors on a
continuous basis.
5. Supply of Safe Drinking Water- one of the major problems of Hyderabad, prior to formation of Telangana, was
provision of drinking water on continuous basis. The new government has already started ample measures to provide
drinking water for twin cities on a daily basis for which water from Godavari and Krishna rivers is being brought in a
phase wise manner.
6. Development of Green Infrastructure - in addition to the already existing green infrastructure that includes City Level
Parks, Colony, Parks, Theme Parks, Central & Road Medians- developed under various urban authorities of
Hyderabad viz., MCH(erstwhile), GHMC, HMDA etc. The state govern- ment undertook massive tree plantation
programs, to raise the standards of city environment, through Haritha Haram' and Green Curtain' programs through
which 50 lakh seedlings are to be planted and around 1000 Km² of green cover to be developed in Hyderabad
metropolitan area.
Governance and Demographics in Hyderabad
• Hyderabad city may be studied on a variety of urban categories and at present there are at least three such urban
bodies pertaining to the city, viz., the Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration (HUA), Greater Hyderabad Municipal
Corporation (GHMC) and Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA).



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [21.7]

22 PRIMACY OF HYDERABAD IN
TELANGANA STATE

Primacy of Hyderabad in Telangana State

• A city with rich history and magnificent olden structures is slowly becoming host to some of the most modern
buildings, a blend of both the bygone kingdoms and the new corporate revolution. To boost Hyderabad’s
development, the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Chandrababu Naidu successfully bid for the National
Games in 2002 and the Afro Asian games in 2003, along with a strong bid to create a Formula One circuit in the
state. These endeavors led to the development of efficient sports infrastructure in Hyderabad. The Indian School of
Business (ISB) and IIT were also established in a similar endeavor to boost modern education.
Telangana at a Glance
● Hyderabad (Urban) District in its present shape has come into existence in August, 1978 consequent
on formation of a new District, Ranga Reddy from the erstwhile Hyderabad District. All the rural areas
of erst-while Hyderabad District have been included in Ranga Reddy District, while thearea of
Muncipal Corporation of Hyderabad (Exclding a small part), Secunderabad Cantonment, Lalaguda and
Osmania University are included in Hyderabad District. There are 64 villages in the District and they
are grouped into erstwhile talukas, Viz., Charminar, Golconda, Musheerabad and Secunderabad.
● Hyderabad is the capital of one of the most techno savvy state in India,Telangana. The previous name
of this city was Bagyanagaram.This city is also called the ‘city of pearls’ because of the major dealing
of pearls that is done from this part of the state. Hyderabad was founded in 1591 and planned as a grid
with the Charminar at its centre. It has now grown well beyond the confines of the original walled
city,to include a new town north of the Musi river, the Military Cantonment at Secunderabad and a
burgeoning high-tech Estate, nicknamed “Cyberabad”.
● The State capital being in this District, it is highly developed in all aspects. With a view to bringing up
the administration to the door steps of the people to solve their problems upliftment of the people, the
Government as a policy took a decision to restructure the Lower level administrative set-up in the state
consequently, Revenue Mandal were setup.
● Hyderabad District is a city-district in the state of Telangana which includes a part of the metropolitan
capital city area of Hyderabad. It is the smallest in terms of area, among all the districts in the state,
but has the highest human density.
● Old MCH area, which forms the central region of Hyderabad city falls under this district. Hyderabad
district was formed initially in the year 1948 followed by Police Action by merging the Atraf-a-Balda
District and Baghat Districts. In the year 1978, Hyderabad district was later split into Hyderabad
Urban District and Hyderabad Rural. Currently, Hyderabad Urban district is known as the Hyderabad
district.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [22.1]

Telangana Geography Primacy Of Hyderabad In Telangana State

● Hyderabad district occupies an area of approximately 217 square kilometers. According to the 2011
census the population of this district was 3,943,323. Hyderabad is known as the City of Pearls, as it
had once flourished as a global center for trade of rare diamonds, emeralds as well as natural pearls.
● Mecca Masjid, Charminar, Golconda fort, QutubShahi tombs, Paigah tombs are some of the historic
structures. There are many other structures like Falaknuma Palace, Chowmohalla Palace,
TaramatiBaradari etc., which are quite famous attracting tourists from all over. Birla Mandir,
Jagannath temple, Salarjung Museum, Mahankali temple, Hussain Sagar lake, Mir Alam Tank, Nehru
Zoological park, KBR park , Mrugavani National Park, are some of the other major tourist attractions.
Geography:
● Area: 217 Sq Km.
● Altitude: 536 Meters.
● Climate: Tropical Wet and Dry.
● Summer: Max 40 C and Min 22 C.
● Winter: Max 22C and Min 13.8C.
● Rainfall: 89cm (June to Sept).
● Best Season: June to February .
● STD Code: 040
● State: Telangana.
● Currency: The unit of currency in Hyderabad is the ‘Rupee’.
● Attractions: Char Minar, Golconda Fort, Qutbshahi Tomb, Mecca Masjid, Osmania University and
HITEC City.
● Languages Spoken: Urdu, Hindi, Telugu and English.
● Tipping: Tipping is usually 10% to 15% of the charge.
● Airport: The airport at Shamshabad, 22Km south of the Hyderabad city.
● Electricity: 220v, 50Hz.
● Religion: About 50% of the population consists of Muslims; there are Hindus and Sikhs also.
● Exports: Software, Basmati rice and spices, medical transcription and oil exports.
● Industries: Electrical fans, cooling systems, software industries, jewelers, pharmaceuticals and
automotive industries.

• Originally, Hyderabad hosted two colleges affiliated with the University of Madras. In 1918, the Nizam established
Osmania University, which has since become one of India's premier universities. The University of Hyderabad was
founded in 1974, alongside an agricultural university and various advanced research and training institutes.
Additionally, several non-governmental institutions, including the American Studies Research Centre (established in
1964 and later integrated into the Osmania University Centre for International Programmes in 2006), are located in
Hyderabad.
• Hyderabad boasts numerous public and private cultural organizations supported by the state, such as academies
focused on drama, literature, and fine arts. The Ravindra Bharati public auditorium serves as a venue for dance and
music festivals. The city is home to several notable museums, including the Salar Jung Museum (established in
1951), renowned for its exceptional collection of rare artifacts like jade, jewelry, paintings, and furniture.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [22.2]

Telangana Geography Primacy Of Hyderabad In Telangana State

• Public gardens are primary recreational spots in Hyderabad, while parks and the vast parade grounds in
Secunderabad offer spaces for leisure and play. Popular picnic destinations include the zoological gardens and the
botanical gardens affiliated with the university. Hyderabad is celebrated for its football (soccer) and cricket, with a
dedicated racecourse also present in the city.
• The resulting urban agglomeration now has an area of over eight hundred square kilometers and consists of
Hyderabad and other municipalities surrounding it. The city population is expected to exceed one hundred and thirty
six lakhs in 2021. As development picked up pace at the end of the nineties, the old city declined and the newer
peripheral regions started to gain prominence. By 2001, the city was the sixth largest urban agglomeration in India;
and during the last decade it registered a growth of 32%.
• Developed land on the outskirts of Hyderabad has been utilized for large scale development just outside the
Cybercity. The city itself is on its way to become the leader in e-governance. It has been predicted about Hyderabad
that it would become a leading information-based society in the next two decades. Rapid industrialisation has led to
the increase in land prices while simultaneously driving the demand for infrastructure development. Commercial
growth, therefore, has been concentrated in the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad area while the metropolis has
experienced pressure in residential growth. As workers prefer proximity to the workplace, their daily commute has
resulted in the improvement of the road networks as well.

Transformation from historical to modern cosmopolitan Megapolis

Growth of the IT Sector
• Ever since the 1990s, Andhra Pradesh had been promoting itself as a world class IT location and Hyderabad City, as
a result, has managed to attract investment from companies such as IBM, Oracle and Microsoft. The Hyderabad
Technology Park has seen hundreds of IT companies registering themselves as soon as spaces are available.
• The first IT tower in Hyderabad, known as Intergraph, was established in Begumpet in 1986.
• N. Chandrababu Naidu spearheaded the initiation of the Software Industry in Hyderabad in 1995.
• HITEC City, also called Cyberabad, was developed in collaboration with Larsen & Toubro under Naidu's leadership.
• Naidu coined the slogans "Bye Bye Bangalore" and "Hello Hyderabad" during his tenure, aiming to attract
international companies like Microsoft, CA Technologies, and Deloitte.
• Naidu successfully persuaded Bill Gates to establish a Microsoft development center in Hyderabad, the first such
center set up by Microsoft outside the USA.
• Naidu focused on bringing biotechnology companies to Hyderabad and established Genome Valley, a high-tech park
launched in 1999 through a public-private partnership.
• The infrastructure for an international airport and an outer ring road was planned under Naidu's leadership.
• D. E. Shaw & Co. became the first multinational company to open its office in Hyderabad in 1996.
• The objective of this elaborate promotional program has been to attract the right number of companies which together
would form a critical mass for the city to develop as a high tech city which would rub shoulders with Silicon Valley
and Malaysia’s MultiMedia Super Corridor.
• During the nineties, several initiatives were taken up by the state government towards promotion of the IT sector.
These included setting up of IT training institutes, initiatives in e-governance, development of a Hi-Tech city and
promoting the Software Technology Park as a preferred destination for private sector companies.
• Steps were then taken even further to allow the development of a Hardware Park, creation of a Knowledge Park, and
establishment of a financial district. The state government started tapping resources to invest in the biotechnology
sector and, as a first step towards making the region specialized, a Biotech Park was introduced.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [22.3]

Telangana Geography Primacy Of Hyderabad In Telangana State

The Tourism Thrust

• Having understood the vast potential of the biotech sector, the Government of Telangana has started to focus on
tourism. The city is being promoted aggressively to Indians and non-Indians alike and is touted to become a major
tourist destination owing to its location and traditional resources.
• The government intends it to become a major transit hub between Europe and the Far East. According to the tourism
policy of the state, Andhra Pradesh was predicted to “be a leading tourism destination in India attracting over 2.5
million international tourists and around 70 million domestic tourists” by 2020.
• The present state government plans to achieve this goal by building upon the inherent strengths of the state and
developing high quality tourist infrastructure.
Ongoing Infrastructure Development
• In the aid of industrial development, the city of Hyderabad has also started to develop infrastructure to support it. The
infrastructure development is being focused on all important areas including roads, flyovers and cityscape, and
improving water supply. Since 2007, eight major projects have been completed in the Hyderabad development plan.
• These include the completion of flyovers at Rajiv Gandhi Circle, Green Lands Junction and Chandrayanagutta. The
water supply has further been enhanced by the diversion of Krishna water to Secunderabad, construction of additional
storage facilities and completion of Krishna Drinking Water Supply Project Phase II.
Development of Supporting Infrastructure
• To accommodate increased traffic and population inflow, the state government has taken many steps to improve
infrastructure.
• The Infrastructure Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Limited (INCAP) was set up in 2005 to oversee the development
of Andhra Pradesh as a whole.
• The state government had a 40% stake in it and it had been established to oversee the development of airports, roads,
buildings, medical health and all urban infrastructures in a phased manner.
• The Government of Telangana has initiated the development of the Hyderabad Growth Corridor Limited, aiming at
the “beautification of traffic islands on Outer Ring Road Project” in Hyderabad City.
• Once fully developed, this project will render Hyderabad one of the most modern cities in terms of infrastructure.
• Where connectivity is concerned, one of the notable projects is the Nehru Outer Ring Road or ORR of Hyderabad,
which is an eight-lane ring road expressway with a perimeter of one hundred and fifty eight kilometers. It connects
Hi-Tech City, Nanakramguda Financial district, Hyderabad International Airport, Knowledge Park, Hardware Park,
Games Village, Singapore Financial District and State Police Academy. The road has been designed to allow vehicles
to travel at higher speeds and has vastly improved connectivity and reduced traffic congestion in the arterial roads of
the Greater Hyderabad Region. Plans to improve the Inner Ring Road are in place and they would decongest the
traffic even further. The longest flyover in the country is currently constructed to allow high speed access to the
airport.
• The Hyderabad Urban Development Authority is pushing the city to become the next Silicon Valley. The State
Government of Telangana, and the Government of Andhra Pradesh before it, have put in remarkable efforts to
develop the city’s existing infrastructure. The govt. has planned considerable growth of the Greater Hyderabad region
and is set to leave Pune and Bangalore far behind in a few years. With eyes both on environmental protection and
development, the government is juggling its way past one hurdle after another. If plans are adhered to, Hyderabad is
set to become the next big industrial phenomenon of the country.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [22.4]

Telangana Geography Primacy Of Hyderabad In Telangana State

HYDERABAD AS A GLOBAL CITY

• The city of Hyderabad, founded in the year 1591 by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, offers a fascinating panorama of
the past, with a rich mix of cultural and historical traditions spanning over 400 years. It is one of the fastest-growing
cities of India and emerged as a strong industrial, commercial and technology center, and at the same time it gives
glimpses of past splendor and the legacy of its old history.
• Hyderabad is also known as the City of Pearls and one of the IT power hubs of the country. The city is known for
world-class educational institutions, hospitals, a highly skilled workforce, historical monuments, ancient religious
places, museums, art galleries, cinema halls, concert venues, convention centers, restaurants, shopping centers, sports
facilities, amusement facilities, organized events, parks, green areas, etc. Hyderabad has now become one of the
global IT centers in the world, with the presence of a large number of Multinational Companies (MNCs) such as
Google, Microsoft, TCS, etc., and is emerging as the pharma capital of India. The city is also known as an
educational and medical hub, with the presence of reputed institutions, engineering colleges and affordable hospital
networks.
• This paradigm of development has opened up investment, employment and livelihood opportunities to people across
the country. This city has an efficient and reliable physical infrastructure with a strong public transport network like
the Hyderabad Metro, Outer Ring Road (ORR) and a large fleet of Green Buses. The growth and development of
Hyderabad as a global city is contributing significantly to the prosperity of the State and to the overall economy of
the country.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [22.5]

23 ORR, METRO, GHMC, HUDA

Outer Ring Road

• The Outer Ring Road, officially as, Jawaharlal Nehru Outer Ring Road and abbreviated as, O.R.R., is a 158-
kilometer (98 mi), eight-lane ring road expressway encircling Hyderabad, capital of the Indian state of Telangana.
The expressway is designed for speeds up to 100 kilometers per hour (62 mph), which later increased to 120
kilometers per hour (75 mph).
• A large part, 124 kilometers (77 mi) (covering urban nodes viz. Hi- Tech city, Nanakramguda Financial District,
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, IKP Knowledge park, Hardware Park, Telangana State Police Academy,
Singapore Financial District, and Games village) of the 158 kilometers (98 mi) was opened by December 2012.
• It gives easy connectivity between NH 44, NH 65, NH 161, NH 765 and NH 163 from Hyderabad to Vijayawada and
Warangal as well as state highways leading to VikarabadNagarjuna Sagar and Karimnagar /Mancherial.
• The Outer Ring Road also helps in reducing the travel time from Rajiv Gandhi International Airport to cities like
Nizamabad & Adilabad as it connects to NH44. The expressway is fenced and 33 radial roads connect it with the
Inner Ring Road,and the upcoming Regional Ring Road.
• Initially this project was taken up by HUDA (Hyderabad Urban Development Authority), through its internal funding
without political intervention of the state government. In December 2022, Government of Telangana Planned to
monetise the outer ring road through the toll-operate-transfer (TOT) model and generate revenues and called for
tenders.
Land acquisition
• The First Phase land required was 750 acres (3.0 km2), out of which the private land acquired was 500 acres (2.0
km2). The land required for Second Phase is about 5,500 acres (22 km2), of which the Govt. land is about 1,000 acres
(4.0 km2). The estimated Cost of Acquisition was ₹250 Crores.
Traffic studies

• The traffic studies on NH 44 and NH 65 concluded that a four- or six-lane road is due. The traffic movement on the
existing inner ring road proved that the existing four-lane road was inadequate.
• Due to the anticipated growth in the region and the development of proposed satellite townships around the ring road
and beyond, an eight-lane carriageway was planned with a design life of 20 years.
• The conclusion was to develop a highway with access control that provides highway grade separations or
interchanges for all intersecting highways.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [23.1]

Telangana Geography Orr, Metro, Ghmc, Huda

• Once it had been decided to develop the route as an expressway, all intersecting highways should be terminated,
rerouted or provided with a grade separation.
• The proposed corridor was access-controlled and limited access was to be provided at National Highway/SHI Major
road crossings. A two-lane service road designed to carry two-way traffic, was proposed on both sides of the corridor.
• Low level underpasses were to be provided for connecting both the service roads at every 1–2 kilometers (0.62–1.24
mi), where the terrain permits.
Cycling track
• The Government of Telangana is constructing a 23-kilometer-long (14 mi) cycle track on the Outer Ring Road
(ORR) between the main carriageway and service road.
• The foundation stone was laid by the Minister for Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MAUD) K. T.
Rama Rao in September 2022.
• The cycle track is 8.5 kilometers (5.3 mi) long from Nanakramguda Junction to the Telangana State Police Academy
(TSPA) and 14.50 kilometers (9.01 mi) from Narsingi to Kollur covered with solar panel rooftops along the stretch
with a capacity of 16 MW.
• The width of the cycle track is 4.5 meters with one-meter green space on either side.
• The cycle track is the improved version of the South Korean model, which provides more facilities like lighting,
protection from rain, parking and other amenities such as food stalls.
• A team of officials from HMDA and HGCL had visited South Korea and studied the Cycle Track Project between
Daejeon and Sejong.
Hyderabad Metro
• Citizen mobility plays an important role in the development of a metropolis and Hyderabad is no exception.
Hyderabad Metro Rail (HMR) is an initiative to meet the growing needs of transportation in Hyderabad.
• Based on the Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS), the Metro Rail Project will reduce traffic congestion across
Hyderabad, lower pollution levels and improve the ‘livability index’ of Hyderabad.
• This ambitious Project was awarded to Larsen & Toubro (L&T).
• A special purpose vehicle, L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Limited (LTMRHL), was incorporated as “the
concessionaire” to enter into an agreement with the then Government of Andhra Pradesh on 4th September, 2010, for
implementation of the Project under Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT) basis.
• A dazzling example of an efficient public transport system, HMR is a marvel of modern engineering that will add a
new dimension to the city of Hyderabad.
• Hyderabad Metro Rail (HMR) is the world’s largest Public-Private Partnership (PPP) project in the Metro rail sector.
• Metro rail and other forms of Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS) are emerging as prominent infrastructure
requirements offering a viable solution to the transportation woes that accompany urban expansion.
• Hyderabad Metro Rail (HMR) Project is an integrated urban transport development project with intermodal
connectivity and convenient sky walks that will mark the beginning of an era of seamless commuting across
Hyderabad.
The Hyderabad Metro Rail Network will cover a total distance of around 69.2 Km across three corridors:
• Corridor I : Miyapur to LB Nagar
• Corridor II : JBS to MGBS
• Corridor III : Nagole to Raidurgam
Green Metro
• Hyderabad Metro Rail (HMR) is a ‘green’ transportation system which will reduce carbon footprint through efficient
power consumption, rainwater harvesting and other processes.
• Every time you ride with us, you contribute to the development of an eco-friendly environment.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [23.2]

Telangana Geography Orr, Metro, Ghmc, Huda

•
• Some of the positive aspects of the ‘green’ Metro project are listed below:
• Rain water harvesting in our premises for charging ground water. One hundred thousand liters of water per day is
recycled by us.
• It is estimated that ten thousand tons of CO2 will be eliminated from the environment as people adopt Metro rail as
their preferred mode of transportation. This is also expected to reduce two hundred tons of volatile organic
compounds from the environment, including twelve tons of particulate matter.
• Innovative rolling stock used in HMR Project is expected to reduce five thousand tons of CO2 equivalent from the
surrounding. Five million dollars of additional environmental damage costs due to emissions of harmful gasses is
estimated to be eliminated.
• Solar energy project will further make Metro rail an eco-friendly mode of transport.
• More than thousand trees, in and around Metro rail depots, will add to the natural ambience and also improve the
landscape. An estimated one ton of waste paper per year is recycled and reused by us, which saves approximately
twenty three trees in a year.
• Eco-friendly chemicals are used in house-keeping and maintaining artworks at Metro stations to ensure minimum
energy consumption.

SOME WELFARE INITIATIVES OF GHMC

• There are two government organizations working towards strengthening of existing infrastructure and expanding to
its outgrowths, viz, Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) and Hyderabad Metropolitan Development
Authority (HMDA). Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation was formed in 2007 by merging the surrounding 12
municipalities with the existing Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad area. Presently, GHMC is spread over an area
of 625 sq. kms and spread over in four districts, i.e., Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Medchal-Malkajgiri and a part of
Sangareddy.
• The HMDA was formed in 2008 and it has an area of 7,257 sq. km under its purview. The HMDA’s jurisdiction
covers seven districts, 70 mandals and 1,032 villages, including Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation consisting
of 175 villages and 12 municipalities / Nagar panchayats consisting of 31 villages, and the remaining 826 villages
under jurisdiction of the HMDA.
• The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority was set up for the purpose of planning, coordination,
supervising, promoting and securing the planned development of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Region. It coordinates
the developmental activities of the municipal corporations, municipalities and other local authorities, the Hyderabad
Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, the Telangana Transmission Corporation, the Telangana Industrial
Infrastructure Corporation, the Telangana State Road Transport Corporation, and other such bodies.
Annapurna Meals:
• To provide hygienic and safe food to the poor and the downtrodden, the GHMC started an Annapurna Meals scheme.
• Under the scheme, a meal with a menu consisting of 400 gr. rice, 100 gr. dal, 100 gr. curry and one spoonful of pickle
is provided at Rs. 5/-. At present 150 such Annapurna Meals centers have been identified and shortlisted from high-
density labor addas (centrers) and urban poor locations.
• Presently, about 40,000 persons are getting meals once a day – for which the GHMC collects Rs. 5/- from each
beneficiary and Rs. 24.25 is borne by the GHMC. The scheme is in partnership with the ‘Hare Krishna Mission
Charitable Foundation’.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [23.3]

Telangana Geography Orr, Metro, Ghmc, Huda

Rehabilitation of Beggars:
• It is a Joint Action Team formed with the Traffic Police Department, UCD staff and the volunteers of Amma Nanna
Ananda Ashramam, where 42 child beggars and 59 adult beggars have been rescued and sheltered at Amma Nanna
Anada Ashramam, Choutuppal for about a month and reunited with their families.
• From 13th December 2017, 1,204 females and 2,317 males, altogether 3,521 beggars, have been rescued and 3,260
persons are reunited with their families and 261 persons are being sheltered at Ananda Ashram.
Swachh Dooths:
• The Self-Help Group (SHG) members with good communication skills have been designated as Swachh Dooths and
positioned to spread awareness about Swachh Hyderabad through door-to-door visits towards effective
implementation of solid waste management.
• Till 12th December 2017 the Swachh Dooths facilitated 9,32,520 households towards segregation of waste at the
doorstep. (iv) Aasara: The GHMC has taken up a new initiative named Aasara, a welfare programme for senior
citizens, with a view to extend services, to facilitate forming sustainable organizations to meet their needs, to face
challenges and to create a platform.
• The senior citizens are provided with aids and appliances, medical camps are organized and day care centers are
established to meet their recreational needs.
Vikasam:
• The GHMC has established a separate cell called Vikasam to provide support and welfare to persons with disabilities
(PWDs) through distributing aids and appliances, free surgery camps and supporting the PWDs to form SHGs and to
avail financial benefits through banks towards better livelihoods and better standards of living.

KEY PROJECTS TARGETED TOWARDS HYDERABAD CITY INFRASTRUCTURE:

• Strategic Road Development Plan (SRDP):
• To provide excellent transport facilities, the Strategic Road Development Plan (SRDP) has been taken up as a high-
priority project, which comprises skyways, major corridors, major roads and grade separators/fly overs, at a cost of
Rs. 25,000 crores.
• For providing continuous traffic movement, the SRDP provides a conflict-free road network which minimizes travel
time, increases the average journey speed and also reduces the air pollution levels.
• Other infrastructural development related to junction improvements, Fly Over Bridges (FOBs), Road Under Bridges
(RUBs), fish markets, sports complexes, swimming pools and stadia are being constructed at various places.
Conservation and protection of prioritized lakes in HMDA area
• HMDA has taken up initiatives towards conservation and protection of prioritized lakes in the HMDA area. A survey
on 3,132 lakes is being carried out for fixing the Full Tank Levels (FTLs) boundaries by fixing the coordinates
latitude- longitude. So far, a survey has been completed in respect of 2,546 lakes.
Development of Musi River Front Development
• The Musi River Conservation and River Front Development at Uppal Bhagat is being developed by the government.
• The layout is fully developed in all respects with roads, external drainage, water-supply distribution, network,
electrification, avenue plantation, etc.
• An area of 9.50 acres on the eastern side of Uppal Bhagath, abutting the Musi River, was identified for development
of Shilparamam.
Inter City Bus Terminal at Miyapur:
• The bus terminal will provide one-stop integrated facilities to passengers, public and private bus operators and their
staff.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [23.4]

Telangana Geography Orr, Metro, Ghmc, Huda

• The state-of-the-art Inter City Bus Terminal (ICBT) at Miyapur, Hyderabad, has been initiated on a public-private
partnership (PPP) basis, which will also cater to interstate bus services with better infrastructure and modern facilities
for commuters and bus operators.
Hussain Sagar Lake and Catchment Area Improvement Project
• The project has been taken up in partnership with JICA ODA with a loan of 7729 million Japanese Yen (equivalent
Rs. 310 crore) and Rs. 60 crores from the state government, with an objective to improve the quality of lake water by
preventing entry of pollutants, removal of nutrient rich sediments, etc.
Development of Eco-Park at Kothwalguda:
• The government has proposed to develop an Eco-park at Kothwalguda near Himayat Sagar, in an area of 85 acres.
• The salient features of the park are an aquatic bird park, aviary, butterfly park, amphitheater, rural huts, sculpture
park and mountain biking tracks, with landscape and greenery.
Safety and security:
• The government has increased the safety and security of Hyderabad through various initiatives. It has acquired
modernized vehicles which maintain round-the-clock surveillance in the city.
• Under the CCTV project, CCTV cameras were installed in various public places and connected with the Command
and Control Centre.
• ‘SHE Teams’ have been introduced with an objective to provide safety and security to women and to make
Hyderabad a safe and smart city.
• Hyderabad Metro Rail is a rapid mode of transportation system for the city of Hyderabad. This commuting system
follows the Secant Operational model. Inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi, the first phase of the project is being
conceived and controlled completely on public-private partnership (PPP) pattern, with the state government holding a
minority equity stake. The 30-km long stretch of this metro rail is sure to ease congestion on roads and is expected to
cost nearly Rs 15,000 crores. The 30 km-long first phase of the metro, which will run between Miyapur and Nagole,
was launched by the Prime Minister at Miyapur station. Built by L&T and Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited, the project
is said to be the country’s biggest public private partnership.

CONCLUSION:
• Telangana has carried out tremendous work on several areas to manage its urbanization and strengthen physical,
economic, and social infrastructure to make urbanization sustainable and inclusive. Initiatives of the government are
targeted towards both to facilitate the growth and to make urbanization more inclusive. Policies are targeted to
disperse economic activities such as development of IT incubation centers in Warangal, Khammam, Karimnagar,
Nizamabad. The Government is developing towns and other urban centers based on their inherent strengths. Heritage
and cultural towns like Vemulawada and Yadadri are being developed to tap their potential. Similarly, other towns
and cities are being promoted as economic growth centers.
• Hyderabad city and its surrounding urban agglomerations are, together, the main growth center in the state. Apart
from existing IT and ITeS sectors, pharma, engineering and diverse new areas of economic activity are thriving in the
city. The initiatives of the T-Hub and RICH (Research and Innovation Circles around Hyderabad) have made the city
a place for start-ups and a city of ideas. Availability of excellent infrastructure and civic amenities in Hyderabad are
attracting skilled workforce from within and outside the country. Commencement of the Hyderabad Metro Rail
Project is a stellar example of the government’s efforts to ease urban commuting problems on an everlasting
permanent basis.
• The government has taken up a number of initiatives to make cities and towns clean through the Swachh Telangana
programme. Hyderabad is well connected by road, rail and air transportation and has best-quality and affordable
accommodation, eating establishments, shopping and other hospitality services. Existence of such diverse tourist

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [23.5]

Telangana Geography Orr, Metro, Ghmc, Huda

attractions, along with tourist support services, in one city provides an opportunity to transform Hyderabad into a
global city of tourism.
Mains Question
Transit Oriented Development and Retail are currently blooming in India. Just like airports, metro stations
are becoming new transit retail destinations. Explain how the Hyderabad Metro is shaping the development
of Hyderabad.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is an intrinsic part of the Metro Rail Hyderabad project. Built along the metro
rail corridors with vibrant urban spaces integrated with a high-quality transit system, Metro Rail Hyderabad’s TOD
enhances the quality of life and triggers robust economic activity.
Hyderabad Metro Rail Network covers a total distance of around 69.2 km with 57 stations across three corridors:
Corridor I: Miyapur to LB Nagar
Corridor II: JBS to MGBS
Corridor III: Nagole to Raidurgam
Hyderabad Metro and Transit Oriented Development
Encompassing 18.5 million sq. ft., plus parking, across multiple locations, it will change the landscape of the city
through its infrastructure development. This is a huge umbrella having everything from office space to shopping
malls and infotainment, and will be adjacent or near the metro stations.
Advantages of Transit Oriented Development
Saves customers’ travel-time and gives them ease of travel
More customers to the business with increased footfalls and reduced incentive to sprawl.
Increased incentive for compact development
Enhanced ability to maintain economic competitiveness
Operational cost arbitrage for companies and employment destination that benefits from excellent connectivity.
Development Strategy and Value Proposition
The different types of development at P&C sites and depots include various, commercial space verticals including
IT/ ITES offices, commercial office spaces, non-IT corporate offices, hospitals, malls – luxury, premium, wedding,
jewellery, outlet, etc., high street retail, leisure and entertainment, hotels and service apartments as well as other
exclusive ‘Built To Suit’ (BTS) commercial spaces.
The TOD has inherent advantages by virtue of the location and proximity to the metro rail services.
Connectivity to fastest mode of transportation in Hyderabad brings in increased footfall, creating an edge over
other developments.
Metro stations as retail destinations:
These stations are destination stations with electronic stores and entertainment themes. There are 57 stations of
which 3 are interchange stations: Ameerpet, MGBS and Parade Grounds, and 4 special stations: Hi-Tech City,
Punjagutta, Musarambagh and Irrum Manzil.
L&T Metro Hyderabad has 4 malls in Hyderabad: Next Galleria, Punjagutta; e-Galleria, HITEC City; Next
Galleria, Musarambagh; and Next Premia, Irrum Manzil.
Next Galleria, Panjagutta
 Retail Catchment: Ameerpet, Punjagutta, Somajiguda, Ameerpet, Begumpet, Somajiguda, Punjagutta and Srinagar
Colony.
 Anchor Stores: Shoppers Stop, Big Bazaar, Trends, Project Eve, etc.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [23.6]

Telangana Geography Orr, Metro, Ghmc, Huda

E-galleria, Hitech city

 Retail Catchment: Cyberabad, Madhapur, Gachibowli, Kondapur, Manikonda, Nanakramguda and Shamshabad
 Anchor Stores: Max Trends, PVR etc
Next Galleria, Panjagutta
 Retail Catchment: Malakpet, Dilsukhnagar, Musaramabagh and Kothapet
 Anchor Stores: Decathlon, Lifestyle etc.
Next Premia, Irrum Manzil
 Retail Catchment: Ministers Colony, Somajiguda, Khairatabad, Jubilee Hills and Banjara Hill
 Anchor Stores: Decathlon, Lifestyle, Trends, etc.

Thus, Hyderabad Metro not only providing a Pollution free and comfortable public transportation system but
also contributing significantly to the development and employment.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [23.7]

24 HYDERABAD AS A TOURIST CENTER
AND GLOBAL CITY

Heritage structures of Hyderabad

Mecca Masjid
• Makkah Masjid or Mecca Masjid, is a congregational mosque in Hyderabad, India. It is the largest mosque in the
city, and one of the largest mosques in the country, with a capacity of 10,000 people. The mosque was built during
the 17th century, and is a state-protected monument. It serves as the primary mosque for the Old City of
Hyderabad,and is located close to the historic landmarks of Charminar, Chowmahalla Palace and Laad Bazaar.
• Muhammad Qutb Shah, the sixth ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, commissioned bricks to be made from the soil
brought from Mecca, the holiest site of Islam, and used them in the construction of the central arch of the mosque,
thus giving the mosque its name.
• The complex was put by UNESCO on its "tentative list" to become a World Heritage Site in 2014, with others in the
region, under the name Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate (despite there being a number of different
sultanates)

Hyderabad Culture
The culture of Hyderabad is a diverse one. Not only does it have an amalgamation of different cultures, Hyderabad
boasts of a rich cultural heritage too. Being ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty, it came to be known as the “city of
Nizams”. As this dynasty crumpled, the Mughals took over and brought about a sea change in the cultural outlook
of the people. Today Hyderabad flourishes in its rich cultural history.

The contemporary world sees this city as a blend of unique cultures with a touch of modern lifestyle. In general,
Hyderabadi people are regarded as very friendly and hospitable. As a matter of fact, generosity is the other name of
the Hyderabadis. They take immense pleasure and pride in conversing in their local, characteristic and vibrant
Hyderabadi language, which is a mix of Urdu, Hindi, and Telugu. The Hyderabadi Urdu is more like the city’s
vernacular of Hindi language. It thrives in a world of its own. Like the Mumbai ‘tapori’ language, Hyderabadi lingo
too has its own dissimilar resonance and flavour. It is more assorted as it has its own dialects in different parts of the

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [24.1]

Telangana Geography Hyderabad As A Tourist Center And Global City

city. If the actual Hyderabadi has a manifestation of Urdu language and is archetypal to the old city, the new city
has a fair mix of English and Telugu to it. In Secunderabad Cantonment region, there is a typical Tamil touch to it,
due to the proximity of Tamil Nadu to it.
You will find a very surprising element in these people. They wear the latest branded stuff, flaunt attitude and drink
gallons of beer in the most happening bar. But when it comes to culture, no one can beat them nor question their
traditional beliefs. You will find the most pretty women wearing shorts and tank-tops one day and at a temple in a
nice traditional saree the other day! So be prepared to contact the blend of tradition and modernity in the unique city
of Hyderabad.

Charminar
• The Charminar is a monument located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Constructed in 1591, the landmark is a
symbol of Hyderabad and officially incorporated in the emblem of Telangana.
• The Charminar's long history includes the existence of a mosque on its top floor for more than 425 years. While both
historically and religiously significant, it is also known for its popular and busy local markets surrounding the
structure, and has become one of the most frequented tourist attractions in Hyderabad.
• Charminar is also a site of numerous festival celebrations, such as Eid-ul-adha and Eid al-Fitr,as it is adjacent to the
city's main mosque, the Makkah Masjid.
• The Charminar is situated on the east bank of Musi River.To the west lies the Laad Bazaar, and to the southwest lies
the richly ornamented Makkah Masjid.It is listed as an archaeological and architectural treasure on the official list of
monuments prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India.
• The English name is a translation and combination of the Urdu words chār and minar or meenar, translating to "Four
Pillars"; the towers are ornate minarets attached and supported by four grand arches.
High Court
• The High Court stands on the south bank of the River Musi. This is one of the finest buildings in the city, built in red
and white stones in Saracenic style, by Nizam VII Mir Osman Ali Khan the ruler of the princely state of Hyderabad.
• The plan of the High Court was drawn up by Shankar Lal of Jaipur and the local engineer who executed the design
was Mehar Ali Fazil. Its chief engineer was Nawab Khan Bahadur Mirza Akbar Baig. The construction started on 15
April 1915 and was completed on 31 March 1919. On 20 April 1920, the High Court building was inaugurated by the
seventh Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan.
• While digging the foundation for the High Court, ruins of the Qutb Shahi Palaces, namely Hina Mahal and Nadi
Mahal were unearthed. The High Court looks beautiful and impressive from the Naya Pul Bridge at sunset.
• After its construction, a silver model of the High Court with a silver key was presented to the Nizam VII Mir Osman
Ali Khan by the Judiciary during the Silver Jubilee Celebrations in 1936. The facsimile of the buildings was perfectly
carved in a thick sheet of silver weighing about 300 kg. The model is now in the Nizam's Museum in Purani Haveli.
• The main building of the High Court was constructed in the year 1919 by the then Nizam's Government
accommodating six judges besides accommodation for the office staff, record rooms, and Advocates' Hall.
• Nizamia Observatory
• Nizamia observatory is an optical observatory built by Nawab Zafar Jung Bahadur member of the House of Paigah
and Amir of the Khurshid Jahi estate and established by Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI - the 6th Nizam of Kingdom
of Hyderabad in 1901. It participated in the Carte du Ciel making 463,542 observations. It boasted of an 8" Cooke
Astrograph and a 15" Grubb refractor telescope.
FESTIVALS
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the
fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [24.2]

Telangana Geography Hyderabad As A Tourist Center And Global City

Indian subcontinent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu. This migration resulted in
a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a co-existence
of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted. A further consequence of this north-
south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana.

The mixing of religions has also resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh
Chaturthi ( Khairtabad Ganesh is one of the tallest Lord Ganesh Idol installed at Khairtabad, Hyderabad, India
), Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims. Traditional Hyderabadi
garb also reveals a mix of Muslim and South Asian influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta– paijama
and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez. Muslim women also commonly wear burqas and
hijabs in public. In addition to the traditional Indian and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western
cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths.

• It was founded by Nawab Zafar Yar JungBahadur, a rich Nobleman member of the Paigah Nobility and an
astronomer and the Amir of the Khursheed Jahi Paigah in Hyderabad in 1901 when he bought a 6-inch telescope
from England. He installed it in Phisal Banda Palace, Hyderabad (Now Deccan Medical College and Owaisi
Hospital).
• He requested that it be called Nizamiah Observatory after the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Mahboob Ali Khan.
Bahadur died in 1907 and requested that Nizam's Government take over the Observatory. In accordance with his
wishes, the administration of the Observatory was taken over by the Finance Department of the Nizam Government
in 1908.
Hyderabad State Bank
• The bank was the central bank of the erstwhile Nizam state under the name Hyderabad State Bank. It was established
on 8 August 1941 under the Hyderabad State Bank Act, during the reign of the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman
Ali Khan.
• The bank managed the Osmania Sicca, the currency of Hyderabad state, which covered the present-day Telangana,
some districts later known as Hyderabad-Karnataka of Karnataka and Marathwada of Maharashtra. (At the time a
number of the princely states had their own currencies.) The bank also carried out commercial banking.
• The bank opened its first branch at Gunfoundry, Hyderabad on 5 April 1942. The Imperial Bank of India, which had
established a branch in Hyderabad in 1868 and another in Secunderabad in 1906, provided officers and clerical staff
in the initial stages, and later provided training for new recruits.
• The first secretary of Hyderabad State Bank was Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari, son of Sir Akbar Hydari. The
gunfoundry building was designed by Mohammad Fayazuddin, an alumnus of Architectural Association School of
Architecture, London.
Osmania University
• Osmania University is a collegiate public state university located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Mir Osman Ali
Khan, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad, issued a firman calling for its creation on 29 August 1917.
• It is the third oldest university in southern India, and the first to be established in the erstwhile Kingdom of
Hyderabad.
• It was the first Indian university to use Urdu as a language of instruction,although with English as a compulsory
subject. As of 2012, the university hosts 3,700 international students from more than 80 nations.
• Osmania is one of the largest university systems in the world with over 300,000 students on its campuses and
affiliated colleges.
• The Osmania Medical College was once a part of the Osmania University System.
• However, it is now under the supervision of Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [24.3]

Telangana Geography Hyderabad As A Tourist Center And Global City

Darul Shifa
• Dar-ul-Shifa is one part of the Old City of Hyderabad, India,named after the 16th-century hospital it once housed.
• The location was founded in AD 1591, more than 400 years ago, by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, the founder of
Hyderabad city.
• Today it houses a large population of Shia Muslims and comes alive on the days of Muharram and Shia festivals.
• Most of the households have family members settled abroad, and whose remittances increase the quality of life.
• In Arabic, and derived from it in Urdu, Turkish and Persian, dar al-shifa means "house of health", i.e. "hospital".
• The name of the location is derived from the fact that initially the area was popularly known for its hospital. Dar-ul-
Shifa Hospital and Jama Masjid were built in the same period as the Charminar monument-cum-mosque and the huge
Makkah Masjid (Mecca Mosque).
• Geographically, Dar-ul-Shifa lies in the south of Hyderabad city, on the banks of River Musi. It lies under the
Charminar Assembly Constituency. Historically it is one of the old urban areas of Hyderabad; now it is part of the
Old City of Hyderabad.
Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad
• The Jagannath Temple in Hyderabad, India,Telangana, is a modern temple built by the Odia community of the city of
Hyderabad dedicated to the Hindu God Jagannath.
• The temple located near Banjara hills Road no.12 (twelve) in Hyderabad is famous for its annual Rath Yatra festival
attended by thousands of devotees.
• Jagannath means Lord of the Universe.
• The temple which was constructed during 2009 recently lies in the Center of Hyderabad City.
• It is said that this is a replica of the original Jagannath Temple of Puri (Odisha) in context of design. The most
attractive portion of this temple is its "Shikhara" (the peak/top) measuring around 70 feet in height.
ARTS
Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010,
showcasing the city’s literary and cultural creativity. Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature
include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of
Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary
development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in
the state which was established in 1891, and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra
Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram. South Indian music and dances
such as the Kuchipudi and Kathakali styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture
policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams, and it
was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with Tawaif
(courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture and were appointed to
teach singing, poetry and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy. This gave rise to certain styles of
court music, dance and poetry. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as film music, the
residents of Hyderabad play city-based Marfa music, dholak ke geet (household songs based on local
Folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events. The state government
organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance
Festival to further encourage the development of music.
Films in the local Hyderabadi dialect are also produced and have been gaining popularity since 2005.The city
has also hosted international film festivals such as the International Children’s Film Festival and the
Hyderabad International Film Festival In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the
world’s largest film studio

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [24.4]

Telangana Geography Hyderabad As A Tourist Center And Global City

• The red color of the temple is due to the usage of sandstone (around 600 tonnes were brought from Odisha which is
being used to build this whole architecture) and around 60 stone carvers got the blessing to carve this temple.
• There are shrines dedicated to Lakshmi, along with Shiva, Ganesh, Hanuman and Navagrahas. The amorous
sculptures are also found outside the temple to ward off evil spirits. The sanctum sanctorum houses Lord Jagannath
along with his siblings, Lord Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra.
Raymond's tomb
• Raymond's tomb is the tomb of Michel Joachim Marie Raymond, a French general in the army of 2nd Nizam - Nizam
Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II.
• The tomb, located in Hyderabad, India is a black granite tombstone, conical, about 7 meters high and it has the
initials JR on it. The pavilion was built by the Nizam and collapsed in October 2001 in heavy rain.
Rashtrapati Nilayam
• Rashtrapati Nilayam (literally the "President's House") formerly known as Residency House is the official winter
retreat of the President of India located in Hyderabad, Telangana.
• Rashtrapati Nilayam was officially opened to the public in March 2023, allowing visitors to explore its vast grounds,
thematic gardens, and architectural marvels.
• The President stays here for at least two weeks during their winter sojourn visit and conducts official business.
• It is also used as a guest house for visiting dignitaries. It is located in Bollaram in Secunderabad, a neighborhood of
Hyderabad.
• Originally called the Residency House, it was constructed in 1860 by Nizam Nazir-ud-Dowla.It became the country
house of the British Resident at Secunderabad. After the Hyderabad state's integration into the Indian Union (Read
Operation Polo) in 1948, it became the President's retreat and used as the Southern Sojourn.
• The decision to open the estate to the general public marked a significant step in making India's presidential history
more accessible and engaging for a wider audience.
Salarjung Museum
• The Salar Jung Museum is an art museum located at Dar-ul-Shifa, on the southern bank of the Musi River in the city
of Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
• It is one of the notable National Museums of India.
• Originally a private art collection of the Salar Jung family, it was endowed to the nation after the death of Salar Jung
III.
• It was inaugurated on 16 December 1951.
• It has a collection of sculptures, paintings, carvings, textiles, manuscripts, ceramics, metallic artifacts, carpets, clocks,
and furniture from Japan, China, Burma, Nepal, India, Persia, Egypt, Europe, and North America.
• It is one of the largest museums in the world.
Handicrafts
The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani
painting. Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques
and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. Significant use of luminous
gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style. The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th
century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and
mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery.
Cuisine Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and theskilled use of
various spices. Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem, with their blend of Mughlai and Arab
cuisines,have become iconic dishes of India. Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughlai and to some
extent by French, Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines. Other popular native

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [24.5]

Telangana Geography Hyderabad As A Tourist Center And Global City

dishes include nihari, chakna, baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu
ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).

Telangana State Archaeological Museum

• Telangana State Archaeology Museum or Hyderabad Museum is a museum located in Hyderabad, India. It is the
oldest museum in Hyderabad.
• Archaeologist Henry Cousens first explored the site in the beginning of the 19th century, and around 1940 the mound
was excavated under the supervision of Nizam of Hyderabad.
• The excavated items were placed in a museum built on the ancient site. In 1952, the museum's contents were moved
to the current building, under the administrative control of the Archaeological Survey of India.
• In 1930, (Nizam VII) Mir Osman Ali Khan, who wanted to preserve Hyderabad's state's heritage, had named the
museum as Hyderabad Museum.
• It was named as Andhra Pradesh State Archaeology Museum in 1960.
• In 2008, a sword belonging to the Nizam and other artifacts were stolen from the museum.
• After the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in 2014, the museum was renamed Telangana State
Archeology Museum.

PALACES IN HYDERABAD
Purani Haveli Palace
• Purani Haveli, also known as Masarrat Mahal palace, is a palace located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was the
official residence of the Nizam. It was also known as Haveli Khadeem, which means old mansion, was constructed
for Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III by his father Ali Khan Bahadur, Asaf Jah II.
• The second Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Nizam Ali Khan had taken over this from Rukunudhaulah of the Momin
dynasty, in 1717. The main building is a symbol of 18th-century European architecture.
• His successor Sikander Jah lived here for some time and later shifted to Chowmahalla Palace. Due to this, these
buildings are called Purani Haveli.
• In this building complex, Ayina Khaana madam (Mirror House) and Chini Khaana (Chinese Glass House) were
constructed.
• The sixth and seventh Nizams were born at this palace, and did spend a part of their life at this palace.
• Now the South Zone Deputy Commissioner of Police (Hyderabad) and South Zone Task Force Police Addl DCP
offices are being functioned here.
Falaknuma Palace
• Falaknuma is a palace in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It originally belonged to the Paigah family, and was later
owned by the Nizam of Hyderabad.
• It is on a hillock and covers a 13-hectare (32-acre) area in Falaknuma, 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) from Charminar.
• Built by Nawab Sir Viqar-ul-Umra, Prime Minister of Hyderabad and the uncle & brother-in-law of the sixth Nizam.
Falak-numa means "Like the Sky" or "Mirror of Sky" in Urdu.
• In 2000, Taj Hotels started renovating and restoring the palace. The renovated hotel was opened in November 2010.
Chowmahalla Palace
• Chowmahalla Palace or Chowmahallat is the palace of the Nizams of Hyderabad State located in Hyderabad,
Telangana, India.

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [24.6]

Telangana Geography Hyderabad As A Tourist Center And Global City

• It was the seat of power of the Asaf Jahi dynasty (1720-1948) and was the official residence of the Nizams of
Hyderabad during their reign.
• Presently the palace is converted into a museum but the ownership still lies with the family.
• The palace is constructed at the location of earlier existing palaces of the Qutb Shahi Dynasty and Asaf Jahi Dynasty
close to the Charminar. Construction of the palace as it stands today was started by Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II in
1769.
• He ordered to build four palaces from which the nomenclature of Chau Mahalla was acquired.The word chār or
chahār, and its variation chow, means "four" and the word mahal means "palace" in Urdu, Hindi and Persian.
• While Salabat Jung initiated its construction in 1750, it was completed by the period of Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V
between 1857 and 1869.
• The palace is unique for its style and elegance. Construction of the palace began in the late 18th century and over the
decades a synthesis of many architectural styles and influences emerged.
• The palace consists of two courtyards as well as the grand Khilwat (the Darbar Hall), fountains and gardens.
• The palace originally covered 45 acres (180,000 m2), but only 12 acres (49,000 m2) remain today.
Bella Vista
• Bella Vista is a royal palace of the Nizam during the existence of Hyderabad State, now located in Hyderabad,
Telangana, India.It is an Indo-European building standing on a 10-acre (40,000 m2) verdant campus.
• The building's French architect named it Bella Vista, meaning beautiful sight, since it overlooks the Hussain sagar
lake. It is located in the Saifabad suburb and is modeled on the Henley-on-Thames of England.
• Muslehuddin Mohammed, bar-at-law, became Chief Justice of the High Court of Hyderabad and was given the title
Hakim-ud-Dowla. He constructed the palace as his residence in 1905.
• He lived there from 1905 to 1914 when he fell victim to plague at the age of 57. On his death in 1916, the family
decided to sell the palace.
• The last Nizam purchased it, along with furniture, for Rs 60,000 in 1917.
• It was in this palace that the elder son of the Seventh Nizam-Mir Osman Ali Khan who was heir apparent to the
throne of Hyderabad - Prince of Berar, Azam Jah lived with his wife, Princess Durru Shehvar.
Mains Question
Ques: Estimate the prospects of the city of Hyderabad as a tourist center.

Ans: Hyderabad is the capital and largest city of Telangana. It was ruled by the Qutub Shahis, Mughals and the Nizams
which shaped its history. The city is noted for its monuments which include the masterpiece of Charminar and the
fort of Golconda. There are a multitude of masjids, temples, churches and bazaars in the city.

The tourism industry forms an important role in the economy of Hyderabad. Tourism-related fairs are held
regularly. In March 2012, The Indian Union Tourism Ministry declared Hyderabad as the first ever "Best Heritage
City of India".

Hyderabad was the World's third best city to visit in 2013, according to Lonely Planet. In 2011 the city was ranked
nineteenth in the world by The New York Times in The list of 41 Places to Go in 2011, the only Indian City in the
list.
Hyderabad is known as the City of Pearls, due to the presence of pearls trading industry—until the 18th century the
city was the only global trade center of large diamonds. Many traditional and historical bazaars are located in the
city. The Laad Bazaar and nearby markets have shops that sell pearls, diamonds and other traditional ware and
cultural antiques.

Monuments:

KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [24.7]

Telangana Geography Hyderabad As A Tourist Center And Global City

 Charminar - This square shaped structure with a height of 56 m and breadth of 30 m was constructed in 1591. It was
built by Sultan Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah in the honor of his wife Bhagmati. Also referred to as the ‘Arc de
Triomphe of the East’, Charminar is adorned with four towers in each corner.
 Golkonda fort - Its impressive structure has majestic walls which are as high as 15 to 18 feet and a parameter of
close to 11 km. Along with brilliant architecture, this fort also captivates its visitors with its system of acoustics, its
water supply system, 'Rahban' cannon and Ramdas’ prison which has carved Hindu deity in it.
 Falaknuma Palace - Spread across an area of 32 acres, the palace has been constructed with marble and is often
referred as the ‘mirror of the sky’. There are almost 22 halls and 220 rooms in the palace along with an impressive
library, captivating chandeliers, marble staircase and many attractive features which make it an architectural marvel.
 Other monuments - Chowmahalla Palace, Taramati Baradari, Paigah Tombs, etc

Lakes and parks:

 Hussain Sagar, Lumbini park, Durgam cheruvu, Gandipet lake, etc.

Places of recreation:
 Snow world, Birla planetarium, GravityZip, Jala Vihar, etc.

Religious places
 Birla Mandir,Sanghi Temple, Chilkur Balaji Temple,Jagannath Temple,
 Makkah Masjid,Shahi Masjid
 St. George’s Church, St Joseph’s Cathedral

MICE Tourism: MICE stands for Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing and Exhibitions. Hyderabad has emerged as
a major IT hub in the country. The city’s infrastructure can be advertised to attract Multinational Companies,
international organizations, and commerce bodies to host their events.

By combining its rich heritage with a bustling economy, it offers a great combination for MICE travelers to work
and vacation here. Thanks to its strengths in multiple sectors, it is fast developing into a business hub and a prime
MICE destination.

Thus, the Pearl City, Hyderabad with its unmatched blend of history and modernity, hypnotizes everyone, whoever
sets his/her foot in this beautiful city of Nizams. With a history as old as 400 years and the status of a metropolitan
city, Hyderabad promises a unique refreshing experience to all.



KP-IAS, Delhi Cont.:- 9133637733 [24.8]