Force
Force is an agent that produce or tends to produce
motion in a body or stop or tends to stop the motion of a
moving body.
Force is a pull or push.
SI unit of Force is Newton (N)
A Force of 1 Newton (N) = 1Kg. ms-2
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Mass (m) – Amount of matter (atoms/molecules) in an object. Measured in
kg.
Weight (W) – Measures the gravitational pull on something. Measured in
N (Newtons)
W = m× g
Units:
1N = 1kg × ms-2
Gravitational Acceleration (g) = 9.8 ms-2
Mass is a scalar quantity whereas Weight is a vector quantity.
How much weight m = 1Kg
for 1 Kg object? g = 9.8ms-2
W = m× g
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W = 9.8 N
gEarth =9.8 ms-2
gMoon =1.633 ms-2
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Density (ρ)
• If an object has mass m and volume V, its density will
be (ρ)
Mass Kg
= Kgm
-3
Density = and unit
m
3
Volume
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Example 2-1. (Page 5) Density (ρ)
Mass M Kg -3
3 = Kgm
-3
Density = é ù
= = ë ML û and unit
L m
3
Volume
Density = 2700 Kg/m3
Cylinder radius r =1.2cm= 0.012 m V = πr2l l=2m
Mass = m =?
Mass
Density =
Volume
Density ´ Volume = Mass
Density ´ p r l = Mass
2
2700 ´ 3.14 ´ ( 0.012m) 2 ´ 2 = Mass
2.44Kg = Mass
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Newton’s
Laws of Motion
• I. Law of Inertia
• II. F=ma
• III. Action-Reaction
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Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
An object at rest will stay at rest, and an
object in motion will stay in motion at
constant velocity, unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
Why then, do we observe every day
objects in motion slowing down and
becoming motionless seemingly without
an outside force?
It’s a force we sometimes cannot see
– friction.
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Inertia
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its
velocity or in rest position
Newtons’s 1st Law and Inertia
Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.
Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes
in their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped
by the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
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2nd Law – Force equals mass times acceleration.
4
2
10
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Example 2.2 (Page 6); A child pushes a sled across a frozen pond
with a horizontal force of 20N.
(a). If the sled accelerates at 0.5 m/s2 , what is its mass?
(b). Another child with a mass of 60 kg sits on the sled. What
acceleration will the same force produce now?
Solution:
m= 60 kg + 40 kg = 100kg
(a)
From Newtons 2nd law (b) The total mass of the child and sled is
F=ma m= 60 kg + 40 kg = 100kg
𝐹
m= As a= F/m
𝑎
m = 20N/0.5 m/s2 ⇒ a= 20N/ 100 kg
m = 40 kg ⇒ a= 0.2 m/s2
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3rd Law – For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
Swimming
Flying of Bird
Motion of Rocket
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Weight, W = m g
Effective Weight or Tension (W`)
Effective Weight of an object is the total force that object exert on spring scale
W` = mg W` = m ( g + a ) W` = m ( g - a )
a=0
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Weight, W = m g
Downwards
W` = m ( g + a )
W` = m ( g - a )
Upwards
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Exercise 2-4. (Page 8)
Mass = 900kg
g = 9.8ms-2
W` = m ( g + a )
a = 3 ms-2
W` = ?
W` = m ( g + a )
W` = 900 (9.8 + 3)
W` = 900 (12.8)
W` = 11520 N
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Exercise 2-5. (Page 8)
(a)
Mass = 60 kg
g = 9.8ms-2 W` = m ( g + a )
a = 5 ms-2
W` = ?
W` = m ( g + a )
W` = 60 (9.8 + 5)
W` = 60 (14.8)
W` = 888 N
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Mass = 60 kg (2.5 Exercise)
g = 9.8ms-2
a = 5 ms-2
W` = ?
W` = m ( g - a ) W` = m ( g - a )
W` = 60 (9.8 - 5)
W` = 60 (4.8)
W` = 288 N
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Exercise 2-6. (Page 8)
Mass = m
a = 3g
W` = ?
W` = m ( g - a )
W` = m (g - 3g) W` = m ( g - a )
W` = m x -2g
W` = -2 mg
W = mg
W` = - 2W
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Exersice 2-8 page 8
Would you prefer to have a piece of gold that weight 1N on the earth or one
that weights 1N on the moon? Explain (Ignore shipping charges ¡)
Exersice 2-1 page 7
Exersice 2-2 page 7
