Lansoprazole

● Classification: Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI).

● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: It is commonly available in oral capsule and tablet forms, with
standard dosing typically ranging from 15mg to 30mg once daily, usually taken before breakfast.
● Pharmacokinetics: Lansoprazole is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations
achieved within 1-3 hours after administration. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and has a half-life of
approximately 1-1.5 hours.
● Pharmacodynamics: Lansoprazole works by irreversibly inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system in the
gastric parietal cells, thus reducing gastric acid secretion.

Nursing Responsibility

● Before: Assess the patient's medical history, allergies, and current medications. Ensure proper patient
education regarding the medication, including its purpose, potential side effects, and administration
instructions.
● During: Monitor for any adverse reactions, especially signs of gastrointestinal bleeding, such as black, tarry
stools or abdominal pain. Assess the patient's response to therapy.
● After: Continue monitoring for adverse effects, assess the effectiveness of the medication in managing the
patient's symptoms, and provide ongoing education and support as needed.

Rabeprazole

● Classification: Rabeprazole is also a proton pump inhibitor (PPI).

● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: It is available in oral capsule and tablet forms, with standard
dosing typically ranging from 20mg to 40mg once daily, usually taken before breakfast.
● Pharmacokinetics: Rabeprazole is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations
achieved within 1-2 hours after administration. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and has a longer half-life
compared to lansoprazole, approximately 1-2 hours.
● Pharmacodynamics: Rabeprazole inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system in the gastric parietal cells,
leading to a reduction in gastric acid secretion.

Nursing Responsibility

● Before: Perform a thorough assessment of the patient's medical history, current medications, and allergies.
Educate the patient about the medication, its purpose, potential side effects, and proper administration
techniques.
● During: Monitor the patient for any adverse reactions, particularly signs of gastrointestinal bleeding or
other serious adverse effects. Assess the patient's response to therapy and provide supportive care as
needed.
● After: Continue monitoring for adverse effects, evaluate the effectiveness of the medication in controlling
symptoms, and provide ongoing education and support to the patient.

Esomeprazole

● Classification: Esomeprazole is also a proton pump inhibitor (PPI).

● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: It is available in oral capsule and tablet forms, with standard
dosing typically ranging from 20mg to 40mg once daily, usually taken before breakfast.
● Pharmacokinetics: Esomeprazole is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma
concentrations achieved within 1-2 hours after administration. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and has a
longer half-life compared to lansoprazole, approximately 1-1.5 hours.
● Pharmacodynamics: Esomeprazole inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system in the gastric parietal cells,
resulting in a reduction in gastric acid secretion.

Nursing Responsibility

● Before: Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the patient's medical history, current medications, and
allergies. Educate the patient about esomeprazole, including its purpose, potential side effects, and proper
administration techniques.
● During: Monitor the patient for any adverse reactions, particularly signs of gastrointestinal bleeding or
other serious adverse effects. Evaluate the patient's response to therapy and provide supportive care as
necessary.
● After: Continue monitoring for adverse effects, assess the effectiveness of esomeprazole in managing the
patient's symptoms, and offer ongoing education and support as needed.

1. Aluminium Hydroxide
● Classification: Antacid
 ● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available as a suspension or chewable
tablet. Dosing varies but generally taken after meals and at bedtime as needed for relief of
heartburn or acid indigestion.
● Pharmacokinetics: Aluminum hydroxide acts locally in the stomach to neutralize gastric acid. It
is not well absorbed systemically.
● Pharmacodynamics: Aluminum hydroxide reacts with stomach acid to form aluminum
chloride, water, and carbon dioxide, thus neutralizing gastric acid.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient's history of renal impairment, as aluminum hydroxide can
accumulate in renal failure.
● During: Monitor for signs of constipation, as aluminum hydroxide can cause this
adverse effect.
● After: Educate patient on proper administration and potential side effects such as
constipation.
2. Calcium Carbonate
● Classification: Antacid
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as a chewable tablet or liquid
suspension. Dosing varies but generally taken after meals and at bedtime as needed for relief
of heartburn or acid indigestion.
● Pharmacokinetics: Calcium carbonate acts locally in the stomach to neutralize gastric acid. It
can also provide calcium supplementation.
● Pharmacodynamics: Calcium carbonate reacts with stomach acid to form calcium chloride,
water, and carbon dioxide, thus neutralizing gastric acid.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient's history of renal stones, as calcium carbonate can increase the
risk of stone formation.
● During: Monitor for signs of hypercalcemia, such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and
weakness.
● After: Educate patient on proper administration and potential side effects such as
constipation and gas.
3. Famotidine
● Classification: H2 Receptor Antagonist
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as tablets, chewable tablets, and oral
suspension. Typical dosing is 20-40mg twice daily for the treatment of GERD and ulcers.
● Pharmacokinetics: Famotidine competitively inhibits histamine at the H2 receptors of the
stomach, leading to reduced gastric acid secretion.
● Pharmacodynamics: By inhibiting histamine, famotidine decreases basal and stimulated gastric
acid secretion.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient's renal function, as dosage adjustments may be necessary in
renal impairment.
● During: Monitor for signs of CNS effects, such as confusion or hallucinations, especially
in elderly patients.
● After: Educate patient on potential adverse effects and the importance of compliance
with the medication regimen.
4. Nizatidine
● Classification: H2 Receptor Antagonist
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as capsules and oral solution. Typical
dosing is 150mg twice daily for the treatment of ulcers and GERD.
● Pharmacokinetics: Nizatidine competitively inhibits histamine at the H2 receptors of the
stomach, reducing gastric acid secretion.
● Pharmacodynamics: By inhibiting histamine, nizatidine decreases basal and stimulated gastric
acid secretion.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient's renal function, as dosage adjustments may be necessary in
renal impairment.
● During: Monitor for signs of CNS effects and gastrointestinal disturbances.
● After: Educate patient on proper administration and potential adverse effects, including
headache and dizziness.
5. Ranitidine
● Classification: H2 Receptor Antagonist
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as tablets, capsules, and oral solution.
Typical dosing is 150mg twice daily or 300mg once daily for the treatment of ulcers and GERD.
● Pharmacokinetics: Ranitidine competitively inhibits histamine at the H2 receptors of the
stomach, leading to reduced gastric acid secretion.
● Pharmacodynamics: By inhibiting histamine, ranitidine decreases basal and stimulated gastric
acid secretion.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient's renal function, as dosage adjustments may be necessary in
renal impairment.
● During: Monitor for signs of CNS effects, such as confusion or agitation.
 ● After: Educate patient on proper administration and potential adverse effects, including
headache and dizziness.
6. Bethanechol
● Classification: Cholinergic agonist
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Usually administered orally or subcutaneously.
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates cholinergic receptors, leading to increased smooth muscle
tone and motility, especially in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient’s bowel and bladder function, allergies, and vital signs.
● During: Monitor for signs of cholinergic excess (e.g., abdominal cramps, diarrhea, bradycardia).
● After: Assess patient’s response to medication, particularly improvements in bowel or bladder
function.
7. Domperidone
● Classification: Dopamine receptor antagonist
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically administered orally.
● Pharmacokinetics: Poorly penetrates the blood-brain barrier, leading to minimal central
nervous system effects.
● Pharmacodynamics: Blocks dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, leading to
antiemetic effects.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient’s nausea, vomiting, and vital signs.
● During: Monitor for therapeutic response and adverse effects such as extrapyramidal
symptoms.
● After: Evaluate the effectiveness of the medication in reducing nausea and vomiting.
8. Colchicine
● Classification: Anti-inflammatory agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Usually administered orally.
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits microtubule formation, thereby disrupting leukocyte migration
and reducing inflammation.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient’s symptoms and vital signs.
● During: Monitor for gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, as well
as signs of toxicity.
● After: Evaluate the effectiveness of the medication in reducing symptoms of inflammation.
9. Levothyroxine
● Classification: Thyroid hormone replacement
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically administered orally.
● Pharmacokinetics: Well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
● Pharmacodynamics: Acts as a synthetic thyroid hormone to replace or supplement
endogenous thyroid hormone production.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient’s thyroid function tests, symptoms, and vital signs.
● During: Monitor for signs of thyroid hormone excess (e.g., tachycardia, weight loss) or
deficiency (e.g., bradycardia, weight gain).
● After: Assess patient’s response to medication, particularly improvements in symptoms and
normalization of thyroid function tests.
10. Calcitonin
● Classification: Hormone
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Can be administered intranasally, subcutaneously,
or intravenously.
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly cleared from the circulation.
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits osteoclast activity, leading to decreased bone resorption and
calcium levels.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient’s calcium levels, bone density, and vital signs.
● During: Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity reactions, such as rash or difficulty breathing.
● After: Evaluate the effectiveness of the medication in reducing bone resorption and improving
bone density.

Doxepin:
● Classification: Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available in oral formulations such as tablets or
capsules. Dosing can vary depending on the condition being treated and patient factors, but it's
usually started at a low dose and gradually increased.
● Pharmacokinetics: Doxepin is well absorbed after oral administration and undergoes extensive
hepatic metabolism. It has a half-life of about 8 to 25 hours.
 ● Pharmacodynamics: Doxepin primarily works by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and
norepinephrine, which increases their levels in the brain.

Nursing Responsibility:
● Before:
● Assess the patient's medical history, including any previous allergic reactions or
contraindications to doxepin.
● Monitor baseline vital signs and mental status.
● During:
● Monitor for any signs of adverse reactions such as dizziness, drowsiness, or changes in heart
rate or rhythm.
● Assess the patient's mood and mental status regularly for improvement or worsening of
symptoms.
● After:
● Continue monitoring vital signs and mental status.
● Educate the patient about potential side effects and the importance of adherence to the
prescribed regimen.

Clomipramine:
● Classification: Clomipramine is also a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in oral formulations like tablets or capsules.
Dosing typically starts low and increases gradually based on response and tolerability.
● Pharmacokinetics: Clomipramine is well absorbed orally and extensively metabolized by the liver. It
has a long half-life of around 20 to 50 hours.
● Pharmacodynamics: Clomipramine primarily acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and
norepinephrine in the brain.

Nursing Responsibility:
● Before:
● Assess the patient's medical history and current medications, including any potential drug
interactions or contraindications.
● Monitor baseline vital signs and mental status.
● During:
● Monitor for adverse reactions such as dizziness, sedation, or changes in cardiac rhythm.
● Evaluate the patient's response to treatment, including changes in mood and behavior.
● After:
● Continue monitoring vital signs and mental status regularly.
● Provide patient education regarding potential side effects and the importance of compliance
with the prescribed regimen.

Nortriptyline:
● Classification: Nortriptyline is yet another tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available in oral formulations such as tablets or
capsules. Dosing usually starts low and is gradually increased based on response and tolerability.
● Pharmacokinetics: Nortriptyline is well absorbed orally and undergoes hepatic metabolism. It has a
relatively long half-life of around 16 to 90 hours.
● Pharmacodynamics: Nortriptyline primarily acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and
norepinephrine in the brain.

Nursing Responsibility:
● Before:
● Assess the patient's medical history, including any cardiovascular disease or other
contraindications to nortriptyline.
● Monitor baseline vital signs and mental status.
● During:
● Monitor for adverse reactions such as dizziness, sedation, or changes in cardiac rhythm.
● Evaluate the patient's response to treatment, including changes in mood and behavior.
● After:
● Continue monitoring vital signs and mental status regularly.
● Provide patient education regarding potential side effects and the importance of compliance
with the prescribed regimen.
1. Albuterol
● Classification: Beta-2 adrenergic agonist (bronchodilator)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically administered via inhalation. Dosage
varies based on the formulation (nebulizer solution, metered-dose inhaler, etc.).
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed from the lungs. Onset of action within minutes, with a
duration of 4-6 hours.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, leading to
bronchodilation.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess respiratory status, vital signs, and allergy history.
● During: Monitor respiratory response, heart rate, and blood pressure. Educate the
patient on proper inhalation technique.
● After: Monitor for adverse effects such as tremors, palpitations, and tachycardia.
Document response to medication.
2. Salmeterol
● Classification: Long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist (bronchodilator)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Administered via inhalation. Usually available as a
dry powder inhaler or metered-dose inhaler.
● Pharmacokinetics: Slow onset of action (30 minutes to 1 hour) with a duration of 12 hours.
● Pharmacodynamics: Acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, leading to
bronchodilation.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess respiratory status, vital signs, and allergy history.
● During: Monitor respiratory response and vital signs. Ensure proper inhalation
technique.
● After: Monitor for adverse effects such as palpitations and tremors. Document
response to medication.
3. Formoterol
● Classification: Long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist (bronchodilator)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Administered via inhalation. Available as a dry
powder inhaler or metered-dose inhaler.
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid onset of action (3-5 minutes) with a duration of 12 hours.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, leading to
bronchodilation.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess respiratory status, vital signs, and allergy history.
● During: Monitor respiratory response and vital signs. Instruct on proper inhalation
technique.
● After: Monitor for adverse effects such as palpitations and tremors. Document
response to medication.
4. S-Adenosylmethionine
● Classification: Dietary supplement (SAMe)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral administration. Dosage varies based on
indication.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolized in the liver.
● Pharmacodynamics: Involved in various biochemical pathways, including methylation
reactions.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient's medical history, current medications, and indication for SAMe.
● During: Monitor for any signs of adverse reactions or interactions with other
medications.
● After: Evaluate patient response to treatment. Educate on potential side effects and
drug interactions.
5. IV Calcium Gluconate
● Classification: Electrolyte supplement
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Intravenous administration. Dosage depends on
the patient's calcium levels and clinical condition.
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid onset of action. Distributed throughout the extracellular fluid.
Metabolized and excreted by the kidneys.
● Pharmacodynamics: Increases serum calcium levels, which is essential for various
physiological processes.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Verify the prescription, assess baseline calcium levels, and ensure proper IV
access.
● During: Monitor vital signs, calcium levels, and infusion rate. Watch for signs of
hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia.
● After: Continuously monitor calcium levels and assess for any adverse effects.
Document infusion details and patient response.
6. Dihydrotachysterol
● Classification: Vitamin D analog
 ● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral administration. Dosage depends on the
patient's condition and response to treatment.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolized in the liver and
excreted by the kidneys.
● Pharmacodynamics: Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, promoting
bone mineralization.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient's medical history, current medications, and vitamin D levels.
● During: Monitor serum calcium and phosphate levels. Educate on the importance of
sunlight exposure and dietary sources of vitamin D.
● After: Evaluate patient response to treatment. Monitor for signs of hypercalcemia or
hypervitaminosis D.
7. Ergocalciferol
● Classification: Vitamin D analog (Vitamin D2)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral administration. Dosage varies based on the
patient's condition and vitamin D levels.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolized in the liver to its
active form.
● Pharmacodynamics: Promotes calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestines, supporting
bone health.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient's medical history, current medications, and vitamin D levels.
● During: Monitor serum calcium and phosphate levels. Educate on the importance of
adherence to the prescribed regimen.
● After: Evaluate patient response to treatment. Monitor for signs of vitamin D toxicity or
hypercalcemia.
8. Cholecalciferol
● Classification: Vitamin D analog (Vitamin D3)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral administration. Dosage depends on the
patient's condition and vitamin D levels.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolized in the liver to its
active form.
● Pharmacodynamics: Facilitates calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestines, promoting
bone mineralization.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess patient's medical history, current medications, and vitamin D levels.
● During: Monitor serum calcium and phosphate levels. Educate on the importance of
compliance with the prescribed regimen.
● After: Assess patient response to treatment. Monitor for signs of vitamin D toxicity or
hypercalcemia.
9. Phentolamine
● Classification: Alpha-adrenergic blocker
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically administered via intravenous or
intramuscular injection. Dosage varies based on the indication.
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed and distributed. Metabolized in the liver and excreted in
the urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased
blood pressure.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Verify the prescription, assess baseline blood pressure, and allergy history.
● During: Monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and signs of hypotension or adverse
reactions.
● After: Continuously monitor blood pressure and assess for any adverse effects.
Document administration details and patient response.
10. Phenoxybenzamine
● Classification: Non-selective alpha-adrenergic blocker
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically administered orally. Dosage varies based
on the indication.
● Pharmacokinetics: Well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolized in the liver and
excreted in the urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Blocks both alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to
vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
● Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess baseline blood pressure, heart rate, and allergy history. Verify the
prescription.
● During: Monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and signs of hypotension or adverse
reactions. Educate on orthostatic precautions.
● After: Continuously monitor blood pressure and assess for any adverse effects.
Document administration details and patient response.

1. Psyllium
 ● Classification: Bulk-forming laxative
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available as a powder or granules to be
mixed with water or juice. Dosing varies depending on indication.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbs water in the intestine, forming a bulky stool mass, which
stimulates peristalsis.
● Pharmacodynamics: Increases stool bulk and promotes bowel movement.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess patient's bowel habits, fluid intake, and any contraindications.
● During: Monitor for signs of dehydration or electrolyte imbalance.
● After: Encourage increased fluid intake to prevent constipation.
2. Amitriptyline
● Classification: Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in tablet form, typically taken orally
once daily at bedtime.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted
renally.
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, leading to
increased synaptic concentrations of these neurotransmitters.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for depression symptoms, suicidal ideation, and any contraindications.
● During: Monitor for adverse effects such as sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and
anticholinergic effects.
● After: Educate the patient about the importance of compliance with medication regimen and
potential side effects.
3. Duloxetine
● Classification: Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in delayed-release capsules, usually
taken orally once or twice daily.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted
renally.
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, leading to
increased synaptic concentrations of these neurotransmitters.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for depression symptoms, suicidal ideation, and any contraindications.
● During: Monitor for adverse effects such as nausea, dry mouth, insomnia, and changes in
blood pressure.
● After: Evaluate the therapeutic response and provide patient education about medication
compliance and potential side effects.
4. Propantheline
● Classification: Anticholinergic agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in tablet form, usually taken orally
before meals.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted
renally.
● Pharmacodynamics: Blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, resulting in
decreased gastrointestinal motility and secretions.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for any contraindications, especially in patients with urinary retention or
glaucoma.
● During: Monitor for anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, urinary
retention, and blurred vision.
● After: Evaluate the therapeutic response and educate the patient about medication compliance
and potential side effects.
5. Lactobacillus
● Classification: Probiotic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in various formulations including
capsules, tablets, powders, and fermented foods.
● Pharmacokinetics: Colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and promotes a healthy balance of gut
microbiota.
● Pharmacodynamics: Restores or maintains a favorable balance of beneficial bacteria in the
gut.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for any allergies or sensitivities to lactose or dairy products.
● During: Monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or diarrhea.
● After: Evaluate the effectiveness of the probiotic therapy and provide education on its role in
gut health.
6. Bifidobacterium
● Classification: Probiotic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in various formulations including
capsules, tablets, powders, and fermented foods.
 ● Pharmacokinetics: Colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and promotes a healthy balance of gut
microbiota.
● Pharmacodynamics: Restores or maintains a favorable balance of beneficial bacteria in the
gut.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for any allergies or sensitivities to lactose or dairy products.
● During: Monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or diarrhea.
● After: Evaluate the effectiveness of the probiotic therapy and provide education on its role in
gut health.
7. Glycerine Suppositories
● Classification: Laxative
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Suppository inserted rectally as needed for
constipation relief.
● Pharmacokinetics: The suppository dissolves, causing local irritation and stimulation of rectal
reflexes, which promotes bowel movement.
● Pharmacodynamics: Induces bowel movement by irritating the rectal mucosa and promoting
rectal contractions.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for any contraindications or rectal conditions that may preclude the use of
suppositories.
● During: Assist patient with correct administration technique and provide privacy and dignity
during the procedure.
● After: Monitor for bowel movement and assess for any adverse effects such as rectal irritation
or discomfort.
8. Bisacodyl Suppositories
● Classification: Stimulant laxative
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Suppository inserted rectally as needed for
constipation relief.
● Pharmacokinetics: The suppository dissolves, causing local irritation and stimulation of rectal
reflexes, which promotes bowel movement.
● Pharmacodynamics: Induces bowel movement by directly stimulating the nerve endings in
the rectal mucosa.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for any contraindications or rectal conditions that may preclude the use of
suppositories.
● During: Assist patient with correct administration technique and provide privacy and dignity
during the procedure.
● After: Monitor for bowel movement and assess for any adverse effects such as rectal irritation
or discomfort.
9. Calamine
● Classification: Topical anti-itch medication
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as a lotion or cream for topical
application to the skin.
● Pharmacokinetics: Provides a cooling sensation and forms a protective barrier over the skin,
relieving itching and irritation.
● Pharmacodynamics: Acts as an astringent and antipruritic agent, soothing and protecting the
skin.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess the affected area for signs of inflammation, infection, or open wounds.
● During: Instruct the patient on proper application techniques and frequency.
● After: Monitor for improvement in itching and irritation, and assess for any adverse reactions
such as contact dermatitis.
10. Witch Hazel
● Classification: Astringent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as a liquid or ointment for topical
application to the skin.
● Pharmacokinetics: Acts as a vasoconstrictor and mild anti-inflammatory agent when applied
topically.
● Pharmacodynamics: Helps tighten and soothe irritated skin, reducing inflammation and
relieving discomfort.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess the affected area for signs of inflammation, infection, or open wounds.
● During: Instruct the patient on proper application techniques and frequency.
● After: Monitor for improvement in symptoms and assess for any adverse reactions such as
skin irritation or allergic reactions.
11. Zinc Oxide
● Classification: Skin protectant
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as a cream or ointment for topical
application to the skin.
● Pharmacokinetics: Forms a protective barrier over the skin, helping to prevent and heal skin
irritation and inflammation.
 ● Pharmacodynamics: Acts as a mild astringent and antiseptic, promoting wound healing and
reducing skin irritation.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess the affected area for signs of inflammation, infection, or open wounds.
● During: Instruct the patient on proper application techniques and frequency.
● After: Monitor for improvement in symptoms and assess for any adverse reactions such as
skin irritation or allergic reactions.
12. Clarithromycin
● Classification: Macrolide antibiotic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in tablet, suspension, and
extended-release tablet forms for oral administration.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, distributed widely in body tissues,
and excreted primarily in the bile.
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal
subunit of susceptible microorganisms.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for allergies to macrolide antibiotics, liver dysfunction, and any
contraindications.
● During: Monitor for therapeutic response and adverse effects such as gastrointestinal
disturbances, rash, or QT prolongation.
● After: Evaluate the effectiveness of the antibiotic therapy and provide patient education on
completing the full course of treatment.
13. Tetracycline
● Classification: Tetracycline antibiotic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in capsule and tablet forms for oral
administration.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, distributed widely in body tissues,
and excreted primarily in the urine and feces.
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal
subunit of susceptible microorganisms.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for allergies to tetracycline antibiotics, renal dysfunction, and any
contraindications.
● During: Monitor for therapeutic response and adverse effects such as gastrointestinal
disturbances, photosensitivity, and tooth discoloration.
● After: Evaluate the effectiveness of the antibiotic therapy and provide patient education on
completing the full course of treatment.
14. Mithramycin
● Classification: Antineoplastic antibiotic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in powder for injection or intravenous
infusion.
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly distributed in body tissues, metabolized in the liver, and excreted
primarily in the urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the DNA of susceptible cells, leading
to cell death.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess for allergies to antineoplastic antibiotics, renal or hepatic dysfunction, and any
contraindications.
● During: Monitor for therapeutic response and adverse effects such as myelosuppression,
gastrointestinal disturbances, and hepatotoxicity.
● After: Evaluate the effectiveness of the chemotherapy regimen and provide supportive care as
needed.

1. Acetohexamide:
● Classification: Sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available in tablet form, dosing varies but
often starts at 250 mg to 500 mg once or twice daily.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed rapidly from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver,
and excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells by binding to
ATP-sensitive potassium channels.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess blood glucose levels, renal and hepatic function.
● During: Monitor blood glucose regularly, watch for signs of hypoglycemia.
● After: Monitor for adverse reactions, educate patient on proper medication use.
2. Chlorpropamide:
● Classification: First-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Usually available in tablet form, with doses
ranging from 100 mg to 500 mg daily.
 ● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and
excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess blood glucose levels, renal and hepatic function.
● During: Monitor blood glucose regularly, watch for signs of hypoglycemia and adverse
reactions.
● After: Monitor for adverse reactions, educate patient on medication adherence.
3. Tolazamide:
● Classification: Sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available in tablet form, typically dosed at 100 mg
to 1000 mg daily.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and
excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess blood glucose levels, renal and hepatic function.
● During: Monitor blood glucose regularly, observe for hypoglycemia and adverse effects.
● After: Evaluate patient response, educate on medication compliance.
4. Tolbutamide:
● Classification: First-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available in tablet form, with doses
ranging from 500 mg to 3000 mg daily.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and
excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess blood glucose levels, renal and hepatic function.
● During: Monitor blood glucose regularly, observe for hypoglycemia and adverse effects.
● After: Monitor for adverse reactions, educate on lifestyle modifications.
5. Glyburide:
● Classification: Second-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available in tablet form, dosed at 1.25 mg
to 20 mg daily.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and
excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess blood glucose levels, renal and hepatic function, potential allergies.
● During: Monitor blood glucose levels, observe for signs of hypoglycemia and adverse
reactions.
● After: Monitor for adverse reactions, provide education on medication adherence and dietary
adjustments.
6. Glipizide:
● Classification: Second-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available in tablet form, dosed at 2.5 mg
to 40 mg daily.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and
excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess blood glucose levels, renal and hepatic function, allergies.
● During: Monitor blood glucose levels, observe for hypoglycemia and adverse reactions.
● After: Monitor for adverse reactions, provide patient education on medication regimen and
potential side effects.
7. Glibenclamide (also known as Glyburide):
● Classification: Second-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available in tablet form, dosed at 1.25 mg
to 20 mg daily.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and
excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess blood glucose levels, renal and hepatic function, allergies.
● During: Monitor blood glucose levels, observe for hypoglycemia and adverse reactions.
● After: Monitor for adverse reactions, provide patient education on medication regimen and
potential side effects.
8. Glimepiride:
● Classification: Third-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent
 ● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available in tablet form, dosed at 1 mg to
8 mg daily.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and
excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
Nursing Responsibility:
● Before: Assess blood glucose levels, renal and hepatic function, allergies.
● During: Monitor blood glucose levels, observe for hypoglycemia and adverse reactions.
● After: Monitor for adverse reactions, provide patient education on medication regimen and
potential side effects.
9. Enalapril:
● Classification: Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically available as oral tablets in various
strengths (2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg).
● Pharmacokinetics: Enalapril is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma
concentrations reached within 1 to 2 hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism to its active form,
enalaprilat.
● Pharmacodynamics: Enalapril inhibits ACE, thus preventing the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and decreased aldosterone secretion.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess blood pressure, renal function (BUN, creatinine), and potassium levels. Check
for signs of hypotension or hyperkalemia.
● During: Monitor blood pressure and signs of hypotension closely. Assess for any signs of
angioedema or allergic reactions.
● After: Monitor renal function, electrolytes (especially potassium), and blood pressure regularly.
Educate the patient on adherence to the medication regimen and potential side effects.
10. Ramipril:
● Classification: Ramipril is also an ACE inhibitor.
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as oral capsules or tablets in various
strengths (1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg).
● Pharmacokinetics: Ramipril is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma
concentrations reached within 1 to 2 hours. It is metabolized in the liver to its active metabolite,
ramiprilat.
● Pharmacodynamics: Similar to enalapril, ramipril inhibits ACE, leading to vasodilation and
reduced aldosterone secretion.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess baseline blood pressure, renal function, and potassium levels. Check for any
history of angioedema or allergic reactions.
● During: Monitor blood pressure regularly, especially after initiating therapy or adjusting doses.
Watch for signs of hypotension, hyperkalemia, or allergic reactions.
● After: Monitor renal function, electrolytes, and blood pressure regularly. Educate the patient on
the importance of compliance and potential side effects.
11. Propylthiouracil:
● Classification: Propylthiouracil is an antithyroid medication used in the treatment of
hyperthyroidism.
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as oral tablets (50 mg, 100 mg).
● Pharmacokinetics: Propylthiouracil is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak
plasma concentrations reached within 1 to 2 hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism.
● Pharmacodynamics: Propylthiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones by interfering
with the iodination of tyrosine residues.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess baseline thyroid function tests (TSH, free T4), liver function tests, and any
history of allergies or liver disease.
● During: Monitor thyroid function tests regularly to assess treatment efficacy. Watch for signs of
hepatotoxicity or agranulocytosis.
● After: Continue monitoring thyroid function and liver enzymes. Educate the patient on the
importance of adherence and potential side effects like rash, jaundice, or fever.
12. Methimazole:
● Classification: Methimazole is another antithyroid medication used in the treatment of
hyperthyroidism.
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Available as oral tablets (5 mg, 10 mg).
● Pharmacokinetics: Methimazole is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak
plasma concentrations reached within 1 to 2 hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism.
● Pharmacodynamics: Methimazole also inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones by interfering
with the iodination of tyrosine residues.
Nursing Responsibilities:
● Before: Assess baseline thyroid function tests, liver function tests, and any history of allergies
or liver disease.
● During: Monitor thyroid function tests regularly and watch for signs of hepatotoxicity or
agranulocytosis.
 ● After: Continue monitoring thyroid function and liver enzymes. Educate the patient on
adherence and potential side effects, such as rash, jaundice, or fever.
13. Mitotane
● Classification: Antineoplastic agent (adrenal cytotoxic)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed slowly and erratically from the gastrointestinal tract
● Pharmacodynamics: Alters steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess adrenal function tests, liver function tests, and monitor baseline vital
signs.
2. During: Monitor vital signs, electrolytes, and liver function tests during therapy.
3. After: Assess for signs of adrenal insufficiency, liver toxicity, and monitor for potential
drug interactions.
14. Vincristine
● Classification: Antineoplastic agent (vinca alkaloid)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Injectable solution for intravenous use
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly distributed into tissues with extensive hepatic metabolism
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits mitosis by binding to tubulin, preventing microtubule formation
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline neurological status and peripheral neuropathy.
2. During: Monitor for signs of extravasation, neurotoxicity, and hematologic toxicity.
3. After: Assess for peripheral neuropathy, monitor for signs of infection, and provide
supportive care.
15. Ketoconazole
● Classification: Antifungal agent (azole)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets or topical cream
● Pharmacokinetics: Well-absorbed orally with extensive hepatic metabolism
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to disruption of fungal
cell membranes
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess liver function tests and review medication history for potential drug
interactions.
2. During: Monitor liver function tests and renal function periodically.
3. After: Educate the patient on proper administration, potential adverse effects, and signs
of liver toxicity.
16. Bromocriptine
● Classification: Dopamine agonist
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Well-absorbed orally with extensive first-pass metabolism
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline hormonal levels and neurological status.
2. During: Monitor for signs of orthostatic hypotension, hallucinations, and psychiatric
symptoms.
3. After: Evaluate treatment response, monitor hormonal levels, and assess for adverse
effects.
17. Clofibrate
● Classification: Antilipemic agent (fibric acid derivative)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Well-absorbed orally with extensive hepatic metabolism
● Pharmacodynamics: Reduces plasma triglyceride levels by inhibiting lipolysis
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess lipid profile and liver function tests.
2. During: Monitor liver function tests and lipid profile periodically.
3. After: Educate the patient on lifestyle modifications, monitor for signs of myopathy, and
assess treatment effectiveness.
18. Nicotine
● Classification: Smoking cessation aid (nicotinic receptor agonist)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Various formulations including transdermal
patches, gum, lozenges, and inhalers
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed through mucous membranes and skin
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess smoking history, motivation to quit, and contraindications.
2. During: Provide counseling and support, monitor for withdrawal symptoms, and assess
for adverse effects.
3. After: Follow up regularly to assess progress, provide ongoing support, and address
any relapse.
19. Chlorpromazine
● Classification: Antipsychotic agent (phenothiazine)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets, injectable solution
 ● Pharmacokinetics: Well-absorbed orally with extensive hepatic metabolism
● Pharmacodynamics: Blocks dopamine receptors in the brain
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline psychiatric symptoms, vital signs, and ECG.
2. During: Monitor for signs of extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation, and hypotension.
3. After: Evaluate treatment response, monitor for adverse effects, and provide patient
education on medication adherence and potential side effects.
20. Fluphenazine
● Classification: Antipsychotic agent (phenothiazine)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets, injectable solution
● Pharmacokinetics: Well-absorbed orally with extensive hepatic metabolism
● Pharmacodynamics: Blocks dopamine receptors in the brain
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline psychiatric symptoms, vital signs, and ECG.
2. During: Monitor for signs of extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation, and hypotension.
3. After: Evaluate treatment response, monitor for adverse effects, and provide patient
education on medication adherence and potential side effects.
21. Prochlorperazine
● Classification: Antiemetic agent (phenothiazine)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets, injectable solution
● Pharmacokinetics: Well-absorbed orally with extensive hepatic metabolism
● Pharmacodynamics: Blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and inhibits vestibular function
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline nausea and vomiting symptoms, vital signs, and ECG.
2. During: Monitor for sedation, extrapyramidal symptoms, and hypotension.
3. After: Evaluate treatment response, monitor for adverse effects, and provide patient
education on medication adherence and potential side effects.
22. Methylcellulose:
● Classification: Bulk-forming laxative
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically taken orally as a powder mixed with
water to form a suspension.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbs water in the intestine, forming a bulky mass that stimulates
peristalsis.
● Pharmacodynamics: Increases stool bulk and promotes bowel movements.
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's bowel habits and fluid intake.
2. During: Monitor for signs of bowel obstruction or impaction.
3. After: Ensure patient drinks adequate fluids to prevent dehydration.
23. Psyllium husk:
● Classification: Bulk-forming laxative
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Usually taken orally as a powder mixed with
water.
● Pharmacokinetics: Similar to methylcellulose, it absorbs water and forms a bulky mass.
● Pharmacodynamics: Promotes bowel movements by increasing stool bulk.
● Nursing Responsibilities: Similar to methylcellulose.
24. Polycarbophil:
● Classification: Bulk-forming laxative
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically taken orally as a tablet or capsule.
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbs water and forms a gel-like substance in the intestines.
● Pharmacodynamics: Increases stool bulk and promotes bowel movements.
● Nursing Responsibilities: Similar to methylcellulose.
25. Morphine Sulfate:
● Classification: Opioid analgesic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Usually administered orally or parenterally
(injection).
● Pharmacokinetics: Metabolized in the liver, excreted primarily via the kidneys.
● Pharmacodynamics: Binds to opioid receptors in the CNS, altering perception of pain.
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess pain intensity and vital signs.
2. During: Monitor vital signs, respiratory rate, and level of sedation.
3. After: Continue monitoring for respiratory depression and provide support for pain
management.
26. Meperidine:
● Classification: Opioid analgesic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Usually administered orally, intramuscularly, or
intravenously.
● Pharmacokinetics: Metabolized in the liver, excreted primarily via the kidneys.
● Pharmacodynamics: Acts similarly to morphine but has a shorter duration of action.
● Nursing Responsibilities: Similar to morphine sulfate.
27. Docusate Sodium:
 ● Classification: Stool softener
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically taken orally as a capsule or liquid.
● Pharmacokinetics: Acts as a surfactant, allowing water and fat to penetrate stool, making it
softer.
● Pharmacodynamics: Softens stool, making it easier to pass.
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's bowel habits and stool consistency.
2. During: Monitor for changes in stool consistency and frequency.
3. After: Encourage adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
28. Aspirin:
● Classification: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), antiplatelet agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically taken orally as a tablet or chewable
tablet.
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and upper small intestine, metabolized in
the liver, and excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory,
analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Also inhibits platelet aggregation.
● Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's pain level, history of bleeding disorders, and concurrent
medications.
2. During: Monitor for signs of bleeding, gastric irritation, or allergic reactions.
3. After: Educate patient about potential side effects and interactions with other
medications.
29. Ibuprofen:
● Classification: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Usually taken orally as a tablet, capsule, or
suspension.
● Pharmacokinetics: Well absorbed from the GI tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in
urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Similar to aspirin, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, exerting
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects.
● Nursing Responsibilities: Similar to aspirin.
30. Codeine:
● Classification: Opioid analgesic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Typically administered orally or parenterally.
● Pharmacokinetics: Metabolized in the liver to morphine, excreted in urine.
● Pharmacodynamics: Binds to opioid receptors in the CNS, altering perception of pain and
causing sedation.
● Nursing Responsibilities: Similar to morphine sulfate.
31. Indomethacin:
● Classification: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Usually taken orally as a capsule or suppository.
● Pharmacokinetics: Well absorbed from the GI tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in
urine and feces.
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, exerting anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
and antipyretic effects.
● Nursing Responsibilities: Similar to aspirin.
32. Octreotide:
● Classification: Somatostatin analog
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Injection, various strengths
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits secretion of various hormones
● Nursing Responsibility:
1. Before: Assess baseline vital signs, including blood pressure and heart rate
2. During: Monitor for signs of hypotension and bradycardia
3. After: Monitor for adverse reactions and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
33. Isoniazid:
● Classification: Antituberculosis agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets, various strengths
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids in mycobacteria
● Nursing Responsibility:
1. Before: Assess liver function tests
2. During: Monitor for signs of hepatotoxicity
3. After: Monitor for adverse reactions and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
34. Halothane:
● Classification: Inhalation anesthetic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Inhalation, liquid form
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid onset, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Enhances inhibitory neurotransmission
● Nursing Responsibility:
 1. Before: Assess baseline vital signs, including respiratory rate
2. During: Monitor for signs of respiratory depression and hypotension
3. After: Monitor for emergence delirium and evaluate respiratory function
35. Methyldopa:
● Classification: Antihypertensive agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets, various strengths
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Acts as a central alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
● Nursing Responsibility:
1. Before: Assess baseline blood pressure
2. During: Monitor blood pressure and signs of orthostatic hypotension
3. After: Monitor for adverse reactions and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
36. Acetaminophen:
● Classification: Analgesic and antipyretic
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets or liquid, various strengths
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS
● Nursing Responsibility:
1. Before: Assess baseline pain level and temperature
2. During: Monitor for signs of hepatotoxicity and overdose
3. After: Monitor for adverse reactions and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
37. Methotrexate:
● Classification: Antimetabolite, antineoplastic agent
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets, various strengths
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
● Nursing Responsibility:
1. Before: Assess baseline CBC, liver function tests, and renal function
2. During: Monitor for signs of myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity
3. After: Monitor for adverse reactions and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
38. Azathioprine:
● Classification: Immunosuppressant
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets, various strengths
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits purine synthesis
● Nursing Responsibility:
1. Before: Assess baseline CBC and liver function tests
2. During: Monitor for signs of myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity
3. After: Monitor for adverse reactions and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
39. 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP):
● Classification: Antineoplastic, immunosuppressant
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets, various strengths
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Incorporates into DNA and RNA, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
● Nursing Responsibility:
1. Before: Assess baseline CBC and liver function tests
2. During: Monitor for signs of myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity
3. After: Monitor for adverse reactions and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
40. Valproic Acid:
● Classification: Anticonvulsant
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets or liquid, various strengths
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Enhances GABAergic activity
● Nursing Responsibility:
1. Before: Assess baseline CBC, liver function tests, and serum valproic acid levels
2. During: Monitor for signs of hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, and hyperammonemia
3. After: Monitor for adverse reactions and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
41. Carbamazepine:
● Classification: Anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer
● Standard Dosing/Preparation/Presentation: Oral tablets or liquid, various strengths
● Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
● Pharmacodynamics: Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels
● Nursing Responsibility:
1. Before: Assess baseline CBC, liver function tests, and serum carbamazepine levels
2. During: Monitor for signs of hematologic abnormalities, hepatotoxicity, and
hyponatremia
3. After: Monitor for adverse reactions and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
42. Sodium nitroprusside:
● Classification: Vasodilator
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: IV infusion
 ● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid onset and short duration of action
● Pharmacodynamics: Vasodilation leading to decreased blood pressure
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline blood pressure, heart rate, and electrolyte levels
2. During: Monitor blood pressure continuously during infusion
3. After: Monitor for hypotension and cyanide toxicity
43. Nifedipine:
● Classification: Calcium channel blocker
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 30-60 minutes
● Pharmacodynamics: Blocks calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle, leading to
vasodilation
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline blood pressure and heart rate
2. During: Monitor blood pressure and heart rate regularly
3. After: Monitor for hypotension, headache, and dizziness
44. Digoxin:
● Classification: Cardiac glycoside
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets, IV injection
● Pharmacokinetics: Narrow therapeutic index, with peak effects in 1-2 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Positive inotropic effect on the heart
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline heart rate, rhythm, and serum electrolyte levels (especially
potassium)
2. During: Monitor ECG, heart rate, and serum digoxin levels
3. After: Monitor for signs of toxicity (e.g., nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances)
45. Heparin:
● Classification: Anticoagulant
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: IV infusion, subcutaneous injection
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid onset of action with short half-life
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits clotting factors, primarily thrombin and factor Xa
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline coagulation profile and platelet count
2. During: Monitor activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or anti-Xa levels as
appropriate
3. After: Monitor for signs of bleeding and thrombocytopenia
46. Warfarin:
● Classification: Anticoagulant
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Slow onset of action with variable half-life
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline coagulation profile, including INR
2. During: Monitor INR regularly to adjust dose
3. After: Monitor for signs of bleeding and maintain INR within therapeutic range
47. Enoxaparin:
● Classification: Low molecular weight heparin
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Subcutaneous injection
● Pharmacokinetics: Longer half-life and more predictable response compared to unfractionated
heparin
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits factor Xa
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline coagulation profile and platelet count
2. During: Monitor anti-Xa levels as appropriate
3. After: Monitor for signs of bleeding and thrombocytopenia
48. Zolpidem:
● Classification: Sedative-hypnotic (Non-benzodiazepine)
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid onset of action with short half-life
● Pharmacodynamics: Acts on GABA-A receptors to induce sleep
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's sleep patterns, history of substance abuse, and respiratory
status
2. During: Monitor for sedation, respiratory depression, and sleepwalking
3. After: Assess patient's response to medication and potential for dependence or
tolerance
49. Eszopiclone:
● Classification: Sedative-hypnotic (Non-benzodiazepine)
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 1-2 hours
 ● Pharmacodynamics: Binds to GABA-A receptors, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's sleep patterns, medical history, and concurrent medications
2. During: Monitor for sedation, dizziness, and changes in mood or behavior
3. After: Evaluate effectiveness of medication in improving sleep quality and duration
50. Temazepam:
● Classification: Benzodiazepine (Hypnotic)
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 1-2 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Enhances the effects of GABA, leading to sedation and anxiolysis
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's sleep patterns, history of substance abuse, and concurrent
medications
2. During: Monitor for sedation, respiratory depression, and signs of tolerance or
dependence
3. After: Evaluate effectiveness of medication in improving sleep quality and duration,
monitor for withdrawal symptoms if discontinued abruptly
51. Pseudoephedrine:
● Classification: Decongestant (Sympathomimetic)
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets, nasal sprays
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 1-2 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and
reduced nasal congestion
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's medical history, especially hypertension and cardiovascular
disease
2. During: Monitor for hypertension, palpitations, and CNS stimulation
3. After: Educate patient on proper use and potential side effects, monitor for rebound
congestion with prolonged use
52. Phenylephrine:
● Classification: Decongestant (Sympathomimetic)
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets, nasal sprays, ophthalmic solutions
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid onset of action with short duration
● Pharmacodynamics: Selective alpha-1 adrenergic agonist, leading to vasoconstriction and
reduced nasal congestion
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's medical history, especially hypertension and cardiovascular
disease
2. During: Monitor for hypertension, tachycardia, and CNS stimulation
3. After: Educate patient on proper use and potential side effects, monitor for rebound
congestion with prolonged use
53. Oxymetazoline:
● Classification: Decongestant (Sympathomimetic)
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Nasal sprays
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid onset of action with longer duration compared to phenylephrine
● Pharmacodynamics: Alpha-adrenergic agonist, leading to vasoconstriction and reduced nasal
congestion
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's medical history, especially hypertension and cardiovascular
disease
2. During: Monitor for hypertension, tachycardia, and rebound congestion
3. After: Educate patient on proper administration technique, advise against prolonged
use to prevent rebound congestion
54. Iodine-131:
● Classification: Radioactive therapeutic agent
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral capsules or liquid for thyroid disorders
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption and accumulation in the thyroid gland
● Pharmacodynamics: Beta and gamma radiation emitted, destroying thyroid tissue
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Educate patient about radiation safety precautions and potential side effects
2. During: Monitor for signs of thyroid storm or hypothyroidism
3. After: Educate patient on the need for ongoing monitoring of thyroid function and
potential long-term effects of radiation therapy
55. Propranolol:
● Classification: Beta-blocker
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets, IV injection
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 1-2 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Non-selective beta-adrenergic blockade, leading to decreased heart rate
and blood pressure
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory status
 2. During: Monitor for bradycardia, hypotension, and signs of bronchospasm
3. After: Monitor for rebound hypertension if discontinued abruptly, educate patient on
gradual tapering if necessary
56. Metyrosine:
● Classification: Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral capsules
● Pharmacokinetics: Variable absorption with peak effects in 2-4 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, reducing catecholamine synthesis
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline blood pressure, heart rate, and signs of catecholamine excess
2. During: Monitor for hypotension, bradycardia, and signs of catecholamine withdrawal
3. After: Monitor for rebound hypertension or tumor regrowth if discontinued abruptly,
educate patient on potential side effects and need for ongoing monitoring
57. Hydrochlorothiazide:
● Classification: Thiazide diuretic
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 2-4 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the distal tubules of the
kidney, leading to diuresis
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline electrolyte levels (especially potassium), renal function, and
blood pressure
2. During: Monitor electrolytes (especially potassium and sodium), renal function, and
blood pressure regularly
3. After: Educate patient on maintaining adequate hydration, monitoring for signs of
electrolyte imbalance (e.g., muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias), and compliance
with medication regimen
58. Indapamide:
● Classification: Thiazide-like diuretic
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 1-2 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney,
leading to diuresis
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline electrolyte levels (especially potassium), renal function, and
blood pressure
2. During: Monitor electrolytes (especially potassium and sodium), renal function, and
blood pressure regularly
3. After: Educate patient on maintaining adequate hydration, monitoring for signs of
electrolyte imbalance, and compliance with medication regimen
59. Metolazone:
● Classification: Thiazide-like diuretic
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 2-4 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney,
leading to diuresis
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline electrolyte levels (especially potassium), renal function, and
blood pressure
2. During: Monitor electrolytes (especially potassium and sodium), renal function, and
blood pressure regularly
3. After: Educate patient on maintaining adequate hydration, monitoring for signs of
electrolyte imbalance, and compliance with medication regimen
60. Sodium phosphate:
● Classification: Osmotic laxative
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral solution, enema
● Pharmacokinetics: Acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract, drawing water into the bowel
lumen
● Pharmacodynamics: Osmotic effect leads to increased fluid retention in the bowel, promoting
peristalsis and bowel evacuation
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess patient's bowel habits, medical history (especially renal impairment),
and fluid status
2. During: Monitor for signs of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (especially
hyperphosphatemia), and renal function
3. After: Educate patient on proper use, encourage adequate fluid intake, and monitor for
effectiveness and potential adverse effects
61. Potassium phosphate:
● Classification: Electrolyte supplement
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets, solution
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with effects on cellular function and acid-base balance
 ● Pharmacodynamics: Essential for normal cellular function, including muscle contraction and
nerve transmission
● Nursing responsibilities:
1. Before: Assess baseline electrolyte levels (especially potassium and phosphate) and
renal function
2. During: Monitor electrolytes, renal function, and signs of hyperkalemia or
hypophosphatemia
3. After: Educate patient on proper use, encourage compliance with dosing regimen, and
monitor for effectiveness and potential adverse effects
21. Metyrapone:
● Classification: Adrenal enzyme inhibitor
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 2-4 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits adrenal enzyme 11-beta-hydroxylase, leading to decreased cortisol
synthesis
● Nursing responsibilities:
● Before: Assess baseline cortisol levels, adrenal function, and signs/symptoms of adrenal
insufficiency
● During: Monitor for signs of adrenal insufficiency, electrolyte imbalance, and changes in blood
pressure
● After: Educate patient on signs and symptoms of adrenal crisis, stress management, and need
for regular monitoring of adrenal function
22. Aminoglutethimide:

● Classification: Aromatase inhibitor

● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Oral tablets
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 2-4 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits aromatase enzyme, blocking conversion of androgens to estrogens
● Nursing responsibilities:
● Before: Assess baseline hormone levels (e.g., estrogen, testosterone) and liver function tests
● During: Monitor for signs of hormone imbalance, liver toxicity, and adrenal insufficiency
● After: Educate patient on potential side effects, importance of regular monitoring, and
adherence to treatment regimen
23. Teriparatide:
● Classification: Parathyroid hormone analog
● Standard dosing/preparation/presentation: Subcutaneous injection
● Pharmacokinetics: Rapid absorption with peak effects in 1-2 hours
● Pharmacodynamics: Stimulates osteoblast activity, leading to increased bone formation
● Nursing responsibilities:
● Before: Assess baseline bone mineral density, renal function, and history of hypercalcemia or
Paget's disease
● During: Monitor for signs of hypercalcemia, orthostatic hypotension, and injection site
reactions
● After: Educate patient on proper injection technique, potential side effects, and importance of
calcium and vitamin D supplementation