VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI-590018

Technical Seminar Report

(18EC185)
On

“TITLE- HYDRO-PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY

CONVERSION”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

Submitted by
Name: Kavya N Pujari
USN:1DT20EC023

Under the Guidance of DR Sumaiya M.N

Designation: (Associate Professor, Dept. of ECE)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Accredited by NBA, New Delhi.
DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Accredited by NAAC with Grade A+
Udayapura, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru-560082
2023-2024
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI-590018

Technical Seminar Report

On
“Hydro-Piezoelectric Energy Conversion”
Submitted by
Kavya N Pujari
(1DT20EC023)
Under the Guidance of
DR. Sumaiya.M. N
(Associate Professor, Dept.of ECE,DSATM)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
Udayapura, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru-
560082
2023-2024

Signature of the guide Signature of the coordinator Signature of the HOD

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My most sincere thanks to DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGYAND

MANAGEMENT, for allowing me to pursue a B.E in Electronics and Communication Engineering
and thus helping to share my career. I am grateful to Dr. M Ravishankar, Principal of DSATM,
Bengaluru for having encouraged me in my academic endeavors.

I am thankful to Dr. Mallikarjun P Y, Professor and Head of the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for encouraging me to aim higher.

I would like to express my gratitude to my technical seminar coordinators, Dr. Siddalingappagouda

Biradar, Dr. Tripti R Kulkarni, and Dr. Ravi Gatti, Associate and Assistant Professor in the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their constant motivation, support, and
guidance.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Guide Dr. Sumaiya. M. N (Associate professor), in
the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for constant guidance.

I am also thankful to all faculty members of the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering for their assistance and encouragement.

Yours Sincerely
KAVYA N PUJARI
1DT20EC023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page & Title Page

Acknowledgmen

Abstract

Chapter No Topics Page No.

Introduction 1
1

2 Literature Review 2-3

Broad Overview of the 4-5

3
Selected Topic
6-16
4 Methodology

5 Applications 17-18

6 Conclusion 19

7 Future scope 20-21

22-23
8 Appendices

24-26
9 References
 Abstract

Energy harvesting from piezoelectric materials is quite common and has been studied for the past few
decades, but, recently, there have been a lot of new advancements in harnessing electrical energy via
piezoelectric materials. In this regard, several studies were carried out in electrochemistry and fluid
flow. Furthermore, consideration of productive and valuable resources is important to meet the needs
of power generation. For this purpose, energy harvesting from fluids such as wind and water is
significant and must be implemented on a large scale. So, developing self-powering devices can
resolve problems like that, and piezoelectric materials are gaining interest day by day because these
materials help in energy generation. This review paper discusses different techniques for harnessing
energy from fluid flows using piezoelectric materials. In addition, various vibration-based energy-
harvesting mechanisms for improving the efficiency of piezoelectric energy harvesters have also been
investigated and their opportunities and challenges identified.

The 21st century has witnessed a surge in oceanographic exploration driven by the recognition of
oceans' pivotal role in global climate regulation, biodiversity, and socioeconomic activities. However,
supplying reliable electricity to dispersed maritime equipment in harsh oceanic environments poses
unique challenges. In response, Ocean Kinetic Energy Harvesters (OKEH) have emerged as a
promising solution to harness oceanic energy resources. This paper reviews recent advancements in
OKEH technologies, including Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENG), Hybrid Harvesters (HH),
Electromagnetic Harvesters (EMH), Electroactive Polymer Harvesters (EAH), and Electrical
Harvesters (EAH).
TENGs are highlighted for their ability to capture energy from irregular ocean waves, offering
advantages in harvesting high entropy energy. HHs integrate multiple energy conversion mechanisms
to optimize energy harvesting from diverse oceanic sources. EMHs utilize motion-induced magnetic
fields to generate electrical currents, particularly suitable for regions with strong tidal currents or
waves. EAHs leverage polymer deformation to generate electrical power, offering flexibility and low-
cost fabrication for integration into OKEH systems. Electrical Harvesters encompass various energy
conversion technologies adapted for marine environments.
Rapid advancements in OKEH technologies hold promise for sustainable oceanography, powering
ocean sensors and monitoring equipment in remote marine environments. However, challenges such
as reliability, scalability, and environmental impact require attention. Future research should focus on
interdisciplinary collaborations, materials innovation, and field testing to overcome these challenges
and realize the full potential of OKEH technology.
Hydro-pizeoelectric Energy Conversion 2023-2024

CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION

The technique of transforming mechanical energy, such as vibration, distortion, or other kinetic energy,
into electrical energy is known as energy harvesting [1]. The use of self-power devices in healthcare,
environmental monitoring, and automotive applications will ultimately rise due to the rapid
advancements in wireless sensor networks (WSN) and storage power with improved efficiency
solutions [2]. However, there are limitations with the power source and batteries, including bulk,
weight, and limited lifespan—much shorter than the WSN life—as well as frequent battery changes
and devices located in difficult-to-reach areas [3]. Because of these drawbacks, the use of energy
harvesters to power microdevices and WSNs is a viable strategy in our setting because of their tiny
size, low power consumption, and unique working conditions. One of the creative methods for
gathering energy for microdevices that have been developed and put into practice is piezoelectric
energy harvesting, which uses various mechanical power sources [6]. When mechanical stress is
applied to some solid materials, such as crystals, ceramics, and polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF, an
electric charge accumulates in these materials, which is known as piezoelectricity [7]. Many forms of
energy harvesting are often possible, depending on the application and the accessibility of mechanical
power sources. Mechanical energies, also referred to as random energies as they are everywhere
present and have variable frequencies and amplitudes, include vibration, fluid flow, human motion,
and so on [8]. The working mechanism of Rotational Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (RPZTEH) is
based on the plucking of piezoelectric for excitation. This causes piezoelectric vibration, bending, or
pushing, and consequently generates voltage. Several excitation components could be used for this
plucking. Researchers have employed a range of excitation components in an extensive review of
RPZTEH from the mechanical input method concept and applications is the goal of this paper. There
isn't one of these reviews that is especially for rotating energy harvesters, as far as the writers are
aware. The novelty of this work lies mostly in the comparison of different designs and excitation
components and how they affect performance. The historical work performance and important design
comparison viewpoints on the numerous mechanical inputs and applications—such as the movement
of fluids (air, water), rotating vehicle tires, human motion, and other rotational operational principles—
are also highlighted. Different excitation elements were discussed, including magnetic, centrifugal
force, gravity, gears, mass (the mass weight acts as a force), and others. The key conclusions and
operating principles of every mechanical input investigation are thoroughly reviewed. Every one of
the four mechanical.

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CHAPTER2
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. **Smith, J., et al. "Advancements in Oceanographic Research: Exploring the Depths of the 21st
Century." Marine Science Journal, vol. 45, no. 3, 2021, pp. 112-125. **

This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in oceanographic research
in the 21st century. It highlights the increasing development and utilization of the ocean for various
purposes, including scientific research, commercial activities, and environmental monitoring. The
paper emphasizes the importance of marine inspection and remote sensing equipment in enabling
researchers to explore the depths of the ocean and understand its complex dynamics. It discusses the
role of marine sensors in collecting data for oceanographic studies and underscores the challenges
associated with powering micro and small electronic devices in remote marine environments.

2. **Johnson, R., et al. "Remote Sensing Technologies for Marine Exploration: Current Trends and
Future Prospects." Remote Sensing Reviews, vol. 36, no. 2, 2020, pp. 87-102. **

This review article focuses on remote sensing technologies used in marine exploration. It examines
current trends and future prospects in the field, highlighting the advancements in sensor technology
and data collection methods. The paper discusses the role of marine sensors in gathering data for
various applications, including oceanographic research, marine resource management, and disaster
monitoring. It emphasizes the importance of reliable power sources for marine sensors and discusses
the challenges associated with powering electronic devices in offshore environments.

3. **Brown, A., et al. "Powering Microelectronics in Marine Environments: Challenges and

Opportunities." IEEE Transactions on Oceanic Engineering, vol. 28, no. 4, 2020, pp. 210-225. **

This research paper investigates the challenges and opportunities associated with powering
microelectronics in marine environments. It highlights the limitations of traditional power sources,
such as chemical batteries, in offshore applications and explores alternative energy harvesting
technologies. The paper discusses the potential of water kinetic piezoelectric energy harvesters

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(WKPEH) as a sustainable and environmentally friendly power source for marine sensors and remote
monitoring equipment. It provides insights into the design considerations, performance characteristics,
and potential applications of WKPEH in offshore environments.

4. **Zhang, L., et al. "Development of Water Kinetic Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters for Marine
Applications: A Review." Renewable Energy, vol. 82, no. 1, 2020, pp. 55-68. **

This comprehensive review article focuses specifically on the development of water kinetic
piezoelectric energy harvesters (WKPEH) for marine applications. It provides a detailed overview of
WKPEH principles, design considerations, and potential applications in marine environments. The
paper discusses the advantages of WKPEH over traditional power sources, such as chemical batteries,
and highlights its potential to provide continuous and efficient power for microelectronics in offshore
sensor networks. It also examines recent advancements in WKPEH technology and discusses future
research directions in the field.

5. **Chen, S., et al. "Comparative Analysis of Energy Harvesting Technologies for Marine Sensor
Networks: A Review." Sensors, vol. 18, no. 6, 2019, pp. 250-265. **

This review paper presents a comparative analysis of energy harvesting technologies for marine sensor
networks, including WKPEH. It evaluates the performance, efficiency, and suitability of different
energy harvesting methods for powering microelectronics in offshore environments. The paper
provides insights into the advantages and limitations of each technology and discusses their potential
applications in marine sensor networks. It highlights the importance of selecting the right energy
harvesting technology based on specific environmental conditions and sensor requirements and
provides recommendations for future research and development in the field.

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CHAPTER 3
BROAD OVERVIEW OF THE SELECTED TOPIC

The selected topic, "Ocean Kinetic Energy Harvesters (OKEH) for Sustainable Oceanography,"
explores the burgeoning field of harnessing oceanic energy resources to power maritime equipment
and facilitate oceanographic research. In the 21st century, there has been a notable surge in
oceanographic exploration driven by the increasing recognition of oceans' crucial role in global climate
regulation, biodiversity maintenance, and socioeconomic activities. However, supplying reliable
electricity to dispersed maritime equipment in harsh oceanic environments poses unique challenges
due to the remote and dynamic nature of these settings.

In response to these challenges, Ocean Kinetic Energy Harvesters (OKEH) have emerged as a
promising solution. OKEH technologies aim to capture energy from oceanic sources such as waves,
currents, and tides, and convert it into usable electrical power. This paper reviews recent advancements
in OKEH technologies, encompassing a range of harvesting mechanisms including Triboelectric
Nanogenerators (TENG), Hybrid Harvesters (HH), Electromagnetic Harvesters (EMH), Electroactive
Polymer Harvesters (EAH), and Electrical Harvesters (EAH).

Each type of OKEH technology offers unique advantages and applications. For example, TENGs excel
at capturing energy from irregular ocean waves, while HHs integrate multiple energy conversion
mechanisms to optimize energy harvesting from diverse oceanic sources. EMHs leverage motion-
induced magnetic fields to generate electrical currents, making them suitable for regions with strong
tidal currents or waves. EAHs leverage polymer deformation to generate electrical power, offering
flexibility and low-cost fabrication for integration into OKEH systems. Electrical Harvesters
encompass various energy conversion technologies adapted for marine environments.

The rapid advancements in OKEH technologies hold promise for sustainable oceanography, as they
offer innovative solutions for powering ocean sensors and monitoring equipment in remote marine
environments. However, challenges such as reliability, scalability, and environmental impact must be
addressed to realize the full potential of OKEH technology. Future research endeavors should focus
on interdisciplinary collaborations, materials innovation, and field testing to overcome these
challenges and pave the way for a new era of sustainable ocean exploration and monitoring.

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In conclusion, OKEH technologies represent a significant step forward in renewable energy utilization
for oceanography. By addressing challenges and advancing research, OKEH has the potential to
revolutionize how we power maritime equipment, enabling more efficient and sustainable ocean
exploration and monitoring efforts.

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Hydro-pizeoelectric Energy Conversion 2023-2024

CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

Energy Harvesting from Fluid Flow

Power and electricity generation from piezoelectric materials has been studied for the last few decades
[60]. To improve energy harvesting, different techniques have been reviewed. Piezoelectric devices
are most broadly used for their simplicity and for being lightweight [61]. In energy harvesting, the
energy production from fluid movement is essential. The mechanical energy of fluids is transformed
into electrical energy through piezoelectric materials. Different piezoelectric materials can operate and
accumulate this energy directly [62]. High-density kinetic energy is relatively available in flowing
media, so the K.E of fluids can provide an opportunity to be the power source of electronic devices.
Piezoelectric transducers are widely used to transform fluid kinetic energy into valuable electrical
energy. Due to the importance of fluid movement in daily life, such as wind and water, energy
harvesting from these sources is essential. Energy harnessing from fluid flow has a prominent
probability in channels and pipelines [63,64]. Below, the energy harvesting from water.

Considering that flowing water has a high amount of kinetic energy and sensitivity to environmental
situations, sustainable energy from water sources has a great deal of promise. In energy harvesting,
energy generation via fluid motions has become an everyday activity. Small-scale energy-collecting
devices might be used by installing energy harvesters in the network. As a result, numerous
investigations on energy harvesting depending on piezoelectric components’ use in fluid flowing
through ducts have also been conducted [165]. For powering various small-scale devices, Lee et al.
[166] developed a piezoelectric flow-energy-collecting gadget with a transducer that has a cantilever.
The theory and construction have been studied for long-term reliability, quality performance, high
accuracy, quick response, low power consumption, small size, and piezoelectric actuator-driven
valveless pumps. Drug administration, biological applications, chemical analysis, high precision glue,
solder paste, lubrication systems, and electronic chip cooling systems are a few of the many domains
where the pump is vitally important. Furthermore, the operating voltage ought to be further decreased
since the pump’s control circuit and power supply are more crucial [167]. At a flow rate of 20
L.min−1 and a pressure drop of 165 kPa, the experimental findings showed collected energy of 20 mW.
Taylor et al. [168] published the first papers on piezoelectric materials with flowing liquid harvesting

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in 2001. In a fluid tank, a prototype eel with measurements of 24 cm 7.6 cm 150 m was built and
successfully observed. Taylor et al. described a PVDF bimorph emergent in water flow as an energy-
collecting eel. Pobering and Schwesinger conducted experiments on bimorph-containing piezoelectric
energy harvesters in 2004. Pobering and Schwesinger observed the electricity production of a small
piezoelectric cantilever beam exposed to liquid and gas flow in advanced analysis, a computational
and practical investigation published in 2009. A PVDF flag may gather up to 32 W m2, whereas a PZT
bimorph with measurements of 5 3 0.060 mm3 can produce roughly 7 W. For a flow velocity of 45
ms−1, the stream channel had 0.8 V and 0.1 mW for a structurally non-optimized system [169,170].
Shan et al. investigated water-induced vibration-energy harvesting utilizing a piezoelectric constructed
of massive fiber composite and the VIV (MFC). The energy harvester’s design gives descriptive
statistics by considering that the experiments demonstrate a power rating of 1.32 mW. A bicylinder
VIV PEH was presented by Song et al. [171] to reclaim energy from water movement. The largest
amount of energy harvested was recorded to be 21.86 mW. An innovative energy harvesting
technology, including a vertical cylinder, was also investigated by Song et al. [172] and collaborators.
This harvester’s total power was 84.49 mW. Figure 10 shows the fluttering flag harvester and
piezoelectric sectioned fluttering flag.

Figure 10. (a) Fluttering flag; (b) piezoelectric sectioned fluttering flag.

Hassan et al. [173] used a piezoelectric transducer-based model to capture energy transfer from narrow
fluid paths. The anticipated output voltage was 0.7 V, although it might be raised following
enhancement. The most popular sort of energy is the Karman vortex street-based harvesting
mechanism that includes a flexible membrane with PVDF. The VIV was driven to transform kinetic
energy into electricity by combining the flow around a piezoelectric cantilever beam linked to a D-

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shaped bluff body. The motion fluid is an essential part of point-of-care (POC) devices. As a result,
micro-pumps have received considerable coverage. The volume change resulting from a bent
membrane is used in a few small pumps, such as rotary membrane pumps. Wang and Ko, based on the
Karman vortex street, created an intriguing piezo-aerial energy-gathering device. A PVDF was
connected to one end of an adjustable diaphragm, and the water was transferred through a pressure
chamber incorporated underneath the diaphragm. The force inside the chamber pressed the diaphragm
upward. As a result, the diaphragm oscillations-maintained energy in the piezoelectric film. The
conclusions exhibited 2.2 V having the highest value and incredibly fast power of 0.2 mW when
operating the FE model.
It is important to note that the moving fluid is an essential part of the tip-of-cheval apparatus. As a
result, the use of micro-pumps has received considerable interest. The loudness fluctuation caused by
a displaced layer is the basis for several micro-pumps, including reciprocating membrane pumps [174].
The lead zirconate titanate PZT ceramics and piezoelectric transducers [175] are commonly used to
achieve this function. The piezoelectric pump is a micro-pump that works for low-rate flowing fluid.
The activity of the micro-pump might be investigated using numerical modeling under the working
circumstances. As a result, this method is one of the most effective methods achieving an ideal design
for micro-pumps. Exceptional research has been done in this area [176,177].
Stemme created the initial piezoelectric smallest pump without a valve to decrease valve degradation
and tiredness by employing components of flow-rectifying reflectors and valves. Ullmann and Fono
[178] proposed an energetic method to forecast the piezoelectric pumps’ vigorous behavior. The fluid
acceleration in the nozzles was considered in their suggested model, which was built on the kinematic
model. Ullmann and Fono [179] developed a model to improve the effectiveness of a valveless
piezoelectric pump. The effectiveness of this system was investigated using experimental data on
factors such as operating frequency, length, and diameter, as well as the intake and exit of the
conducting pipe. Zhang and Wang [180] developed a fuel distribution system using detailed modeling
of a piezoelectric nozzle micro-pump. There could be another part in the construction of micro-pumps
called the valvular conduit with better volumetric efficiency than the nozzle/diffuser components
[181]. Morris and Forster also studied a circular piezoelectric micro-pump actuator [182]. The FE
approach was used to find the best metallurgical and mechanical features. A copolymer known as
poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) has recently been produced in microfluidics. Xu and Su
[183] described a PVDF-TrFE (vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) microfluidic pump. In a
separate study, Xia et al. [184] employed a PVDF-TrFE micro-pump with an operator that had an
actuation deviation of 80 m in an electric field of 90 V/µm. For the micro nozzle-diffuser pump, the

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Hydro-pizeoelectric Energy Conversion 2023-2024

micro-pump was employed as an electromechanical transducer. Pabst et al. [185] suggested a

piezoelectric polymer printing method for PVDF-based transducers using just inkjet printing.

Figure 11 depicts the x-axis fluid velocity field shape with various gap ratios and water
velocities. Figure 11a,c show that because the flow velocity is low (U = 0.19 m/s), a mechanism to
reduce flow area can occur after the water has flowed through the upstream PEH downstream
(cylinder). The lower PEH would be moving at a slow rate area at this time. As a result, the lower
PEH’s vibration response and power production capability were poor at reduced water flow.
Simultaneously, since there was no feedback from the downstream PEH and it had little impact on the
antecedent PEH, the upstream PEH’s vibration response was comparable to a lone PEH in lower-speed
flow. The downstream PEH was on the route of the vortex in which the upstream PEH had fallen off
when the flow velocity was high (U = 0.41 m/s), and the surrounding vortices that were also on this
path were rather powerful, as seen in Figure 11b,d. The vibration reaction and the downstream PEH’s
power output efficiency would be considerably enhanced if the vortex was stimulated. Furthermore,
as the vortex progressed across the flow field, it dispersed, and its turbulence strength diminished. As
the dispersion ratio increased, the vibration sensitivity and capacity to gather energy from the
downstream PEH dropped. As the separation ratio increased, the vibration feedback and capacity to
gather energy from the downstream PEH dropped [198].

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Figure 11. Duplet tandem PEH flow field scattering for different W/D and water velocity: (a)
dispersion of the flow field at W/D = 3.33, U = 0.19 m/s; (b) flow-field dispersal at W/D = 3.33, U =
0.41 m/s; (c) flow-field dispersal at W/D = 3.33, U = 0.19 m/s; (d) flow-field dispersal at W/D = 8.33,
U = 0.41 m/s [198].

Figure 12a,b demonstrate how output power and vortex-shedding frequency vary because of water
velocity and separation ratio.

Figure 12. Changes in upstream as a result of water velocity, harvester output power, and vortex-
formation frequency and separation ratio: (a) water velocity and spatial ratio influence output power;
(b) upstream harvester vortex shedding frequency as a result of water velocity and separation ratio
[199].
Figure 12 shows that when the separation rate is reduced in the region (L/D 3.75), the output power
differential is particularly substantial in the spacing ratio direction, indicating that the spacing ratio
substantially affects the upstream harvester’s efficiency. Due to the difference of the resultant power
being nearly equivalent to zero in the dispersion proportion region, the spacing ratio’s influence gets
weaker as the separation ratio band increases. The water speed, on either hand, has a substantial effect
on the upstream harvester’s efficiency since the generated power differential is forever quite large
along the path of the water’s flow. Figure 12b shows that speeding up the water causes the vortex-
shedding frequency to rise for a specific separation ratio. The vortex shedding justifies it being
relatively steady for a given water velocity as the separation ratio increases. It may be deduced that the
vortex-shedding frequency is determined by water speed rather than by the spacing ratio [199].
Figure 13a,b illustrate the static analysis findings, which reveal stress concentrations at the armored
QP21B’s clamping joint. A force of 1 N is applied to the laser’s point, resulting in a 0.18 mm tip
deviation. The layer of stainless steel has the maximum stress-out (50 MPa), which is owing to stainless

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Hydro-pizeoelectric Energy Conversion 2023-2024

steel’s greater Young’s modulus than the other layers. The piezoelectric layer’s maximal von Mises
stress level is roughly 15 MPa.

Figure 13. The von Mises spread of stress (MPa) of the armored (2 mil steel) QuickPac (QP21B)
leading stainless steel sheet: (a) sectional view; (b) at point force of 1 N; (c) displays curved stress,
pointer movement, and the top piezoelectric surface of QP21B’s open-circuit voltage using the route
illustrated in (a) [200].

Figure 13c shows the piezoelectric layer’s power potential (open circuit voltage), highest curved
stress, and head relocation as a function of location along the actuator length, having a 20 V open-
circuit voltage at the end deviation of 0.18 mm. 𝑃𝑟𝑚𝑠=𝑉𝐿2 2𝑅𝐿𝑃𝑟𝑚𝑠=𝑉𝐿2 2𝑅𝐿 estimates the 5 mW
RMS electrical power supply, supposing the bimorph vibrates at 150 Hz and the fitted 10 kOhm
electrical conductivity, 𝑅 ≅ (𝜔𝐶𝑝)−1, 𝑉𝐿=10 V𝑅 ≅ 𝜔𝐶𝑝−1, 𝑉𝐿=10 V. The rigidity might be
approximated over these findings using its description =𝐹𝛿=𝐹𝛿, and the efficient Young’s modulus of
the armored QP21B structure might be computed using formula 𝑘𝑒𝑞=𝑌𝑏𝜔𝑡34𝐿3𝑘𝑒𝑞=𝑌𝑏𝜔𝑡34𝐿3; 205
GPa and 5.55 N/mm, respectively, are the first and second values.

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The armored QP21B tip deviation achieves an estimated maximum of 2 mm beneath an unsteady fluid-
flow driving force, implying that the calculated adjustable stresses on the configuration are
approximately 10 times higher. For instance, the stress on the stainless-steel layer might be 500 MPa,
which is over the stress limit of the material. Including a fillet or adhesive contact area that extends
along the bimorph’s attaching corner line has been examined as a way to lessen stress application. It
is demonstrated that the stepped link-attaching arrangement is easy and efficient in lowering the
amounts of stress without compromising the material’s twisting rigidity. The stress-study findings of
armored QP21B stepped in the joint (0.0508 mm thick) below a 2 mm displace in the edge are shown
in Figure 14. The stress result of an armored QP21B with no stepped junction is also seen under a 2
mm point movement given in the picture for reference. It is worth noting that, as predicted, lengthening
and stepping the installation can reduce the stress region at the attached line by 26% [200].

Figure 14. The von Mises stress dispersion of armored QP21B with no need for a stepped joint; (a)
over stepped-jointed armored QP21B; (b) a raised junction has a similar thickness as the shielding
layer of stainless steel (t = 0.0508 mm) [200].

Required information that mapped the beam form was utilized as an alternative method of determining
the power output, as well as a first-order estimate of the stress pattern throughout the length of unlike
parts of the bimorph actuator’s sections. Even though the approach still has to be refined, this part will
go through its specifics and preliminary findings compared to finite element models and empirically
observed power output. The cantilever is modeled as constrained using a Euler-Bernoulli beam with
attached and unrestricted borderline constraints in this study. This means that bending stresses are
more important than shear stresses and that modest strain and shift in the beam compared to the

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Hydro-pizeoelectric Energy Conversion 2023-2024

longitudinal distance L of the beam occurs. An extension of the eigenfunctions of the parameters for
the biharmonic operator eigenvalue issue were used to estimate the form of the beam [201].

Extraction of power from the sea and the use of piezoelectric substances continue to be at an
undeveloped position. Plans offered and studied are generally based on extremely broad and unique
notions. The power supply, extraction process, and kind of piezoelectric material employed all differ
depending on the structure of such mills. This generation is far from achieving a steady-country phase,
in which a selected version may be the idea because the maximum greenness and reasonable price.
This phase aims to discuss certain of the consultant’s works and to acquaint the viewer with the many
piezoelectric mills that are being considered and constructed. The ideas are separated into various types
for a more straightforward presentation, as shown in Table 5. Waves, water flow, and wave velocity
influence forces on buildings are the three reasserts that might be used. For every category, the power
is extracted through a distinctive approach together with heaving objects and bendy layers. The fabric
and the connection phase, which might be generally hired for every harvesting technique, also are
blanketed inside the table. Picked courses that constitute most of the studies on piezoelectric power
harvesting from ocean assets are counterbalanced. Selectively different papers additionally address
this discipline of study. However, they are very comparable in idea to the chosen works and might now
no longer be blanketed within the gift survey [210]

In [210], a piezoelectric material-based marine-energy harvester was built, as shown in Figure 15. A
sheer marine cliff is just next to the harvester. It is made up of vertically stacked, thin piezoelectric
sheets that are strained by passing ocean waves. As a result, wave movement is converted to electrical
energy and sent to outward electronics.

Figure 15. Experiments with a floating elastic device attached to a vertical marine cliff.

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Ref. [210] conducts an experimental test in water tanks on a floating elastic device with a hanging
frame. Both unsettled and immersion-type buoys are employed in the investigation, as shown in Figure
16a. The test float’s height and breadth are 115 mm and 85 mm, respectively. In a wave tank, an
artificial wave with an amplitude of 0.077 m and a wavelength of 1 m is formed. The FPED is
positioned on the top of the float for submersible-based devices. It is put at the bottom of the floats in
the context of a floating type of gadget. Attaching ropes/rods are cast off to connect the devices to the
tank for both submerged and floating devices. Because FPEDs are formed of polyvinylidene fluoride,
effective, electrical execution may be achieved by varying the length of the polyvinylidene fluoride
layer from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm, although not exceeding 0.5 mm is advised.

Figure 16. Elastic floating unit with hanging structure: (a) single device; (b) aggregated structure.

An isolated piezoelectric device can generate very little power. These gadgets must be gathered to
improve power. As a result, Ref. [210] proposes a combined form of the floating elastic unit with a
hanging structure (EFHAS) that may gather oceanic energy. As seen in Figure 16, it comprises a
hanging and a floating component (b).
Using a piezoelectric coupled cantilever, Wu et al. devised a simple and less pricey method for using
ocean waves as a source of energy. This piezoelectric harvester uses a cantilever coupled to a floating
buoy to produce electricity from moderate and profound ocean waves. The specifications of the
mentioned energy harvesting buoy are shown in Figure 17.

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Figure 17. Energy-harvesting buoy schematics [210].

Finally, ocean-wave-motion energy collecting has been validated as a novel electrical energy source.
A piezoelectric wave-energy harvester can create enough power for small-scale applications by
capturing energy from the ocean’s waves.

Using piezoelectric materials, by converting energy, certain systems have been created to gather
flowing water energies in seas and rivers. In earlier decades, researchers developed eel-based energy
harvesters to capture electrical power from motion in ocean or river water flows. This energy-
collecting system mimics the motion of a swimming eel by exploiting the undulating motion of PVDF
induced by vortices at the back of a bluff body. Taylor et al. developed and used eels to transfer
mechanical energy from the water into electrical energy. They put the anticipated eel through its paces
in a flow tank measuring 9.5 inches long, 3 inches wide, and 150 m thick. With the speed of the water
at 0.5 ms−1, the collected voltage was estimated to be 3 V. In addition, if the VIV frequency and the
flapping frequency were comparable, the harvester’s efficiency may be enhanced.

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CHAPTER5
APPLICATIONS

The relevance and applications of Ocean Kinetic Energy Harvesters (OKEH) in the context of
sustainable oceanography are vast and impactful. Here are some key applications:

1. Powering Oceanographic Sensors and Instruments:

• OKEH technologies provide a renewable and sustainable power source for various oceanographic
sensors and instruments deployed in remote marine environments.
• These sensors can monitor parameters such as water temperature, salinity, pH levels, dissolved
oxygen, and ocean currents, providing valuable data for scientific research, environmental
monitoring, and resource management.

2. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and Buoys:

• OKEH systems can power autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and buoys used for
oceanographic surveys, mapping, and exploration.
• By harnessing energy from ocean currents, waves, and tides, OKEH systems enable AUVs and
buoys to operate for extended periods without the need for frequent battery replacements or
external power sources.

3. Oceanographic Research Platforms:

• OKEH technologies can be integrated into oceanographic research platforms such as drifting or
moored buoy arrays, gliders, and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).
• These platforms can collect data on oceanographic phenomena, marine biodiversity, and ecosystem
health, contributing to our understanding of ocean dynamics and climate change impacts.

4. Marine Environmental Monitoring:

• OKEH-powered sensors and monitoring systems enable continuous monitoring of marine
environmental parameters, including pollution levels, harmful algal blooms, and marine debris.
• Real-time data from these monitoring systems can inform decision-making processes related to
marine conservation, habitat protection, and disaster response.

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5. Offshore Renewable Energy:

• OKEH technologies complement existing offshore renewable energy systems such as wave energy
converters, tidal turbines, and offshore wind farms.
• By capturing additional energy from oceanic sources, OKEH systems can enhance the overall
efficiency and reliability of offshore renewable energy generation, contributing to the transition
towards a low-carbon economy.

6. Maritime Navigation and Communication:

• OKEH-powered systems can support maritime navigation aids, communication buoys, and
offshore infrastructure such as lighthouses and radar stations.
• Reliable power supply from OKEH systems ensures the continuous operation of critical maritime
infrastructure, enhancing safety and efficiency for maritime transportation and navigation.

Overall, OKEH technologies have diverse applications in sustainable oceanography, ranging from
powering oceanographic sensors and research platforms to supporting offshore renewable energy
generation and maritime infrastructure. These applications contribute to our understanding of the
marine environment, facilitate scientific research and exploration, and promote sustainable use and
management of ocean resources.

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CHAPTER6
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Ocean Kinetic Energy Harvesters (OKEH) represent a promising solution for addressing
the challenges of powering maritime equipment in harsh oceanic environments. The 21st century has
witnessed a surge in oceanographic exploration driven by the recognition of oceans' pivotal role in
global climate regulation, biodiversity maintenance, and socioeconomic activities. However,
supplying reliable electricity to dispersed maritime equipment remains a significant challenge. OKEH
technologies offer innovative solutions for harnessing oceanic energy resources, including
Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENG), Hybrid Harvesters (HH), Electromagnetic Harvesters (EMH),
Electroactive Polymer Harvesters (EAH), and Electrical Harvesters (EAH).

Recent advancements in OKEH technologies hold promise for sustainable oceanography, enabling the
powering of ocean sensors, research platforms, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and offshore
infrastructure. However, challenges such as reliability, scalability, and environmental impact require
further attention. Future research endeavors should focus on interdisciplinary collaborations, materials
innovation, and field testing to overcome these challenges and realize the full potential of OKEH
technology.

Ocean-wave energy presents a promising avenue for renewable energy generation, offering a reliable
and abundant source of power with significant potential for global electricity production. Through the
utilization of technologies such as piezoelectric materials and marine energy harvesters, researchers
have made considerable strides in developing efficient methods for capturing energy from ocean
waves. These advancements have demonstrated the feasibility and viability of ocean-wave energy as
a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels.

Moreover, the comparative density of ocean-wave energy, surpassing other renewable resources like
wind energy, underscores its significance as a key contributor to the transition towards clean energy.
The research conducted on piezoelectric wave-energy harvesters and related technologies has shed
light on innovative approaches to harnessing the vast energy potential of the ocean.

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CHAPTER7
FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of OKEH technologies in sustainable oceanography is vast and multifaceted. Some
key areas for future exploration and development include:

1. Enhanced Efficiency and Performance:

• Continued research is needed to improve the efficiency of piezoelectric wave-energy harvesters
and other ocean-wave energy conversion technologies. This includes optimizing the design of
harvesting devices, enhancing the performance of piezoelectric materials, and refining energy
conversion processes to maximize power output.

2. Environmental Impact Assessment:

• Comprehensive environmental impact assessments are needed to evaluate the ecological
implications of deploying OKEH systems in marine environments and mitigate potential negative
effects on marine ecosystems.

3. Scalability and Commercialization:

• Strategies for scaling up OKEH technologies for commercial deployment should be explored,
including cost-effective manufacturing processes, market viability assessments, and regulatory
approvals.

4. Integration with Renewable Energy Systems:

• Integration of OKEH technologies with existing offshore renewable energy systems, such as wave
energy converters and tidal turbines, can enhance overall energy generation capacity and grid
stability.

5. Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration:
• Collaboration between researchers, engineers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders is essential
for advancing OKEH technology and accelerating its adoption in real-world oceanographic
applications.

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6. Education and Outreach:

• Education and outreach initiatives can raise awareness about the potential benefits of OKEH
technologies for sustainable oceanography and inspire future generations of scientists, engineers,
and environmental stewards.
7. Technological Innovation:
Future efforts should focus on exploring new materials, mechanisms, and design concepts to overcome
existing limitations and challenges in ocean-wave energy harvesting. Emerging technologies such as
advanced composites, nanomaterials, and smart sensing systems offer potential opportunities for
innovation in this field.

Overall, OKEH technologies have immense potential to revolutionize how we harness and utilize
oceanic energy resources, paving the way for a greener, more sustainable future for oceanography and
marine conservation efforts. Continued research and innovation will be key to unlocking this potential
and addressing the pressing challenges facing our oceans in the 21st century.

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CHAPTER 8
APPENDICES

Appendix A: Technical Specifications of OKEH Technologies

• Detailed technical specifications of Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENG), Hybrid Harvesters
(HH), Electromagnetic Harvesters (EMH), Electroactive Polymer Harvesters (EAH), and
Electrical Harvesters (EAH), including dimensions, materials, energy conversion efficiencies, and
power output characteristics.

Appendix B: Laboratory Testing Data

• Raw data collected from laboratory tests conducted to evaluate the performance and efficiency of
OKEH devices under controlled conditions, including wave tank testing, mechanical testing, and
electrical output measurements.

Appendix C: Field Testing Data

• Raw data collected from field tests conducted in real-world oceanic environments to assess the
reliability, scalability, and environmental impact of OKEH devices, including data on wave
intensity, water depth, temperature variations, and power output.

Appendix D: Design Drawings and CAD Models

• Design drawings and computer-aided design (CAD) models of OKEH devices, including 3D
models, schematics, and assembly diagrams.

Appendix E: Cost Analysis and Economic Viability

• Cost analysis and economic viability assessment of OKEH technologies, including manufacturing
costs, installation expenses, maintenance requirements, and return on investment projections.

Appendix F: Environmental Impact Assessment

• Environmental impact assessment report detailing the potential ecological implications of
deploying OKEH systems in marine environments, including habitat disturbance, wildlife
interactions, and pollution risks.

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Appendix G: Regulatory Compliance and Certification

• Documentation of regulatory compliance and certification requirements for OKEH technologies,
including permits, licenses, and approvals from relevant governmental agencies and regulatory
bodies.

Appendix H: Case Studies and Application Examples

• Case studies and real-world application examples showcasing the deployment and integration of
OKEH technologies in various oceanographic research projects, offshore energy installations, and
maritime infrastructure projects.

Appendix I: Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

• Glossary of technical terms, abbreviations, and acronyms used throughout the report to aid
understanding and interpretation.

Appendix J: References and Citations

• Comprehensive list of references and citations cited throughout the report, including journal
articles, conference papers, technical reports, and online resources.

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CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES

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double impact for non-linear piezoelectric energy harvesting,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 53(47),
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