Grade 12 Mathematics IEB Papers & Answers

The Grade 12 Maths Papers & Answers were compiled and designed by an expert team of maths educators. They provide
comprehensive, in-depth exam revision and are intended to extend mathematical thinking and expertise beyond the norm.

These exam papers allow you to master your problem-solving techniques in timed, exam conditions. They will also enable you
to find and troubleshoot areas of the Grade 12 Maths curriculum that you need to work on.

This comprehensive study guide contains:

• 10 paper 1 exam papers with detailed memos
• 10 paper 2 exam papers with detailed memos
• An abundance of higher order questions

Adding these Grade 12 Maths Exam Papers and Answers to your test preparation repertoire will enable you to excel in
either CAPS or IEB examinations.
 12
Mathematics
GRADE

Papers & Answers

CAPS

P&A Marilyn Buchanan, et al.

Also available THIS STUDY GUIDE INCLUDES

GRADE 12
MATHEMATICS 1 Exam Papers
2-IN-1 (questions set mainly by IEB examiners)

• questions in topics
• exam papers
2 Memoranda
• challenging exam questions
• full solutions

E-book
available

2014 publication | 2019 edition | ISBN: 978-1-920568-98-6 041121 | TAS

 PUBLICATIONS & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS

OUR CAPS RANGE FOR GRADE 8 & 9 LEARNERS Paper 1's Paper 2's
 Mathematics  Natural Sciences  Economic & Management Sciences Page no's Page no's Page no's Page no's
Papers Papers
Questions Answers Questions Answers
OUR CAPS RANGE FOR GRADE 10 LEARNERS
1A 1.1 M1.1 2A 2.1 M2.1
 Mathematics  Mathematical Literacy  Physical Sciences
1B 1.2 M1.4 2B 2.3 M2.4
 Life Sciences  Accounting  Business Studies
1C 1.4 M1.6 2C 2.5 M2.6
 Economics  Consumer Studies  History
 English HL  English FAL 1D 1.6 M1.9 2D 2.7 M2.8
1E 1.7 M1.11 2E 2.9 M2.10
OUR CAPS RANGE FOR GRADE 11 LEARNERS 1F 1.9 M1.14 2F 2.11 M2.13
 Mathematics  Mathematical Literacy  Physical Sciences 1G 1.11 M1.16 2G 2.13 M2.15
 Life Sciences  Accounting  Business Studies 1H 1.12 M1.19 2H 2.15 M2.18
 English HL  English FAL 1I 1.14 M1.21 2I 2.17 M2.20
1J 1.15 M1.24 2J 2.20 M2.22
OUR CAPS RANGE FOR GRADE 12 LEARNERS
 Mathematics  Mathematical Literacy  Physical Sciences Calculator Instructions End of book Note:
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 English HL  English FAL  Afrikaans EAT

OUR IEB RANGE INCLUDES

ABOUT THIS BOOK
 Gr 10, 11 & 12 Life Sciences
 Gr 10 - 12 Advanced Programme Mathematics
The examination papers compiled in this book are an attempt by The Answer Series to
The Answer Series would like to acknowledge the huge contribution made by provide teachers and learners with practice material in preparation for the end-of-year
Bonita Morgan and Judy Crowster, who typeset the material in this book with the examinations. They are an interpretation of the CAPS curriculum and should not be taken
utmost dedication and expertise. to indicate the only type of questions that could be asked, but rather as possible examples.
There are 10 paper 1's and 10 paper 2's. The first 5 of each are newly compiled, while the
COPYRIGHT second 5 have been compiled by adapting the papers from the previous edition of this
book. All 20 papers have been set according to the requirements of the CAPS curriculum.
The allocation of marks to topics has occasionally been influenced by the need to provide
THE WHOLE OR ANY PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED BY more practice where deemed necessary.
ANY MEANS WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER. THIS INCLUDES ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND All 10 paper 1's have been compiled by Marilyn Buchanan (current IEB examiner) – the
RETRIEVAL SYSTEM.
first 5 created; the second 5 adapted. The 5 new paper 2's have been compiled by
Praveshen Iyer (future IEB examiner) and a team of senior teachers from leading schools.
The Answer Series The second 5 paper 2's have been adapted by Anne Eadie, coordinator of this project.
We are indebted to Janet Aird and Gail Hallet who made a valuable contribution by
THE PUBLISHERS
checking sections of this book.

THE ANSWER SERIES study guides are fundamental to the success of any matriculant. Designed to We trust that experiencing this comprehensive compendium of questions and answers will
enrich the understanding of learners, they provide essential exam technique and experience. place learners in a strong position to succeed in the CAPS examinations.
Learners can work independently, thereby enabling educators to cope with large classes.
All ANSWER SERIES study guides are of the highest standard and are constantly adapted to meet
We will welcome constructive comments from both teachers and learners.
the needs of both learners and educators countrywide. (ESTABLISHED 1975) Marilyn Buchanan: [email protected] Anne Eadie: [email protected]
Q 7.2 Debbie needs to create 3-digit codes as follows:
The digits must be selected from the digits 0 to 9, and EXAM PAPER 1C
QUESTION 3
3.1 Refer to the figure, showing
y
f
the codes must be 3-digit numbers. a sketch of f (x) = 2 x - 1 - 4
1 Note that numbers such as 7 or 24 are one- and two-digit and straight line y = g(x).
g
numbers and therefore not acceptable, i.e. 007 and 024 Approved non-programmable and non-graphical calculators
3.1.1 Write down the
are not valid codes. may be used, unless otherwise stated. O x
range of f. (1) B
Calculate the number of unique codes that Debbie can Round off your answers to ONE decimal digit where necessary, 3.1.2 Determine the
create if : unless otherwise stated. coordinates of A and
7.2.1 repetition is allowed. (2) B, the intercepts of the A
7.2.2 repetition is not allowed. (2) SECTION A graphs with the axes. (4)

[15 marks] 3.1.3 Determine the equation

QUESTION 1
of the straight line. (3)
QUESTION 8 1.1 Solve for x:
3.1.4 Use the figure and your answers above to write
A bathroom window is in the form of a 1.1.1 x-2+4 = x (5)
down the values of x for which f (x) > g(x). (2)
rectangle (width 2x and height y)
1.1.2 (x - 3)(x - 4) ≥ 6 (5)
surmounted by a semicircle.
1.2 Without using a calculator, show that 3 5 - 2 2 is a 3.2 Refer to the figure, showing a sketch of y = f (x).
The semicircle is of clear glass while the
square root of 53 - 12 10 . (3) y
rectangle is made of coloured glass
y which transmits only half as much light 3
per square metre as clear glass does. 1.3 Given f (x) = (x - 2)(5 - x), determine f ′ (2). (5)
[18 marks]
The total perimeter of the window is fixed
2x at 6 metres.
QUESTION 2
The dimensions need to be determined so that the maximum 2.1 Given T k = 5k - 2
amount of light is transmitted. Determine : 1
2.1.1 T 21 (1) O x
8.1 Derive a formula in terms of x for the amount of light 1
that is transmitted through the window. (7) 2.1.2 which term equals 1173. (2)
2.1.3 the sum of the first 300 terms. (3)
8.2 Determine the values for x and y (in terms of )
when this light is maximised. (5) 2.2 Given the sequence : 1 ; 7 ; 17 ; 31 . . .
8.3 Hence calculate the maximum amount of light. (2) 2.2.1 Write down the next two terms. (2)
2.2.2 Determine a formula for the nth term of the
EXAM PAPERS: PAPER 1C

[14 marks]
sequence. (5)
QUESTION 9 2.3 The third term of a geometric series is 3.2.1 State the domain and range of f. (2)
A manufacturer of a product finds that they make a profit of 2
and the eighth term is - 2 . 3.2.2 On a copy of the grid, draw the inverse of f. (3)
R450 for each of the first 500 units that are produced and sold. 9 2 187
Beyond 500 units, the profit decreases by R2 per additional 3.2.3 On a copy of the grid, draw y = 2 - f (x). (3)
Find the constant ratio and the first term. (6)
unit produced. For example, when 504 units are produced and
3.2.4 On a copy of the grid, draw y = 2 f (x). (4)
sold, the total profit is R(500 % 450 + 4 % 442). [19 marks]
[22 marks]
Calculate the maximum profit. [10 marks]
QUESTION 4
TOTAL : 150
4.1 The population of a sea-side resort has increased by
11% per year for the last 10 years and is now 14 000.
Determine the size of the population 10 years ago. (2)
Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal 1.4
4.2 Mrs Brown was granted a loan. She has to repay the loan
in monthly instalments of R9 089,13 for 20 years with
QUESTION 6
A city council was informed that the population of the city
7.2 The line through PR is known as a normal to the curve
as PQ  PR. Determine the equation of this normal. (3) Q
interest charged on a reducing balance at 12,5% p.a. (currently at 3 million) was growing at a rate of 4% per year. 7.3 Determine the coordinates (in terms of k and p) of :
compounded monthly.

Calculate :
The figure below shows the graphs y = f (x) and y = g(x) where 7.3.1 Q, the x-intercept of PQ. (2) 1
the function f is the predicted exponential model for the present 7.3.2 R, the y-intercept of PR. (2)
4.2.1 the amount of the loan (to the nearest R100). (3) growth and g is a suggested retarded exponential growth model. [13 marks]
4.2.2 the effective annual interest rate of the loan. (3) x represents the number of y QUESTION 8
y
4.2.3 the outstanding balance on the loan at the end of years from the present time and The graph which represents
f
the first two years. (4) y is the population of the city, the function
in millions. 3 2
f (x) = a x + b x + c x + d
4.2.4 how much interest Mrs Brown had paid in these O x
-2 -1 4
two years. (4) intersects the x-axis at
6.1 Calculate the g
- 2, -1 and 4, and
[16 marks] predicted population - 24
intersects the y-axis
of the city if the
at - 24.
SECTION B current growth rate
continues for the O x
Determine :
QUESTION 5 next 10 years. (3) 8.1 the numerical values
5.1 Anne has been monitoring the operation of the traffic light 6.2 Determine the percentage increase of the population over of a, b, c and d. (6)
on the corner of her street for the last 120 days. There were the 10 years. (2) 8.2 the equation of the tangent to the curve at the y-intercept. (4)
thunder storms on 54 days, and the lights failed to work
properly on 48 of these days. They also failed to work 6.3 Determine the number of years it would take for the 8.3 P is a point on the curve with x-coordinate -1,5.
properly on 12 of the days when there was fine weather. population to double in size. (4)
Show that the equation of the tangent to the curve at P
It is predicted that there is a 70% probability of a thunder 6.4 The council will start construction to cope with a population is : y = - 3x + 3. (5)
storm in Anne's area on Monday. of 4 460 000 in 20 years' time. Calculate the required 4
5.1.1 Draw a tree diagram to represent the information. (6) growth rate (correct to two decimal digits). (4) 8.4 Show that the x-intercept of this tangent is also an
[13 marks] x-intercept of the cubic curve. (2)
5.1.2 Determine the probability that the traffic lights will
not operate correctly on Monday. (2) [17 marks]
QUESTION 7 QUESTION 9
5.2 In a bookshop, 13 different travel books need to be placed Refer to the figure showing part of a parabola where
on a shelf by an assistant. There are 7 different books 9.1 Given the adult dose, d, of a medicine, the
2
about Europe and 6 different books about America. f (x) = x . The point P on f has x-coordinate 3kp. child dose, c, can be determined using a,
9k the age of the child by various formulae.
5.2.1 Calculate the number of different ways the books PQ is a tangent to the curve. a
can be arranged if they are randomly placed on Young's Rule : c = %d
y a + 12
the shelf. (1)
Cowling's Rule : c = a + 1 % d

EXAM PAPERS: PAPER 1C

5.2.2 Determine the probability that : R 24
(a) the European books are together and the Determine the age when both formulae gives the same
American books are together. (3) child dose.
f
(b) only the European books are together. (3) Give your answer to the nearest year. (5)
(c) the European and American books are 2
9.2 The equation x + px + 1 = 0 has equal roots. Determine
arranged alternately. (3) P
2
the nature of the roots of the equation x + px + 6 = 0. (5)
[18 marks] 9.3 The shortest side of a quadrilateral is 1 cm.
O x
Q The 4 sides form a geometric sequence and the perimeter
of the quadrilateral is 15 cm.
Determine the lengths of the other sides. (4)
7.1 Show that the equation of the tangent [14 marks]
2px 2 TOTAL : 150
PQ is y = - kp . (6)
3
1.5 Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal
 EXAM PAPER 2B
QUESTION 3
Refer to the diagram :
QUESTION 5
A group of learners was investigating whether there is a
Q
ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A(4; 12) ; B(1; 3) ; C(4; 2) relationship between foot length and height in their class.

Approved non-programmable and non-graphical calculators

and D(p; 4).
y
A(4; 12)
They randomly selected 11 learners from whom to collect data. 2
may be used, unless otherwise stated. Length of
left foot 27,4 26,3 25 25,4 27,6 22,5 27 27,5 24,6 28 26,4
Round off your answers to ONE decimal digit where necessary, x (in cm)
unless otherwise stated.
T Height
175 172 167 169 173 162 168 170 158 172 180
y (in cm)
QUESTION 1 D(p; 4)
Refer to the diagram :
B(1; 3) 5.1 Calculate the equation of the line of best fit to
P(4; - 3) ; Q(6; 7) and R(- 2; 5) are vertices of PQR. C(4; 2) 4 decimal digits. (4)
O x 5.2 Use your answer to predict the height of a learner with
y Q(6; 7)
foot length of 26 cm to 1 decimal digit. (2)
3.1 Prove that AB ⊥ BC. (3) 5.3 Prove that the point with coordinates  x ; y  to
3.2 Determine the coordinates of T, the midpoint of AC. (2) 4 decimal digits lies on the line of best fit. (4)
R(- 2; 5)
3.3 Hence, or otherwise, determine the equation of the circle 5.4 Calculate the correlation coefficient for the data to
2 2 2
S in the form (x - a) + (y - b) = r which passes through one decimal digit. (3)
the points A, B and C. (4)
T 5.5 What conclusions, based on your answer in 5.4 above,
x 3.4 Determine the value of p for ABCD to be a cyclic can you draw about the relationship between the foot size
O
quadrilateral. (4) and the height of the 11 learners in the data set ? (2)
ˆ if ABCD is a cyclic
3.5 Determine the size of angle BTD, [15 marks]
P(4; - 3) quadrilateral and p = 8. (4)
[17 marks] QUESTION 6
1.1 Determine the coordinates of S, the midpoint of PQ, 6.1 If sin 40º = k, express each of the following in terms of k :
and T, the midpoint of PR. (2) QUESTION 4 1
6.1.1 6.1.2 sin 80º 6.1.3 cos 20º (1)(4)(4)
1.2 Determine the gradient of RQ and hence show that The frequency table below gives the masses of the first 60 babies cos 50º
ST || RQ. (3) born at a hospital in Johannesburg.

Mass (kg) Frequency f 6.2 Given sin  = - 4 and cos  = 3 with 0º <  < 270º
ˆ .
1.3 Determine RPQ (4) 5 5
1,0  w < 1,5 4 and  > 90º. Find the value of sin( - ) (5)
1.4 If the perpendicular distance between the lines QR and

EXAM PAPERS: PAPER 2B

ST is 4 units, determine the area of RQST, in simplest 1,5  w < 2,0 7 6.3 Simplify :
surd form. (5) 2,0  w < 2,5 12 sin(90º - x ) . sin(90º + x )
(5)
[14 marks] 2,5  w < 3,0 14 (sin 90º - sin x )(sin 90º + sin x )

QUESTION 2 3,0  w < 3,5 10 6.4 Simplify without using a calculator :

2 2
A circle is defined by the equation : x + 6x + y + 4y = 4 3,5  w < 4,0 9 cos 330º . cos(-200º)
(6)
tan 405º . sin(-150º) . sin 290º
2.1 Express the above equation in the form 4,0  w < 4,5 4
2 2 2
(x - a) + (y - b) = r , and hence write down the 4,5  w 0 6.5 Solve each of the following equations for  ∈ [0º; 180º] :
coordinates of the centre of the circle. (4)
4.1 Calculate the estimated mean mass of the babies. (3) 6.5.1 (tan  - 1)(tan  + 1) = 0 (3)
2.2 Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at the
point H(- 4; 2). (4) 4.2 Calculate the estimated standard deviation of the mass 2 sin  . cos 
of the babies. (2) 6.5.2 = 1 (4)
cos2  - sin2 
[8 marks]
[5 marks]

2.3 Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal

Q 6.6 Determine the general solution of the following equation :
 
8.2 In a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS, Ŝ = 120º, PQ = 5 units QUESTION 10
10.1 Prove the theorem that states :
cos (x + 30º) =  3 - 1  sin x (6) and QR = 8 units. Calculate the length of PR. (4)
 2  If two triangles are equiangular, then the triangles
[10 marks]
2 [38 marks]
QUESTION 9
are similar.

A D
QUESTION 7 9.1 Prove the theorem that states that the angle formed
A pyramid stands on a P
between a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle in the
square base DEFG. alternate segment. ( i.e. Prove that Bˆ = D̂ ) 1
Each of its side faces is E F
an equilateral triangle x
x
with length x units. C
x
x D
How high, in terms of x,
G F B C
is the top of the pyramid P, O
above Q, the centre of (6)
the base?
Q
Leave your answer in 1 E 10.2 Refer to the diagram :
simplest surd form. A B
D E A, B, E and C are points on a circle.
(6)
[6 marks] ˆ
AE bisects BAC. BC and AE intersect at D.

QUESTION 8 9.2 Refer to the diagram : A

8.1 Refer to the diagram : RV and ST are produced to meet at P.
1 2
PQ is a tangent to the circle. QV, VT and QS are drawn.
P
1 2
D
Q x 1
1 2 C
1
3 2 V B 2
3 1 O D 3
2

1 C
1 2 1 F 2 3
1 E 2 3
R 2 1
2 T
1 2 E
4 3
EXAM PAPERS: PAPER 2B

A B Prove that :
1 2
AB is a tangent to the circle with centre O. 10.2.1 ABD ||| AEC (4)
S
BCOD is a straight line. AE || BD and D̂ = x. 10.2.2 ABD ||| CED (3)
Refer to the statements below and state whether they are 2
true or false. 9.2.1 Find, with reasons, five other angles each 10.2.3 AB . AC = AD + BD . DC (5)

ˆ = R
ˆ equal to x. (8) [18 marks]
8.1.1 Q 1 1 (1)
8.1.2 Rˆ 1 = Sˆ 2 (1) 9.2.2 Prove that EC is a tangent to the circle TOTAL : 150
passing through points A, B and C. (5)
8.1.3 Vˆ 1 = Sˆ 1 + Sˆ 2 (1)
[19 marks]
8.1.4 RQVS is a cyclic quadrilateral (1)
8.1.5 Rˆ + R
ˆ
1 = 90º
2 (1)
ˆ + R
8.1.6 R ˆ + Tˆ = 180º (1)
1 2 2

Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal 2.4

M 8.2 Maximum light when
d Light
dx
= 0
MEMO PAPER 1C
2.1.2 5k - 2 = 1 173
â 5k = 1 175
â 3 - 2x = 0 â k = 235

1 â x =
3

2
1.1.1 x+2+4 = x
i.e. T235 


y = 3- 3 - % 3 â x+2 = x-4 2.1.3 A.P. : a = 3, d = 5
2 2 2
  â x + 2 = x - 8x + 16
2 S300 = 300 [2 % 3 + 299 % 5]
= 3 1 -   2
2 2 2
  â x - 9x + 14 = 0 = 225 150 
â (x - 2)(x - 7) = 0
2
8.3 Maximum light = 3 % 3 -  3  â x=2 or x=7 2.2.1 49 ; 71 
2 2
Check : x = 2 : x = 7:
= 9  2.2.2 1 7 17 31 49 71
4 LHS = 2+2+4 LHS = 7+2 +4
st
1 difference 6 10 14 18 22
= 6  RHS = 7 = RHS
nd
9. Let n be the total number of units produced.  x = 7  2 difference 4 4 4 4
Profit (n - 1)(n - 2)
1.1.2 (x - 3)(x - 4) ≥ 6 Using the formula : Tn = T1 + (n - 1)f + s
= 225 000 + (n - 500)(450 - 2n + 1 000) 2
2
â x - 7x + 12 - 6 ≥ 0
= 225 000 + (n - 500)(1 450 - 2n) (n - 1)(n - 2)
2 â Tn = 1 + (n - 1) 6 + % 4
2
= 225 000 + 1 450n - 2n - 725 000 + 1 000n â x - 7x + 6 ≥ 0 2
2
2 â (x - 1)(x - 6) ≥ 0 = 1 + 6n - 6 + 2(n - 3n + 2)
= - 2n + 2 450n - 500 000
2
= 6n - 5 + 2n - 6n + 4
Maximum profit when d Profit = 0 expr. : + 0 - 0 + 2
= 2n - 1 
dn
x: 1 6
â - 4n + 2 450 = 0
Alternatively : 2a = d = 4 . . . constant second diff.
â n = 612,5 x≤1 or x≥6 
â a = 2
Using 612 or 613 gives Maximum profit = R250 312  2
1.2 3 5 -2 2  T0 = c = -1
2
OR : Let n be the number of units above 500. = 9 % 5 - 12 10 + 4 % 2 Tn = 2n + bn - 1
P = 500 % 450 + n (450 - 2n) = 45 - 12 10 + 8 â T1 = 2 + b - 1 = 1
2
= 225 000 - 2n + 450n â b = 0
= 53 - 12 10 
dP â Tn = 2n - 1 
2
= - 4n + 450 = 0
dn 3
1.3 f (x) = (x - 2)(5 - x)
â n = 112,5
EXAM MEMOS: PAPER 1C

3 4 OR : 2a = 4 ² a=2
= 5x - x - 10 + 2x
Using 112 or 113 : T0 = c = -1
f ′ (x) = 15x - 4x + 2
2 3
Maximum profit, P = R250 312 
& The first term of the first differences :
f ′ (2) = 15 % 2 - 4 % 2 + 2
2 3
3a + b = 6
= 30 â 3(2) + b = 6
â b = 0
â Tn = 2n2 - 1 
2.1 Tk = 5k - 2

2.1.1 T21 = 5 % 21 - 2
= 103 

Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal M1.6

 M
2 3.2.2 y 10
2.3 T3 = = ar
2
.... – 4.1 P(1,11) = 14 000
9
â P = 4 930,5827
-2 7 j 4 931 
T8 = = ar .... —
2 187

4.2.1 A  1+
0,125
1
ar7
—  –: = -2  2 12
ar 2 2 187 9
= 1,010416666…
5 1 1
â r = - x 9 089,13 1 - A- 240 
243 1 Loan =
0,125
5
=  - 1  12
 3 = 800 000,4931
1 j R800 000 
â r =- 
3
(e) 12
4.2.2 1+i = A
 3
2
–: a - 1 = 2 = 1,132416046
9
y (e)
â a = 2  1 3.2.3 â i = 0,132416...
9 9 j 13,2% 
= 2 
24 9 089,13 A24 - 1
4.2.3 Outstanding balance = 800 000A -
0,125
3.1.1 y > –4  12
= 779 512,5096
0-1
3.1.2 A : f (0) = 2 = -4 j R779 512,51 
1


 A 0; - 7
2
 1
x
Alternatively :
9 089,13 1 - A- 216 
Outstanding balance = = R779 513,14 
B: 2x - 1 - 4 = 0 0,125
â 2x - 1 = 2
2 12

â x-1 = 2 same bases

4.2.4 Total payments = 24 % 9 089,13
â equal exponents
â x = 3 = 218 139,12
 B(3; 0)  y Paid off = 800 000 – 779 512,51
3.2.4
= 20 487,49
0+ 7
2 7 Interest = 218 139,12 – 20 487,49
3.1.3 mAB = =
3-0 6
= R197 651,63 

EXAM MEMOS: PAPER 1C

 Equation of AB :
OR : Paid off = 800 000 – 779 513,14
7x 7 = 20 486,86
y = - 
6 2
Interest = 218 139,12 – 20 486,86
3.1.4 x < 0 or x > 3  = R197 652,26 

1
3.2.1 Domain : x ∈ (- 4; 5]  x
1
Range : y ∈ (- 4; 7] 

M1.7 Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal

M MEMO PAPER 2B
3.1 m AB = 3 - 12 = - 9 = 3
1-4 -3
5.1 y = a + bx
â y = 105,1114 + 2,4671x 
& m BC = 2 - 3 = - 1 = - 1
2 1.1 S(5; 2)  T(1; 1) 
4-1 3 3
â m AB % m BC = - 1, i.e. AB  BC 
5.2 y = 105,1114 + 2,4671 (26)
j 169,3 cm 

5.3 x = 26,1545 . . . & y = 169,6364 . . .

1.2 m RQ = 7 - 5 = 2 = 1 3.2 Midpoint AC  4; 12 + 2  Note :
6+2 8 4  2 
xA = xC = xT Substitute x = 26,1545 . . .
â T(4; 7) 
m ST = 1 - 2 = 1 y = 105,1114 + 2,4671 (26,1545)
1-5 4
3.3 AC is the diameter of ?ABC ˆ = 90º
. . . ABC = 169,64
â ST || RQ  . . . equal gradients
& T, midpoint of AC, is the centre. = y
y
1.3 m RP = - 4
3
Q(6; 7)
â Radius = 1 AC = 1 (10) = 5 units & centre is T(4; 7)
â  x; y lies on the line of best fit 
2 2
â tan  = - 4 R(- 2; 5) â Equation of ?ABC : (x - 4) + (y - 7)
2 2
= 25  5.4 The correlation coefficient, r j 0,7 
3
â  = - 53,1º + 180º 5.5 Fairly strong positive correlation 
3.4 For ABCD to be a cyclic quadrilateral,
= 126,9º s
S ˆ = 90º
ADC . . . opposite ø of cyclic quadrilateral
m PQ = 5 1
6.1.1
T m AD = 4 - 12 = -8
& m CD = 4 - 2 = 2
cos 50º
â tan  = 5 O x p-4 p-4 p-4 p-4
 = 78,7º 1
  ˆ = 90º ² m % m =
ˆ = - ADC AD CD = - 1 . . . prod. of gradients = - 1 sin 40º
RPQ P(4; - 3)
-8 = 1 
= 48,2º  â % 2 = -1 k
p-4 p-4
(RQ + ST) . h 2 2 y
1.4 Area of RQST = . . . trapezium % (p - 4) : â - 16 = - 1 ( p - 4) 6.1.2 sin 80º
2
2 = sin 2(40º)
â (p - 4) = 16
RQ = (8)2 + (2)2 = 68 = 2 17 = 2 sin 40º. cos 40º 1 50º
k
â p - 4 = ±4
= 2k  
â p = 4±4 40º
ST = 17 . . . midpoint theorem ; ST || RQ in PQR 1- k 2
 O x
â p = 8  or p = 0 (not valid) 1 - k2 . . . Pythag.
3 17 . 4 2
â Area = = 6 17 units  p  0 because if D is on the y-axis, we do 6.1.3 cos 20º
2
not have a quadrilateral ABCD, but ADBC. = cos (60º - 40º)
= cos 60º. cos 40º + sin 60º sin 40º
2.1 x2 + 6 x 2
+ y + 4y = 4 7-3 4 y
2 2
â x + 6x + 9 + y + 4y + 4 = 4 + 9 + 4
3.5 tan  = m BT =
4-1
=
3 = 1
2
 1 - k2 +  2
3 
k 
2 2 â  = 53,13º T(4; 7)
â (x + 3) + (y + 2) = 17   
EXAM MEMOS: PAPER 2B

7-4 3 ( )
sin  = - 4 cos  = 3
? X
The centre : C (- 3; - 2)  tan (180º - ) = = 6.2
4-8 -4 5 X X 5 X
D(8; 4)
2 - (- 2) â 180º -  = 180º - 36,87º B(1; 3) X X X
2.2 m rad = = 4 = -4 y
O x & 0º <  < 270º &  > 90º
- 4 - (- 3) -1 â  = 36,87º X X X
H(- 4; - 2)
â m TAN = 1 . . . tan  rad ˆ = 180º - (53,13º + 36,87º) = 90º 
BTD â  in 3
rd
quad. â  in 4
th
quad.
4 O x
y y
â Eqn. of tangent : y = 1 x + c (-3; - 2) See calculator instructions at
4 4.1 X = 2,8  . . . , the back of this book. 
-3 3
1 x x
Substitute (- 4; 2) : â 2 = (- 4) + c , Note : When working with raw data, the mean is 
4
â 2 = -1 + c represented by the notation x. -4 5 5
-4

â 3 = c But for grouped data, the estimated mean is X.

(- 3; - 4) (3; - 4)
Eqn. : y = 1 x + 3  4.2 SD,  = 0,8 
4

Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal M2.4

 M
2 2 2
sin ( - ) = sin  . cos  - cos  . sin  7. (DF) = x + x . . . Pythagoras 9.2
2
=  - 4  3  - 3  - 4 
  -   
= 2x
P
 5  5   5  5  D
= - 12 - 12
25 25
â DF =

â DQ = 1 2 x
2x 2 = 2x
x
O
2
2 x
24 x
=- 
25 2 x x1
= x -  1 2 x  C
2 2
â (PQ) x x1 F
cos x . cos x 2  2 2 3
6.3 Expression = G F E 1x 2 3
(1 - sin x)(1 + sin x) 2
= x - 2x
2 x1
2 3 x
cos2 x 4 4
=
1 - sin2 x 1 2 Q x A B
= x s
cos2 x
2 9.2.1 Aˆ 1 = x  . . . alternate ø ; AE || BD
=
cos2 x  
â PQ = x  % 2 D E s ˆ



x Eˆ 1 = x  . . . ø in same segment (as D)
= 1  2  2 
s
Cˆ 1 = Aˆ 1 = x  . . . alternate ø ; AE || BD
2x
(cos 30º) . (- cos 20º) = units 
6.4
(tan 45º)(- sin 30º)(- sin 70º)
2 Eˆ 2 = Cˆ 1 = x  . . . ø opp. = sides - radii

(cos 30º) Aˆ 3 = D̂ = x  . . . tan-chord theorem

= - . . . cos 20º = sin 70º 8.1.1 true  . . . tangent (PQ) - chord (QV) theorem
(tan 45º)(sin 30º)
8.1.2 false  . . . subtended by different arcs 9.2.2 Need to prove : Cˆ 2 = B̂
-  3 
=  2  % 2 8.1.3 true  . . . exterior ø of cyclic quad. VRST & then apply the converse of
1 1
2
2
8.1.4 true  . . . all vertices on the circumference of the ?
the tan-chord theorem.

=- 3  Cˆ 2 = Aˆ 4 . . . tan-chord theorem
8.1.5 4 false  . . . it has not been given that QS is a diameter s
= B̂ . . . corresponding ø ; AE || BD
4 [It would be true if QS is a diameter.]
6.5.1 tan  = ± 1
â EC is a tangent to the circle passing through
â  = 45º or 135º  s
8.1.6 false  . . . not opp. ø of a cyclic quadrilateral A, B and C  . . . converse tan-chord theorem
2 sin  . cos 
6.5.2 = 1 s D
cos2 - sin2 8.2 Q̂ = 60º . . . opp. ø of cyclic quad. 10.1 Prove : ABC ||| DEF A
sin 2 2 2 2
Construction :
â = 1 In PQR : (PR) = (5) + (8) - 2(5)(8) . cos 60º
cos 2
â PR = 7 units  Mark AP = DE & AQ = DF with E F
â tan 2 = 1 P Q
 ∈ [ 0º; 180º] P & Q on AB and AC. Join PQ.
â 2 = 45º or 225º ...
â  = 22,5º or 112,5º   2 ∈ [ 0º; 360º] 9.1 Prove : Bˆ 1 = D̂ F
Proof : In APQ and DEF B C

EXAM MEMOS: PAPER 2B

C AP = DE . . . construction
6.6 2[cos x . cos 30º - sin x . sin 30º] =  
3 - 1 sin x
Construct : D
 = D̂ . . . given
Diameter FB and draw FC O
    AQ = DF . . . construction
â 2 cos x  3  - sin x  1   = 3 sin x - sin x
  2   2   Proof :
2
â APQ ≡ DEF . . . SøS
1 E
â 3 cos x - sin x = 3 sin x - sin x Bˆ + Bˆ
1 2 = 90º . . . tan  diam. A B ˆ
â APQ = Ê
ˆ = 90º
= sin x . . . Eˆ = Bˆ
3 FCB . . . ø in semi-? ˆ
÷ 3 cos x ) â â APQ = B̂
3 cos x s s
F̂ + Bˆ 2 = 90º . . . int. ø of FBC â PQ || BC . . . corresponding ø equal
â tan x = 1
AQ
â Bˆ 1 = F̂ â AP = . . . proportion theorem
â x = 45º + k.180º ; k ∈ Z  AB AC
s
but F̂ = D̂ . . . ø in same segment
But AP = DE and AQ = DF
â Bˆ 1 = D̂  â DE = DF
AB AC

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 TRIG SUMMARY (Grade 12)
 ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITIONS  IDENTITIES
y y y y â sin2 θ = 1 – cos2 θ
• Positive øs I II tan θ = sin θ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
(anticlockwise from 0º to 360º) : O x O x cos θ & cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ
O x O x
III IV
• Negative øs y y y y
 SPECIAL øS y=x
II I tan 45º = 1
(clockwise from 0º to – 360º) : O x sin 30º = 1 ( x ; y)
O x O x 2
O x 45º
1 2
( )
y y I 30º
Also
II IV III 2
3 and cos 60º = 1 45º
2
possible : x x
1
45º ( tan θ =
y
x )
60º
1
 THE RATIOS y sin θ cos θ tan θ & their 'families' : 30º 'family' 60º 'family' 45º 'family'
& their (x; y)
y y II 150º 120º 135º  180º -- 
r y O x A O
• Definitions : III 210º 240º 225º  180º + 
r H r H x A
O
θ
x IV 330º 300º 315º  360º -- 
x
• Signs: II I I I  GENERAL FORMS 180º ± θ
sin θ is positive in I & II
IV III ANY ratio 360º – θ = ± that SAME ratio of θ
cos θ is positive in I & IV –θ
tan θ is positive in I & III 1 0 – +
∞
–1 1
 CO-RATIOS (sine and cosine) II y
0 0 –1 1 0 0
• Critical values: • 90º -- θ (an acute angle) • 90º + θ (an obtuse angle) (– b; a) 90º + θ
θ
1 + – –1 c a
–1 0 ∞ sin(90º -- θ) = cos θ sin(90º + θ) = cos θ (a; b)
90º – θ cos(90º + θ) = -- sin θ
cos(90º -- θ) = sin θ θ x
• Minimum & Maximum values of sin θ & cos θ : b
tan θ The ratio CHANGES to the CO-ratio.
The values of sin  & cos  range from –1 to 1.
Note that tan θ has
–1 1
no minimum or  SOLUTION OF ΔS
s
minimum maximum maximum values. In Right - angled  , we use :
sin θ
value is –1 –1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 value is 1
The range of values • Regular trig. ratios • the Theorem of Pythagoras • Area = 1 bh
2
of tan θ is from –  to . s
In Non-Right - angled  , we use :
All values are proper fractions or 0 or ± 1.
• Sine Rule : • Cosine Rule : • Area Rule :
• Graphs : sin A = sin B = sin C 2 2 2 AREA = 1 ab sin C
c = a + b – 2ab cos C
TRIG SUMMARY

2
y = sin θ y = cos θ y = tan θ a b c
y y y But also: Area of Δ = 1 bh
2

1 1 1
 COMPOUND øS  DOUBLE øS • sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x

–360º –180º
O
180º 360º
θ
–360º –270º –90º
O
90º 270º 360º
θ
–360º –270º –90º
O
90º 270º 360º
θ
• sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B • cos 2 x = cos2 x – sin2 x
–1 –1 –1 • cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B +-- sin A sin B = 1 – 2 sin2 x
= 2 cos2 x – 1
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