1

TOOLBOX TALK TOPICS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.Heat Stress - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 5

2.Hot Work - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 6

3.Equipment Rollover- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 7

4.Loading Equipment- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 8

5.Noise- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 9

6. Storage & Handling Of Chemicals- -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 10

7.Atmospheric Condition- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 11

8.Barricades- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 12

9.Soil Types- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 13

10.Maintenance Hazards- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 14

11.Falling Objects- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 15

12.Waste Disposal- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 16

13. Accident Investigation & Reporting- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 17

14.Respiratory Protection- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 18

15. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19

16. Emergency Response Plan- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 20

17. Vibration- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - 21

18. Machine Guarding- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - 22

19. Compressed Gas Cylinders- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- -23

20. Ladder Safety- -- --- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- -- - - --- - 24

 3

21. Forklift Safety- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -25

22. Fire Safety Toolbox Talk- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - --26

23.Hazards Of Scaffolding- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - -27

24. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 28

25. Manual Handling & Lifting Safety Talk- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -29

26. Electrocution Hazard- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -30

27. Walking/Working Around Equipment /Vehicles- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31

28. Working With Cement- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32

29. Working With Cranes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33

30. Working In The Desert- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -34

31. Desert Animals, Reptiles, And Insects- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -35

32. Site Vehicles And Driving Safety- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - --- 36

33. Eye Injury Hazard- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 37

34. Driving Safety- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -38

35. Site Conditions- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - --39

36. Rigging Failure- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -40

37. Sling Inspection- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - -41
38. Stacking& Storing Materials- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- 42
39. Confined Spaces- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 43
40. Disposing Of Oily Rags- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 44
41. Spill Clean Up- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -45
42. Spill Prevention- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 46
43. Trash- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 47
44. Equipment And Vehicle Leak- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -48
 4

45. Transporting/Unloading Materials- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49

46.Use Of Tag Lines- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 50
47.Roofs- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- --51
48.Grinder Abrasive Saws- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 52
49.Pinch Point- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 53
50.Ladders: Extension Ladders- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - 54
 5

1. HEAT STRESS
Living in New Pakistan, we have become accustomed to dealing with extreme temperature
fluctuations. With this toolbox talk we will define heat stress, and look at the various heats
induced illnesses and how to prevent/treat heat stress.
What is Heat Stress?
 Heat stress occurs when the body is unable to cool itself by sweating.
 Heat stress can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke.

Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion:

 Headache, dizziness, light headedness, fainting.
 Weakness and moist skin.
 Mood changes, irritability, confusion.
 Nausea, vomiting.

Symptoms of Heat Stroke:

 Dry, hot skin with no sweating.
 Mental confusion or loss of consciousness.
 Seizures or convulsions.
 Can be fatal.
Water- On hot summer days drink a cup of
Preventing Heat Stress:
water every 15 minutes when working
 Know signs/symptoms of heat related illnesses outside
 Block out sun or other heat sources
 Use fans/A.C. units
 In high heat, drink 1 cup of water every 15 minutes
 Wear lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothes
 Avoid alcohol, caffeinated drinks, or heavy meals
 Wear sunscreen of SPF 15 or reapply every 2 hours

How to Treat Heat-Related Illness

 Seek immediate medical attention; call 911.
 Move worker to cool shaded area
 Loosen or remove heavy clothing
 Provide cool drinking water
 6

2. HOT WORK
Hot work means work involving electric or gas welding, cutting, brazing, or similar flame or
spark-producing operations. With this toolbox talk our aim is to raise awareness about the risks
associated with hot work and to ensure everyone understands how to work safely.

Potential Hazards:

 Fire and explosions due to sparks or flammable materials.

 Burns from hot surfaces, flames, or molten metal.
 Inhalation of fumes and gases generated during hot work
 Eye injuries from sparks, debris, or UV radiation.
 Electrical hazards if working near power sources.

Safety Precautions:
 Use equipment safely.
 Alert affected employees of hot work activities being conducted in their area
 Have a fire extinguisher readily available
 Complete hot work training prior to conducting any hot work activities.
 Wear required personal protective equipment
 Keeping a fire extinguisher and other firefighting
equipment nearby.
 Clearing the work area of any combustible
materials.
 Using appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE), including flame-resistant clothing, welding
helmets, gloves, and safety glasses.

Hot work activities involve various hazards that can result

in accidents, injuries, and property damage. By
implementing proper safety precautions and control
measures, such as obtaining hot work permits, maintaining
zero LEL levels, creating welding booths, and using
personal protective equipment, we can minimize the risks associated with hot work.
 7

3. EQUIPMENT ROLLOVER
Equipment rollover can happen on a site under extreme conditions. The conditions that
necessitate tipping over of equipment include,

 When you are using the equipment at a very high speed.

 When the equipment is working on an unstable surface.
 When equipment is going through a slope.
 Inexperienced operators can cause equipment rollover.

Prevention:

To help prevent accidents, make sure you are properly trained to operate the equipment
and follow these safe work practices:

Ensure that all equipment used in a location where there is a danger of overturn is
equipped with a Rollover Protective
Structure (ROPS). Always wear the seat belt
to take advantage of ROPS protection.
To survive an equipment rollover, the
operator must remain inside the protective
structure.
Learn to identify those areas where a rollover
could happen.
Use extra caution when using heavy equipment on steep or hilly terrain. Keep in mind
that equipment outfitted with ROPS can still roll over.
Be prepared to take appropriate control measures.
Do not try to jump away in a rollover. You could become a victim and be crushed by the
ROPS.
Do not operate equipment in ways for which it was not designed. This could increase the
likelihood of a rollover.
 8

4. LOADING EQUIPMENT
Loading equipment onto trailers can cause serious injuries if the equipment slips or falls. Often,
the equipment will be just as wide as the trailer and there will be little room for error. No matter
what type of equipment you are loading or what type of trailer you are using, follow these
general rules:

Make sure all non-essential Personnel are removed from the loading area.
Secure the truck or trailer to prevent movement.
Use chocks or wheel blocks.
Verify that the equipment is in line with the
trailer.
Make sure the trailer is level.
If you're driving equipment onto a trailer, watch
and follow your guide.
Do not steer sharply.
Before transit, make sure the weight is evenly
distributed on the trailer and the equipment is secured.

Safety Toolbox Talk on Equipment Loading

Operator or driver of the trailer and machine must be

competent and have a valid license / certificate.
Barricade the area by safety warning tape to prevent the
unexpected entry of other vehicles or people.
Use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment
including high visibility vest/ jacket.
Choose the correct size and capacity of the truck trailer
for loading machinery / equipment such as caterpillar -
excavator, crane, etc.
 9

5. NOISE
Noise in the workplace may have an adverse effect on both
people at work and those in surrounding neighborhoods.
Noise at its worst can affect people's health or cause
deafness. On a construction site noise takes two main
forms:-

Noise produced by plant and machinery through engines,

exhausts, pumps etc. Noise produced in construction processes such as from demolition, piling,
scrabbling or the erection of steelworks.

Prevention:
The following ways to reduce noise should always be taken into account on every site.

✓ Make use of site huts and stock piles as noise shields.

✓Arrange material transfer points away from sensitive

buildings and people.

 Choose low noise machinery.

 Maintaining and lubricating equipment and machinery.
 Placing a barrier between the noise and worker.

✓ Use all silencing equipment available and keep panels

closed on all generators and compressors.

✓ Switch of noisy equipment when not needed.

 Offer Personal Hearing Protection for Workers.

 10

6. STORAGE & HANDLING OF CHEMICALS

Chemicals should be stored in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended temperature
and humidity level. Chemicals should not be stored near heat sources, such as steam pipes or
laboratory ovens. Chemicals should never be stored in direct sunlight. Chemicals should be dated
when received and when opened.

Material safety data sheets shall be available for all chemicals.

All chemicals shall be properly stored in a protected and secured area away from other
materials storage.
All toxic substances shall be kept in the specific
container with the first aid action clearly explained
on container label.
All personnel handling such chemicals shall be
made aware of potential hazards and emergency
first aid action.
Equipped with appropriate protective clothing
such as boots, chemical suits, gloves, safety goggles & respiratory protection device as
required.
Chemicals, which are reactive such as acids. And solvents shall not be stored close together.
Gases or chemicals, which give off vapors, shall be stored in well- ventilated room.
Respiratory protection will be used in case entering an area where the presence of toxic vapor
or gas is possible.
Safety shower and eye wash station shall be available in a chemical handling or storage area.
Smoking or bringing any source of ignition in chemical storage area is strictly prohibited.
 11

7. ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
One hazard associated with excavation and trenching is the possible presence of hazardous
atmosphere. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that by reason of being explosive,
flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing,
irritating, oxygen-deficient, toxic, or otherwise
harmful may cause death, illness, or injury to
persons exposed to it. In excavation work,
hazardous atmospheres may be generated as toxic
gasses and can be released by the digging or
accumulate at the bottom of the trench. To help
ensure exposure to hazardous atmospheres, take
these steps:

Ensure that the competent person tests the

atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet deep if a hazardous atmosphere exists or could reasonably
be expected to exist. A hazardous atmosphere could be expected, for example, in excavations in
landfill areas, in excavations in areas where hazardous substances are stored nearby, or in
excavations near or containing gas pipelines.

Conduct testing for atmospheric contaminants before

employees enter the trench and on a regular basis to
ensure that the trench remains safe.

Increase the frequency of testing if equipment is

operating in the trench or if welding, cutting, or burning
is done in the trench. These operations, too, can generate
toxic fumes. Take precautions to prevent employee
exposure to atmospheres containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen and other hazardous
atmospheres. These precautions may include providing proper respiratory protection or forced
ventilation of the workspace.
 12

8. BARRICADES
An open trench can be a hazard not only to the workers on the site, but also to the public. In
many instances, barricades and/or warnings are required to prevent unauthorized or accidental
entry. Here are some "barricade basics" to help ensure a safe excavation site for everyone:

Install barricades, fences, protected walkways and/or signs to protect the public from the
excavations site. Install warning systems prior to excavation.
Install barricades, guardrails, or fences around excavations adjacent to walkways, roads,
paths or other traffic areas.
Install standard guardrails on walkways
or bridges used by the general public to
cross excavations.
Install barricades or other means to
protect employees from underground
utilities left in place during excavation.
Install a barricade or fence on any
excavation left unattended to protect
against accidental entry from pedestrians. If
the excavation is in a remote location where visitation by residents is unlikely, a barricade of
posts and warning tape, with a sign, is sufficient. If the excavation is in a traveled area,
however, a physical barrier such as a fence must isolate it.
Install barricades around the site to help control both vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
Install a warning system such as a barricade, hand or mechanical signal or stop logs when
mobile equipment is operated adjacent to the edge of an excavation.
 13

9. SOIL TYPES
The greatest hazard in excavation and trenching is the risk of a cave-in. Of the deaths resulting
from excavation and trenching incidents, the majority are from injuries received during the
collapse of the trench. The type of soil in the trench influences the stability of the trench. A soil
analysis is critical in determining appropriate sloping, benching, and shoring.

Trench failure can be deadly. Trench failures often

occur in multiples, starting with a movement of soil
material near the bottom of the trench wall. After
the failure of the base, the support of the wall will
quickly erode and the wall will collapse. The
collapsing soil is extremely heavy and can weigh
one and a half tons per cubic yard, producing a
tremendous crushing force.

Before excavation, ensure that a "Competent

Person" conducts a soil test to determine the
stability of the soil.

Type a soil (clay, salty clay and hardpan) is

the most stable.
Type B soil (silt, sandy loam, medium clay, and unstable dry rock) has medium stability.
Type C (gravel, loamy sand, soft clay, submerged soil, or dense, heavy, unstable rock) is
the least stable, and requires the greatest safety precautions when excavating.

Stable Rock is a natural, solid mineral material can be excavated with vertical sides and remains
intact while exposed.

After the soil has been classified, use prescribed methods of wall retention, piling, and cribbing,
sloping, shoring, trench boxing and sheeting to maintain trench and excavation walls. For each
trenching or excavation situation, employ the proper sloping, shoring and bracing structures and
measures designed specifically for the particular situation.
 14

10. MAINTENANCE HAZARDS

Workers doing maintenance on machinery and equipment are at risk of being struck by machine
and or equipment parts and misused tools. Injuries can range from minor cuts and lacerations to
serious fractures; puncture wounds, amputations, and fatalities. The area of machine maintenance
safety is crucial since these workers will be in harm's way for much of their workday. Hot
equipment, moving parts, chemicals and sharp edges can cause burns, cuts and broken bones.
Therefore, it is essential that best practices are followed at all times.

Precautions:

Take these precautions when performing maintenance:

Lock out equipment and machinery to render it inoperable during maintenance and repair.
Wear appropriate protective equipment; i.e. safety goggles, hard hat etc.
Block and prevent the movement of all equipment being repaired.
Never tamper with machine guards.
Always replace guards after making repairs or adjustments to equipment.
Be sure potential energy is rendered harmless.
When moving equipment use proper lifting techniques.
 15

11. FALLING OBJECTS

Among the most common causes of serious work injuries are accidents involving falling objects.
You are at risk from falling objects when you are adjacent to cranes, scaffolds etc., or where
overhead work is being performed. Injuries can range from minor abrasions to concussions,
blindness, or death. Take these precautions to prevent
injury:

Wear a hard hat when operations are being

conducted adjacent to and overhead of your work
area, or wherever the potential exists for injuries
due to falling objects.
Choose the right hard hat for the job. Hard hats are
classified according to protection against impact
and penetration hazards, as well as electrical
hazards.
Choose the appropriate hard hat for your application. (Class A, B or C).

WARNING

Workers overhead.
Watch out for falling objects.
Wear the hat properly.
Follow manufacturer information on how to tighten the
suspension to achieve a proper fit.
Inspect the hard hat before each use. Look for signs of
wear, cracks, dents, cuts, holes, burns, or other material
damage. Inspect the webbing, headband, and suspension
attachment points for signs of cuts, tears, and frayed
material.
 16

12. WASTE DISPOSAL

The best practice applied to the management and disposal of waste on our sites has two major
benefits:

A tidy site has a good image, emphasizing safety,

efficiency and care for the environment.
The minimization, management and appropriate disposal of
waste can be economically beneficial.

TIPS:

Always follow waste separation procedures by using

suitably labeled containers in order to separate waste streams that can be recycled e.g. metals,
wood, plastics and paper can all be recycled.
Ensure that waste containers are close to the point of work to promote their usage.
Avoid the storing of waste adjacent to water courses as this creates an immediate pollution
hazard.
Ensure that all contaminated wastes are either stored within
suitable containers or membranes to prevent secondary
contamination of clean soil or water routes.
Remember that clean wastes such as concrete and brick can be
used as fill on site.
Liquid waste spills must also be carefully controlled; wastes
such as oil, chemicals and wet concrete should be collected and removed from the site by an
appropriate contractor. When waste is removed from site it is of extreme importance that it is
taken away by registered waste management contractors who comply with the Environmental
Protection Regulations 1990, (the duty of care regulations). This is of extreme importance as
the contractor is responsible for the waste until it has been disposed of properly.
 17

13. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION & REPORTING

In order to prevent injuries and other undesired incidents (i.e. fire, MVA, oil spill, etc.), all
accidents/incidents identified must be investigated to determine cause and corrective measures.
Many accidents/incidents go unnoticed and few actually cause serious consequences. But, if an
accident/incident goes unchecked and occurs frequently, it could eventually cause serious
consequences.

Investigation:

Reasons accidents should be investigated include:

Root Cause Analysis - Determine the systemic root cause

of an incident rather than immediately available causes so
that effective changes to management systems can be
implemented.

✓ Prevent similar accidents - Investigations can identify

what actions will prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future.

✔Find facts, not faults - Focus efforts on identifying facts rather than finding fault or placing
blame on individuals.

✓ Detect Incident Trends - Compile data from multiple incidents that may reveal common
causes that are dismissed as insignificant when taken alone. Identify existing or emerging trends.

✓ Document Facts - Record the incidents and the findings of an investigation.

✓ Provide information on costs - Assess the degree of damage and the value of losses.

Incident Reporting & Record Keeping

Simply stated, reporting an accident/incident is the first step in the process of preventing
recurrence. Supervisors have the primary responsibility to ensure incidents are properly reported
up through their managers.
 18

14. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respirators are very important to wear in construction work. They protect the wearer from
breathing dangerous dusts, fumes, or gases like silica, welding fumes, or carbon monoxide.
Today various respirators are available in the market in different styles and they come with
different filters or cartridges.

Respirators are available upon request from your supervisor

Any employee who is assigned to wear SCBA or supplied air
respirator must have been trained to use it.
Medical approval may be sought for personnel required wearing
supplied air respirators.
Check Fire & Safety Regulations for further details on
respirator usage
 19

15. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Preparation:

Get samples of all personal protection equipment needed for your job.

 Using personal protective equipment is a mandatory requirement for safe execution of

work. Personal protective equipment is available with stores Overalls must be worn all
times inside the plant or location of industrial activity (such as GC's, Booster Stations,
Tank Farms, and Workshops etc.)
 Safety helmets are required in all fieldwork
areas. The only exceptions for not wearing
safety helmets are inside offices or while
riding inside vehicle, etc
 Eye protection must be worn while working
around blowing sand/ pressurized equipment,
using spark generating tools, working
adjacent to operational equipment, and
handling chemicals.
 Cotton, leather and rubber gloves are
available and are required as applicable for the type of work being
 Carried out.
 Safety Footwear must be of sound construction, and safety shoe with steel toes are
required for various jobs. Sports shoes are not permitted for industrial duty.
 Hearing protection is required while working in noisy areas.
 Respirators are also supplied as necessary or when required by the permit to work. You
may request a respirator from your supervisor Return damaged safety equipment to your
supervisor for replacement.
 20

16. EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

Trench collapses cause dozens of fatalities and hundreds of injuries each year. Because trench
collapse rescues are technical and demanding, it's essential to have an Emergency Response Plan
in place before an emergency occurs. Quick and efficient response can save lives. Follow these
procedures for emergency preparation;

Prior to beginning an excavation project, determine and implement procedures for emergency
response that is specific for that site. Ensure the plan is part of the overall site safety plan.

Notify all personnel involved with the project of the emergency response procedures.
Include at a minimum the following items: procedures for notification of emergency response
agencies; responsibilities of individuals on
the site; posting of local emergency response
agencies; notification of these agencies of the
scheduled work prior to commencement; and
identification of the nearest accessible
telephone, radio, or other methods of
communication.
Where hazardous atmospheric conditions
exist or could develop during the course of
the work in the excavation,
Keeps emergency rescue equipment such as a safety harness and line or basket stretcher
readily available to personnel working at the excavation site?
If you are about to be buried in a cave-in, yell to get attention. Cover your face with your
arms. Do not struggle to free yourself, just wait calmly for rescue.
If you are watching someone being buried in a cave-in, do not attempt to rescue them
yourself. Never enter the excavation. Follow emergency procedures designated for your work
site.
 21

Review the emergency plan. Make sure new hires and new workers to the site are aware of
the emergency response plan.

17. VIBRATION
Vibration White Finger (V.W.F.) can result from the transmission of vibration from a vibrating
implement (i.e. road-breakers, chain-saws, riveting guns, etc.) to the hands, occurring as a result
of several years of regular exposure.

Symptoms:

Primarily, it results in damage to the blood vessels and nerves of the hand resulting in skin
blanching (white finger) on exposure to cold, together with pain, pins and needles, numbness and
loss of manual dexterity. If you are affected you will
suffer symptoms on exposure to cold conditions with
the time taken for recovery increasing as the
condition develops. The condition may become
permanent if early symptoms are not identified and
action taken.

Precautions:

You should also follow these simple precautions:-

Wear adequate clothing to keep dry and maintain Pneumatic drill hand and body
temperature at an acceptable level, wear suitable gloves to keep your hands warm. Anti
vibration gloves are available which can reduce exposure.
Let the machine do the work and grip the handle as lightly as possible, providing that this
is consistent with safe working practice.
Do not use blunt tools. Keep steels sharp and use the appropriate tool for the job.
If you smoke and use vibratory equipment you are at increased risk of vibration related
disease, since nicotine reduces the blood supply to the hands and fingers.
 22

Should attacks of white or blue finger or long periods of tingling and/or numbness occur,
report this to your supervisor.
Inform your supervisor if abnormal vibration occurs when using your machine.

18. MACHINE GUARDING

Employee exposure to unguarded or inadequately guarded machines is prevalent in many
workplaces. Consequently, workers who operate and maintain machinery suffer approximately
18,000 amputations, lacerations, crushing injuries, abrasions, and over 800 deaths per year.
Proper use of machine guards can help protect employee hazards related to the point of
operation, power transmission devices, and operating controls. To ensure safety, it's important to
use machine guards properly.

4 Types of Machine Guards

There are four types of machine guards that you should
be aware of.
Fixed Guard: This is a permanently fixed guard that is
part of the machine.
Interlocking Guards: These guards will automatically
shut off or disengage the machine when the guard is
opened or removed.
Self-Adjusting Guards: These guards adjust depending
on the size and movement of the material.
Adjustable Guards: These guards can be adjusted when required to accommodate different
sizes of the material to be worked on or cut.
Precautions:

Do not attempt to by-pass machine guards in an effort to

save time. Machine guards are there for your protection.
Do not remove machine guards, except during repair or
maintenance of the machine.
Replace machine guards after repair or maintenance.
 23

Wear eye protection when cutting, sawing, drilling or grinding.

Avoid wearing loose clothing or jewelry when operating power equipment. These could
get caught in machines and drag you or parts of your body into the machinery. If using
electrical tools always use GFCI protection.

19. COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS

Compressed gas cylinders can be hazardous. Sudden release of the gas can cause a cylinder to
become a missile-like projectile, destroying everything in its path. To prevent such a dangerous
situation, follow procedures for safe handling:

Store cylinders in an area specifically designated for that purpose.

Ensure that the area is well ventilated, away from sources of heat,
and protect cylinders from being struck by another object.
Do not drop cylinders or allow them to fall.
Secure them in an upright position during use and storage.
Move cylinders with a compressed gas cylinder cart designed for
that purpose.
When moving a cylinder, even for a short distance, ensure that all
the valves are closed, the regulator is removed, and the valve cap is
installed.
Do not remove a cylinder cap until the cylinder is secured in place
and ready to use. Cylinder caps protect the valve on the top of the
cylinder from damage if it is knocked over. Also, if gas is
accidentally released through the valve, the cap will vent the gas
out of both sides, minimizing the
likelihood that the cylinder will
topple.
Before using the gas, install the
proper pressure-reducing regulator on the valve and
 24

verify that the regulator is working, that all gauges are operating correctly, and that all
connections are tight to ensure that there are no leaks.
When you are ready to use the gas, open the valve with your hands. Never use a wrench
or other tool. If you cannot open it with your hands, do not use it.

20. LADDER SAFETY

Choosing the correct ladder:
Non-Conductive Ladder:

Employees are not allowed to use aluminum portable ladders.

Fiber glass or composite rail ladders (non-conductive) are recommended to be used by Harvard
employees.

Wooden Ladder:
Wooden ladders may be used by Harvard employees if they are in good condition.
Replace damaged/old wooden ladders with non-conductive ladders Step Ladder.
Employees are never to stand on the top two rungs of a step ladder.
A step ladder must be used with the spreaders fully open.
Straight or Extension Ladders:
If accessing an elevated surface, extend the ladder 3 rungs
above the leading edge and secure the top of the ladder to
prevent slipping.
Never fasten two straight ladders together unless both ladders
are specifically designed to do so Inspect the ladder before use:
Ensure rails and rungs/steps are not cracked, bent, loose or
covered in oily debris
Ensure step ladders have two spreaders (hold the ladder open)
that are not damaged and that open and close properly
Ensure the fly section of an extension ladder extends properly
and securely locks into place
Discard and mark any damaged portable ladders Proper set up
of a ladder:
Secure or barricade the work site if in a high traffic area
(doorways etc.)
Place the ladder on a firm level surface.
Straight or extension ladders must be angled at a 4 to 1 ratio (For every 4 ft of elevation the
ladder must extend 1 ft from the base).

Proper use of a portable ladder:

 25

Maintain 3 points of contact when working on the ladder.

Face the ladder when climbing up or down.
Keep ladder free of oil/grease and other slipping hazards.
Don’t over-reach while on the ladder.
Don’t shift, move or extend a ladder while in use.
Don’t load ladder beyond the maximum intended load (see manufacturer label).

21. FORKLIFT SAFETY

Handling the Load Preparation:
Secure the load so it is safely arranged and stable.
Do not carry damaged merchandise unless it has been secured by wrapping or banding.
Center the load as nearly as possible.
Use caution when handling off-center loads that cannot be centered
Distribute the heaviest part of the load nearest the front wheels of the forklift
Do not overload. Know the stated capacity of your forklift and do not exceed it. Only by
keeping within the weight limit can you operate the forklift safely.
A forklift's capacity is rated for a specified load center. If the load is off-center,
improperly distributed, or oversized, it may exceed capacity and unbalance the forklift.
Use the load extension backrest.

Fork Position:
Level the forks before inserting them into the pallet.
The forks must be placed under the load as far as
possible.
Slide the forks into the pallet until they are fully
under the load. The forks should be at least two-
thirds the length of the load.
Be careful that the forks do not go through to the
other side where pallets are closely stacked.
Center the weight of the load between the forks.
Adjust the forks to distribute the weight evenly.
Tilt the mast back carefully to stabilize the load.
Lifting the Load
Check that there is adequate overhead clearance
before raising the load.
Make sure there is sufficient headroom under overhead installations, lights, pipes, etc.
Carefully lift the load up above the lower stack about 4 inches.
Lift the load and then tilt the mast back slightly to rest the load against the backrest
extension.
Ensure that the load does not catch on any obstructions.
 26

Slowly return the lift control lever to the neutral position.

22. FIRE SAFETY TOOLBOX TALK

Basic fire safety knowledge is an important skill that can save your life on or off the job. Here
we will breakdown basic characteristics of a fire, important fire safety tips, what to do if you find
yourself involved with a fire and some discussion points for your group.
Characteristics of Fire
To support fire, you must have; HEAT, FUEL, OXYGEN, and SUSTAINED
CHEMICAL REACTION
A small fire can grow out of control in as
little as 30 seconds.
A room involved with a fire can have a
temperature of 100°C at floor level and
600°C at eye level. In less than 5 minutes a
room cans flashover.
Fire starts bright but will quickly turn the
room pitch black from releasing smoke and
toxic gases. Be familiar with your
surroundings and evacuation routes!
Fire Safety Tips
An important fire safety tip is to look for and eliminate any potential fire hazards before they
become a reality!
Know where pull stations and extinguishers are located.
Time is the biggest enemy, get out of the building!
If a fire, pull nearest fire alarm if possible, if not, call for help from a safe location
outside.
If smoke, stay as low to the ground as
possible.
If safe, close all doors behind you as you
leave the building.
Don’t use the elevator for evacuation
because the shaft can act as a chimney.
Elevators also present an entrapment
hazard if they fail.
Never return to a burning building.
 27

23. HAZARDS OF SCAFFOLDING

Falls from heights is one of the biggest killers on construction sites, most of which occur from a
height of less than 4 meters. Scaffolding causes many of these incidents, largely due to workers
becoming complacent to Scaffolding Safety procedures. It is critical that scaffolding is erected
by appropriate persons, that it is regularly inspected and maintained, and that users are aware of
the associated risks. Everyone on site has a duty to keep themselves and others safe.
Scaffolding risks
Some common risks around scaffolding include:
Slips and trips on slippery/obstructed
surfaces.
Falls - either through gaps while climbing,
or due to poorly constructed platforms.
Scaffold collapse.
Falling tools, scaffold parts and materials.
Failure of scaffold components.
Electrocution from overhead cables.
Site assessment
Many factors affect the risk profile of scaffolding. Some things to consider before erecting
scaffolding include ground conditions, environmental conditions, access ways, proximity to
electrical cables and power lines, and proximity to the public.
In Pakistan, work involving the erection and dismantling of scaffold where the highest platform
exceeds 5 meters, must be notified to Work Safe at least 24 hours before the work begins.
Fall protection and rescue
Fall arrest harnesses should be worn by workers on scaffolds whenever there is a risk of a fall,
and anchor points must be capable of withstanding the force
of the fall. It is
important there is a fall rescue plan in place because fallen
workers are at risk of blood pooling, which can cause loss of
 28

consciousness or death, and rescuers are also at risk of falling. All workers on site should be
aware of the Fall Rescue Plan.
Scaffold use and management
In Pakistan all scaffolds, excluding scaffolds less than 2 meters, must be checked, and tagged by
a competent person; before handover to a PCBU. The tag must clearly display important safety
information. If a scaffold is incomplete, it must be clearly labeled.

24. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION.

It can help save a life during cardiac arrest, when the heart stops beating or beats too

ineffectively to circulate blood to the brain and other vital organs.

Why is CPR critical to construction workers?

Construction workers are tasked with many dangerous tasks. Working in hazardous conditions
can lead to various injuries and fatalities. Slip-and-fall accidents, mechanical mishaps, and
electrocution are common sights. Hence, they must know how to respond quickly in case of an
emergency. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is
a lifesaving technique. It involves chest
compressions and rescue breaths to help
restore the victim’s breathing and circulation.
It is a crucial skill to have in the construction
industry, especially because workers often
work in hazardous conditions.

Common hazards at construction sites

Construction sites are dangerous places.

Construction workers are often exposed to a
variety of hazards. These include:

Falls from ladders and scaffolding.

Electrocution from exposed wires.
Injury from heavy machinery or tools.
Inhalation of dust or chemicals.
 29

Contact with hazardous materials.

Risk of fire or explosions due to the use of flammable materials.

25. MANUAL HANDLING & LIFTING SAFETY TALK

It is important to do your part and try to avoid injuries to yourself or others while on the job. You
should never take risks when lifting heavy objects. If there is an option to use a lift or have
assistance with the heavy lifting, you should opt to not lift by hand. And for times you must
manually lift, it's important to use proper lifting techniques.
What Injuries can be caused by Poor Manual Handling and Lifting?
When you work in a warehouse or even other types of work environments, a lot of times there is
a lot of lifting, especially heavy lifting. Doing what you can to protect yourself is very important.
There are a number of injuries that you can sustain while you are lifting heavy items, such as:
Slips, Trips & Falls
Back injuries
Strains
Sprains
Hernias
Pinch point injuries
Struck-by injuries
Repetitive motion injuries
Avoiding Lifting Injuries
When lifting boxes, injuries can be endured, that is why it is important to take the precautions
where you can to avoid them. A weight limit of what can be manually lifted on the job should be
discussed and set to ensure the safety of the employees. Some examples of these limits are:
 50lbs is the max limit for one employee to lift on their own.
 100lbs is the max limit for a team of employees to lift on their own.
 Over the 100lb limit, heavy machinery must be used to ensure the safety of employees.
Safe Lifting Techniques
If you use these proper lifting techniques, you can be more beneficial and safe on the job. Some
of the things to keep in mind while material lifting are:
 Think through the situation before you begin lifting.
 Try to not lift higher than your waist.
 30

 Don’t hold items away from your body, keep them close to you.
 Make sure you have a steady hand on the object.
 Try to keep your back straight.
 The heavy side should be closest to your body.
 Make sure your feet are in a stable position.
 Check your path before you lift for things that might be in your way.

26. ELECTROCUTION HAZARD

Electrocution, in this context, results when a worker is exposed to a lethal amount of electrical
energy.
An electrical hazard on a job site can cause:
 Burns
 Electrocution
 Shock
 Arc Flash/Arc Blast
 Fire
 Explosions
The major types of electrocution hazards in
construction include:
Contact with overhead power lines
Contact with energized sources, like defective equipment, open sockets, or tools
Improper use of extension and flexible cords
Overhead and Buried Power Line:
Overhead and buried power lines are dangerous because they transmit extremely high voltage.
Deaths by electrocution are the main risk, but burns and falls from height are also hazardous
workers while working on or nearby high voltage power lines.
Precautions:
Workers should:
Maintain a safe distance from overhead
power lines.
Use ground-fault circuit interrupters or
(GFCI).
Inspect portable tools and extension cords
Use power tools and equipment as
designed
Follow lockout/Tag out procedures
 31

Before work begins, be sure that the:

Utility company has de-energized and visibly grounded the power lines or installed
insulated sleeves on power lines.
Flagged warning lines have been installed to mark horizontal and vertical power line
clearance distances
Tools and materials used are non-conductive

27. WALKING/WORKING AROUND EQUIPMENT /VEHICLES

The highest cause of construction-related deaths is being struck by an object. If vehicle safety
practices are not observed at your site, you risk being pinned between construction vehicles and
walls, struck by swinging backhoes, crushed beneath overturned vehicles, or other similar
accidents. If you work near public roadways you risk being struck by trucks or cars.

Precautions:
Follow these safety tips to help protect yourself and, if you're driving a vehicle, other workers:
Drive vehicles or equipment only on roadways or grades that are safely constructed and
maintained. Obey all project speed limits.
Do not drive a vehicle in reverse gear with an
obstructed rear view unless it has an audible
reverse alarm, or another worker signals that it
is safe.
Make sure that you and all other personnel are
in the clear before using dumping or lifting
devices.
Lower or block bulldozer and scraper blades,
end-loader buckets, dump bodies, etc., when
not in use, and leave all controls in neutral
position.
Set parking brakes when vehicles and equipment are parked, and chock the wheels if they are
on an incline.
Use traffic signs, barricades and flaggers when construction takes place near public
roadways.
If you're working near roadways, make sure you're highly visible in all levels of light. High
visibility clothing is required; and if worn for night work,
must be of reflective material.
Wear high-visibility clothing when working around heavy
mobile equipment.
 32

Avoid positioning themselves in a blind spot or riding on moving equipment.

Avoid setting up their work area near heavy mobile equipment. The operator may not see
them if they are bending over to work or grab a tool.

28. WORKING WITH CEMENT

Cement can cause ill-health mainly by:-

Skin contact: contact with wet cement can cause both burns and dermatitis:
Cement burns: If freshly mixed concrete or mortar gets trapped against the skin, e.g. by falling
inside your boots or gloves, very serious skin burns or ulcers can result which can take several
months to heal and may need skin grafting:
Dermatitis: skin affected with
dermatitis feels itchy and sore and
looks red, scaly and cracked. Two
sorts of dermatitis can occur:
Irritant dermatitis
Results from direct damage to the
skin caused by the combination of
wetness, chemical corrosiveness
and abrasiveness of cement in
concrete and mortar.
Allergic dermatitis
Results when you become sensitized to chromium salts present in the raw materials used to make
cement. Sensitization to additives such as pigments, epoxy resins and hardeners can also occur.
Eye contact: contact with cement powder or wet cement can cause irritation and inflammation.
Inhalation of dust: high levels of dust can be produced when cement is handled, for example
when emptying bags of cement or during their disposal. In the short term, exposure to high levels
of cement dust irritates the nose and throat and causes difficulty with breathing. There is
uncertainty about the long term effects of breathing in cement dust; chronic chest trouble is
possible.
Controlling Exposure
Work in a way which minimizes the amount of dust produced. So, open bags of cement with care
mix carefully etc. Handle dry material in a well-ventilated area.
 33

Personal Protection
You must wear clothing to protect your skin from cement and cement mixtures, e.g. Hygiene
gloves overalls with long sleeves and full-length trousers waterproof boots
Personal hygiene is important. Adequate welfare facilities are available on site and you should
wash your hands and face at the end of a job and before eating, drinking or smoking, and wash
your hands before using the toilet.

29. WORKING WITH CRANES

Crane accidents are one of the leading causes of death and injury in the construction industry
today. Fatalities and serious injuries can occur if cranes are not inspected and used properly.
Many fatalities can occur when the crane boom, load line or load contact power lines and
electrically energize the equipment. Other incidents happen when workers are struck by the load,
are caught inside the swing radius, or fail to assemble/disassemble the crane properly. Use safe
work practices to help reduce accidents when working with or around this potentially dangerous
equipment.
 Make sure the crane is on a firm/stable surface andlevel,
 Inspect cranes, rigging and hoists before use to see that all components, such as wire
rope, liftinghooks, chains, etc., are in good condition.
 Fully extend outriggers and barricade
accessible areas inside the crane's swing radius.
 Watch for overhead electric power lines and
maintain a safe working clearance from the
lines.
 Use the correct load chart for the crane's
current configuration and setup, the load
weight and lift path.
 Do not exceed the load chart capacity while
making lifts.
 Do not move loads over workers.
 Be sure to follow signals and manufacturer instructions while operating cranes.
 34

30. WORKING IN THE DESERT

All workers deployed in desert locations must be informed of the following safety procedures
preventive measures.
Ambulance request procedures
Permit to Work system
Explosive Ordnance Safety Awareness
Personal protective Equipment
Other safety rules & Regulations
pertaining to the assigned work.
Before driving in the desert, the vehicle
must be inspected and equipment
required for travelling in the desert
must be obtained.
All employees must be prepared for
desert weather condition and
temperature. The supervisor must inform the employees for desert hazards encountered-
during winter (i.e. low temperature, high wind speed, low visibility) and summer.
High wind speed and sand storm may result to poor visibility and the exposure may cause
eye injuries. It is advisable to drive with extreme cautions using proper eye protection or
stop the vehicle and wait inside till the weather subsides.
There is a possibility of encountering desert animals, reptiles or insects (such as dog
packs snakes, scorpions, etc.) that can be dangerous. Be watchful and do not attempt to
catch desert animal.
 35

If someone is bitten or stung by such insects/ reptiles/ animals-immediately inform first

aid clinic for assistance. Keep the person calms, lying still. A doctor or paramedic may
advice through radio for administering first aid till medical help arrives.
Be aware of explosive ordinance hazards. Do not touch any suspicious items. On noticing
any un-identified objects, inform immediately to first aid clinic, who will arranged further
actions to the concerned team.

31. DESERT ANIMALS, REPTILES, AND INSECTS

There are several types of animals, reptiles and insects encountered in the desert, which may be
potentially dangerous to human life. Leave all those creatures alone and most often it may not
pose any threat to you.
Do not feed or befriend wild animals such as dogs or cat. Leaving food out will also
encourage mice and rats. Wild animals are sometimes infected with rabies or its contact
or biting my transmit infection.
Sand Vipers, a poisonous snake, have been found in Desert work areas.
Scorpions are also common in desert as are spiders and other insects, which can bite.
Report any animal attack, snake bite or scorpion sting to first aid clinic for arranging
rescue or medical assistance.
If desert animal or insects bite a person, the following
First Aid should be administered:
SNAKE BITE
If the victim is more than 10 minutes from the hospital,
place a band above the bite or above the joint closest to
the bite.
Do not move the person. Keep the person calm and call
for emergency assistance.
SCORPION STING
If it is available, place an ice pack, or ice cube on the
sting. Transfer the victim to the nearest hospital.
SPIDER BITE
Ice cubes or an ice pack should be applied at the affected part to relieve pain. The victim should
be referred to the hospital for medical attention if required.
 36

DOG OR CAT BITE

The victim should immediate report to the hospital for treat men and medical investigation. The
medical officer shall diagnose the bite and notify the detail to the Veterinarian for observation of
the animal.

32. SITE VEHICLES AND DRIVING SAFETY

Operating vehicles on a construction site requires careful attention to safety to prevent accidents
and ensure the well-being of everyone involved. Here are some construction site vehicle and
driving safety tips:
1. Training and Qualification:
Ensure that all operators are properly trained and qualified to operate specific construction
vehicles. Training should cover vehicle controls, safety procedures, and potential hazards.
2. Pre-Operation Inspection:
Before starting any vehicle, conduct a thorough pre-operation inspection. Check brakes, lights,
signals, tires, and any other essential components to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Use Appropriate Vehicles:
Choose the right vehicle for the job. Different vehicles have different capabilities and purposes.
Using the correct vehicle can improve efficiency and safety.
4. Obey Speed Limits:
Follow established speed limits and adjust your speed based on the specific conditions of the
construction site. Slow down when driving in congested areas or areas with poor visibility.
5. Seat Belts:
Always wear your seatbelt when operating construction vehicles. Seat belts can significantly
reduce the risk of injury in case of an accident.
6. Be Cautious on Slopes:
Drive slowly and carefully on slopes to prevent tipping. Avoid sudden movements that could
cause loss of control.
7. Use Horn and Signals:
 37

Use your horn and appropriate signals to alert others to your presence and intentions, especially
when visibility is limited.
8. Adhere to Safety Signage:
Follow all construction site safety signs and signals. They provide important information about
hazards and guidelines.
9. Emergency Procedures:
Know the location of emergency exits, fire extinguishers, and first aid kits on the construction
site. Be prepared to follow emergency procedures if necessary.

33. EYE INJURY HAZARD

Why Run an Eye Safety Toolbox Talk?
 Prevent unnecessary eye injuries from occurring in the workplace.
 It makes sure staff adheres to safety regulations and standards.
 It makes sure companies/management adhere to safety regulations and standards.
 Fewer injuries mean higher productivity.
The Most Common Causes of Eye Injuries
Eye injuries can be caused by many hazards in the
workplace and when carrying out dangerous jobs such as
welding. Some of the most common hazards are:
Flying dust and debris – this can be caused by yourself or a
co-worker sanding or working with equipment that omits
dust and debris.
Exposure to dangerous chemicals – this is caused by
chemicals and other dangerous substances becoming
airborne and coming into contact with your eyes.
UV exposure – this can be caused by being exposed to
welding or working outside in the sun.
Blunt trauma to the eyes – this can be caused by hazards
such as falling objects or parts of machinery that stick out.
Heat exposure to the eyes – this can be caused by getting
too close to a co-worker welding or to machinery that emits
hot air.
How to Avoid Eye Injuries
These are some great tips for avoiding eye injuries in the workplace:
Identify hazards – before carrying out a task, make sure that you identify all of the potential hazards that
could cause eye injuries. For every hazard that you identify, put in place safeguards to remove the risk.
 38

This can be as simple as doing the job outdoors instead of indoors, or it might be something complicated
like having to evacuate all other employees from the worksite while you do the job. If you cannot
eliminate major risks or are unsure, stop the job immediately and consult a supervisor.
Wear correct PPE – always make sure that you wear the approved personal protection equipment (PPE)
when carrying out a job where there is a potential risk of eye injuries. According to research, 3 out of 5
eye injuries are caused by people not wearing the correct PPE. Eye safety PPE includes safety glasses,
face shields, and goggles. The exact type depends on the job you are doing. For example, when welding,
you need to wear a welding face shield, and when working with dangerous chemicals, you should wear
goggles that fully protect your eyes.

34. DRIVING SAFETY

Get a tire pressure gauge and know the correct tire pressures for each type of vehicle.
Inspect your vehicle every day before driving. Check for lube oil, tire pressure, engine
oil, and radiant water. Clean windows, headlights, tail lights and windscreen etc.
Tire pressures must be set to the manufacturers recommended pressures. Do not reduce
tire pressure to compensate for ambient temperature. If you have to reduce tire pressure
to travel through soft sand area, re-inflate when you get back on the graveled or asphalted
road. Soft tire flexes more than correctly inflated tires and generates higher tire wall
temperature, which can lead to puncture or tire burst.
Obey the speed limits on streets as well as on highways.
Do not violate signal lights. It is against traffic regulations.
Do not exceed speed limit of 45 KM/hr/as posted on sandy roads or diversions roads.
Remember it takes longer to stop on sandy road or on graveled road than that on dry
pavement.
Always wear your seat belt. A seat belt can
save your life and prevent serious injuries.
Do not attempt to overtake on a single-track
road where you cannot see enough clearance
ahead to allow safe passage.
Do not cause other vehicle to alter the course
or speed.
Check side view mirrors and shoulder before
attempting to change the line.
Do not make third lane on double track road.
To change the lane.
Give signals whenever intend to change the lane or
where it can help the other road users. Signaling do
not give you privilege to change the lane without
ensuring the safety of fellow road users.
39
 40

35. SITE CONDITIONS

No two excavation sites are alike. Each job must be treated individually because conditions vary
from job to job, and hazards may vary from job to job. Follow these procedures to help ensure a
safe site:
 Conduct a soil test to determine
appropriate sloping, benching,
and shoring.
 Remove surface encumbrances
such as equipment, materials,
supplies, trees, brush, boulders
and other objects at the surface
that could present a hazard to
employees working in the
excavation.
 Check the location of
underground utilities/
installations that may be
encountered during excavation
before digging. Arrange with the
appropriate utility agency for the
protection, removal, shutdown, or
relocation of underground
installations.
 Install barricades and/or warnings
to protect employees and the
public from the excavation and
from vehicular traffic.
 In excavations deeper than four
feet with the potential for a
hazardous atmosphere.
 41

36. RIGGING FAILURE

Every year workers lose their lives as a result of improper rigging or rigging failure that allowed
a load to fall while being hoisted. Some deaths occur when the load slips from the rigging, when
the rigging breaks and allows the load to fall, and when the load breaks into pieces and falls
while being lifted. Always exercise caution when working around.
7 Most Common Mistakes Leading to Rigging Accidents on Construction Site
Not Knowing the Weight of the Load.
Skipping Equipment Inspection.
Being Unaware of the Sling Capacity.
Failure to Ensure Sling Protection.
Ignoring Load Control.
Not Safeguarding against Electrical
Contact.
Not Training Workers in Safe
Equipment Use

Precautions
 Inspect all rigging prior to use to minimize the
possibility of rigging failure. Look for hazardous
conditions such as wire rope deformation, strain,
binding, or kinking.
 Do not wrap hoist lines around the load.
 Know the rated capacities of rigging and slinging
and use the proper size.
 Ensure that loads are rigged to minimize the
potential for dropped loads.
 Do not exceed the load chart capacity while making
lifts.
 Determine a safe location to stand to avoid being
struck by the load if rigging fails, or the load shifts
while making lifts.
 42

37. SLING INSPECTION

The slings that cranes use to hold suspended loads are a key
element in crane operation. If the sling is damaged or
defective, the load could drop and strike workers beneath it.
Inspect each sling and its fastenings and attachments for
damage or defects each day before use. Remove damaged
or defective slings from service.

Causes:
Holes, tears, cuts, snags or embedded materials.
Broken or worn stitches in the load bearing splices.
Knots in any part of the sling webbing.
Acid or alkali burns.

Precautions:
 Ensure that alloy steel chain slings have permanently affixed, durable identification
stating size, grade, rated capacity, and reach.
 Inspect slings before each use.
 If synthetic slings show signs of wear such as deep frays or red warning threads are
exposed, take the sling from service.
 When inspecting wire rope slings, check the twists or lay of the sling. If ten randomly
distributed wires in one lay are broken, or five wires in one strand of a rope lay are
damaged, do not use the sling.
 Check for wear or scraping: kinking, crushing, bird
 Caging or any other damage resulting in distortion of
the wire rope.
Look for evidence of heat damage. Remove a sling from use
if it's exposed to temperatures of 200 degrees F or higher or
there's evidence of heat or wire rope structure damage.
It's important to consider these factors when choosing
lifting slings.
 The Weight and Fragility of the Load. Know,
beforehand, the weight of the load you intend to lift.
 Center of Gravity of the Load.
 Are the Objects Abrasive, Sharp-Edged, or Hot?
 43

38. STACKING& STORING MATERIALS

Stacking materials can be dangerous if workers do not follow safety guidelines. Falling materials
and collapsing loads can crush or pin workers, causing injuries or death. To help prevent injuries
when storing and stacking materials, take the following precautions
 In buildings under construction, avoid placing stored materials near a hoist-way or floor
opening, or an exterior wall that doesn't extend above the top of the material.
 Observe height limitations. Stack lumber no higher than needed to handle manually.
 Remove all nails from used lumber before stacking.
 Make sure that stacks are stable and self-supporting.
 Stack bags and bundles in interlocking rows to keep
them secure.
 Stack bagged material by stepping back the layers
and cross-keying the bags at least every ten layers.
To remove bags from the stack, start from the top
row first.
 Do not lean material against a vertical surface.
 Do not store pipes and bars in racks that face main
aisles to avoid creating a hazard to passersby when
removing supplies.
 Make sure the floor/ deck is capable of supporting
the weight of the stacked materials

DO’s and DONT’S

When handling materials wear work gloves and boots
as necessary, e.g. sharp edges or heavier loads. Only
stack material in authorized areas. Never near
doorways, access ways or on fire escape routes. Stack
on a level surface and provide packing.
All material must be stored and stacked correctly. It
must not block the access, the emergency exit or the
emergency equipment. The material must be prevented
from slipping; collapsing and the height of the stack
must be limited to ensure its stability.
 44

39. CONFINED SPACES

A space must meet all of the following criteria to be considered a confined space:

 A space that is large enough to bodily enter

 A space that has limited means of entry or exit
 A space not designed for continuous employee occupancy
Confined Space Hazards
Atmospheric Hazards

 Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5%, Flammable gas greater than 10% of
the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), Atmospheres exceeding the OSHA Permissible
Exposure Limit (PEL), Airborne combustible dust that obscures vision at 5ft. or less.
Configuration Hazards

 Internal configurations that could entrap or suffocate an entrant by inwardly converging

walls or floors that taper to a smaller cross-section Example: hoppers, bins and tanks.
Engulfment Hazards

 Where there is a potential for a liquid or solid material to drown, capture or suffocate an
entrant. Examples include water, grains and soils.
Confined Space Entry Procedures

 All personnel (Entry Supervisor, Entrants, and Attendant) involved with the entry must
have received EHS confined space safety training within the last 3 years
 The space must be assessed for all real and
potential hazards.
 A Confined Space Entry Permit and Pre-Entry
Briefing must be completed prior to entry.
o The Permit is required to be posted at the
entry portal or equally effective means.
 Eliminate all hazards prior to entry when feasible.
Utilize Lock/Tag/Verify procedures when required.
 Complete and record pre-entry air quality
measurements. Continuously monitor the space during entry.
 Obtain and set up all safety equipment including air monitors, barricades, and ventilation
equipment when required.
 Entrants working in a Permit Required Confined Space must wear a body harness for
underground entries.
 All completed entry permits are to be retained by Entry Supervisor for one year. Upon
request completed forms must be made available to EHS for annual program review
 45

40. DISPOSING OF OILY RAGS

Oily rags are a serious fire hazard because they can spontaneously combust. Many states regulate
the disposal of oily rags as "oily waste." The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) does not
regulate oily rags as waste as long as the rags do not have any free-flowing oil, contain
hazardous contaminants, or meet the definition of a characteristic oil hazardous waste.
Disposal Procedure:
Follow these procedures for safe disposal of oily rags:
 Properly dispose of oily rags or send to a rag cleaning service.
 Oily rags should be placed in an approved and clearly-
labeled airtight container. Always keep containers
closed securely.
 If the rags are contaminated with other chemicals,
especially those that are "hazardous," (heavy metals,
toxic chemicals, paint, etc.) do not burn them. Rather,
treat the rags as a hazardous waste and dispose of them
accordingly.
 If you are unsure whether the rags contain hazardous
materials, consult the Material Safety Data Sheet for
information proper disposal or contact your supervisor
 46

41. SPILL CLEAN UP

Chemical spill prevention plans required by state and federal law must include provisions for
spill cleanup. The following Best Management Practices will help prevent runoff in the event of
a spill:

Precautions:
Properly clean up and dispose of any spilled substance immediately to protect personnel
from potential fire and health hazards and the environment.
Ensure that no spilled materials are washed into the streets, gutters, storm drains, or
creeks.
If possible, use dry cleaning methods to clean up
spills to minimize the use of water.
Use a rag for small spills, a damp mop for general
cleanup, and absorbent material for larger spills.
Never hose down or bury dry material spills.
Sweep up the material and dispose of properly.
Clean up chemical materials with absorbents, gels,
and foams. Use adsorbent materials on small spills
rather than hosing down the spill. Remove the
adsorbent materials promptly and dispose of
properly.
If the spilled material is hazardous, then used cleanup materials are also hazardous and
must be handled as hazardous waste.

Chemical methods to clean up oil spills:

Dispersants are chemical agents (similar to soaps and detergents)

that help break up an oil slick into very small droplets, which dilute
throughout the waste
Slowly add absorbent material on and around the spill and allow
the chemical to absorb. Apply enough absorbent to completely
cover the spilled liquid. Sweep up the absorbed spill from the
outside towards the middle. Scoop up and deposit in a leak-proof
container.
 47

42. SPILL PREVENTION

Typically, most businesses and public agencies that generate hazardous waste and/or produce
transport, or store petroleum products are required by state and federal law to prepare spill
control and cleanup plans. A Spill Prevention Plan is applicable to facilities that transport,
transfer, and/or store hazardous materials, petroleum products, or fertilizers that can contaminate
storm water runoff. Regulations include the following provisions
Spill response and prevention plans should clearly state measures to stop the source of a spill,
contain the spill, clean up the spill, dispose of
contaminated materials, and train personnel to
prevent and control future spills.
Spill prevention plans are most applicable to
construction sites where hazardous wastes are
stored or used.
Prevention:
The preliminary steps include:
Identifying potential spill or source areas
such as loading and unloading. storage,
and processing areas; places that
generate dust or particulates; and areas
designated for waste disposal; and,
Evaluating stationary facilities that
include manufacturing areas,
warehouses, service stations, parking
lots, and access roads.
Employees must be trained in spill control
response procedures, post-spill response
procedures and be provided with emergency
phone numbers.
Emergency spill containment and cleanup kits should be located at the facility site. The contents
of the kit should be appropriate to the type and quantities of chemical or goods stored at the
facility.
Spill kits must be inspected and maintained in all activity areas.
Re-fuel equipment in a designated area to minimize contamination. Pay attention to location so
that spills would not enter water streams or storm water. Consider dikes or a secondary
containment system.
 48

43. TRASH
Construction sites can present many hazards to employees. Keeping a construction site clean of
debris can further reduce hazards. Also, managing waste can contain certain pollutants at their
source before they can contaminate the ground or streams via storm water runoff.

Practices:
Use the following Best Management Practices when disposing of trash
Collect debris from work areas and place in containers on a
daily basis.
Separate potentially hazardous waste from non- hazardous
construction site waste and place in approved containers
with lids. Hazardous Wastes can include used oil, used oil
filters, oily rags and flammable wastes as well as caustics,
acids, harmful dusts, etc.
Do not place collected litter and debris in or next to drain
inlets, storm water drainage systems, or bodies of water.
Provide dumpsters to contain the solid waste generated by
the project.
Make sure hazardous wastes are not disposed of in dumpsters designated for construction
debris. This could include form oil, sealers, paint, curing compounds etc.
Remove construction debris and waste from the site as frequently as necessary.
Do not bury construction waste materials on site.
Place proper trash receptacles throughout the construction site.
Pull nails from lumber.
Remove debris to prevent fire hazards.
A clean job site allows for safe movement of workers
materials and vehicles.
 49

44. EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLE LEAK

Equipment and Vehicle leaks are potential water and soil pollutants. Rain can wash contaminants
to the nearest stream. A car leaking only a few drops a day can contribute to water pollution. For
example, one pint of oil can contaminate an area larger than a football field.

Steps:
Follow these steps to reduce pollution caused by vehicle leaks:
If you see a leak from a vehicle, contain it with a drip pan or absorbent material.
Repair all fluid leaks as soon as possible to reduce discharge into the environment
Sweep up leaks using granular, absorbent material such as cat litter. Clean up residue and
dispose of it properly.
Properly dispose of fluids such as solvents, antifreeze, brake fluid, and motor oil.
Report all leaks to your supervisor.
Check equipment and vehicles on
a daily basis.

Leak Detector:
A leak detector is a sensor used for
monitoring a system that contains liquids,
gasses, or other substances to ensure that
the contained materials do not escape, leak, or otherwise leave the system.
Here are some of the most common leak test methods:
Burst. This leak test method uses either a destructive or a non-destructive test that
ramps pressure in order to find the point at which the device will break open (i.e.,
burst).
Chamber.
Pressure crack.
Pressure / vacuum.
Pressure decay.
Vacuum decay.
Occlusion
 50

45. TRANSPORTING/UNLOADING MATERIALS

There are hundreds of thousands of material handling accidents every year, from small splinters,
cuts or scrapes, to crushed fingers, hands and feet, even deaths.

Safety Guidelines:
Whether moving materials manually or mechanically, help prevent accidents by
following these safety guidelines
When manually moving materials, attach handles and holders to loads to reduce the
chances of getting fingers pinched or smashed
Place support blocks in a manner that keeps
your hands from under the load.
Wear appropriate protective
equipment, such as gloves, eye protection,
and steel-toed safety shoes
When mechanically moving materials, avoid
overloading. All materials handling
equipment has rated capacities that
determine the maximum weight the equipment can safely handle and the conditions under
which it can handle those weights.
When picking up items with a powered industrial truck, ensure that the load is centered
on the forks and as close to the mast as possible to minimize the potential for the truck
tipping or the load falling.
Never overload a lift truck. This could make the truck hard to control and put it at risk of
a tip over.
Take care when off-loading from a flat trailer with a crane. Make sure you have a means
of getting away from the load should it shift or fade. Have proper access to the back of a
truck. Use a ladder.
 51

46. USE OF TAG LINES

Essentially tag lines should be used to help stabilize a load while enabling personnel to maintain
a safe distance from the load. They are recommended in most situations to prevent damage to the
load, surrounding equipment and/or personnel. Hundreds of people are injured or killed as a
result of crane accidents in the Pakistan every year. Many accidents happen as a result of failure
to control the load. To help eliminate this risk, use taglines for controlling awkward loads and
maneuvering them into difficult positions. For safe use, follow these procedures:
 Use taglines to control loads when their use is practical and will not create additional
hazards.
 After securing a load with taglines, stay
clear of the path of the load and well
forward of the load.
 If it's necessary to guide the load, stay
well away from the wheels or tracks of
the crane.
 When guiding a load, remain clearly
visible to the crane operator at all times.
 Never walk between the suspended load
and thecrane.
 When working around electrical equipment or lines, make sure the tagline stays clear of
the equipment or lines.
 52

47. ROOFS
Working on roofs carries a high risk of accidents unless proper procedures are followed and
precautions taken. Before working on any type of roof you should know the rules set out below
and follow them:-

For work on a roof, risk assessments must be done to determine guardrail and toe board
requirements.
For work on a sloping roof with a pitch of more than 30 degrees (or less than 30 degrees,
if it is slippery) crawling ladders or crawling boards must be provided and used.
There may be circumstances where the use of a safety harness is the only safe way of
working. Such a decision will be made by management, and you must use the safety
harness in the conditions specified.
All openings in roofs must be securely covered or suitably guarded by guardrails and toe
boards. Any cover provided should either be securely fixed in position or clearly marked
to indicate its purpose, for example: "Do not remove cover - hole below". Every year
accidents occur when someone lifts a board and then walks down the hole it was
covering.
Access provided to the roof must be checked before use to see that it is safe and
sufficient.
Beware of fragile roofs. If in doubt see your supervisor.
 53

48. GRINDER ABRASIVE SAWS

Abrasive saws and grinders are among the most common pieces of machinery used in
maintenance shops. They are also among the most dangerous. Operators are at risk of injury from
the power source, blade, wheel, or from a disk failure or hazard from flying or airborne particles.
Remember, abrasive saws and grinders are cutting tools. A hand or a finger that hits the moving
wheel surface is in danger of being mangled or cut off. Fortunately, there are ways to protect
yourself from injury and illness when you work with these powerful machines.
Precautions:
Take these precautions:
Visually inspect and ring test new abrasive wheelsbefore mounting.
Make sure the machine guards are in placeand working properly.
Always leave the wheel in good working order.
Turn the grinder off when not in use.
Do not exceed the safe maximum operating speed
marked on the blade, wheel or disc.
Do not wear anything loose that could get caught
in the machine, if you're wearing a long-sleeved
shirt, button it at the wrist.
Wear a face shield over safety glasses when using
abrasive saws or grinders.
Wear wide vision goggles, or safety glasses, and a
face shield.
Before use, ensure the auxiliary handle is
attached.
Ensure operators grip both handles during use.
Always use the correct type of disc. Make sure the disc speed limit (rpm) is greater than
the angle grinder operating speed.
Some abrasive saws are gasoline powered and should only be used in well ventilated areas.
Operators of gasoline powered equipment should comply with all flammable liquid storage or
transportation guidelines, and follow applicable regulations. Here are some blade, wheel and disk
tips worth remembering:
Never use an unguarded tool.
Never force a blade, wheel or disk onto a tool.
Never use a blade, wheel or disk that has been dropped or otherwise damaged.
Never use excessive tool force.
 54

Never stand in front of an operating tool.

Never exceed the safe maximum operating speed marked on the blade, wheel or disk.

49. PINCH POINT

A pinch point is defined as any point where it is possible for a body part to be caught between moving and
stationary portions of machinery or equipment. If a person or body part occupies that space during the
pinching movement, there is a high probability of injuries such as fractures, amputations, or even death.
Be aware of pinch point hazards on your job and take these precautions:
Prior to use, make sure that all covers and protective shields for equipment and machinery pinch
point hazards are in place. Never
work around moving machine
while the guards are removed.
De-energize, lock-out, and tag
equipment being repaired.
Be on guard whenever you put
your hands, fingers, toes, or feet
”between" anything.
WARNING
Keep hands out.
Fingers can be crushed or severed.
Make sure you have the proper hand clearance when setting down loads or carrying loads through
doors.
Wear gloves that are appropriate for the task.
Keep in mind, however, that gloves may cause an additional hazard during some tasks if they get
caught in moving parts.
Avoid wearing jewelry or loose clothing that could be cau ght in moving parts.
Tie back long hair.
 55

50. LADDERS: EXTENSION LADDERS

Each year, an estimated 50 construction workers are killed by falls from ladders. Falls from
extension ladders can be particularly dangerous because people are usually working at greater
heights. Follow these safety tips when using extension ladders:
When choosing an extension ladder, keep in mind that the length of a ladder is different
from its usable length. The height these ladders can safely reach is reduced by the angle
at which the ladder must be set up.

Position an extension ladders so that the base of the ladder is one foot away from the wall for
every four feet of ladder height. This ratio is important because if the angle is too steep,
you can fall backward. If the angle is too horizontal, the ladder can slip out from under
you.
Make sure that both feet are on stable and level surfaces, and that both rails are resting
evenly on the resting spot. Secure ladders to prevent accidental movement.
Make sure side rails are at least three feet above the landing point, or that an adequate
grab rail is provided.
After you set up an extension ladder, lock the top section in place.
If using multi-section ladders, make sure sections overlap-by at least 3 feet for ladders up
to 32 feet, by 4 feet for ladders 32 feet to 48 feet, and by 5 feet for ladders 48 feet to 60
feet.
 56

When working from an extension ladder, consider using a fall protection system attached to a
secure anchor point on the building, especially if doing work that involves pushing, pulling, or
prying.