Class Test

• State the SDG goal on water and sanitation

• List the key elements to deliver WASH services
• List 3 water treatment processes
• Define Life Cycle Analysis
 CE 464
WASH Situation in Ghana
K.B. Nyarko and E. Appiah-Effah
Civil Eng Dept
 Course Objectives

At the end of the semester students should

have an understanding of:
– Water and Sanitation sector policy framework
– Environmental Management and Risk Management
 Policy Framework for Water and
Sanitation
• Introduction
• WASH institutional arrangement in Ghana
• WASH Governance
• Water Policy
– Water resource
– Water supply (urban and community)
• Water Resources Act & water use regulation
• Environmental Sanitation Policy
• PURC Act
 Introduction
• WASH SDGs

• WASH situation in Ghana

The 2030 development agenda

Cecilia Scharp UNICEF

DGIS ASWA annual review Abidjan 2016
 WASH and the SDGs
• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) are at the center of
2030 global agenda for Sustainable Development with a
distinct sector goal (SDG 6).

• SDG 6 envisions universal, sustainable, and equitable access

to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, and the
elimination of open defecation by 2030.

• WASH also underpins many other SDGs, including those

related to nutrition, health, education, poverty and economic
growth, urban services, gender equality, resilience and
climate change.

10 August, 2023 7
SDG #6: Ensure access to
water and sanitation for
all
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all
 Why Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WASH)
• Rapid and effective WASH interventions are critical for saving the lives of
children across a range of crises and complex humanitarian situations due
to conflict, forced migration, disease outbreaks and public health
emergencies, acute and chronic malnutrition, and natural disasters

• Poor WASH is the main cause of faecally-transmitted infections, including

cholera and diarrhoeal disease, which remains the second leading cause of
morbidity and mortality among children under the age of five, and the
leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa.

• Safe WASH in health care facilities (HCFs) is critical for maternal and
newborn health, but water and sanitation coverage in childbirth settings in
low and middle-income countries is extremely low

10 August, 2023 10
 Why Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WASH)
• There is growing evidence that inadequate sanitation, water and washing
facilities act as barrier to children’s attendance and performance in
schools, especially for girls,14 and particularly for girls post-menarche
when their menstrual hygiene management (MHM) needs are not
addressed.

• Girls and women are particularly affected by poor WASH including through
the loss of productive and leisure time from the drudgery of water hauling
and other WASH-related domestic labour.

• The exclusion from full participation in schools due to the lack of WASH
facilities; urinary tract infections arising from delayed urination or reduced
water intake to cope with a lack of access to sanitation, facilities; and the
loss of dignity and threat of sexual assault due to the lack of toilets, both
in times of stability and crisis.

10 August, 2023 11
WASH SERVICE LEVELS
MDG/SDG Service ladder Progressive realization
SDG 6.2

Private improved facility where faecal

Developed
wastes are safely disposed on site or
Safely managed sanitation
transported and treated off-site; plus a
handwashing facility with soap and water

Improved facility which separates excreta

Basic sanitation
from human contact (private)
MDG continuity

Developing
Improved facility which separates excreta
Shared sanitation
from human contact (shared with other hh)

Unimproved facility does not separate

Unimproved sanitation
excreta from human contact

No service Open defecation

13
SDG monitoring needs to go beyond monitoring
usage of household toilets to address safe
management of excreta along the sanitation
chain.
SAFE
MANAGEMENT

HOUSEHOLD END-USE/DISPOSAL
TOILET
... and capture particular issues of different
sanitation systems.

SEWERED/OFFSITE SYSTEMS ONSITE SYSTEMS

 Questions

• How much waste in sewered/offsite systems reaches a

treatment plant and is adequately treated?

• How much waste is emptied from pit latrines and septic tanks,
reaches a treatment plant and is adequately treated?
• How much waste from pit latrines and septic tanks is safely disposed
of onsite?
 Basic sanitation + treatment OR
safe disposal insitu

ACCESS TO
TOILETS
SAFE DISPOSAL INSITU TREATMENT
... but, looking at treatment only is not sufficient.
Through unsafe management, there are losses
along the sanitation chain.
MDG/SDG
SDG 6.1 Service ladder Progressive realization

Safely managed Improved facility located on premises, available

Developed
drinking water when needed, and free from contamination

Improved facility within 30 minutes round trip

Basic water
MDG continuity

collection time

Developing
Unimproved Unimproved facility does not protect against
water contamination

No service Surface water

19
Hygiene
 SDG Ambitions: Rules of the Game have changed

Eco-Systems Water Resources Management Hygiene

Water Quality UNIVERSAL SAFELY MANAGED
Wastewater On premises Use Efficiency
And our world is changing !!

How many people now live in Ghana?

A. 25 million B. 30 million C. 32 million

How many people will live in Ghana?

in 2030?

A. 30 million B. 37 million C. 40 million

This is an increase of about X%

Global WASH Coverage

Sanitation Coverage
• 3.4 billion people use
safely managed services.

• An additional 2.2 billion

use at least basic services.

• 627 million people use

limited/shared services

• 701 million used

unimproved facilities, and
•
• 673 million still practice
open defecation.
Global WASH Coverage

Water Coverage
• 5.3 billion people use
safely managed services.

• An additional 1.4 billion

use at least basic services.

• 206 million people use

limited services,

• 435 million use

unimproved sources, and

• 144 million still use

surface water
Global WASH Coverage

Hygiene Coverage

• 60% of the global population

had basic handwashing
facilities with soap and water
available at home

• 3 billion people still lack basic

handwashing facilities at
home
•
• 1.6 billion had limited
facilities lacking soap or water,
and

• 1.4 billion had no facility at all

 What will the SDGs cost????....

• Global estimate
– $28b/ year BASIC
– $114b/ year Safely managed
Finding 1. Current levels of financing
can cover the capital costs of achieving
universal basic service for water, sanitation,
and hygiene by 2030, provided resources are
targeted to the needs.

Finding 2. The capital investments required

to achieve the water supply, sanitation, and
hygiene Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs)—targets 6.1 and 6.2—will amount to
about three times the current investment
levels.
SDG Costs : Wide variation across regions…

Cost of Safely
managed as % GRP

Cost of Basic as % GRP

Source: Hutton & Varughese, WSP/WB, 2016, 2015

SDG Costs : Wide variation across countries….

Source: Hutton & Varughese, WSP/WB, 2016, 2015

SDG Costs: Affordability is a critical issue for sustainability…

Even meeting O&M costs can place a burden on

poor household income…

Poverty threshold income is $1.90 purchasing power parity adjusted at 2015

Source: Hutton & Varughese, WSP/WB, 2016, 2015
WASH SITUATION IN GHANA
• Eight in every ten household
populations are using basic
drinking water services

• Only one in every five households

in Ghana have an improved
sanitation facility for their
household

• More than one in every five still

practice open defecation

• Nearly half of the population have

access to a handwashing with soap
facility (mobile or fixed) with soap
and water present
 WASH Governance
Good (WASH) governance involves
• making the right decisions for the sector, and
implementing them effectively.
• In many of the countries, efforts to improve WASH
services are held back by poor governance and
infrastructure.
• Governance involves more than government-many
stakeholders are involved. For example in Ghana;
Central Government, Local Government, Private Sector,
Civil Society etc)
What is local governance for water, sanitation
and hygiene services?

• It is the decisions, processes and relationships

governing WASH services at the local level
• It involves all stakeholders who have an interest or
role in WASH services, including the public, private
and civil society sectors
• Because water is key to development, local
governance of WASH involves all those
stakeholders involved in integrated development
Local governance for WASH services
National policy and legislative framework

Local Governance

Water Sanitation
WASH

Hygiene
 WASH governance is broader than water,
sanitation and hygiene

WASH governance is Electricity

part of governance for
local integrated Water
development
Health
Integrated
Sanitation and Development
Hygiene
Waste
management

Housing
Transport
Good governance for sustainable WASH
services

Good governance for sustainable WASH

services includes all the relationships,
mechanisms, processes, and institutions
through which stakeholders can mediate their
interests, exercise their rights and obligations
and make decisions for the delivery and
provision of services
Good governance
for sustainable WASH services means:
–Advocacy and communication to promote WASH services so
that communities can express demand and make choices
–Structures for participatory strategic planning where all
stakeholders come together to make good decisions
–Financial mechanisms which include cost recovery and
innovative methods of finance
–Sharing knowledge and information to empower local
stakeholders to participate in problem solving, planning and
strategic decision making and to improve their capacity to
act
Good governance
for sustainable WASH services means:
–Capacity building so that the capabilities, expertise and skills
in local WASH institutions are retained and developed to
improve the delivery of services.
– Mechanisms to ensure access to transparent, gender
sensitive, and equitable services
– Ensuring an enabling environment for service provision, so
that, service providers have access to support, such as skills
development, specialist expertise, local supply chains, and
other resources
– Systems and procedures for accountability, monitoring,
evaluation and reporting
 Themes to achieve good governance for WASH
Participatory
and strategic
approach to
Advocacy and Financing and
local
communication cost recovery
governance

Sector
Monitoring and knowledge

services
evaluation sharing and
learning
Good governance
for WASH services
Sanitation,
Support to school
community sanitation and
institutions hygiene

Transparency Capacity
gender and development
equity Multiple use
services
How is good governance put into practice
for WASH services?
• Good governance cannot be applied in a
vacuum
• It needs to be applied to the different
elements of WASH services – from policy,
through to planning, to financing, to
developing infrastructure, to providing the
service and ultimately to regulation
 Good governance from policy to
sustainable services
It needs to address
the entire service
delivery ‘life cycle
Policy Planning Financing Implementation Service Provision
(infrastructure (sustainable services)
development)

The development of good policies require:

participation, advocacy, communication, The same applies to planning
gender equity, transparency, monitoring and services, deciding tariffs and
feedback, support, accountability, sector subsidies, implementing capital
knowledge sharing, and so on. projects and ultimately providing
the service
Key elements to deliver WASH services

Infrastructure
4 Institutional
Finance arrangements for
3 5
service provision
Delivering WASH
services
2 6
Planning Regulation
1

Policies and bylaws

(enabling
environment)
 Key elements to deliver a service
– An enabling environment which at the local level includes
the policies and bylaws within which water, sanitation and
hygiene services must be delivered
– Planning services (for the municipal / district / local area)
– Finance (capital and operating and setting tariffs)
– Infrastructure (development of new infrastructure and
maintaining existing infrastructure)
– institutional arrangements for the ongoing provision of the
services (a water service provider)
– regulating the service to ensure that it is provided
according to the policy and bylaws.
WASH Sector Framework

WASHCost Powerpoint Presentation 44

 Roles and Responsibilities

Institution Mandate/ function related to WASH services

• Mobilizes funding, both local and foreign, and negotiates

grants and loans for the government of Ghana;
Ministry of • Prepares annual national budgets and allocates funds
Finance for the implementation of WASH interventions to the
(MoF) sector and districts through the necessary statutory
arrangements;
• Monitoring, evaluation and reporting on expenditure.

Ministry of • Sector leader for WRM, water supply and sanitation.

Sanitation • Coordinates the development of WASH legalisation,
and Water policies, strategy, programs/projects, plans and budgets
Resources as well as resources mobilization, monitoring and
(MSWR) evaluation for the WASH sector. EHSD – sanitation,
 Roles and Responsibilities
Institution Mandate/ function related to WASH services
• Through SHEP (in collaboration with MMDAs, DPs & civil
society) design school WASH policy, strategies and action
plans.
Ministry of • Collaborate with stakeholders to mobilize resources for
Education school WASH infrastructure and coordinate with MMDAs to
(MoE) monitor implementation;
• Guide and support schools in mobilising funds for WASH
O&M
• Set standards and policy guidelines in education facilities
• In collaboration with MMDAs, donors & civil society and
private sector develop District Health Plans (including
Ministry of WASH for health facilities)
Health (MoH) • Provide guidelines and standards as well as ensure general
hygiene and behavioural change in society
• Prevention & management of communicable diseases
Ministry of
• Gender mainstreaming in WASH sector;
Gender (MoG)
 Roles and Responsibilities
Institution Mandate/ function related to WASH services

Ministry of • Sets the policy framework for the development at local

Local level (including WASH infrastructure and services) and
Government oversees the performance of sub-national
and Rural administrative structure (RCCs and MMDAs);
Development • Coordinate the development programs of MMDAs to
(MLGRD) ensure the sustainable development at the local level.
National
• Regulate the decentralized planning system, monitor and
Development
evaluate & report WASH as one of the priority interventions
Planning
within the Government’s Medium Term Development Plan
Commission
(NDPC)
• Responsible for recruitment, placement, promotion, transfer
Local
and dismissal of all staff of MMDAs (including officials at
Government
centre of WASH planning, implementation, management,
Service
monitoring, evaluation and reporting at the metropolitan,
Secretariat
municipal and district assembly levels)
(LGSS)
 Roles and Responsibilities
Institution Mandate/ function related to WASH services

• The Water Resources Commission (WRC) is responsible for

Water managing water resources in Ghana. It’s responsible for
Resources setting up basin boards, development of IWRM Plans, policy
Commission development and formulation of legislative instruments for
the sustainable management of water resources.
• Sector leadership in the provision of safe drinking water and
related sanitation services to rural communities and small
Community towns;
Water and
• Coordinate all actors and interventions in the sub-sector to
Sanitation
ensure compliance with standards and guidelines.
Agency (CWSA)
• Asset holder and manager of all publicly funded piped water
supply schemes outside of GWCL.
 Roles and Responsibilities
Institution Mandate/ function related to WASH services

• Providers of urban water supply services

• Contract management for the design, construction,
rehabilitation and expansion of existing and new water supply
Ghana Water infrastructure;
Corporation
Limited (GWCL) • Ensuring quality of service to consumers in respect of water
quantity and quality;
• Submitting tariff proposals to the Public Utility Regulatory
Commission for review;
School of
• Training of Environmental Health and Sanitation Officers
Hygiene
Regional
• Regional coordination and technical support to the MMDAs
Coordinating
Council (RCC) • Monitoring and evaluation
 Roles and Responsibilities
Institution Mandate/ function related to WASH services
• Local development planning, mobilisation and
coordination of WASH services
• Planning, investment and management of sanitation
Metropolitan, infrastructure and services
Municipal
• Contracting and supervision of water infrastructure and
and District
service providers
Assemblies
• Bye-laws and tariff approval
(MMDAs)
• Community mobilisation for sanitation and hygiene
promotion
• Monitoring and evaluation
Private • Design and construction services for water supply
sector schemes and institutional / household toilets
(consultants, • Management of water supply schemes and public toilets
contractors, • Supplies of WASH equipment, spare parts and
SMEs, construction materials
individual • Consultancies undertaking thematic research and
masons) specific studies
 Roles and Responsibilities
Institution Mandate/ function related to WASH services
NGOs and Faith • Coordinate planning with and operate within policies and
Based regulations of MMDAs
Organisations • Provide WASH infrastructure services,
(FBOs) • Sanitation and hygiene promotion
• Capacity building support and other technical services
Universities • General education relevant to the sector
(technical
• Tailored courses for the WASH sector
college,
universities • Research and technology innovation for WASH
• Provision of goods and services
• Construction of public, institutional, compound and
household toilets
Private Sector
• Manage and operate WASH facilities under PPP
arrangements
• Invest in water supply and public toilets as for-profit
enterprise
 What policies are in place for the sector?
Policy Summary description

Provides a framework for the sustainable development

of Ghana’s water resources and water supply services. It
National Water is targeted at all water users, water managers and
Policy (NWP) practitioners, investors, decision- makers and policy
makers within the central Governmental and
2007 decentralized (district assemblies) structures, non-
Governmental organizations and international agencies.
The ESP takes a wide view of sanitation, covering food
hygiene and solid waste and excreta disposal. Its
Environmental decentralized approach reflects Ghana's commitment to
Sanitation Policy developing decentralized forms of government and sets
out basic principles and objectives, identifies roles and
(ESP) 2009 responsibilities and also covers environmental
management and protection, legislation and funding.
 Other Sector strategies and plans
Strategies Summary description
The RSMS provides a strategy for ending open
defecation based on CLTS principles to mobilise
communities and create demand for low-cost household
Rural Sanitation latrines with the District Assembly as the pivot for
Model Strategy implementation. Other key components of the document
include sanitation marketing, financing arrangements as
(RSMS) 2011 well as the need for a strong monitoring and evaluation
arrangement to engender competitiveness among
districts.
National Liquid
Waste This covers the whole of the Faecal Sludge Management
(FSM) chain from ‘capture and containment’, ‘emptying
Management and transportation’ and ‘treatment and re-use’. It includes
Strategy for supply chain and service delivery, business development,
financing, technology options, monitoring, evaluation and
Urban Ghana learning.
(NLWMSUG) 2020
 Other Sector strategies and plans
Strategies Summary description
The SWM strategy is organised around seven
National Solid interdependent pillars of action – all of which require
Waste attention if widespread improvements of SWM services
are to be delivered. These include: i) Strengthen sector
Management governance ii) Increase private sector participation iii)
Strategy for Optimise service delivery and infrastructure iv) Create
positive social action on SWM v) Enable effective waste
Ghana recovery, re-use, and recycling vi) Ensure effective sector
(NSWMSG) 2020 M&E vii) Establish sustainable sector financing
mechanisms
National NCWSS provides the overall framework for
Community implementation of the National Community Water and
Sanitation Programme (NCWSP). It sets out the overall
Water and strategy to achieve the Government of Ghana’s vision for
Sanitation the sector, enshrined in the WSSDP: ‘all people living in
Ghana have access to adequate, safe, affordable, reliable
Strategy and sustainable water services, and practise safe
(NCWSS) 2014 sanitation and hygiene’.
 Other Sector strategies and plans
Strategies Summary description
NCWSS provides the overall framework for
National implementation of the National Community Water and
Community Water Sanitation Programme (NCWSP). It sets out the overall
strategy to achieve the Government of Ghana’s vision for
and Sanitation the sector, enshrined in the WSSDP: ‘all people living in
Strategy Ghana have access to adequate, safe, affordable, reliable
and sustainable water services, and practise safe
(NCWSS) 2014 sanitation and hygiene’.
National Drinking The Framework is based on the WHO’s recommended
Water Quality risk-based approach in the management of drinking water
quality, which focuses on systematic identification of risks,
Monitoring implementation of Water Safety Plans, effective
Framework monitoring and evaluation, regulation and coordination of
roles and responsibilities of all relevant actors.
(NDWQMF) 2015
 Other Sector strategies and plans
Plans Summary description
The WSSDP provides a framework for implementing the vision,
policy objectives and targets for the water and sanitation sector of
“sustainable water and basic sanitation for all by 2025” which, for
Water Sector
practical purposes, means “all people living in Ghana have
Strategic
adequate, safe, affordable and reliable access to a basic level of
Development
water service, practise safe sanitation and hygiene and that water
Plan (WSSDP)
resources are sustainably managed.”. It guides the water sector in
2007
the planning, development and management of the nation’s water
resources and in the delivery of sustainable water and water-
related sanitation services.
The NESSAP covers SWM and liquid sanitation provides an
action plan to guide implementation by MMDAs in addressing all
The National components of environment sanitation. It intends to achieve
Environmental incremental improvements for changing the sanitation-behaviour
Sanitation of people by changing our attitudes towards all types of wastes as
Strategy and our life-styles and waste streams undergo inevitable change. An
Action Plan accompanying Strategic Environmental Sanitation Investment
(NESSAP) 2009 Plan (SESIP) provides further details of funding requirements and
the framework for allocating estimated funding-gaps for projected
improvements by 2015.
 Other Sector strategies and plans
Plans Summary description
Ghana
Sustainable
The GSWASHDP combines WSSDP and NESSAP into one
WASH
coherent programme under the recently established
Development
MSWR. It addresses current sector challenges and takes
Programme
on board international agreements from SDGs and AWV.
(GSWASHDP)
2021
Agenda for Jobs: Creating Prosperity and Equal
Medium Term Opportunity for All is the sixth in series of development
National policy framework prepared over the past two decades. This
Development 2018-2021 framework operationalizes the vision, policies
Framework and programs outlined in the Presidents Coordinated
(MTDF) for Program for Economic and Social Development Policies.
2018-2021 This framework guides the government institutions in
preparing their Medium Term Development Plans (MTDP).
 Other Sector strategies and plans
International
Summary description
agreements
The WASH SDGs outlines goals to ensure availability and
Sustainable
sustainable management of water and sanitation by 2030.
Development
It defines water and sanitation levels of service (safely
Goals (SDGs)
managed, basic, limited and unimproved) for countries to
2016
set and monitor targets.
The AWV is designed to avoid the disastrous
consequences of threats of water resources management
Africa Water
at national and regional levels and lead to a future where
Vision (AWV)
the full potential of Africa’s water resources can be readily
2063
unleashed to stimulate and sustain growth in the region’s
economic development and social well-being.
 Relevant WRM Principles

•Principles (as enshrined in NWP):

– the principle of fundamental right of all people
without discrimination to safe and adequate
water to meet basic human needs;
– the principle of meeting the social needs for water
as a priority, while recognising the economic value
of water and the goods and services it provides;
– the principle of recognising water as a finite and
vulnerable resource, given its multiple uses;

59
 WRM Principles relevant

– the principle of improving equity and gender

sensitivity [how much does it cost to provide a
toilet facility to a disabled person?]

– the principle of subsidiarity in order to ensure

participatory decision-making at the lowest
appropriate level in society, with users
involved in the planning and implementation
of projects;

60
CWSA POLICIES IN GHANA
 Community Water and Sanitation Programme
The objectives of NCWSP are:
• To provide basic water and sanitation services to
communities that will contribute towards the capital
cost and pay the normal operations, maintenance and
repair cost of their facilities.
• To ensure sustainability of these facilities through
community ownership and management, community
decision making in their design, active involvement of
women at all stages in the project, private sector
provision of goods and services, and public sector
promotion and support.
• To maximise health benefits by integrating water,
sanitation and hygiene education
Key Principles of NCWSP

– Demand-driven approach
– Community ownership and
management
– Decentralization
– Public sector facilitation
– Private sector supply of goods and
services
Components of NCWSP
– Institutional arrangements
– Planning, Investigations and Construction
– Community mobilisation,
Participation/Ownership
– Financing
– Operation and Maintenance, and Cost
Recovery
– Overall management of Water Resources
 Policy Framework
• Community contribution shall be 5% of the capital
cost for Basic Water Supply Services, which is the
supply of 20l/c/d (standpipes) for 80% of population
and 60 l/c/d (house connection) for 20% population.
• For higher levels of service the community
contribution shall be 50% of the capital cost.
• District Assembly shall contribute 5% of the capital
cost.
• Water produced shall meet Ghana Drinking Water
Quality guidelines.
• Delivery of water should be in a cost effective manner
(not exceeding the cedi equivalent of $1.0/m3 )
 Legal Authority of the WSMT
• Community management is achieved by having community
representatives, the WSMT in charge of the water supply
management in the community.

• The District Assembly has the power to delegate its functions

other than its legislative functions to an individual or group (Act
462 of 1993).

• The Water and Sanitation Management Team (WSMT) takes its

legal authority from the District Assembly through a bye-law.
CWSA has developed generic bye-laws for WSMT to adapt for
their local circumstances.
PURC
 Background to establishment
• Independent regulatory institution
– Established by an Act of Parliament (Act 538)
– To regulate and oversee the provision of utility
services

• Recommendation to Water Reform Sector

– Sector Reforms
•
 Background
• Goals of Sector Reform
• Increase access to water to all sectors of the
economy
• Ensure efficiency in delivery of water to consumers
• Specific Objectives
• Enhance the management and accountability of the
public utilities
• Promote private sector participation in the
Production and Distribution Sectors
• Ensure an effective regulatory environment
 Scope of authority
• Regulate and oversee the provision of utility service to
consumers - electricity and water
• Responsible for Economic Regulation
• Responsible for Quality of Service Regulation
 The Commission Functions
• Provide guidelines for rates to be charged by utilities
• Monitor standards of performance for provision of
utility services
• Protect interest of both consumers and providers of
utility services
• Promote fair competition among public utilities
• Conduct studies relating to economy and efficiency of
public utilities
 Regulatory Mechanisms
• Regulatory Philosophy
– Consultation and collaboration with Stakeholders
• Consumer Protection
– Regulations on service termination & complaint procedure

– Regulation on Consumer Service Committee

• Monitoring of Utility Operations
– Reporting – Operational and Financial
– Monitoring
• Public Awareness / Education
– Empowerment of Consumers

72
 Tariffs
History of Utility Tariffs in Ghana

• Previously determined by Government (both

as Regulator and operator)

• Tariff structure was not cost reflective/Tariff

levels too low to cover cost of production)

• Low tariffs resulted in chronic lack of

investment and poor quality of service

• PURC developed Rate Setting Guidelines

73
 WATER TARIFF HISTORY
End User Tariff for GWCL
100.00 2007, 94.00

90.00
80.00
70.00 2006, 70.00
1999, 57.00
60.00
Cents/m3

2003, 52.00 2004, 52.00

2005, 52.00
50.00 2002, 47.00
40.00 1998, 44.00
2001, 38.00
30.00
20.00
2000, 19.40
10.00
-
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Year
 Key Considerations
• Objectives of tariff
– Ensure full Cost recovery of reasonable and
efficient costs

– Encourage efficiency through performance

targets

– Provide incentives for operational efficiency

– Ensure financial viability of utilities

75
Tariffs - Consumer Considerations
a. Utilities
Performance benchmarks instituted
* Collection rate
b. Domestic consumers
* Life line: ensure better targeting to low
income
consumers
* Compound house reduce punitive effect of the
compound house problem
* Affordability
c. Non-Residential Consumers
* Ensure banks, Commercial houses, Offices pay
economic tariffs

76
Regulatory Social Policy Objectives

• The PURC Policy objectives to

protect consumers is set out in
these key issues:
– Accessibility
– Affordability
– Quality
– Community involvement
– Duty of Care
 WATER TANKER GUIDLINES

• Tanker operations have become an

integral part of the urban water
delivery system

• The need to develop partnership with

other stakeholders to improve the
services of the tanker operators.

• Launch of Guidelines in March 08

 PRO-POOR PILOTS
• THE PILOTS ARE PREMISED ON PURC’S DESIRE TO

• Ensure greater accessibility to the poor by addressing

existing limitations through improved identification

• Targeting of the poor &Innovative supply approaches

• Recognizing the crucial role being played by small

scale suppliers

• Pursue greater affordability by addressing perceived

and actual weakness in existing tariff arrangements

• Ensure the supply of safe drinking water

 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITY SERVICE

• Availability - Is the service easily

available,
• Reliability - How often can it be
accessed?
• Responsiveness – Providers ability to deal
with any problems or issues related to
service.
• Working Environment: The conditions of
its tangible assets such as CSC. Front
desk personnel
• Attributes- How good is the product that
the service is providing
 MONITORING OF CUSTOMER
SERVICE CENTRES

• As part of the effort to ensure high

standard of performance in the
provision of water service, the PURC
regularly monitor the performance of
the Company’s Customer Service
Centers.
• The Centers are the first point of call
for Consumers and should be managed
efficiently in order to ensure Consumer
confidence and support for the sector.
 CHALLENGES
• Regulatory Independence
Determined by:
✓ Level of discretionary decision making power
✓ Staffing autonomy, own procedures
✓ Funding mechanism

• Accountability
✓ Regulators must be able to justify decisions
✓ Regulatory decisions can be subjected to public
scrutiny
✓ Management & Stakeholders commitment and
performance in all aspects of utility operations
are very important for the success of the utility.

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 CONCLUSION

• First years devoted to addressing tariffs. Bold

tariff decisions taken to restore viability of utility

• Management & stakeholder commitment in all

aspect of the operations of the utility is to be
seen as very important for the success of the
utility

• Quality of Service Regulations

30