Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol.

LXII, 2018
Print ISSN 2285-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 2285-5661, Online ISSN 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653

TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL INFLUENCE ON SHOOT LENGTH IN

PINOT NOIR, MERLOT AND CABERNET SAUVIGNON VARIETIES

Eleonora NISTOR1, Alina DOBREI1, Alin DOBREI1, Dorin CAMEN1,

Giovan Battista MATTI2
1
Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”,
Faculty of Horticulture and Forestry, Calea Aradului 119, Timisoara, Romania
2
Universita degli Studi Firenze, Dipartimento Di Scienze Produzioni Agroalimentari E
Dell'ambiente, Viale Delle Idee, 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

Correspondent author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Climate changes from last decades influenced plants growth including grapevine. The objective of the research was to
evaluate the influence of temperature and rainfall on shoot growth in Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot
varieties located in two vineyards, Recaș and Buziaș-Silagiu, during five years (2011-2015). The vines were trained on
vertical trellis by bi-lateral cordon and vertical shoot positioned. For research were selected the main shoots and
lateral shoots from 25 vines from each variety. Shoots length was measured from the base to the growing tip. Shoots
cease growth earlier in dry years 2012 and 2015 compared with the wettest years 2013 and 2014. The warm weather
and moderate rainfall in 2011 favor shoots growth in all three varieties and both locations. Measurements show
significant differences between shoots length. The longest shoots were found in Cabernet Sauvignon variety in Buziaș-
Silagiu vineyard and the shortest in Pinot Noir variety from Recaș vineyard. Results also show that vines subjected to
water stress and high temperatures had shorter main and lateral shoots.

Key words: grapevine, length, rainfall, shoots, temperature.

INTRODUCTION the shoot growing continues the canopy will

need more green pruning to improve berries
Leaf area from canopy have a major development and ripening, including leaf
importance in photosynthesis and therefore in removal (Kliewer and Dokoozlian, 2005). The
vine development, creating the microclimate vine shoot length is important because they
for grape berry development and ripening have poorly developed mechanical tissues, and
(Andreini et al., 2009; Deloire A., 2009). An when they reach a certain length, more than 40-
excessive shoot length and dense canopy 60 cm, can no longer sustain themselves, bends
influence negative the grape veraison and over, which favor the pests and diseases, and
ripening by shading and increase the humidity prevents further maintenance work in vineyards
(Fournioux, 1997; Keller, 2015). Dense canopy (Sánchez and Dokoozlian, 2005).
favours diseases as rots and mildew. Canopy Most vineyards around the world are found in
includes the shoots, leaves and flowers the strip drawn by parallels 30 and 50 in both
respectively berry bunches (Petrie et al. 2000; northern and southern hemispheres (Keller et
Dobrei et al., 2016b). Vine canopy depends on al., 2005). Within these areas, climate has a
grapevine variety, cane pruning, plant vigor, great influence on the development of
growing area and is described by number of vineyards (Santesteban et al., 2010). The vine
shoots/trunk, length, width, height and leaf area is quite resistant to drought; works well in areas
(Dokoozlian and Kliewer, 1995). Shoots with annual rainfall of 500-650 mm, but like
emerge in the spring from buds and grow fast most plants, vines need a decent amount of
before bloom due to the energy reserves from water to survive and grow (Smart et al., 1991;
roots and then their growing slow down as Schultz and Matthews, 1988).
grape berries develops (Lorenz et al., 2005; Each physiological phenomenon is conditioned
Dobrei et al., 2014). Usually in well-balanced by reaching a certain level of temperature and
vineyards, shoots growth stop near veraison; if humidity that marks the beginning or end of a
267
biological stage (Hendrickson et al., 2004). the growing tip, in the first three stages: before
Favorable temperature is correlated with a large bloom, full bloom and fruit set, until the
amount of fruitful buds and more leaves (Gris summer trimming. Measurements were made
et al., 2010). Both spring rainfall and higher using a metric tape. In both vineyards the vine
temperatures greatly contribute to keeping the management was uniform. In recent years, the
plant vigorous (Matthews et al., 1987). temperature increased from the beginning of
The objective of the work was to evaluate the the spring, while rainfall are very heavy or are
temperature and rainfall influence on main and very small quantity in summer; often very wet
lateral shoots growth in first three phenological and hot years (like 2014) alternate with very
stages in three grapewine varieties from warm and dry years. From one area to another,
Buzias-Silagiu and Recas vineyards, in the west during the winter, cold days alternate with
of Romania area, during climate changing years frosty periods. Climatic variability influences
2011-2015. blooming, growth and grapevine development,
grape production and its quality, through the
MATERIALS AND METHODS late spring frosts, high summer temperatures,
heavy rains or hailstorms.
The experiment was carried out in two well- In May 2011 the average temperature was
known vineyards from west of Romania: Recas 0.1°C above normal. From May 1-8, the
and Buzias-Silagiu, during 2011-2015. All weather was colder than usual. Monthly rainfall
three varieties (Pinot Noir, Merlot and Cabernet was 18% lower than normal. There were heavy
Sauvignon) were trained on vertical trellis by rains (on May 24, 25 and 28) often associated
bi-lateral cordon and vertical shoot positioned. with thunderstorms and hail. In June the
In each variety were selected for measurements average temperature was 1.1°C higher than
the main and two lateral shoots from 25 vines. normal. During June 19-24, the weather was
Grapevine shoots monitoring begun each year very hot. Between 25 and 30 June the
in the last decade of April and ended in July, temperature dropped significantly, reaching
during all five years of experiment. Plant below normal values for this period. In July the
material was selected from vines of 6 year-old, average temperature was 1.2°C higher than
planted on east-west orientated rows. Lateral normal. From 9 to 20 July, the weather was
shoots were selected from node positions 2-3. very hot (Figure 1).
Shoots length was measured from the base to

40 90

80
35
70
30
60
25
50
Temperatures (oC)

Rainfall (mm)

20 40

15 30

20
10
10
5
0
0
-10
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
-5 -20
max (t°C) 2011 average (t°C) 2011 min (t°C) 2011 rainfall (mm) 2011

Figure 1. Temperatures and rainfall (2011)

268
Among 13-18 May 2012, the weather becomes higher than normal standard. In 13-15 July and
very cold in the west. There were heavy rains, 28-30 July, the weather was very hot. Monthly
often thunderstorms and hail. In June, the rainfall was 48% below standard normal. May
average temperature was 3°C above normal. 2012 was characterized by a higher air
Monthly rainfall was 38% below standard temperature than normal. Often thunderstorms
normal. In July, the temperature was 4.5°C and hailstorms were recorded (Figure 2).
50 140

40 120

30 100
Temperatures (oC)

Rainfall (mm)
20 80

10 60

0 40

-10 20
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

-20 0
max (t°C) 2012 average (t°C) 2012 min (t°C) 2012 rainfall (mm) 2012

Figure 2. Temperatures and rainfall (2012)

The rainfall between 1st and 31 May (2013) temperature values ranged from 17 to 29°C
was normal (26-50 l/m2) in the north of Banat during the warmest periods. During June, there
and around 51-100 l/m2 in the other areas of the were rainy days, thunderstorms and hailstorms
region. In June 2013 normal thermal days that partially/totally affected the vine by
alternate with periods with higher air breaking canes and shoots (Figure 3).
temperature than usual. The average daily air
45 140
40
35 120
30
25 100
20
Temperatures (oC)

15
Rainfall (mm)

80
10
5
60
0
-5
-10 40
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
-15
-20 20
-25
-30 0
max (t°C) 2013 average (t°C) 2013 min (t°C) 2013 rainfall (mm) 2013

Figure 3. Temperatures and rainfall (2013)

269
In May 2014 normal days alternate with Romania. June 2014 had warmer days, with
intervals in which the air temperature was periods in which the air temperature was
lower than usual. Precipitations were among normal. During June 2014 heavy rainfall were
51-100 l/m2, in the south of Timis County, recorded in large areas of the western part of
abundant (101-125 l/m2) and even excessive the country, which led to an improvement of
(126-212 l/m2) on large area in west of the soil moisture.
45 140
40
35 120

30
100
25
Temperatures (oC)

20

Rainfall (mm)
80
15
10
60
5
0
40
-5
-10 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 20
-15
-20 0
max (t°C) 2014 average (t°C) 2014 min (t°C) 2014 rainfall (mm) 2014

Figure 4. Temperatures and rainfall (2014)

40 60

35

30 50

25

20 40
Temperatures (oC)

15
Rainfall (mm)

10 30

0 20

-5

-10 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 10

-15

-20 0
max (t°C) 2015 average (t°C) 2015 min (t°C) 2015 rainfall (mm) 2015

Figure 5. Temperature and rainfall (2015)

Quantities of water in the interval 01-30 June extended surfaces and very high (01-150 l/m2),
2014 were reduced (12-50 l/m2), in the western in the south. Weather conditions were favorable
Timis County, normal (51-100 l/m2) on for vine growth and development in the vine.
270
First decade of July 2014 was warm weather, and Merlot varieties, from Buzias-Silagiu and
after which the temperature increased Recas vineyards, among 2011 and 2015, are
gradually. The higher temperature ranged shown in Figure 6. In Pinot Noir the longest
between 19 ... 35°C and the lowest between 10 main shoot before bloom was in 2014 (27 cm)
... 26°C. There were heavy rainfalls but also when were recorded daily temperatures of 310C
thunderstorms, and isolated hailstorms. The and nights with no less than 70C. The same
rainfall in the period 01-31 July 2014 was behavior was observed in the other two
among 51-100 l/m2, in the southwest and varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon (64 cm in 2014)
central of the Timis County. On extended areas and Merlot respectively (49 cm). The spring of
rainfall were heavy (101-125 l/m2) and over 2015 (similar to 2011) was cool, with
normal (126-241 l/m2), which favored the temperatures slightly below the average of the
downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and period, which delayed the blooming with about
powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) (Figure 7-10 days without major influence on the vine
4). In May 2015, in the center of the region, phenology. However the shortest main shoots
normal (26-50 l/m2), high (51-100 l/m2), before bloom, in all three varieties, were
abundant (101-125 l/m2) and excess rainfall registered in 2015 followed by results from
(126-200 l/m2) were reported on extended areas 2011.
of Banat. Moisture in the 0-100 cm of soil at Higher grow rates were observed before full
the end of May 2015, in Timis County, was bloom, followed by slow grow after fruit set
low values. The summer season of 2015 was due to the competition for nutrients and water
characterized by a warmer weather than among canopy and bunches (Figure 6). In full
normal. Between May and June, the amount of bloom stage, the longest main shoot was
rainfall was deficient (< 150 l/m2) (Figure 5). recorded in Cabernet Sauvignon (104 cm) in
Data were subjected to statistical analysis using 2014. In fruit set stage, remains the same rank
Statistica 13.0.159.7 software for Windows of main shoot length for all varieties. Young
(One way ANOVA). shoots were green, healthy and vigorous, and
flower bunches equally distributed on the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION canes. In 2014 the constant rainfalls at regular
intervals, alternating with sunny and low wind
Results concerning the length measurements of days helped to air the vineyard and decreased
main shoots in Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon humidity around flowers.

120 120
110 110
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
(cm)

(cm)

60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Pinot Noir Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot

Main shoot /Before bloom/Buzias Main shoot /Before bloom/ Recas

Main shoot /Full bloom/ Buzias Main shoot /Fruit set/ Buzias
Main shoot /Full bloom/Recas Main shoot /Fruit set/ Recas
Figure 6. Main shoot length before bloom, full bloom and fruit set stages, in Pinot Noir, Cabernet
Sauvignon and Merlot varieties, from Buzias -Silagiu and Recas vineyards (2011-2015)

271
Cheng et al. (2014), in a study concerning the was quite similar for around 130 days, until
influence of soil properties and climatic ripening stage. The final main shoot length was
conditions of 2011 and 2012 years, on Cabernet in average 3.22 m for Merlot variety and 2.90
Sauvignon variety, found that the average shoot m for Cabernet Sauvignon. Growing rate
length at harvest, in two vineyards from China, observed was 5.0 cm per week before blooming
was between 122 and 136 cm, length that can and around 25.0 cm per week after until grow
be reached and exceeded by main shoots of decrease after fruit setting. In Leal G.R. (2007)
Cabernet Sauvignon from Buzias-Silagiu and studies, on Pinot Noir variety from New
Recas until the harvest time. Zealand, main shoot final growth was 89.1 m.
Sabbatini and Schilder (2012) found in their Hunter and Visse (1990), in their research
research from Michigan vineyards, longest developed in South Africa, concerning the
main shoot in Pinot Noir variety in all three effect of defoliation on Cabernet Sauvignon
stages: 67 cm (before bloom), 76 cm (full growth, found longer lateral shoot length in
bloom) and 95 cm (fruit set) respectively. berry set stage, amongst 63 - 91 cm, very
Reynolds and Naylor (1994) investigate Pinot significant longer compared to lateral shoots of
Noir variety in a glasshouse situated in British Pinot Noir from Buzias-Silagiu or Recas
Columbia, Canada. vineyards. Longer lateral shoots are the result
Lateral shoots measured between 47 and 108 of partial defoliation which improved the light
days after full bloom was among 6 and 143 cm. environment and leaves photosynthesis in the
Lateral shoots from the Pinot Noir grown in vine canopy (Dobrei et al., 2016c).
both vineyards from the west of Romania are Merlot is a medium - large vigor. It is adapted
included in these limits and are much shorter. to different soil and climate except arid areas.
Schreiner et al. (2013), studied the impact of Variety resistance to frosts is low (-16°C -
NPK supply on leaf area and shoot growth 18°C) and drought, and medium to diseases.
before bloom stage in pinot Noir variety. Sprouting takes place early, and is
According to their research results, the shoot consequently sensitive to spring frosts
length was between 84-117 cm, and little Unfavorable weather during flowering leads to
influenced by different NPK supply. millerandage (Dobrei et al., 2015).
Pinot Noir is a medium vigor variety and Variety is also susceptible to mold (although it
temperatures above 350C in 2014 and 2013 has a better mold resistance than other
summer days slow the shoot growing due to the varieties) (Robinson J., 2003). It is a poorly
shutting down of the photosynthesis. tolerant to drought and frost-resistant (-180C)
Cabernet Sauvignon has large vigor and (Dobrei A., 2004). Similar results to those from
medium fertility (65-70% fertile shoots). It has Buzias-Silagiu and Recas vineyards,
good tolerance to frost (-20, -220C), very concerning the main shoot length in Merlot
resistant to drought, good tolerance to oidium, variety (from 37 to 90 cm) were found in two
gray mold and rots (Dobrei et al., 2016b). trials conducted during 1995-1998 in the
The vegetative vigour of Cabernet Sauvignon Research station Agroscope Changins-
from high altitude vineyards of Southern Brazil Wädenswil from Switzerland.
was studied by Rufato et al. (2014) after Jemini et al. (2010) found a shoot length in
application of prohexadione-calcium for Merlot variety affected by downy mildew,
reducing shoot growing. Despite the treatment, between 12.30 cm in the second decade of May
the main shoot final length range among 209.7 and 81.99 cm after 30 days in June in the 1996
and 258.1 cm). trial and between 25.91 and 78.59 in 1998.
During 2006 -2009, Borghezan et al. (2012), Lateral shoots length before bloom, full bloom
evaluate shoot growth in Merlot and Cabernet and fruit set stages, in Pinot Noir, Cabernet
Sauvignon, cultivated in São Joaquim Sauvignon and Merlot varieties, from Buzias-
vineyards from Brazil. They found out that the Silagiu and Recas vineyards (2011-2015) are
main shoots average length in both varieties shown in Figure 7.

272
 40 50
45
35
40
30
35
25 30
(cm)

(cm)
20 25
20
15
15
10
10
5 5
0 0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Secondary
Pinot Noirshoots /Before bloom/ Buzias Secondary shoots /Before bloom/
Cabernet Sauvignon Recas
Merlot
Secondary shoots /Full bloom/ Buzias Secondary shoots /Full bloom/ Recas
Secondary shoots /Fruit set/ Buzias Secondary shoots /Fruit set/ Recas

Figure 7. Secondary shoots length before bloom, full bloom and fruit set stages, in Pinot Noir,
Cabernet sauvignon and Merlot varieties, from Buzias-Silagiu and Recas vineyards (2011-2015)

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