International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 5, Issue 1 Jan. 2023, pp: 703-712 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Analysis and Computation of Lifting Force

around Joukowsky Airfoil
Garba, Mohammed, Prof. N.H. Manjak, Prof. Sabo Hamma
and Dr. M. S. Adamu
1. Department of Science Education, Bauchi State University Gadau, Nigeria.
2, 3,4. Department of Mathematical Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria.

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Date of Submission: 12-01-2023 Date of Acceptance: 24-01-2023
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ABSTRACT the two-dimensional fluid flow allows one to
One of the more important potential flow results employ techniques of complex variables, in
obtained using conformal mapping are the solutions particular utilizing the geometric properties of
of the potential flows past a family of airfoil shapes conformal mappings given by
known as Joukowsky foils. Solving problem of w = f(z)
fluid flow around an airfoil is a highly complex (1)
task. However, reducing the problem to the two- Where z = x + iy and w = u + iv. Using this
dimensional ideal fluid flow allows one to employ technique, in particular Joukowsky transformation,
techniques of complex variables, in particular the fluid flow around the geometry of an airfoil can
utilizing the geometric properties of conformal be model as the flow around a cylinder whose
mappings. In this study, we analysed the two symmetry simplifies the needed computations (
dimensional ideal fluid flow around a circular Kapania et al, 2008).
cylinder obtained by the superposition of simple In this pepper, we are to show geometrically via
elementary flows, then relate the solution (complex Joukowsky transformation the corresponding
potential) to uncambered airfoil by means of geometry in fluid dynamics, specifically, to exploit
Joukowsky transformation, and it was found that Joukowsky transformation to analyse the geometric
the circulation and the lift force around a circular nature of Ideal fluid flow.
cylinder in the z plane remained unchanged around Joukowsky transformation is a conformal mapping,
transformed uncambered airfoil in the w plan. that plays an important role in the study of flows
MATLAB software was used to visualize the around airfoils, given by
streamlines around the circular cylinder and the λ2
w =f z =z+ (2)
corresponding Joukowsky airfoil. The lift force was z
calculated at different angles of attack and it was where w is the function in the
found that the lift force is strongly dependent to the transformed plane and λ is the parameter of the
angle of attack in a linear proportion. transformation that determines the resulting shape
Keywords and Phrases: Conformal Map, of the transformed function ( Maloneka & De
Joukowsky Transformation, Airfoil, Inviscid, Almeida, 2010).
Incompressible. The flow around airfoil can be solved by
solving the flow around circular cylinder, then
I. INTRODUCTION relate the solution to the airfoil by means of
Many problems in Mathematics are Joukowsky transformation, equation (2)
difficult to solve in their original geometric form. If Joukowsky transformation; is used because it has
the physical problem can be represented by a the property of transforming circles in the z plane
complex functions but geometric structure becomes into shapes that resemble airfoils in the w plane
inconvenient then by an appropriate mapping , it (Benson & Thomas, 1996).
can be transformed to a problem with much more A lifting flow around a circular cylinder is
convenient geometry (Sa Pai, 2020). generated by the superposition of three elementary
In fluid dynamics, a field of significant flows, namely a uniform flow, source-sink flow and
importance is the study of airfoils. Solving vortex flow ( Nyadwi, 2018). This requires that the
problem of fluid flow around an airfoil is a highly velocity potential and stream function be expressed
complex task. However, reducing the problem to as a complex function, just as the airfoil shape

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
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must also be defined using complex variables, of arbitrary Γ values, each corresponding to a
given by deferent flow solution satisfying Laplace equation.
w z = φ + iψ (3)
(Bear & Jacob, 1972) Corollary : When the complex potential shown in
If, moreover, ψ( x , y ) denotes a harmonic equation (5) is transformed by a conformal
conjugate of φ( x, y ), the velocity vector is mapping function, the circulation Γ and the lift L′
tangent to a curve ψ x , y = c. for the circular cylinder in the z- plane are the same
The curve as the circulation Γ and the lift L′ in the w-plane,
ψ x ,y = c (4) and this is, as a result of the angle and orientation
is called the streamline of the flow, and the function preservation property of the conformal mapping .
ψ is the stream function. In particular, a boundary In this study, we considered flow around
across which fluid cannot flow is a streamline an airfoil as an ideal fluid flow such that the flow is
(Brown & Churchill, 2009). inviscid, meaning that have no viscosity, and
incompressible, meaning that their density remains
Theorem 1: Consider the lifting flow past a constant, and also satisfy the Kutta condition,
cylinder, then its complex potential defined in which states that the fluid flowing over the upper
equation (3) can be written as follows: and lower surfaces of the airfoil meets at the
R2 Γ trailing edge of the airfoil, (Anderson, 2010) . Also
w z = V∞ z + + i ln(z) (5)
z 2π the airfoil must be moving through the fluid at
Therefore (5) decompose into, subsonic speeds. This is important because at
R2 Γ speeds approaching the speed of sound, where
w z = V∞ r + cos θ − θ
r 2π compressibility effects in the fluid flow can be
R2 considered negligible, (Katz and Allen, 1991).
+ i V∞ r − sin θ
r
Γ II. METHODOLOGY
+ ln(r) The initial step to analyse lifting flow
2π
around airfoil, is to solve the flow around circular
Hence,
cylinder then relate the solution to airfoil by means
w z = φ( r θ) + iψ( r θ) of Joukowsky transformation equation (2)
and the stream function ψ of the combined flow is
given by the equation
R2 Γ
Fluid Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
ψ = V∞ r sin θ 1 − 2 + ln r (6) The lifting flow over a cylinder is a combination of
r 2π
Once the flow around a rotating cylinder has been a uniform flow, source-sink flow, doublet flow and
solved, the lift force can be computed by means of vortex flow as follows:
the Kutta-Joukowsky theorem. (Prachi , 2020)
Uniform Flow
Theorem 2: Kutta-Joukowsky theorem, states that Consider an ideal flow with a free stream uniform
the lift per unit span L´ is directly proportional to velocity V∞ in the uniform positive x direction as
the circulation Γ. For the proof see Panton 2013. shown in fig (1a). This flow can be defined by
Circulation Γ, is a conceptual tool that relates the ϕ = V∞ r cos θ (8)
lift on an object to the nature of the fluid flow As potential function and
around it. Specifically, circulation is related to 𝜓 = 𝑉∞ 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (9)
vorticity on any open surface bounded by the airfoil As stream function
curve, using Stoke’s theorem Obviously, (8) and (9) satisfies Laplace’s equation,
therefore the equipotential curves and streamlines
Γ= V ⋅ds = ∇ × V ∙dS = w ⋅ are orthogonal.

dS (7) Source-Sink Flow

For the lifting flow around a cylinder, the If a flow is diverting from central point 0,
only source of vorticity comes from the vortex the flow is referred as source flow, while if a flow
flow, which has an infinite vorticity at the origin is converging to the central point 0, the flow
but zero vorticity at every other point. This point referred to as sink flow. In the source and sink
source of vorticity leads to the finite circulation Γ . flows all the streamlines are straight lines
However, Γ is also the strength of a vortex flow. converging or diverging from central point 0, as
Therefore, for a flow, there are an infinite number shown in fig(1b).The resulting velocity field for
these flows only has a radial component 𝑉𝑟 , while is
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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
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inversely proportional to the distance from 0. With from 0. Note that, positive 𝛬 value refers to source
these boundary condition in place, the potential and and negative 𝛬 refers to sink.
stream function for source and sink are given as Consider a uniform stream with the free stream
𝛬
𝜙= 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 (10) velocity V∞ oriented from left to right.
2𝜋
and Superimpose it to a source flow of strength Λ
𝛬 located at the origin in polar coordinates as shown
𝜓= 𝜃 (11) in fig (1b). The stream function for the resulting
2𝜋
respectively, where 𝛬 is the rate of volume flow is simply found by addition of the stream
from source (source streangth) and 𝑟 is the distance functions of the two flows. It means
𝛬
𝜓 = 𝑉∞ 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝜃 (12)
2𝜋

Figure (1a) Figure (1b) Figure (1c)

Figure (1): A combination (superposition) of a uniform flow and a source flow generates a flow over a semi-
infinite body. Source : Anderson (2010).

Doublet Flow 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝜙 = 𝑉∞ 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + (15)
A doublet flow is a particular degenerate case of 2𝜋 𝑟
Equation (15) is justified by the linear nature of
source –sink combination that leads to a
Laplace’s equation. Note that setting 𝜓 = 0 yields
singularity,( Nyadwi , 2018). The potential
a circle of radius 𝑅 given by
function for doublet flow is
𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑘
𝜙= (13) 𝑅= (16)
2𝜋 𝑟 2𝜋 𝑉∞
and stream function The resulting flow external to 𝑅 is a valid model of
𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜓= − (14) the ideal flow around a cylinder. However, the
2𝜋 𝑟
where 𝑘 is the doublet strength. The superposition entire flow field is symmetrical about the
of the uniform and doublet flows provides a model horizontal axis, meaning that this flow generates no
of the non lifting flow around a cylinder. Adding lift on the cylinder. As shown in Fig 2
potential functions given by (8) and (13)

Figure (2a) Figure (2b) Figure (2c)

Figure 2: a combination (superposition) of a uniform flow and a doublet flow generates a non lifting flow over a
circular cylinder.
Source: Chattot & Hafez, (2015).

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
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The superposition of the uniform flow and Where 𝛤 is the circulation, that is the strength of
the doublet flow yields a non lifting flow over a the vortex.
circular cylinder. To model a lifting flow a vortex The superposition of the uniform, doublet and
flow must be superimposed. vortex flows yields a potential function
𝛤𝜃 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜙 = 𝑉∞ 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − + (18)
Vortex flow 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑟
and stream function
A flow where all streamlines are concentric circles 𝛤 𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
about a given point 0 is refers to as vortex flow. 𝜓 = 𝑉∞ 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 − (19)
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑟
The tangential velocity 𝑉𝜃 is inversely proportional The lifting flow over a cylinder is a combination of
to the distance from 0. The resulting velocity a non-lifting flow discussed above and a vortex
potential of the vortex flow is given by flow of strength Γ as shown in the figure (3).
𝛤𝜃
𝜙= − (17)
2𝜋

Figure (3a) Figure (3b) Figure (3c)

Figure 3: The synthesis flow of a lifting flow over a cylinder.
Source: Chattot & Hafez (2015).

The streamlines of this final superposition symmetry along the horizontal axis , creating an
of three flows is shown in fig (4). As a result of uneven pressure distribution, which generates lift.
vortex flow, the cylinder is now rotating with a Equation (20) and (21) therefore are solutions to
finite angular velocity. This rotation eliminates the the lifting flow around a circular cylinder.

Figure 4: (Left) Doublet flow with strength 𝑘 .Computed Doublet flow (right) in MATLAB with strength κ =
0.05 and streamlines (blue) and equipotential curves (red).
Source : Panton ( 2013).

Lift Around a Circular Cylinder 𝛤≡ 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 (20)

𝐴
Consider an incompressible flow over an
where 𝑉 is the velocity field around the
airfoil and let 𝐴 be any curve in the fluid flow
airfoil and the airfoil is generating a lift. It will turn
enclosing the airfoil, then the circulation is given
out that the drag force is always zero; 𝐹𝑑 = 0, and
by
that the lift force is directly proportional to the

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circulation constant 𝛤. The exact relation for the lift 𝜆2 𝜆2

𝑤 = 𝑟+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
force is 𝑟 𝑟

𝐿′ = 𝜌𝑉∞ 𝛤 (21) (24)

Let
Where 𝜌 is the fluid density and 𝑉∞ is the fluid 𝜆2 𝜆2
velocity far upstream of the airfoil and 𝛤 is the 𝑎= 𝑟+ and 𝑏 = 𝑟 −
𝑟 𝑟
circulation defined in equation (20) Therefore,
𝑤 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (25)
Joukowsky Mapping from Circular Cylinder to From
Airfoil 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
Having solved for the flow around a Implies that.
cylinder with the superposition of three elementary 𝑢
flows, we need to relate this solution to an airfoil 𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
𝑎
shape. To accomplish this, we use a conformal and
mapping function called the Joukowsky 𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
transformation given by equation (2) 𝑏
Consider, From 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + Implies that,
𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )=𝑟𝑒𝑖𝜃 (22) 𝑢 2 𝑣 2
+ =1 (26)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 is a circle of radius r and the center at the ⟺
origin in the 𝑧- plane (Lysak, 2011). 1
𝑢2 +
Therefore, the Joukowsky transformation, equation 𝑎2
1
(2) in polar form gives 𝑣2 = 1 (27)
𝑏2
𝜆2
𝑤 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
+ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑟2
𝑟 If we set the parameter 𝜆 = 𝑟, then 𝑎 = 𝑟 +
𝑟
(23) 𝑟2
⟺ and 𝑏 = 𝑟 − , and this implies that
𝑟
𝜆2 𝑎 = 2𝑟 and 𝑏 = 0,
𝑤 = (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) + ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
𝑟
2
𝜆 𝜆2 and from this it can be seen that the circle
= 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) in the 𝑧-plane is transformed into a flat plate of
𝑟 𝑟
⟺ length 4𝑟 in the 𝑤−plane. It means that the points
of the circle in 𝑧-plane occupy the strip −2𝑟 ≤
𝑢 ≤ 2𝑟, in the 𝑤-plane, shown in fig (5).

Figure 5: A unit circle in the z plane with center at the origin and corresponding flat plate in the w plane
transformed using Joukowsky transformation, for 𝜆 = 1.

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For 𝜆 > 𝑟,
2 2
𝑢 𝑢
𝜆2
+ 𝜆2
=1 (28)
𝑟+ 𝑟−
𝑟 𝑟
⟺
𝑢2 𝑣2
+ =1 (29)
𝑟 2 1+ 𝜆 2 𝑟 2 2 𝑟 2 1− 𝜆 2 𝑟 2 2

Equation (29) is an equation of ellipse center at origin with major axis 𝑎 = 𝑟 1 + 𝜆2 𝑟 2 and minor axis
𝑏 = 𝑟 1 − 𝜆2 𝑟 2 .Therefore the circle in 𝑧- plane is transformed into an ellipse in the 𝑤-plane. Shown in fig
(6).

Figure 6: A unit circle in the z plane with center at the origin and corresponding ellipse in the w plane
transformed using Joukowsky transformation, for 𝜆 > 1

However, neither of the shapes in fig.5 𝜆=𝑟− 𝑡 (30)

and 6 resemble an airfoil. The airfoil shape is Where 𝑟 is radius of a circle and 𝑡 is the
realized by creating a circle in the 𝑧 plane with a coordinates of the center of the circle (Panton,
center that is offset from the origin, as shown in fig. 2013).
7 and 8. If the circle in the 𝑧 plane is offset slightly,
the desired transformation parameter is given as

Figure 7: Cylinder in 𝑧 plane with center offset on the 𝑥 axis and the corresponding uncambered Joukowsky
airfoil in the 𝑤 plane with 𝜆 = 𝑟 − 𝑡

The transformation in the w plane transformed airfoil.If the center of the circle in the
resembles the shape of an uncambered airfoil 𝑧 plane is also offset on the y axis, the Joukowsky
symmetric about the 𝑥 axis, as shown in Fig. (7). transformation yields an cambered airfoil as shown
The 𝑥 coordinate of the circle origin therefore in Fig. (8). This shows that the 𝑦 coordinate of the
determines the thickness distribution of the

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circle center determines the curvature of the transformed airfoil.

Figure 8: Cylinder in 𝑧 plane with center offset on both 𝑥 and 𝑦 axis and the corresponding cambered
Joukowsky airfoil in the 𝑤 plane with 𝜆 = 𝑟 − 𝑡

The airfoil shapes created from the III. RESULT

Joukowsky transformation are known as Having the solution for lifting flow around
Joukowsky airfoils. The 𝑥 intercepts of the circle in a cylinder and the technique for mapping this
the 𝑧 plane become the leading and trailing edges solution to the solution around a joukowsky airfoil,
of the mapped airfoil in the w plane, (Chattot & computational graphing program can be used to
Hafez, 2015). visualize the flow and establish lift calculation for
Note that, the generalised method for several airfoils.
computation of the lift force on arbitrary airfoils The contour plot of the imaginary
cannot be executed manually; consequently, the component of the complex potential of the equation
method is coded in MATLAB for both symmetric (5) gives the flow around the airfoil. The lift force
and cambered airfoils (Swem, 2017). is calculated using the formula in equation (21)
where 𝛤 for uncambered airfoil is given by;
2𝑟𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝛤= ∞ (31)
2𝜋
From the MATLAB codes used, our result is
presented by the following figures:

Flow Around a Circular Cylinder for ∝ = 𝟎. Lift Force: 0 N/M Flow Around a corresponding Airfoil
for ∝ = 𝟎. Lift Force: 0N/M

Figure 9: The streamlines around circular cylinder plot computed in the z plane and the corresponding
uncambered Joukowsky airfoil. The plot was generated with 𝑉∞ = 200𝑚/𝑠, 𝛼 = 0 , and 𝜌 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
The cylinder parameters used: 𝑥 = 0.1𝑚, 𝑦 = 0𝑚 and 𝑟 = 1.13𝑚

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Flow Around a Circular Cylinder for ∝ = 𝟑. Lift Force: 4.612 N/M Flow Around a corresponding
Airfoil for ∝ = 𝟑. Lift Force: 4.612 N/M

Figure 10: The streamlines around circular cylinder plot computed in the z plane and the corresponding
uncambered Joukowsky airfoil. The plot was generated with 𝑉∞ = 200𝑚/𝑠, 𝛼 = 3 , and 𝜌 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . The
cylinder parameters used: 𝑥 = 0.1𝑚, 𝑦 = 0𝑚, 𝑟 = 1.13𝑚.

Flow Around a Circular Cylinder for ∝ = 𝟓. Lift Force: 7.6805 N/M Flow Around a corresponding
Airfoil for ∝ = 𝟓. Lift Force: 7.6805 N/M

Figure 11: The streamlines around circular cylinder plot computed in the z plane and the corresponding
uncambered Joukowsky airfoil. The plot was generated with 𝑉∞ = 200𝑚/𝑠, 𝛼 = 5 , and 𝜌 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
The cylinder parameters used: 𝑥 = 0.1𝑚, 𝑦 = 0𝑚, 𝑟 = 1.13𝑚.

Flow Around a Circular Cylinder for Airfoil for ∝ = 𝟕. Lift Force: 10.7396 N/M Flow Around a
corresponding for Airfoil for ∝ = 𝟕. Lift Force: 10.7396 N/M

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Figure 12: The streamlines around circular cylinder plot computed in the z plane and the corresponding
uncambered Joukowsky airfoil. The plot was generated with 𝑉∞ = 200𝑚/𝑠, 𝛼 = 7, and 𝜌 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . The
cylinder parameters used: 𝑥 = 0.1𝑚, 𝑦 = 0𝑚, 𝑟 = 1.13𝑚.

Table 1: Summary of results for lift force calculation

Angle of attack 𝛼 0 3 5 7
Lift force 0 4.6121 7.6805 10.7396

Figure 13: Lift force vs Angle of attack

IV. RESULT DISCUSSION and the airfoil in the w plane. Again, looking at the
When a Joukowsky transformation is airfoil, it is clear that the streamlines meet at the
applied to an offset circular cylinder, one can get trailing edge, and therefore the Kutta condition is
the Joukowsky airfoils by the use of instance of satisfied. As shown on table 1 above, we computed
Matlab program. The streamlines generated by the the streamlines around the circular cylinder and the
imaginary part of the complex potential of the corresponding airfoil at different values of angle of
equation (5) is the flow solution around cylinder attack. In figure (10), the calculated lift force is
and corresponding symmetric airfoil. The lift force 4.6121 N/m at α = 3, in figure (11), the lift force
is calculated using the formula in equation (21) and found is 7.6805 N/m at α = 5, and finally we have
the angle α that we have in the equation (31) was got 10.7396 N/m at α = 7, in figure (12).
measured in radians and when converted into The lift force was calculated at different angles of
απ attack and it was found that the lift force is strongly
degrees amounts to . In figure (9), at zero angle
180 dependent to the angle of attack in a linear
of attack, there is no lift generated on the cylinder
proportion as shown in figure 13,
and on the airfoil because the fluid flow is
symmetric. This is due to the fact that there is a
symmetric distribution of the streamlines about the
x axis on both the circular cylinder in the z plane
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