See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/348418703

Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and Physical

Problems

Article in European Academic Research · January 2021

CITATIONS READS

0 3,201

4 authors, including:

Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah Abdussalam Ali Ahmed

university of gharyan Bani Waleed University, Libya
8 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS 188 PUBLICATIONS 845 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Abdussalam Ali Ahmed on 12 January 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH
Vol. VIII, Issue 10/ January 2021

Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF)

DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+)
ISSN 2286-4822
www.euacademic.org

Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some

Mathematical and Physical Problems

WIAM ALI AYAD1

OMAR ISMAEL ELHASADI
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Libyan Academy, Tripoli, Libya
ZAYNAB AHMED KHALLEEFAH
Department of Mathematics, Garyan University, Garyan, Libya
ABDUSSALAM ALI AHMED
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Bani Waleed University, Bani Waleed, Libya

Abstract
The aim of this modest study was to shed some light on one of
the useful tools of complex analysis, which is the method of conformal
mapping (Also called conformal transformation). Conformal
transformations are optimal for solving various physical and
engineering problems that are difficult to solve in their original form
and in the given domain. This work starts by introducing the meaning
of a ''Conformal Mapping'', then introducing its basic Properties. In the
second part, it deals with a set of various examples that explain the
behavior of these mappings and show how they map a given domain
from its original form into a simpler one. Some of these examples
mentioned in this study showed that conformal transformations could
be used to determine harmonic functions, that is, to solve Laplace's
equation in two dimensions, which is the equation that governs a variety
of physical phenomena such as the steady-state temperature distribution
in solids, electrostatics and inviscid and irrotational flow (potential
flow). Other mathematical problems are treated. All problems that are
dealt with in this work became easier to solve after using this technique.
In addition, they showed that the harmonicity of a function is preserved
under conformal maps and the forms of the boundary conditions change
accordingly.

1 Corresponding author: [email protected]

5972
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

Keywords: Analytic functions, Conformal mapping, Conformal

transformation, Applications of conformal mapping, Boundary value
problems.

I. INTRODUCTION

A conformal mapping, also called a conformal transformation, or

biholomorphic map, is a transformation that preserves angles between
curves. A mapping by an analytic function is conformal at every point
of the domain of definition where the derivative does not vanish.
Conformal mappings are extremely important in complex analysis, as
well as in many areas of physics and engineering [10].
It can also be said that a conformal mapping simplifies some
solving processes of problems, mapping complex polygonal geometries
and transforming them into simpler geometries, easily studied. These
transformations became possible, due to the conformal mapping
property to modify only the polygon geometry, preserving the physical
magnitudes in each point of it [1].
Two researchers have worked in the field of conformal
mappings, and they elucidated the advantages of conformal mappings
over other advanced engineering skills. The work was to determine
how the critical stress is spread with respect to the rupture angle
using a conformal transformation. In their words, a conformal
transformation has proved to be a good engineering tool to solve footing
on slope problems, and they concluded that the critical normal stress
distribution of footing on a slope is spread evenly along the slip surface
with the mapping technique [2].
One of the applications in which a conformal mapping was used
is the complex velocity potential of the flow of an ideal fluid. It was
found that the complex velocity potential can be determined by solving
a problem in either a horizontal or vertical strip [3].
Another application using a conformal mapping is the one used
to solve the so-called third kind boundary-value problem of Laplace’s
equation. Where the work performed provides a new method for solving
the complex electrostatic field boundary-value problem and realizing
the visualization of that. It is a new way of solving the complex
electrostatic field boundary-value problem [4].

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5973
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

In this study, the main purpose was to focus on the use of analytic
functions when certain conditions are imposed on them. In particular,
it aimed at elucidating the topic of conformal mappings. Various
examples are given to show how conformal maps change given domains
and help to solve some boundary-value problems, which are difficult to
solve in their original domains.

Definition. [Conformal Mapping] [10]. Let 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) be a complex

mapping defined in a domain 𝐷 and let 𝑧0 ∈ 𝐷. We say that 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) is
conformal at 𝑧0 if for every pair of smooth curves 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 in 𝐷
intersecting at 𝑧0 the angle between 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 at 𝑧0 is equal to the angle
between the image curves 𝐶1′ and 𝐶2′ at 𝑓(𝑧0 ) in both magnitude and
sense.

Preservation of Angles
The two curves intersect at (𝑢0 ,𝑣0 ), and the angle at which they
intersect there, is the angle 𝛼 between the two tangents there.

∴ 𝛼 = 𝛼1 − 𝛼2 ,

Figure 1: The w-plane.

where
𝑑𝑣
tan𝛼1 = ( ) = 𝜑 1′ (𝑢),
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑑𝑣
tan𝛼2 = ( ) = 𝜑 2 ′ (𝑢).
𝑑𝑢 2
tan𝛼1−tan𝛼2 𝜑′1(𝑢)−𝜑′2(𝑢)
Therefore tan𝛼 = = ,
1+tan𝛼1tan𝛼2 1+𝜑′1(𝑢)𝜑′2(𝑢)
evaluated when 𝑢 = 𝑢0 .

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5974
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

If 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, then 𝑣 = 𝜑𝑘 (𝑢), 𝑘 = 1,2 will have an

image curve in the 𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 which is given by 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜑 𝑘 {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦 )} ⇒
𝑦 = 𝑓𝑘 (𝑥 ),𝑘 = 1,2.

If the two curves 𝑣 = 𝜑 𝑘 (𝑢),𝑘 = 1,2, intersect at (𝑢0, 𝑣0 ), then the

curves 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑘 (𝑥 ),𝑘 = 1,2, intersect at (𝑥0,𝑦0 ), where 𝑢0 = 𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ),𝑣0 =
𝑣(𝑥0 ,𝑦0 ).
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝜑 𝑘 {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦 )},
∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜑 𝑘 ′ (𝑢) { 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦},
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
+ 𝑦′(𝑥 ) = 𝜑 𝑘 ′ (𝑢) { + 𝑦′(𝑥 )}.
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣
Let = 𝑎, = 𝑏, = 𝑐, = 𝑑, therefore
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
𝑐 + 𝑑𝑦′(𝑥) 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑓𝑘′ (𝑥 )
𝜑′𝑘 (𝑢) = = .
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑦′(𝑥 ) 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑓𝑘′ (𝑥 )
But
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣
𝑎= = = 𝑑,
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣
𝑏= = − = −𝑐,
∂𝑦 ∂𝑥
Therefore
𝑎𝑓𝑘′ (𝑥 ) − 𝑏
𝜑′𝑘 (𝑢) = .
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑓𝑘′ (𝑥 )
(𝑎 2+𝑏2)(𝑓1′ (𝑥)−𝑓2′ (𝑥))
Then 𝜑 ′1(𝑢) − 𝜑 ′2 (𝑢) = .
(𝑎+𝑏𝑓1′(𝑥))(𝑎+𝑏𝑓2′(𝑥))

(𝑎 2+𝑏2)(1+𝑓1′(𝑥)𝑓2′ (𝑥))
Also 1 + 𝜑1′ (𝑢)𝜑 ′2(𝑢) = .
(𝑎+𝑏𝑓1′(𝑥))(𝑎+𝑏𝑓2′ (𝑥))

𝜑′1(𝑢)−𝜑′2(𝑢) (𝑎 2+𝑏2)(𝑓1′ (𝑥)−𝑓2′(𝑥)) 𝑓1′ (𝑥)−𝑓2′(𝑥)

∴ = = = tan𝛼,
1+𝜑′1(𝑢)𝜑′2(𝑢) (𝑎 2+𝑏2)(1+𝑓1′(𝑥)𝑓2′ (𝑥)) 1+𝑓1′ (𝑥)𝑓2′ (𝑥)

∂𝑢 2 ∂𝑢 2
Provided that: 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 = ( ) + ( ) = 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2 = | 𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 ≠ 0.
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∴ The curves 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑘 (𝑥), 𝑘 = 1,2 intersect at (𝑥0 ,𝑦0 ) at an angle 𝛼 without
any change provided that 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0) ≠ 0, 𝑧0 = (𝑥0 ,𝑦0 ).

Remark: Assume that 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic and non-constant in a domain 𝐷

of the complex 𝑧-plane. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) = 0 for some 𝑧0 ∈ 𝐷, then 𝑓(𝑧) is not
conformal at this point. Such a point is called a Critical point of 𝑓 [8].

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5975
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

Theorem. [Preservation of Harmonicity] If 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑥 +

𝑖𝑦) is a mapping, where 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in a domain 𝐷 of the 𝑧-plane
and 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) is harmonic in 𝐷 (∇2 𝜑 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝐷), then its image 𝜑 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) is
harmonic in 𝐷∗ (𝐷 → 𝐷∗ ).

Proof. To prove this, we see that

𝜑{𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)} = 𝜑∗ (𝑢, 𝑣) ⇒ 𝑑𝜑 = 𝑑𝜑 ∗
∂𝜑 ∂𝜑 ∂𝜑∗ ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝜑∗ ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = { 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦} + { 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦}.
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
Therefore,
∂𝜑 ∂𝜑∗ ∂𝑢 ∂𝜑 ∗ ∂𝑣
= +
∂𝑥 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑥
∂ 2𝜑 ∂𝜑∗ ∂2 𝑢 ∂𝜑∗ ∂2𝑣 ∂𝑢 ∂2 𝜑∗ ∂𝑢 ∂2𝜑∗ ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂2𝜑∗ ∂𝑢 ∂2𝜑∗ ∂𝑣
⇒ = + + { + }+ { + }.
∂𝑥2 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑥2 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑥2 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑢2 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑣2 ∂𝑥
Therefore,
∂2 𝜑 ∂𝜑∗ ∂2 𝑢 ∂𝜑 ∗ ∂2 𝑣 ∂2 𝜑∗ ∂𝑢 2 ∂2 𝜑∗ ∂𝑣 2 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂2 𝜑∗
= + + ( ) + ( ) + 2 .
∂𝑥 2 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑥 2 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑥 2 ∂𝑢2 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑣 2 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣
∂2 𝜑 ∂𝜑∗ ∂2 𝑢 ∂𝜑 ∗ ∂2 𝑣 ∂2 𝜑∗ ∂𝑢 2 ∂2 𝜑 ∗ ∂𝑣 2 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂2 𝜑∗
= + + ( ) + ( ) + 2
∂𝑦 2 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑦 2 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑦 2 ∂𝑢2 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑣 2 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣
∂2 𝜑 ∂2𝜑 ∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗ ∂2𝜑∗ ∂𝑢 2 ∂𝑢 2 ∂2 𝜑∗ ∂𝑣 2
∴ + = (∇2 𝑢) + (∇2 𝑢) + {( ) + ( ) } + {( ) +
∂𝑥2 ∂𝑦 2 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢2 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑣2 ∂𝑥
∂𝑣 2
( ) }
∂𝑦
∂2𝜑 ∗ ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣
+2 { + }.
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
But if 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is analytic in 𝐷, then
∇2 𝑢 = 0 = ∇2 𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝐷
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣
= , =− 𝑖𝑛 𝐷
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥
∂2 𝜑 ∂2 𝜑 ∂2 𝜑∗ ∂2 𝜑 ∗
∴ 2 + 2 = |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 ( 2 + ).
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 2
Therefore, If 𝑓′(𝑧) ≠ 0 in 𝐷, then
∂2 𝜑 ∂2 𝜑 ∂2 𝜑 ∗ ∂2 𝜑 ∗
2 + 2 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝐷 ⇒ + = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝐷 ∗ (𝑖. 𝑒., 𝜑 ∗ (𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝐷 ∗ ).
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑢2 ∂𝑣 2

Preservation of Boundary Conditions

Suppose that 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝜁(𝑧) is analytic in a domain 𝐷 and 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) is
harmonic in 𝐷.
Suppose that ∂𝐷 has an equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). On ∂𝐷 the boundary
condition is

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5976
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

∂𝜑
= 0 = ∇𝜑 ⋅ 𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = (sin𝛼, −cos𝛼).
∂𝑛
∂𝜑 ∂𝜑
∴ ( , ) ⋅ (sin𝛼, −cos𝛼 ) = 0
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∂𝜑 ∂𝜑 ∂𝜑 ′ ∂𝜑
⇒ tan𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑜𝑛 𝐷.
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦

Figure 2: Transformation of Neumann condition.

In the 𝑤-plane we have the following configuration:

The equation of ∂𝐷∗ is given by 𝑣 = 𝐹(𝑢), therefore 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐹 {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)}
is the equation of ∂𝐷.
⇒ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐹 {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)} ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝐹
∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
∴ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹′(𝑢) { 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦}
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 𝑑𝑦 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 𝑑𝑦
⇒ + = 𝐹′(𝑢) { + }
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∂𝑣 ∂𝑢
∂𝑥
− 𝐹′(𝑢) ∂𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 = = 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝐹′(𝑢) − 𝑑𝑥
∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
−𝑣𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 𝐹′(𝑢)
∴ 𝑓′(𝑥) = .
𝐹′(𝑢)𝑣𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥
Now 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜑{𝑥(𝑢,𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)} = 𝜑∗ (𝑢, 𝑣)
∂𝜑 ∂𝜑 ∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = {𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 𝑑𝑦} + {𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑦}
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 𝑥
∂𝜑 ∂𝜑 ∗ ∂𝜑 ∗
∴ = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣 ,
∂𝑥 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 𝑥
∂𝜑 ∂𝜑 ∗ ∂𝜑 ∗
=− 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑢 .
∂𝑦 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 𝑥
∴ In the 𝑤-plane, the boundary condition on ∂𝐷∗ becomes

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5977
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗
{ 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 } {𝑢𝑥 𝐹′(𝑢) − 𝑣𝑥 }
∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑 ∗
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣
= 𝑢𝑥
− 𝑣𝑥
𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝐹′(𝑢) ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢
∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗
⇒{ 𝑢 + 𝑣 } {𝑢𝑥 𝐹′(𝑢) − 𝑣𝑥 } = (𝑢𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 ) (𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝐹′(𝑢)).
∂𝑢 𝑥 ∂𝑣 𝑥 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
∂𝜑 2 ∂𝜑 ∂𝜑 ∂𝜑 2 ∂𝜑 2 ∂𝜑∗
∴ 𝑢𝑥 𝐹′(𝑢) − 𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑢𝑥 𝐹′(𝑢) − 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑢𝑥 𝐹′(𝑢)
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣
∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗
− 𝑢 𝑣 − 𝑣 2 𝐹′(𝑢)
∂𝑢 𝑥 𝑥 ∂𝑢 𝑥
∂𝜑 ∗ 2 ∂𝜑∗ 2 ∂𝜑∗ 2 ∂𝜑∗ 2
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 𝐹′(𝑢) − 𝑣 = 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝐹′(𝑢)
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 𝑥 ∂𝑣 𝑥 ∂𝑢 𝑥
∂𝜑 ∗ ∂𝜑 ∗
⇒ 𝐹′(𝑢)(𝑢2𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥2 ) = (𝑢2 + 𝑣𝑥2 )
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 𝑥
∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗
⇒( 𝐹′(𝑢) − ) (|𝜁′(𝑧)|2 ) = 0.
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣
∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗ ∂𝜑∗
If 𝜁′(𝑧) ≠ 0 on ∂𝐷, then 𝐹′(𝑢) = on ∂𝐷∗, which means that ∗ =
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑛
0 on ∂𝐷∗ .

II. RELATED PROBLEMS

The aim of this part is to show how we use conformal transformations
in solving mathematical and physical problems.

Example: How to map the domain in the 𝑤-plane, which is outside

the triangle shown in Fig. (3) and 𝐼𝑚𝑤 ≥ 0, onto the upper half of the 𝑧-
plane:
First, we regard 𝐷 = lim 𝐷1 as shown in Fig. (4), 𝜃𝑘 → 0 as 𝑝 → ∞, 𝑘 =
𝑝→∞
1,2.

Figure 3: The w-plane. Figure 4: The w-plane.

1 1 1
𝑑𝑤
= 𝑘(𝑧 + 1)−3 𝑧 2 (𝑧 − 𝑎 3 )−6 ,
𝑑𝑧

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5978
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

𝑧
1 1 1
∴ 𝑤 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝜁 2(𝜁 + 1)−3 (𝜁 − 𝑎 3 )−6𝑑𝜁,
𝑧0
𝑧 1
𝜁 2𝑑𝜁
𝑤 = −𝜇 + 𝑘 ∫ 1 1 .
−1 (𝜁 + 1)3 (𝜁 − 𝑎 3 )6
When 𝑤 = 𝑖𝜇 √3 we have 𝑧 = 0
1
0 𝜁 2𝑑𝜁
∴ 𝜇(1 + 𝑖 √3) = 𝑘 ∫−1 1 1 . ……. (1)
(𝜁+1)3(𝜁−𝑎 3)6
When 𝑤 = 3𝜇 we have 𝑧 = 𝑎 3(𝑎 3 > 0)
𝑎3 1 0 1 𝑎3 1
𝜁 2 𝑑𝜁 𝜁 2 𝑑𝜁 𝜁 2 𝑑𝜁
∴ 4𝜇 = 𝑘 ∫ 1 1 =𝑘 ∫ 1 1 + 𝑘∫ 1 1 .
−1 (𝜁 + 1) 3 (𝜁 − 𝑎 3 ) 6 −1 (𝜁 + 1) 3 (𝜁 − 𝑎 3 )6 0 (𝜁 + 1) 3 (𝜁 − 𝑎 3 )6
From (1) we have
1
𝑎 𝜁 2𝑑𝜁
4𝜇 = 𝜇(1 + 𝑖√3) + 𝑘 ∫0 3 1 1 , …………………. (2)
(𝜁+1)3(𝜁−𝑎 3)6
𝑎3 1
4𝜇 √3 𝜁 2 𝑑𝜁
∴ = 𝑘∫ 1 1 ,
√3 + 𝑖 0 (𝜁 + 1)3 (𝜁 − 𝑎 3)6
𝑎3 1
4𝜇 √3 𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉
⇒ 𝜋 =𝑘∫ 1 1 ,
2𝑒 𝑖6 0 (𝜉 + 1)3 {𝑒 𝑖𝜋 (𝑎 3 − 𝜉)}6
1
𝑎3 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2√3𝜇 = 𝑘 ∫0 1 1 . …………………. (3)
(𝑥+1)3(𝑎 3−𝑥)6
Also from (1) we have
0 1
𝜁 2𝑑𝜁
𝜇(1 + 𝑖 √3) = 𝑘 ∫ 1 1 ,
−1 (𝜁 + 1)3 (𝜁 − 𝑎 3 )6
1 1
On the path of integration we have 𝜁 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝜋 ⇒ 𝑑𝜁 = −𝑑𝑡, 𝜁 2 = 𝑖𝑡 2
0 1
−𝑖𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝜇(1 + 𝑖 √3) = 𝑘 ∫ 1 1 ,
1 (1 − 𝑡)3 {𝑒 𝑖𝜋 (𝑡 + 𝑎 3 )}6
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
2𝑒 𝑖3 𝑒 𝑖 6 𝜇 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
∴ = 𝑘∫ 1 1,
𝑖 (1 − 𝑡)3 (𝑡 + 𝑎 )6
0 3
1 √𝑡𝑑𝑡
⇒ 2𝜇 = 𝑘 ∫0 1 1 . …………………. (4)
(1−𝑡)3(𝑡+𝑎 3)6
Equations (3) and (4) determine the constants 𝑘 and 𝑎 3. They also show
that 𝑘 is real.

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5979
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

Note also that, the transformation can be written as an integral from

𝜁 = 0 to 𝜁 = 𝑧, as follows:
1 1
0 𝜁 2𝑑𝜁 𝑧 𝜁 2𝑑𝜁
Since 𝑤 = −𝜇 + 𝑘 ∫−1 1 1 + 𝑘 ∫0 1 1 ,
(𝜁+1)3(𝜁−𝑎 3)6 (𝜁+1)3(𝜁−𝑎 3)6
Using (1) we obtain
𝑧 1
𝜁 2 𝑑𝜁
𝑤 = −𝜇 + 𝜇(1 + 𝑖 √3) + 𝑘 ∫ 1 1 ,
0 (𝜁 + 1)3 (𝜁 − 𝑎 3)6
1
𝑧 𝜁 2𝑑𝜁
Or 𝑤 = 𝑖𝜇 √3 + 𝑘 ∫0 1 1 .
(𝜁+1)3(𝜁−𝑎 3)6
Note that, in most of the cases, the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation
is obtained in the form of an integral and cannot be obtained in closed
form except in very few cases. However, the mapping can be used to
find the behavior of 𝑤 when 𝑧 is very near to a certain it.
1
𝑧 𝜁 2𝑑𝜁
Put 𝑧 = 𝑎 3 + 𝑠, |𝑧 − 𝑎 3| ≤ 1 ⇒ |𝑠| ≤ 1 in 𝑤 − 𝑖𝜇 √3 = 𝑘 ∫0 1 1 ,
(𝜁+1)3(𝜁−𝑎3)6
𝑎 3+𝑠 1 𝑎3 1 𝑎 3+𝑠 1
𝜁 2 𝑑𝜁 𝜁 2 𝑑𝜁 𝜁 2𝑑𝜁
∴ 𝑤 − 𝑖𝜇√3 = 𝑘 ∫ 1 1 = 𝑘∫ 1 1 +𝑘 ∫ 1 1 ,
0 (𝜁 + 1)3 (𝜁 − 𝑎3 )6 0 (𝜁 + 1)3 (𝜁 − 𝑎3 )6 𝑎3 (𝜁 + 1) 3 (𝜁 − 𝑎3 ) 6
𝑎3+𝑠 1
𝜁 2 𝑑𝜁
𝑤 − 𝑖𝜇√3 = 𝜇 (3 − 𝑖√3) + 𝑘 ∫ 1 1 , from Eqn. (2).
𝑎3 (𝜁 + 1) 3(𝜁 − 𝑎 3 ) 6
Put 𝜁 = 𝑎 3 + 𝜏, hence
𝑠 1
(𝑎 3 + 𝜏)2 𝑑𝜏
𝑤 − 3𝜇 = 𝑘 ∫ 1 1 .
0 (𝑎 3 + 1 + 𝜏)3 𝜏 6
√𝑎 3 6 5
∴ 𝑤 − 3𝜇 ∼ 𝑘 3 (𝑧 − 𝑎 3 )6 𝑎𝑠 𝑧 → 𝑎 3 .
√1 + 𝑎 3 5
Example: To map the domain shown in the diagram onto the upper
half-plane:

Figure 5: The z-plane.

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021
5980
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

1. First, we apply the conformal map

1
𝑧 = 𝛼 (𝜁 + ),
𝜁
Where 𝛼 is a real constant to be determined. And as 𝑧 → ∞ we have 𝜁 →
∞.
To find 𝛾1∗ (the image of 𝛾1 in the 𝜁 −plane) we put
1
𝑎cos𝜃 + 𝑖𝑏sin𝜃 = 𝛼 {𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜑 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜑 },
𝑅
1 1 𝜋
⇒ 𝜃 = 𝜑, 𝑎 = 𝛼 (𝑅 + ) , 𝑏 = 𝛼 (𝑅 − ) , ( < 𝜑 < 𝜋)
𝑅 𝑅 2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏 𝛼 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
⇒ = 𝛼𝑅, = ⇒ 𝛼2 =
2 2 𝑅 4
1 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
⇒ 𝛼 = √𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 , 𝑅= =√ = 𝜌 > 1.
2 √𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 𝑎−𝑏
∴ 𝛾1∗ Is the circular arc
𝜋
𝜁 = 𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝜑 , ( < 𝜑 < 𝜋).
2
To find 𝛾2 we put 𝑧 = 𝑖𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑏 → 𝑦 = 0)
∗ (
1 1
⇒ 𝑖𝑦 = 𝛼 (𝑅 + ) cos𝜑 + 𝑖𝛼 (𝑅 − ) sin𝜑
𝑅 𝑅
1 𝜋
⇒ 𝛼 (𝑅 + ) cos𝜑 = 0 ⇒ 𝜑 = ,
𝑅 2
𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦2
and 𝑅 = 𝑅2 − 1 ⇒ (𝑅 − ) = 1+ .
𝛼 2𝛼 4𝛼2

𝑦 𝑦2
∴𝑅= ± √1 + 2 .
2𝛼 4𝛼
𝑦 𝑦2
Because 𝑅 > 0 we take 𝑅 = + √1 + .
2𝛼 4𝛼2
𝑏 𝑎
If 𝑦 = 𝑏, then 𝑅 = + = 𝜌. If 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑅 = 1.
2𝛼 2𝛼
∴ 𝛾2∗ Is given by
𝜁 = 𝑖𝜂, (𝜂 = 𝜌 → 𝜂 = 1).
To find 𝛾3∗: put 𝑧 = 𝑥 > 0
𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑥2
⇒ = 𝜁 + ⇒ (𝜁 − ) = 2 − 1
𝛼 𝜁 2𝛼 4𝛼
𝑥 𝑥2
⇒𝜁= ± √ 2 − 1.
2𝛼 4𝛼
𝑥 𝑥2
Because 𝜁 → ∞ as 𝑧 → ∞ we must have 𝜁 = +√ − 1.
2𝛼 4𝛼2

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5981
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

If 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝛼, then

𝑥 𝑥2 𝜋
𝜁= + 𝑖√1 − 2 ⇒ 𝜉 2 + 𝜂 2 = 1 = |𝜁|2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜁 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜑 , (0 < 𝜑 < ).
2𝛼 4𝛼 2
If 𝑥 ≥ 2𝛼, then
𝑥 𝑥2
𝜂 = 0, 𝜉 = + √ 2 − 1 & 𝜁 = 𝜉, (1 ≤ 𝜉 < +∞).
2𝛼 4𝛼
To find 𝛾4∗ we put 𝑧 = 𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎 or 𝑧 = −𝑡, 𝑡 ≥ 𝑎
1 𝑡
−𝑡 = 𝛼 (𝜁 + ) ⇒ − 𝜁 = 𝜁 2 + 1.
𝜁 𝛼

𝑡 2 𝑡2 −𝑡 𝑡2
∴ (𝜁 + ) = 2−1⇒𝜁 = ± √ 2 − 1,
2𝛼 4𝛼 2𝛼 4𝛼
−𝑡 𝑡2
𝜁 → ∞ when 𝑧 → ∞ ⇒ 𝜁 = −√ − 1.
2𝛼 4𝛼2

Note that 𝑡 2 − 4𝛼 2 > 𝑎 2 − (𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑏2

−𝑡 𝑡2
∴0>𝜉= − √ 2 − 1, 𝜂 = 0, −𝜌 ≤ 𝜉 < −∞
2𝛼 4𝛼
⇒ 𝜁 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜋 , (𝜌 ≤ 𝑅 < ∞).

Figure 6: The ζ-plane.

2. Now, we apply the map 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = log𝜁:

𝛾1∗∗ Is found by
𝜋
𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = log(𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝜑 ) ⇒ 𝑢 = log𝜌,𝑣 = 𝜑 ( < 𝜑 < 𝜋) .
2
𝜋
𝛾2∗∗ Is obtained by putting 𝑤 = log(𝑅𝑒 𝑖2 ) ⇒ 𝑢 = log𝑅 (𝑅 = 𝜌 → 𝑅 =
𝜋 𝜋
1), 𝑣 = and for 𝛾3∗∗ we put 𝑤 = log(𝑒 𝑖𝜑 ) = 𝑖𝜑 (0 < 𝜑 < ) and 𝑤 =
2 2
log𝑅 (1 ≤ 𝑅 < ∞). For 𝛾4∗∗ put 𝑤 = log(𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜋 ) (𝜌 ≤ 𝑅 < ∞) .

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5982
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

Note that the map from 𝐷 to 𝐷∗∗ is given by

𝑧 = 𝛼 (𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑒 −𝑤 ) = 2𝛼cosh𝑤 ⇒ 𝑧 = √𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 cosh𝑤.

Figure 7: The w-plane.

To map 𝐷∗∗ onto the upper half-plane we need the Schwarz-Christoffel

transformation. This can be done by considering the limiting case as
𝑃 → ∞.

Figure 8: The w-plane.

Example: [The Electric Field Distribution in a Semi-Infinite Domain]

[4,7]
𝛻 2 𝜑 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 > 0, −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞}
𝜑 = 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 0, −∞ < 𝑥 < −1
𝜑 = 1 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 0, 1 < 𝑥 < ∞
𝜕𝜑
The part −1 < 𝑥 < 1, 𝑦 = 0 is insulated (𝑖. 𝑒., = 0).
𝜕𝑦

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5983
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

Figure 9: The z-plane.

This is a mixed boundary value problem, and there are two different
boundary conditions on the same boundary line. It is difficult to find
the electric potential distribution directly. In order to solve this
boundary value problem easily, we consider the mapping
𝑤 = sin−1 (𝑧). …………….. (1)
The transformation function is
𝜋
𝑤 = sin−1 (𝑧) = + 𝑖log {𝑧 + √𝑧 2 − 1 }.
2
On 𝛾1 : let 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑡, (0 < 𝑡 < ∞) ⇒ 𝑧 − 1 = 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 + 1 = 2 + 𝑡.
∴ 𝛾1∗ Is given by
𝜋
𝑤 = + 𝑖log{1 + 𝑡 + √𝑡(2 + 𝑡)}.
2
∴ On 𝛾1∗ :
𝜋
𝑢 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = log{1 + 𝑡 + √𝑡(2 + 𝑡)} , (0 < 𝑡 < ∞)
2
𝜋
⇒ 𝑢 = , (0 < 𝑣 < ∞).
2
On 𝛾2 : let 𝑧 = (1 + 𝑡)𝑒 , (0 < 𝑡 < ∞) ⇒ 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 − 1 = (2 +
𝑖𝜋

𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝜋 .
∴ 𝛾2∗ is given by
𝜋
𝑤 = + 𝑖log [−(1 + 𝑡) − √𝑡(2 + 𝑡)]
2
𝜋
= + 𝑖log[𝑒 𝑖𝜋 {(1 + 𝑡) + √𝑡(2 + 𝑡)}]
2
𝜋
= + 𝑖log{𝑒 𝑖𝜋 } + 𝑖log{1 + 𝑡 + √𝑡(2 + 𝑡)}
2
𝜋
= ( − 𝜋) + 𝑖log {1 + 𝑡 + √𝑡(2 + 𝑡)}
2
𝜋
= (− ) + 𝑖log {1 + 𝑡 + √𝑡(2 + 𝑡)}.
2
∴ On 𝛾2∗ :

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5984
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

𝜋
𝑢=− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = log {1 + 𝑡 + √𝑡(2 + 𝑡)} , (0 < 𝑡 < ∞)
2
𝜋
⇒ 𝑢 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0 < 𝑣 < ∞).
2
On 𝛾3 : let 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝜋 , (0 ≤ 𝑡 < 1) ⇒ 𝑧 + 1 = 1 − 𝑡, 𝑧 − 1 = (1 + 𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝜋 .
∴ 𝛾3∗ is given by
𝜋 𝜋 −1
𝑤 = + 𝑖log{−𝑡 + 𝑖 √(1 − 𝑡 2 )} = + 𝑖log{ }
2 2 𝑡+𝑖√1−𝑡2
𝜋
= + 𝑖log(𝑒 𝑖𝜋 ) − 𝑖log{𝑡 + 𝑖 √1 − 𝑡 2 }
2
𝜋 √1−𝑡2
= − + tan−1 { } , (0 ≤ 𝑡 < 1).
2 𝑡
∴ On 𝛾3∗ :
𝜋
(−< 𝑢 ≤ 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 0.
2
On 𝛾4 : let 𝑧 = 𝑡, (0 ≤ 𝑡 < 1) ⇒ 𝑧 − 1 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 + 1 = 1 + 𝑡.
∴ 𝛾4∗ is given by
𝜋 𝜋 √1 − 𝑡 2
𝑤 = + 𝑖log (𝑡 + 𝑖 √1 − 𝑡 2 ) = − tan−1 { }, (0 ≤ 𝑡 < 1).
2 2 𝑡
𝜋
∴ On 𝛾4∗ : 𝑣 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0 ≤ 𝑢 < ).
2

Thus, the upper half-plane of 𝑧-plane is mapped onto a semi-infinite

strip of 𝑤-plan. The boundary condition at the bottom of the semi-
𝜕𝜑∗
infinite strip is the Neumann boundary condition (𝑖. 𝑒., = 0), as
𝜕𝑣
shown
𝜋 𝜋
∇2 𝜑∗ = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝐷∗ = {(𝑢, 𝑣): 𝑣 > 0, − < 𝑢 < }
2 2
∗
𝜋
𝜑 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑣 < ∞, 𝑢 = − .
2
∗
𝜋
{𝜑 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑣 < ∞, 𝑢 = 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜕𝜑∗
The part − < 𝑢 < , 𝑣 = 0 is insulated (𝑖. 𝑒. , = 0).
2 2 𝜕𝑣

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5985
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

Figure10: The w-plane.

The electric field inside this domain is uniform, therefore, we should

seek a solution that takes on constant values along the vertical lines
𝑢 = 𝑢0 and that 𝜑 ∗ (𝑢,𝑣) should be a function of 𝑢 alone. That is,
𝜑∗ (𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝐴𝑢 + 𝐵,
for some real constant 𝐴 and 𝐵.
The boundary conditions above lead to
1 1
𝐵 = ,𝐴 = .
2 𝜋
∗
1 1 1 1
∴ 𝜑 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑢 + = 𝑅𝑒 { + 𝑤}.
𝜋 2 2 𝜋
To find the solution of the original problem, we must substitute for 𝑢 in
terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦 as follows:
𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1 ……… (2)
sin 2𝑢 cos2𝑢
Now, (2) is a hyperbola as shown

Figure11: The z-plane.

𝐴𝐵 = 2sin𝑢. It is obvious that

𝑟1 + 𝑟2 > 2sin𝑢. …….. (3)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Put sin2 𝑢 = 𝑡 ⇒ − = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑡) − 𝑦 2 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝑡 2 .
𝑡 1−𝑡

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5986
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

Therefore
2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)2 − 4𝑥 2
{𝑡 − } =
2 4
∴ 4𝑡 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2 ± √{𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 }{𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 + 2𝑥 }
= 𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 ± 2𝑟1 𝑟2 = (𝑟1 ± 𝑟2 )2
⇒ 4sin2 𝑢 = (𝑟1 ± 𝑟2 )2 .
∴ 2sin𝑢 = 𝑟1 ± 𝑟2 .
In view of inequality (3), we reject the plus sign
𝑟 −𝑟
∴ sin𝑢 = 1 2. ……… (4)
2
𝑟2 − 𝑟1
∴ 𝑢 = sin−1 ( ),
2
√(𝑥+1)2+𝑦 2−√(𝑥−1)2+𝑦2
or 𝑢 = sin−1 { }.
2
∴ The solution is
1 1 √(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2 − √(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2
𝜑 = + ( ) sin−1 { }.
2 𝜋 2

Example: Use the appropriate transformation to solve the potential

problem shown below:
𝛻 2 𝜑 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝐷 = {𝑧: |𝑧| < 1}
{𝜑 = 0 𝑜𝑛 𝛾1 = {𝑧: |𝑧| = 1,0 < 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 < 𝜋} .
𝜑 = 𝜑0 𝑜𝑛 𝛾2 = {𝑧: |𝑧| = 1, 𝜋 < 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 < 2𝜋}

Figure12: The unit circle |z|=1 in the z-plane

Note that 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) may be a temperature distribution in 𝐷 or an

electrostatic potential due to some distribution of electric charges or a
velocity potential where 𝐷 is a fluid region which is incompressible.

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5987
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

To solve the problem we employ the conformal transformation

𝑤−𝑖
𝑧= .
𝑤+𝑖
This mapping maps the upper half of the 𝑤-plane onto the unit disc
(i.e., 𝐷∗ → 𝐷), on the other hand
𝑧𝑤 + 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑤 − 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑤(1 − 𝑧) = 𝑖(1 + 𝑧),
𝑖 (1 + 𝑧)
∴ 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = .
1−𝑧
On 𝛾1 : 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋,
𝑖𝜃 −𝑖𝜃
1 1
𝑖 (1 + 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) 𝑖 ( 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2 ) 2𝑖cos 𝜃
2
−cos 𝜃
2
⇒ 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = = = 1 = .
1 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑖𝜃 𝑖𝜃
−2𝑖sin 𝜃
1
sin 𝜃
𝑒 2 − 𝑒2 2 2
∴ On 𝛾1∗ : 𝑣 = 0, (−∞ < 𝑢 < 0).
On 𝛾2 : 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , 𝜋 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋
1
−cos 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
⇒𝑤= 2 , < < 𝜋.
1
sin 𝜃 2 2
2
∴ on 𝛾2∗ : 𝑣
= 0, 0 < 𝑢 < ∞.
By inspection, we see that
1
𝜑 ∗ = 𝜑0 {1 − arg𝑤},
𝜋
1 𝑣
Or 𝜑∗ = 𝜑0 {1 − tan−1 }.
𝜋 𝑢

Figure13: The image of the circle in Fig. (11) in the 𝒘 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆.

1 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ 𝜑 = 𝜑0 {1 − tan−1 }.
𝜋 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑖 (1+𝑥+𝑖𝑦 ) 𝑖(1+𝑥+𝑖𝑦 )(1−𝑥+𝑖𝑦 ) −2𝑦+𝑖(1−𝑥2−𝑦 2)
Now 𝑤= = (1−𝑥)2+𝑦2
= (1−𝑥)2+𝑦 2
1−𝑥−𝑖𝑦
1 (1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
∴ 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑦 ) = 𝜑0 {1 − tan−1 }.
𝜋 −2𝑦

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5988
Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This part presents some conclusions derived from the conduct of the
study of conformal mappings. It also provides some recommendations
that can be followed when expanding the study.

CONCLUSION
From our modest study, we conclude the following:
 Conformal maps are transformations that preserve angles
between curves (angles between tangents) including their
orientation.
 Conformal maps are analytic functions whose derivatives do
not vanish in the domains of definition (i.e., locally univalent).
 If 𝑓 is a conformal map from 𝐷 onto 𝐷∗, then 𝑓 −1 (the inverse
map) is also a conformal map from 𝐷∗ onto 𝐷.
 The Schwarz-Christoffel transformation maps the interior of a
polygon, say in the 𝑤-plane, onto the upper half of the 𝑧-plane.
 The harmonicity of a function is preserved under conformal
maps.
 Conformal maps take complicated boundaries into simpler ones
sometimes.
 We can determine a harmonic potential by using a conformal
mapping that maps 𝐷 onto 𝐷∗ where the solution of the problem
is easier to find.

RECOMMENDATIONS
This study dealt with the technique of conformal mapping without
using computer programs and numerical techniques. Thus, the
following recommendations are hereby presented :
 Since the study dealt with this technique without using
computer programs, a study should be attempted using these
programs.
 It is recommended that, numerical techniques should be used
in the study of conformal maps.

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5989
 Wiam Ali Ayad, Omar Ismael Elhasadi, Zaynab Ahmed Khalleefah, Abdussalam Ali
Ahmed- Conformal Mapping as a Tool in Solving Some Mathematical and
Physical Problems

REFERENCES

[1] Calixto, W. P., Alvarenga, B., da Mota, J. C., Brito, L. da C., Wu, M., Alves, A.
J., … Antunes, C. F. R. L. (2010). Electromagnetic Problems Solving by
Conformal Mapping: A Mathematical Operator for Optimization. Mathematical
Problems in Engineering, 2010, 1–19. doi:10.1155/2010/742039
[2] Onyelowe, Ken C. and Agunwamba, J.C., Conformal mapping and Swartz-
Christophel and transformation of the critical normal stress distribution of
footing on slope, International journal of civil Engineering and Technology,
Volume 3, Issue 1, January- June (2012), pp. 128-135.
[3] Mohammed Mukhtar Mohammed Zabih, R.M. Lahurikar, Applications of
Conformal Mapping to Complex Velocity Potential of the Flow of an Ideal Fluid,
International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology (IJMTT) –
Volume 52 Number 3 December 2017.
[4] Fuqian Wang, Solution of the Third Kind Boundary Value Problem of Laplace’s
Equation Based on Conformal Mapping, Journal of Applied Mathematics and
Physics, 2019, 7, 536-546.
[5] B. NYANDWI, "Applications of conformal mappings to the fluid flow", Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Rwanda. 2018.
[6] D. Zill and P. Shanahan, A first course in complex analysis with applications,
Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2003.
[7] J. H. Mathews, Basic complex variables for mathematics and engineering, Allyn
& Bacon, 1982.
[8] S. Ganguli, "Conformal Mapping and its Applications," Department of Physics,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, pp. 1-4, 2008.
[9] S. Madhwendra, "Application of Conformal Mapping: Electrostatic Potential",
Galgotias University, 2020.
[10] https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConformalMapping.html

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 10 / January 2021

5990

View publication stats