SYLLABUS Virtualization - [CCS372] no UNITI INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUALIZATION Virtualization and cloud computing - Need of virtualization - cost, deployment, reduce infrastructure cost - limitations - Types of hardware Full virtualization - partial virtualization - Paravirtualization - ‘Types of (Chapter - 1) UNIT I SERVER AND DESKTOP VIRTUALIZATION Virtual machine basics - Types of virtual machines - Understanding Server Virtuali ~ types of server virtualization - Business Cases for Server Virtualization - Use Server Consolidation - Selecting Server Virtualization Platform - Desktop Types of Desktop Virtualization. (Chapter - 2) UNIT HI +=NETWORK VIRTUALIZATION UNITIV STORAGE VIRTUALIZATION Memory Virtualization -Types of Storage Virtualization - Block, File - Remapping - Risks of Storage Virtualization-SAN-NAS-RAID. (Chapter - UNIT V aac no TOOLS Scanned with ACE ScannerTABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter-1 Introduction to Virtualization (1 - 1) to (1 - 20) 1.1. Virtualization and Cloud Computing .. 1-2 1.2 Need of Virtualization - Cost, Administration, Fast Deployment, Reduce Infrastructure Cost. 1.3 Limitations 1.4 Types of Hardware Virtualization : Full Virtualization - Partial Virtualization - Paravirtualization ... 1-10 1.5 Types of Hypervisor... ces Review Questions... .1-17 1.6 Two Marks Questions with Answers 1-17 Chapter-2 Server and Desktop Virtualization (2 - 1) to (2 - 26) 2.1 Virtual Machine Basics.. 2-2 2.1.1 What are Virtual Machines used for ?. $2 -3 2.1.2 How do Virtual Machines Work ?.. 2-4 2.2. Types of Virtual Machines... 2-5 2.2.1 Types of Virtualization... aie 2.3. Understanding Server Virtualization .... 2-10 2.4 Types of Server Virtualization. 2-12 2.5 Business Cases for Server Virtualization... 2-13 2.6 Uses of Virtual Server Consolidation. 2-14 2.7 Selecting Server Virtualization Platform... 2-16 2.8 Desktop Virtualization... 2-17 2.9 Types of Desktop Virtualization. 2-19 w Scanned with ACE ScannerReview Questions... 2.10 Two Marks Questions with Answers .. LisNpupeee Chapter-3 Network Virtualization 3.1 _ Introduction to Network Virtualization... 3.2. Advantages of Network Virtualization .... 3.3. Functions of Network Virtualization... 3.4 Tools for Network Virtualization .. 3.5. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) .. 3.6 WAN Architecture..... 3.7. WAN Virtualization... Review Questions. 3.8 Two Marks Questions with Answers Lona As Storage Virtualization Chapter - 4 4.1 Memory Virtualization.. 4.2. Storage Virtualizatior 4.3. Types of Storage Virtualization. 4.4 Address Space Remapping .... 4.5 Risks of Storage Virtualization.. 4.6 Storage Area Network (SAN)... 4.7 NAS (Network Attached Storage) 4.8 RAID... Review Questions...... 4.9 Two Marks Questions with Answers ... (wi. Scanned with ACE ScannerUNIT V | Chapter -5 Virtualization Tools (5-1) to © - 34) 5.1 VMWare. 5-3 ! 5,2. Amazon AWS Virtualization Tools... 5-7 5.3 Microsoft HyperV..... “5-10 5.4 Oracle VM Virtual Box saad } 5.5 IBM PowerVM. 5-17 5.6 Google Virtualization... 5-20 5.7 Case Study in Virtualization Tools ... «5-2 Review Questions....... aseat 5.8 Two Marks Questions with Answers 15-31 | Practical Exercises (P- 1) to (P- 14) ! Solved Model Question Paper (M- 1) to (M-4) (i) Scanned with ACE ScannerIntroduction to Virtualization ‘Syllabus Virtualization and cloud computing ~ Need of virtualization ~ cost, administration, fast deployment, Feduce infrastructure cost — limitations- Types of hardware virtualization: Full virtualization ~ [partial virtualization - Paravirtualization-Types of Hypervisors Contents 4.1 Virtualization and Cloud Computing 1.2 Need of Virtualization - Cost, Administration, Fast Deployment, Reduce Infrastructure Cost 4.3 Limitations 1.4 Types of Hardware Virtualization : Full Virtualization - Partial Virtualization - Paravirtualization 15 Types of Hypervisor 7.6 Two Marks Questions with Answers Ce) Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization 1-2 Introduction to Vint EE] Virtualization and Cloud Computing « Virtualization is a technology that allows for the creation of virtual instances 9 specialized software called a hypervisor or Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM), These instances can then be used to run multiple operating systems, applications or s independently and concurrently, on a single physical host machine. APP. APP app Binaries / Binaries / Binaries / libraries libraries libraries Guest Guest Guest : os os OS, 5234 ( Hyperviser ) { Host OS if Server hardware D Fig, 1.1.1 Virtualization Host machine : The machine on which the virtual machine is going to be built is known as Host Machine. 4 © Guest machine : The virtual machine is referred to as a guest machine. Working of virtualization in cloud computing : © Virtualization plays a crucial role in cloud computing as it allows users to 3 infrastructure in the cloud, leading to cost savings. In a cloud computing environment, store their data in the cloud and virtualization enables them to utilize shared physi resources. Cloud vendors manage the physical infrastructure and charge users for the services, However, virtualization enables users or organizations to maintain their required services through external third-party providers, reducing costs. This is how virtualizal contributes to the functioning of Cloud Computing.” Scanned with ACE Scanner‘Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization 1-4 Introduction to Virtualization Desktop virtualization : Also known as Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI), this form: of virtualization involves running multiple virtual desktops on a single physical host machine, Each virtual desktop functions as an independent instance with its own: operating system, applications and settings, providing a centralized and scalable sofution for desktop computing. Virtualization offers several benefits, including : © Increased resource utilization : Virtualization allows for better utilization of hardware resources by consolidating multiple virtual instances on a single physical server, leading to improved efficiency and reduced hardware costs. © Improved scalability : Virtualization enables dynamic allocation of resources, such as CPU, memory and storage, allowing for easy scaling up or down based on demand, without impacting the underlying physical infrastructure. Virtualization simplifies the process of provisioning © Faster provisi g and deployment new Virtual instances, allowing for rapid deployment of resources and applications and reducing the time required for setting up new environments. © Enhanced flexibility and mobility : Virtualization allows for easy migration of virtual, instances across different physical hosts or data centers, providing flexibility and mobility for workloads and applications © Simplified management and administration : Virtualization provides centralized management and administration of virtual instances, allowing for efficient monitoring, configuration and maintenance of resources, reducing operational overhead In summary, virtualization is a powerful technology that provides efficient and flexible utilization of resources, improved scalability and simplified management in IT environments. It has been widely adopted across industries and is a fundamental technology in modem data centers, cloud computing and IT infrastructure management. Cloud computing is a model for delivering computing resources and services over the internet, enabling on-demand access to a shared pool of resources, including computing power, storage, and applications. Cloud computing allows users to rent or subscribe to these resources and services, which are provided by cloud service providers, rather than building and maintaining local infrastructure. Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization 1-5 Introduction to Virtualization Cloud computing is typically categorized into three main types of services : Packaged software (0S and application stack ‘servers slarage network Server storage network Fig. 1.1.2 Cloud service models JaaS provides virtualized computing resources over 1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cluding virtual machines, storage and networking capabilities. Users can the internet, provision and manage these resources remotely, allowing for flexibility in scaling up or down based on demand. Examples of laa$ providers include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). Neerr bros Retr) Renny form as a Service (PaaS) : PaaS provides a platform or framework for users to develop, run and manage their applications, without having to worry about the underlying infrastructure. PaaS offerings typically include tools, libraries and services for application development, databases and middleware Examples of PaaS providers include Heroku, Microsoft Azure App Service and Google App Engine. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Scanned with ACE Scannerzation 1-6 Introduction to Virtualizatic Peso vob su Visti} Pree oerebscutis Quen cette erhsetegone erat) aS) : SaaS provides fully funetional applications that are Software as a Service (S accessible over the internet, allowing users to access and use software applications all or manage them locally. SaaS offerings cover a wide range of without having to ins applications, including Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and productivity tools, such as email and collaboration software. Examples of SaaS providers include Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365 and Google Workspace. Sy ores Peers becct Cloud computing offers several advantages, including + © Scalability and elasticity : Cloud computing allows for easy scalability of resources, allowing users to quickly provision or release resources based on their needs. This enables IT infrastructure up or down rapidly i response to changing businesses to scale thei demands, without having to invest in and manage local hardware, +: Cloud computing follows a pay-as-you-go model, where users only pay © Cost-effectivenes: for the resources and services they use, without upfront costs for hardware or infrastructure: This allows for cost-effective usage of resources, as users can optimize their spending based on actual usage. + Cloud computing provides users with the flexibility to access) ibility and mobi TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization 1-7 Introduction to Virtualization resources and services from anywhere, using any device with internet access. This enables remote work, collaboration and mobility, allowing users to work and access resources on the 20. Rapid provisioning and deployment : Cloud computing allows for rapid provisioning and, deployment of resources ‘and applications, redueing the time required to set up and configure IP infrastructure. This enables faster time to market for applications and services. ° M: automated backups, security and monitoring, reducing the operational burden on users and naged services : Cloud computing providers typically offer managed services, such as allowing them to focus on their core business rather than IT infrastructure management. «Global availability : Cloud computing services are typically available in multiple regions and data centers globally, allowing users to deploy resources and services in different raphical locations for improved performance, reliability and data redundancy. In summary, cloud computing is a paradigm-shifting technology that provides on-demand. lable computing resources and services over the intemet. It offers flexibility, access to 5 scalability, cost-effectiveness and managed services, transforming the way businesses and organizations manage their ITT infrastructure and deliver applications and services to users. EEL Need of Virtualization - Cost, Administration, Fast Deployment, Reduce Infrastructure Cost Virtualization is widely used in various IT environments, including data centers, cloud computing and enterprise environments, due to its numerous benefits that can help organizations achieve cost savings, simplify administration, enable fast deployment and reduce infrastructure costs. Here are some key aspects of how virtualization addresses these needs © Cost savings : Virtualization can lead to significant cost savings by optimizing the utilization of hardware resources. By creating multiple Virtual Machines (VMs) on a single physical server, organizations can reduce the number of physical servers needed, resulting in lower hardware acquisition costs, reduced power consumption and decreased data center space requirements. Additionally, virtualization enables organizations to consolidate their workloads onto a smaller number of servers, which can reduce operational costs, such as maintenance, licensing and support for hardware and software. * Administration efficiency : Virtualization simplifies IT administration by providing centralized management tools that allow for efficient management of virtual resources, Administrators can easily create, configure, monitor and manage VMs from a central location, reducing the me and effort required for managing physical servers individually. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization 1-8 Introduction to Virtwalizati Virtualization also enables automation of routine tasks, such as VM provisioning, ‘pate management and backup, which can further streamline administration processes and reduc operational overhead. ‘+ Fast deployment : Virtualization enables rapid deployment of VMs, allowing organi. * to quickly provision new virtual resources as needed. This can significantly reduce # required to deploy new applications or services compared to traditional physical deployments, which may involve lengthy procurement and provisioning processes fo physical servers. With virtualization, organizations can quickly create VMs from templates or snapshots, configure them with the desired settings and deploy them in minutes, enabling faster time-to-market for new initiatives. * Infrastructure cost reduction : Virtualization can help organizations reduce their infrastructure costs by optimizing the utilization of existing hardware resources. By consolidating workloads onto a smaller number of physical servers, organizations can reduce their hardware procurement costs and lower ongoing operational costs, such as power consumption and data center space. Virtualization also enables organizations to dynamically allocate and reallocate resources based on demand, which can help optimize resource utilization and reduce waste, leading to further cost savings. © Increased flexibi + Virtualization provides flexibility in terms of resource allocation and usage, Organizations can allocate resources, such as CPU, memory, storage and networking, to VMs based on their requirements and easily adjust these allocations as needed., This enables organizations to dynamically scale resources up or down based on workload demands, providing flexibility and agility in adapting to changing business needs. In conclusion, virtualization is a key technology that addresses various needs in IT environments, including cost savings, administration efficiency, fast deployment, infrastruct cost reduction and increased flexibility. It enables organizations to optimize resource utilization, simplify administration, deploy resources quickly and reduce infiastructure costs, making it fundamental technology in modem IT deployments, including cloud computing, EEA Limitations While virtualization offers many benefits, there are also some limitations that organizatioy need to be aware of 1, Performance overhead : Virtualization introduces a performance overhead due to additional layer of abstraction introduced by the hypervisor, which can impact the Performance of VMs compared to running workloads natively on physical servers. Th TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge ! Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization 1-9 5. Introduction to Virtualization. overhead is usually minimal, but in certain high-performance computing or real-time applications, it can be a concern. Hardware dependency : Virtualization relies on the underlying physical hardware to provide virtualization capabilities. This means that not all hardware may be compatible ‘with virtualization and organizations may need to invest in hardware that supports virtualization technologies, such as hardware-assisted virtualization (e.g., Intel VT or AMD-V). Incompatibility with certain hardware may limit the scope or performance of virtualization deployments. Resource overcommitment : Virtualization allows for the allocation of more resources to VMs than physically available on the host server, known as resource overcommitment. While this allows for better resource utilization, it can potentially lead to performance “degradation or contention for resources if not managed properly. Organizations need to carefully manage resource allocation to avoid performance issues. Complexity : Virtualization introduces additional complexity in terms of managing the hypervisor, VMs and virtualized resources. This requires specialized knowledge and skills in virtualization technologies, which may increase the complexity of IT d to effectively ‘management and administration. Training and expertise may be req manage virtualized environments ‘Software licensing : Virtualization can have implications on software licensing, as some software vendors have licensing models that are based on physical hardware or require ‘additional licenses for virtualized environments, Organizations need to carefully review software licensing agreements and ensure compliance with licensing requirements in virtualized environments to avoid potential legal and financial issues. ‘Single point of failure : Virtualization introduces a potential single point of failure with the hypervisor. If the hypervisor fails, it can impact all the VMs running on that host, resulting in downtime for multiple workloads. Organizations need to implement appropriate high availability and disaster recovery measures to mitigate this risk. Security risks : Virtualization introduces additional attack surfaces and potential security risks. Compromising the hypervisor or unauthorized access to VMs can have serious security implications. Organizations need to implement robust security measures, such as access controls, firewalls and security patches, to protect virtualized environments. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeVirtualization 1-10 {Introduction to Virtualize In conclusion, while virtualization offers many benefits, it also has limitations, includi performance overhead, hardware dependency, resource over commitment, complexity, so licensing considerations, single point of failure and security risks. Organizations need to carefully measures to mitigate these risks and ensure effective virtualization deployments. EZ] Types of Hardware Virtualization : Full Virtualization - Partial Virtualization - Paravirtualiz: physical hardware resources, such as servers, storage devices, or networks, in order to enable multiple virtual environments, known as Virtual Machines (VMs), to run on a single ‘cal host. Hardware virtualization allows for the efficient and simultaneous utilization of phy a single physical hardware resource by multiple virtualized instances, each running its own. operating system and applications, as if it were running on dedicated hardware. © Hardware virtualization is achieved using specialized software called a hypervisor, also known as a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM), which runs on the physical host and manages the creation, allocation, and execution of multiple VMs. The hypervisor abstracts and isolates the underlying physical hardware, allowing each VM to have its own virtual ) hardware resources, including CPU, memory, storage and network interfaces. © Hardware virtualization provides a range of benefits, including improved resource | scalability, cost savings, disaster recovery, testing and development plication support. It has become a fundamental utilization, flexibility, capabilities, enhanced security and legacy apy technology in modern data centers and cloud computing environments, enabling efficient and flexible deployment of virtualized workloads, consolidation of physical resources a optimization of IT infrastructure. Hardware virtualization, also known as server virtualization, can be categorized Into three main types : © Full virtualizati allowing multiple guest Operating Systems (OS) to run on a single physical host without In fall virtualization, the hypervisor emulates the entire hardware stael requiring any modifications to the guest OS or applications. The hypervisor intercepts translates all hardware requests from the guest OS, allowing it to run as if it is running dedicated physical hardware, This makes it possible to run different operating systems applications on the same physical host. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge: Scanned with ACE Scanner‘Scanned with ACE Scannerv ti 1-12 Introduction to Virtualizati Virtualization Applications Applications bate Modified quest Modified guest ae operating system operating system Host operating system. Physical hardware Fig. 1.4.2 Partial virtualization In the diagram above, multiple containers run on the same physical host, each appearing as al Separate instance of the operating system. Containers share the same OS kernel, resulting i lower overhead compared to full virtualization. Paravirtuali modified to be a with the hypervisor through a special API (Application Programming Interface) to opti performance and achieve better ef TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS? an up taster neta Scanned with ACE ScannerScanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization The difference between full virtua S.No. Full virtualization <1. In full virtualization, virtual machines permit ‘the execution of the instructions with the running of unmodified OS in an entirely isolated way. Full virtualization is less secure. Full virtualization uses binary translation and. a direct approach as a technique for operations. Full virtualization is slower than paravirtualization in operation. | 5, Full virtualization is more portable and compatible. 6 Examples of full virtualization are Microsoft and parallels systems. 7. It supports all guest operating systems without modification. The guest operating system will issue hardware calls It is less streamlined compared to para- virtualization, It provides the best isolation, EJ Types of Hypervisor «A hypervisor, also known as a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM), is specialized software enables hardware virtualization by creating and managing Virtual Machines (VMs) physical host. A hypervisor runs on the host system and provides an abstraction lay allows multiple VMs to share and efficiently utilize the underlying physical hi resources, such as CPU, memory, storage and network interfaces, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization 1-15 Introduction to Virtualization © The main function of a hypervisor i VMs, which a to create and manage virtual envitonments, known as, e isolated from each other and from the host system, allowing multiple operati ig systems and plications to run concurrently on a single physical host. The hypervisor emulates or virtualize the hardware resources, allowing each VM to have its own virtualized hardware, including virtual CPUs, memory, disks and network interfaces. It also handles tasks such as scheduling CPU time, managing memory allocation, handling 1/0 operations and providing virtualized access to hardware device: vat vue vas vma oi ervisor Hardware |. 1.5.1 Working of hypervisor There are two main types of hypervisors : * Type 1 or bare-metal hypervisor : Also known as a native or bare-metal hypervisor, this type of hypervisor runs directly on the host hardware, without the need for an underlying operating system. It provides direct control over the physical hardware and is typically used in enterprise data centers and cloud environments. Examples of Type 1 hypervisors are VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V and KVM. (Kemel-based Virtual Machine). TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization Diagram for type I hypervisor ¢ a A — %,° > ~~ F Hardware per Fig. 1.5.2 Type 1 hypervisor © Type 2 or hosted hypervisor : Also known as a hosted hypervisor, this type of hypervisor runs on top of an existing operating system as an application. It relies on the underlying operating system for managing hardware resources and is typically used on desktop or laptop computers for local virtualization. Examples of type 2 hypervisors are VMware Workstation, Oracle VirtualBox and Mie Virtual PC Diagram for type 2 Hypervisor = * Hardware os Hypervisor a 7 a‘ Fig. 1.5.3 Type 2 hypervisor * In both types of hypervisors, VMs can run different configurations independently of each other multiple virtual environments on a single phy : operating systems, applications Providing isolation and flexibility for sical host. TECHNICAL PUBLICATI IONS® - an y 1p-thrust for knowledge Scanned with ACE Scanner1-17 Introduction to Virtualization Explain the concept of virtualization and its benefits in cloud computing. Describe the different types of virtualization techniques used in cloud computing, such as server virtualization, network virtualization and storage virtualization. Discuss the key features of cloud computing and the advantages of using cloud services Explain the concept of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (laaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) in cloud computing. Describe the challenges and concerns associated with virtualization and cloud computing, such as security, privacy and compliance. Describe the various cloud service models, such as Infrastructure-as-a-Service (Jaa), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and provide examples for each. Explain the concept of cloud computing security and the measures that can be taken 10 ensure data privacy, integrity and availability in the cloud environment. Give the difference between full virtualization and paravirtualization. (J Two Marks Questions with Answers Qi Define virtualization. ‘Ans.: Virtualization is a technology that allows for the creation of virtual instances or representations of physical resources, such as servers, storage devices and networks, using specialized software called a hypervisor or Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM). Q.2 Write the characteristics of virtualization. Ans. : Enhanced security : Virtualization enables the transparent control of guest program execution, opening up new possibilities for a secure and controlled execution environment. Guest program operations are typically performed against the virtual machine, which then translates and applies them to the host programs. Managed execution : Virtualization offers various features, including sharing, aggregation, emulation and isolation. Sharing : Virtualization allows for the creation of separate computing environments within the same host. Aggregation : Virtualization permits the sharing of physical resources among multiple guests, and it also facilitates aggregation, which is the opposite process. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Scanned with ACE ScannerORF Introduction to Virtuatization Q.3 List the advantages of virtualization. Ans. : Virtualization offers several benefits, including : resources by consolidating multiple virtual instances on a single physical server, improved efficiency and reduced hardware costs. memory and storage, allowing for easy scaling up or down based on demand, wit impacting the underlying physical infrastructure. : Faster provisioning and deployment : Virtualization simplifies the process of provisioning new virtual instances, allowing for rapid deployment of resources and applications an reducing the time required for setting up new environments, 3 Enhanced flexibility and mobility : Virtualization allows for easy migration of virtual instances across different physical hosts or data centers, providing flexibility and mobility for | workloads and applications. / Q.4 Differentiate full virtualization and paravirtualization. Ans. : The difference between full virtualization and Paravirtualization are as follows : ‘S.No. Full virtualization In full virtualization, virtual machines permit the execution of the instructions with the running of unmodified OS in an entirely isolated way, s Full virtualization is less secure, Full virtualization uses binary translation and a direct approach as 4 technique for operations, THOINGAL PUBLICATIONS a aaa Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization 1-19 Introduction to Virtualization. [a6 _ Differentiate types of hypervisor. Ans. : Type 1 hypervisor Definition Bare-metal hypervisor directly installed on host hardware. Deployment Installed directly on the physical server. System Has direct control over the host. access hardware resources. Performance Generally offers better performance and efficiency. Complexity Typically requires advanced IT knowledge for configuration. Q.7 _ State the need for virtualization. ‘Ans. : Virtualization is a key technology that addresses various needs in IT environments, including cost savings, administration efficiency, fast deployment, infrastructure cost reduction, lity. It enables organizations to optimize resource utilization, simplify and increased fle administration, deploy resources quickly and reduce infrastructure costs, making it a fundamental technology in modem IT deployments, including cloud computing. Q.8 What is meant by cloud computing ? ‘Ans. : Cloud computing is 2 model for delivering computing resources and services over the internet, enabling on-demand access to a shared pool of resources, including computing power, storage and applications. Cloud computing allows users to rent or subscribe to these resources and services, which are provided by cloud service providers, rather than building and maintaining local IT infrastructure, Q.9 Define storage virtualization. Ans. : This form of virtualization abstracts physical storage devices, such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs), and creates a virtual storage pool that can be allocated and managed independently from the underlying hardware. Storage virtualization allows for centralized storage management, data migration and improved storage utilization, enabling efficient data storage and retrieval operations. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®- an up-tnust for knowledge Scanned with ACE ScannerVirtualization 1-20 Introduction to Virt Q.10 Define host and guest machine. Ans. : Host macl as host machine. Guest machin: The virtual machine is referred to as a guest machine. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®- ‘an up-thrust. ledaa for knowie Scanned with ACE ScannerUNIT II Server and Desktop Virtualization Syllabus Virtual machine basics - Types of virtual machines - Understanding Server Virtualization - types of server virtualization - Bus Cases for Server Virtualization - Uses of Virtual Server Consolidation - Selecting Server Virtualization Platform-Desktop Virtualization-Types of Desktop Virtualization. Contents 24 22 Types of Virtual Machines 23 Understanding Server Virtualization Virtual Machine Basics 24 Types of Server Virtualization 25 Business Cases for Server Virtualization 2.6 Uses of Virtual Server Consolidation 27 Selecting Server Virtualization Platform 2.8 Desktop Virtualization 29 Types of Desktop Virtualization Two Marks Questions with AnswersVirtualization Virtual Machine Basics Hines (VMs) are emulated or simulated computer systems that can run ap Virtual Mi plications within a separate environment from the hos Operating System (OS) or softwar oncepts about virtual machines : are - based representation of a computer system that system. Here are some basic softwi applications, just like a physical computer. Definition : A virtual machine ts can nun an operating system and Hypervisor Operating System Fig. 2.1.1 Hypervisor : A hypervisor is a software layer that allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical host system. It manages the allocation of hardware resources, such as CPU, — memory and storage, to virtual machines. Host system : The physical computer system on which virtu is called the host system. It provides.the resources and infrastructure for virtual machines to al machines are created and run operate. Guest OS : The operating system that runs on a virtual machine is called the guest operating system. It is installed within the virtual machine and behaves as if it is running on a physical | computer. Isolation : Virtual machines provide a high level of isolation between the host system and ‘guest systems, Each virtual machine runs independently with its own virtual hardware, OS and applications, isolating them from other virtual machines and the host system. Hardware virtualization : Virtual machines leverage hardware virtualization technologies, such as Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT) or AMD Virtualization (AMD-V), which allow the host system to create and manage virtual machines efficiently. Snapshot : A snapshot is a feature that allows capturing the current state of a virtual : machine, including its memory and disk contents. Snapshots can be used to save and restore the state ofa virtual machine, making it useful for backup, recovery and testing purposes. Vi : Vi han networking : Virtual machines can be configured with virtual networking, allowing em : © communicate with each other and with the host system over virtual networks. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for ‘knowledgeVirtualization 2-3 Server and Desktop Virtualization Virtual networking enables various network topologies and connectivity options for virtual machines. Resource allocation The host system allocates resources, such as CPU, memory and sed on their configuration and requirements. Resource storage, to virtual machines allo ou virtual servers to run on a single physical server, consolidating hardware resources and jon can be adjusted dynamically to meet the changing needs of virtual machines. ¢ cases : Virtual machines are commonly used for server virtualization, allowing multiple improving resource utilization, Virtual machines are also used for software development, testing and other scenarios where isolated and portable computing environments are needed Overall, virtual machines provide a flexible and scalable way to create, manage and isolate multiple independent computing environments on a single physical system, offering numerous benefits in terms of resource utilization, cost savings and operational efficiency. What are Virtual Machines used for ? Virtual Machines (VMs) are used for various purposes across different industries and use cases. Here are some common uses of virtual machines + ¢ Server consolidation : Virtual machines’ allow multiple virtual servers to run on a single physical server, consolidating hardware resources and improving resource utilization. This helps to reduce the number of physical servers needed, resulting in cost savings, simplified management and reduced data center footprint. * Development and testing : Virtual machines provide isolated and portable computing environments that are ideal for software development and testing. Virtual machines can be easily provisioned with different operating systems, software configurations and development tools, enabling developers to create, test and debug applications in controled environments without affecting the production systems. © Legacy application support : Virtual machines can be used to run legacy applications that require older operating systems or hardware configurations. This helps to extend the life of legacy applications without the need for dedicated older hardware and allows organizations to continue using critical legacy applications while transitioning to modern technologies. * Disaster recovery and backup : Virtual machines can be used for disaster recovery and backup purposes. Virtual machine snapshots or replicas can be created to capture the state of a virtual machine at a specific point in time, allowing for quick recovery in case of hardware failures or other disasters. Virtual machine backups can also be easily replicated or moved to offsite locations for data protection. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgertusbization 2-4 Server and Desktop Virtualization * Desktop virtualization : Virtual machines can be used for desktop virtualization, where Virtualized desktop environments are provided to end - users. This allows for centralizeg Management and delivery of desktops, providing flexibility, security and simplifieg maintenance, Virtual desktops can be accessed from various devices, enabling remote work and mobility Fducation and training : Virtual machines can be used for education and training purposes, Providing a safe and isolated environment for learning and experimentation. Virtual machines can be casily reset to a clean state after each session, allowing for repeatable and controlled training scenarios. Cloud computing : Virtual machines are a fundamental building block of cloud computing, where virtualized computing resources are provided over the internet on a pay-as-you-go basis, Cloud - based virtual machines allow organizations to scale computing resources up or down based on demand, providing flexibility and cost - effective solutions for running applications, websites and services * Security : Virtual machines can be used for security purposes, such as sandboxing and ‘solating potentially malicious applications or processes for analysis and for creating secure {est environments for vulnerability scanning and penetration testing. These are just some examples of the wide range of use cases for virtual machines. Virtualization technologies continue to evolve and virtual machines are widely used across industries for various purposes to improve efficiency, flexibility and cost-effectiveness in IT operations. How do Virtual Machines Work ? ___ Virtual Machines (VMs) work by emulating the hardware and operating system of a physical ‘omputer system on a software layer, allowing multiple virtualized environments to run on a single ‘Physical host system. Here are the basic steps of how virtual machines work : * Virtualization software : A virtualization software, also known as a hypervisor, is installed on the physical host system. The hypervisor abstracts the physical hardware resources, such as CPU, memory, storage and networking and creates a virtualization layer that allows multiple VMs to share and use these resources, * Virtual machine creation : Virtual machines are created by the hypetvisor by allocating Virtual hardware resources to each VM, Each VM is provisioned with its own virtual CPU, memory, storage and networking interfaces, which are presented as virtualized hardware | components to the VM | TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an Uup-thrust for knowledge i2-5 ‘Server and Desktop Virtualization system installation; An Operating System (OS) is installed on each virtual machine, just as it would be installed on a physical computer. The virtualized hardware resourees are presented fo the OS as if they were physical resources Application installation : Applications and software can be installed on cach virtual machine, just as they would be installed on a “al computer. The virtualized hardware resources are used by the applications just like physical hardware resources. * YM execution : Once the virtual machines are created and the operating systems and applications are installed, they can be powered on and executed on the physical host system. The VMs tun as isolated instances, with their own virtual CPU, memory, storage and networking resources. + Resource management : The hypervisor manages the allocation of physical hardware resourves to virtual machines, ensuring that each VM gets its fair share of resources based on the configured settings and resource allocation policies. This allows for efficient utilization of physical resources and ensures that VMs run independently without interfering with each other. * VM migration ; Virtual machines can be migrated between physical host systems while they are running, allowing for dynamic workload balancing, high availability and maintenance operations without downtime. VM migration is typically performed by the hypervisor, which transfers the VM's state and resources from one physical host to another. * Virtual networking : Virtual networking allows VMs to communicate with each other and with the extemal network. The hypervisor provides virtual networking interfaces to each VM, which are connected to virtual switches and routers to enable communication between VMs and the physical network. * Management and monitoring : Virtual machines can be managed and monitored using management tools provided by the virtualization software. These tools allow for tasks such as VM provisioning, configuration, performance monitoring and troubleshooting. Overall, virtual machines work by creating an abstraction layer between the physical hardware “and the operating systems and applications, allowing for efficient sharing and utilization of “Fesources, isolation of workloads and flexibility in managing and scaling computing environments. Types of Virtual Machines , cach with its own characteristics and use cases. There are different types of virtual machin are some common types of virtual machines : System virtual machines : These are the most common type of virtual machines that emulate an entire computer system, including the hardware and operating system. System TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge‘irtualization 2-6 Server and Desktop Virtualization provide a complete virtualized environment that allows running multipj, virtual machir stems and applications on a ¢ include VMware vSphere, Microsoft Hyper-V and KVM Operating System operating virtualization technologie sed Virtual Machine). Operating System (Kernel-t ‘Simulated Machine Simulated Machine Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) Hardware ~- "Real Machine" Fig. 2.2.1 System virtual machine The working of system virtual machines typically involves the following steps : Installation ; The virtualization software is installed on the host machine, which provides the necessary abstraction layer to create and manage VMs. \M Creation : VMs are created by allocating resources from the host machine, such as CPU, memory and storage and installing an operating system of choice on each VM. Configuration : VMs ean be configured with specific settings, such as the amount of CPU cores, memory and storage allocated to each VM and networking settings, to customize their behavior. Management : VMs can be started, stopped, paused, resumed and migrated between host machines, as needed, using the virtualization software's management interface. Resource sharing : The host machine's resources, such as CPU, memory, storage and networking, are shared among the VMs based on the configured settings and resource requirements of each VM. System virtual machines are widely used in various scenarios, including server consolidation, development and testing environments, disaster recovery, legacy application support and cloud computing. Some of the main uses of system virtual machines include : Server consolidation : System virtualization enables consolidation of multiple physical servers into a single host machine, reducing hardware costs, power consumption and data center footprint. single physical host system. Examples of system |Virtualization 2-7 Server and Desktop Virtualization © Development and T ‘an be used to create isolated development and testing ing : VMs environments, allowing developers to work on different OS or software configurations without impacting the host system t @ Disaster recovery : VMs can be used to create backup copies of critical systems, allowing for quick and efficient disaster recovery in case of hardware failures of other emergencies. © Legacy application support ; VMs can be used to run legacy applications that are not compatible with modem hardware or operating systems, allowing organizations to maintain Jegacy systems without the need for dedicated hardware. } © Cloud computing : VMs are the foundation of many cloud computing services, allowing } providers to create and manage virtualized resources that can be dynamically allocated to users based on their requirements. In summary, system virtual machines provide an efficient and flexible way to create and manage multiple virtualized environments on a single physical host machine, enabling resource sharing, improved scalability and cost savings in various computing scenarios. «Process virtual machines : These virtual machines are designed to run a single application or process in an isolated environment. They provide @ runtime environment for specific applications, allowing them to run independently with their own dependencies, libraries and configurations. Examples of process virtualization technologies include the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for running Java applications and the NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) for running NET applications. Virtual Machine “Operating System - 1 Hardware ~- "Real Machine” Fig. 2.2.2 Process virtual machine The process of creating and running applications in process virtual machines involves several steps : © Package creation : The application an virtual package, which includes the necessary files 1d its dependencies are packaged into a container oF libraries and settings required for the application to run independently. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeVirtuatization 2-8 ‘Server and Desktop Virtualization * Containerization : The virtual package is encapsulated into a container, which is , lightweight and portable virtual environment that emulates the necessary OS components and resources for the application. * Deployment : The container or virtual package is deployed on a host machine with the Virtualization software installed, which creates an isolated virtual environment for the application to run. © Runtime isolation : The application runs in the isolated virtual environment, separate from the underlying host system and other applications, with its own virtualized resources, such as file system, registry and networking. * Management : The virtualization software provides tools and interfaces to manage the deployed containers or virtual packages, such as starting, stopping, updating and monitoring the applications running in the process virtual machines. Process virtual machines have several uses and benefits, including : * Application isolation : Process virtualization provides isolation between applications, preventing conflicts and dependencies that can arise when multiple applications are installed on the same host system. * Portability : Virtual packages or containers can be easily moved and deployed across different host machines with the same virtualization software installed, providing portability and flexibility for application deployment. * Security : Process virtualization can enhance security by isolating applications from the underlying host system, reducing the risk of malware or other security threats affecting the host system or other applications. © Simplified deployment : Virtual packages or containers can be easily deployed without the need for complex installations, dependencies, or configuration, simplifying application deployment and reducing deployment time and effort. * Resource efficiency : Process virtualization can optimize resource utilization by allowing multiple applications to share the same host machine resources, such as CPU, memory and storage, more efficiently. * Application compatibility : Process virtualization can enable running legacy or incompatible applications on modern OS or hardware, extending the lifespan of legacy applications without the need for dedicated hardware or OS. © In summary, process virtual machines provide a way to create isolated virtual environments for running applications independently, with benefits such as application isolation, portability, security, simplified deployment and resource efficiency. They are widely used in TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® . an up-thrust for knowledgeVirtualization 2-9 "Server and Desktop Virtualization various scenari * including application deployment, testing, sandboxing, and Hon. in order to enhance application management, security and flexibility. Types of Virtualization Virtualization is a technology that containerizat allows the creation of virtual instances or environments that abstract the underlying hardware or software resources, There are several types of virtualization, including * Server virtualization : As explained earlier, server virtualization allows multiple Virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical server, effectively abstracting the underlying hardware and creating a virtual layer that isolates each VM from the others. * Desktop virtualization : Desktop virtualization, also known as Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI), involves creating virtual desktops that run on a server and are accessed remotely by end-user devices such as desktop computers, laptops or thin clients. This allows central management of desktop environments and enables users to access their virtual desktops from any device or location, * Network virtualization : Network virtualization involves abstracting and virtualizing network resources, such as switches, routers and firewalls, to create virtual networks that are independent of the physical network infrastructure, This allows for greater flexibility, scalability and management of networking resources and enables the creation of virtual networks with customized configurations for different applications or tenants. * Storage virtualization : Storage virtualization involves abstracting and pooling physical storage resources, such as disks and storage arrays, to create virtual storage devices that can be provisioned and managed independently of the underlying physical storage. This allows for more efficient utilization of Storage resources, simplifies storage management and enables advanced features such as data replication, snapshots and thin provisioning, Application virtualization : Application virtualization involves encapsulating applications and their dependencies into virtual containers that can run independently of the underlying operating system. This allows for isolation of applications from each other and from the underlying OS, simplifies application deployment and management and enables running multiple versions or types of applications on the same ‘system without conflicts. Operating system virtualization : Operating system virtualization, also known as Containerization or OS-level virtualization, involves creating lightweight, isolated instances oF containers within a single operating system, Each container shares the same OS kernel but Tuns independently with its own file system, processes and applications. This allows for efficient utilization of system Sources, rapid deployment of applications and easy Management of containerized environment TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeTo Bn Beane Virtualization Server and Desktop Virtualization * Cloud virtualization ; Cloud virtualization involves creating virtual instances of compute, storage cloud computing environment. These virtual instances nd networking resources in can be provisioned and managed independently and can be scaled up or down based on dem nd. Cloud virtualization enables the deployment of applications and services in a flexible, s lable and cost - effective manner and is the foundation of cloud computing. Each type of virtualization has its own advantages and use cases and organizations may use one or more types of virtualization depending on their specific requirements and infrastructure needs. ER] Understanding Server Virtualization Server virtualization is a technique that involves creating multiple Virtual Machines (VMs) on a single physical server, each of which acts as an isolated and independent server with its own operating system, applications and resources. It is achieved through a software layer called a hypervisor or Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) that abstracts the physical hardware and allows for the creation and management of virtual machines. Virtual Machines Physical Server (Hardware) Fig. 2.3.4 _ Aschitecture of server virtualization : The architecture of server virtualization typically involves the following components : * Physical host server : This is the physical server that hosts the virtual machines. It has the necessary hardware resources, such as CPU, memory, storage and networking, to support the virtual machines, *¢ Hypervisor / Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) : This is the software layer that runs on the physical host server and allows for the creation, management and monitoring of virtual machines. The hypervisor or VMM abstracts the physical hardware and provides a virtualization layer that enables virtual machines to run on the physical server. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeVirtualization 2-41 Server and Desktop Virtualization + Virtual machines : These are the individual instances of virtual servers that run on the physical host server. Each virtual machine has its own operating system, applications and resources and can be managed independently. ¢ Management console : This is the interface or tool used to manage the virtual machines and the physical host server. It provides functionalities such as creating, provisioning, monitoring and managing virtual machines, as well as managing resources, networking and storage, Uses of server virtualization : Server virtualization has numerous uses in modern data centers and IT infrastructure, including = Server consolidation : Virtualization allows for running multiple virtual machines on a single physical server, which helps in consolidating workloads and reducing the number of. physical servers required. This can lead to cost savings in terms of hardware, power, cooling and data center space. Testing and development : Virtualization provides an isolated and controlled environment for testing and development of software applications, without impacting the production environment. Virtual machines can be quickly provisioned, cloned and tested, making it easier to develop and test applications in a scalable and efficient manner. © Disaster recovery : Virtualization enables the creation of backup copies or snapshots of virtual machines, which can be easily replicated to another physical server or data center, providing an efficient and cost-effective disaster recovery strategy. Virtual machines can be restored to a previous state in case of hardware failure or other issues, reducing downtime and ensuring business continuity. © Cloud computing : Many cloud service providers use server virtualization as the underlying technology to provide virtualized computing resources, such as virtual machines, to their customers. Virtualization enables the efficient sharing of physical resources among multiple virtual machines, allowing cloud providers to offer scalable and flexible computing services to their customers. In summary, server virtualization is a powerful technology that allows for the creation and _ management of virtual machines on a single physical server, providing benefits such as resource “optimization, scalability, flexibility, disaster recovery, simplified management and enhanced “security. It has various uses in data centers, cloud computing, testing and development and desktop virtualization, among others.eee ee eee et sce 2-12 Server and Desktop Vitualizaon Virtualization St2ie EZ Types of Server Virtualization There are several types of server virtualization, each with its own approach to creating ang ‘managing virtual machines, The common types of server virtualization include : ¢ Full virtualization : In this type of virtualization, the hypervisor emulates the entire hardware environment, including the CPU, memory, storage and networking, allowing ‘multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical server. Each virtual machine runs its Own operating system and applications can be installed without modification. Examples of full virtualization hypervisors include VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V and KVM. * Para - virtualization : In para - virtualization, the hypervisor provides an interface for the Suest operating systems to interact with the underlying hardware directly, instead of emulating the hardware as in full virtualization. This can result in higher performance Compared (0 full virtualization, but requires modifications to the guest operating system to Support the para - virtualization interface. Xen is an example of a popular para - Virtualization hypervisor, * Operating System (OS) - level virtu lightweight virtualization, tion : Also known as containerization or this type of virtualization allows multiple isolated containers or Virtual environments to share the same operating system kemel, Containers are lightweight and have low overhead, as they do not require separate operating system installations for cach container. Docker isa widely used technology for OS-level virtualization, Hardware - assisted virtualization : This type of virtualization relies on hardware-level features, such as Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT) or AMD Virtualization (AMD - V), to offload virtualization tasks from the CPU to improve performance and efficiency. These hardware features provide support for virtualization at the CPU level, allowing for more efficient and secure virtualization, Network virtualization : This type of virtualization invol the networking resources, such as switches, routers, and firewall, to create Virtual networks that can be isolated, segmented and managed indepen dently. Network virtualization is commonly used in Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Funetion Virtualization (NFV) scenarios, ves abstracting and virtualizing management. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thast for knowledgeVirtualization 2-13 Server and Desktop Virtwalization * Each (ype of server virtualization has its own strengths and use cases and the choice of virtualization technology depends on the spe ic requirements, workload characteristics and infrastructure of the IT environment. I's important to carefully evaluate and choose the appropiate virtualization technique based on the needs and goals of the organization or IT deployment Business Cases for Server Virtualization Server virtualization offers several compelling b jiness cases that can benefit organizations in Various ways. Some of the key business c ‘es for server virtualization include : o & t savings : One of the primary business cases for server virtualization is cost savings. By consolidating multiple physical servers into a single physical server with multiple virtual machines, organizations can reduce hardware costs, power consumption, cooling costs and data center space requirements. Fewer physical servers also result in lower maintenance and management costs, such as reduced hardware maintenance and replacement costs. * Resource optimization : Server virtualization allows for efficient resource utilization by dynamically allocating CPU, memory, storage and networking resources to virtual machines based on their needs. This results in better utilization of server resources, reducing underutilization or over - provisioning of resources. Organizations can achieve higher levels of efficiency and optimize resource usage, leading to improved overall performance and productivity, * Scalability and flexibility : Server virtualization enables organizations to easily create, provision and manage virtual machines, allowing for quick scaling up or down of resources based on business needs. Virtual machines can be easily added or removed from the virtualized environment, allowing for flexible allocation of resources to meet changing workload demands. This scalability and flexibility enable organizations to Tespond quickly to changing business requirements and optimize their IT infrastructure accordingly. Improved disaster recovery and business continuity : Virtualization provides built-in features such as snapshots, replication and migration that facilitate efficient backup, recovery and replication of virtual machines to remote sites, enhancing disaster recovery and business continuity capabilities. Virtual machines can be restored to previous states or migrated to other physical servers in case of hardware failures or other issues, reducing downtime and ensuring uninterrupted operations. * Simplified management : Server virtualization simplifies IT management by providing centralized management tools and interfaces for creating, provisioning, monitoring and managing virtual machines. This allows for streamlined and unified management of virtual TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeSe Pere Virtualization 2-14 Server and Daskop Virtuslizany, ‘hines, making. it easier 10 deploy, configure and manage IT resources, leading ,, improved operational efficiency and reduced management complexity. © Testing and development ; Virtualization provides an isolated and controlled environmen for testing and development of software applications, allowing for quick provisioning o¢ d efficient testing of different configurations, virtual mach nes, cloning of environment yp development cycles, reduces the need for physical hardware and improves This speeds the quality of sofware applications. tion can contribute to green IT initiatives ang * Green IT and sustainability : Server virtual sustainability efforts by reducing the physical server footprint, power consumption and overall energy usage. Consolidating multiple physical servers into fewer physical servers through virtualization can help organizations reduce their carbon footprint and achieve environmental sustainability goals. * In conclusion, server virtualization offers several compelling business cases, including cost savings, resource optimization, scalability and flexibility, improved disaster recovery and business continuity, simplified management, testing and development benefits and green IT ‘These business cases make server virtualization a popular technology choice for c their IT infrastructure, reduce costs, improve operational nitiatives organizations looking to optim efficiency and enhance their business agility Uses of Virtual Server Consolidation the process of consolidating multiple physical servers into a smaller number of more powerful servers, typically using virtualization technologies. With server consolidation, multiple workloads that were running on separate physical servers are migrated to a also known as Virtual Machines (VMs), running on a single smaller number of virtual servers physical server. This consolidation can be achieved using hypervisors, which are software or hardware - based virtualization technologies that enable the creation and management of virtual machines. Server consolidation can bring several benefits to businesses, including : ‘© Improved resource utilization : Server consolidation allows organizations to optimize the Utilization of server resources, such as CPU, memory, storage and networking, by consolidating multiple workloads onto a smaller number of more powerful servers. This underutilization of resources that may occur in traditional physical server reduc deployments, where cach server may be running at a low utilization rate, By consolidating workloads, organizations can achieve higher levels of resource utilization, leading © improved efficiency and cost savings. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeServer and Desktop Virtualization Virtualization 2-15 — oC 3 savings : Server consolidation can result in significant cost savings for businesses. By reducing the number of physical servers needed in the data center, businesses can save on hardware costs, power consumption, cooling costs and data center space requirements. Consolidating workloads onto fewer servers also reduces maintenance and management costs, such as hardware maintenance, replacement costs and software licensing fees. «Simplified management ; Server consolidation simplifies IT management by providing centralized management tools and interfaces for managing virtual machines. This allows for streamlined and unified management of servers, making it easier to deploy, configure, monitor and manage IT resources. This can lead to improved operational efficiency, reduced ‘management complexity and faster troubleshooting and issue resolution. inhanced scalability and flexibility : Server consolidation allows businesses to easily scale up or down their IT resources based on changing workload demands. Virtual machines can be easily provisioned or de-provisioned and workloads can be dynamically allocated to different. servers as needed. This flexibility enables businesses to respond quickly to changing business requirements and optimize their IT infrastructure accordingly. Improved disaster recovery and business continuity : Server consolidation can enhance disaster recovery and business continuity capabilities. Virtual machines can be easily backed up, replicated, or migrated to remote sites, allowing for efficient backup and recovery of workloads in case of hardware failures or other issues. This ensures uninterrupted operations and minimizes downtime, improving business continuity. Testing and development : Server consolidation provides an isolated and controlled environment for testing and development of software applications. Virtual machines can be easily cloned or provisioned with different configurations, allowing for efficient testing of applications in different environments. This speeds up development cycles, reduces the need for physical hardware and improves the quality of software applications. Green IT and sustainability : Server consolidation can contribute to green IT initiatives and Sustainability efforts by reducing the physical server footprint, power consumption and overall energy usage. Consolidating workloads onto fewer servers can help businesses reduce their carbon footprint and achieve environmental sustainability goals, {n summary, server consolidation offers several benefits to businesses, Tesource utilization, cost savings, simplified management, flexibility, including improved enhanced scalability and improved disaster recovery and business continuity, testing and development benefits and green IT initiatives. These benefits make server consolidation a popular approach for businesses looking to optimize their IT infrastructure, reduce costs, improve operational efficiency and enhance their business agility. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeSes Virtualization Sorvor and Dosktop Vitulaoy Hd Selecting Server Virtualization Platform Selecting the right server virtualization platform isan important decision for businesses, ay i will impact the performance, reliability and manageability of the virtualized environment. Here are some key factors to consider when selecting a server virtualization platform * Hypervisor type : Hypervisors are the core software or hardware components that enable Virtualization, There are two main types of hypervisors : Type | (bare metal) and Type 2 (hosted). Type | hypervisors run directly on the physical server hardware and are typically more efficient and provide better performance, as they have direct access to hardware resources, Examples of Type 1 hypervisors are VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V and KVM (Kernel. based Virtual Machine). ‘Type 2 hypervisors run on top of an existing operating system and the virtual machines share the resources of the underlying operating system. They are typically used for desktop virtualization or testing / development environments, Examples of Type 2 hiypervisors are VMware Workstation and Oracle VirtualBox. Feature set : Different virtualization platforms offer varying features and capabilities. It's important to evaluate the features provided by the virtualization platform and match them with the business requirements, Some common features to consider include live migration, high availability, resource allocation and management, networking, storage management and security features. * Vendor support and ecosystem : Consider the support and ecosystem offered by the virtualization platform vendor. This includes factors such as vendor reputation, customer support, documentation, community support and third-party software and hardware compatibility. A strong ecosystem can provide additional benefits in terms of interoperability, integration and ease of use. * Licensing and cost : Virtualization platforms have different licensing models and costs can vary significantly. Some platforms offer free or open-source options, while others may require licensing fees based on the number of physical servers, virtual machines, or features used. It's important to understand the licensing model and associated costs to ensure it fits within the budget and aligns with the business needs. * Performance and scalability : Evaluate the performance and scalability of the virtualization Platform. Consider factors such as maximum number of virtual machines, maximum virtual CPUs and memory supported, performance benchmarks and ability to handle the workload requirements of the business. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an uptrustfor knowledgeVirtualization 2-17 ‘Server and Desktop Virtualization ‘© Management and ease of use : C ider the management capabilities and case of use of the virtualization platform. Look for features such as central management, monitoring, automation and ease of configuration, A user-friendly interface and intuitive management tools can help streamline operations and reduce management complexity. ¢ Integration with existing infrastructure : Consider how well the virtualization platform integrates with the existing IT infrastructure, inch ation capabil 1g networking, storage and management tools. Intey ies ca impact the ease of deployment, operation and management of the virtualized environment. Security : Security is a critical consideration in any IT environment. Evaluate the security features provided by the virtualization platform, such as access controls, isolation between virtual machines, eneryption and security management tools. Consider how the virtualization platform aligns with the organization’ © Future -curity policies and requirements. lability and roadmap : Consider the future scalability and roadmap of the virtualization platform. Look for a platform that is actively maintained and supported by the vendor, with a clear roadmap for future updates and enhancements. This ensures that the virtualized environment will remain up-to-date and supported in the long term. Vendor reputation and support : Lastly, consider the reputation and support of the virtualization platform vendor. Evaluate factors such as vendor stability, customer reviews and customer support offerings. A reputable and reliable vendor can provide ongoing support and assistance with any issues or questions that may arise during the deployment and operation of the virtualized environment. Desktop Virtualization Desktop virtualization, also known as Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI), refers to the practice of hosting desktop operating systems and applications on a centralized server and delivering them to end - user devices over a network. This allows end - users to access their __ desktop environment and applications from various devices such as laptops, desktops, tablets, or "thin clients. Architecture of desktop virtualization : ‘The architecture of desktop virtualization typically involves the following components * Host server : This is the central server that hosts the virtual desktops. It runs a hypervisor, which is responsible for creating and managing Virtual Machines (VMs) that host the desktop operating systems and applications. * Virtual desktops : These are the VMs that host the desktop operating systems, applications, and user data. Each virtual d sktop is typically isolated from other virtual desktops, providing individualized computing environments for end - users. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeServer and Lissn— el ViUalizg, = 2-18 Z2teg Virtualization 1, Requests desktop session aap Data center 2. Desktop ie - -H + session =Q Remote user Q user @ Firewall Fig. 2.8.1 nt is responsible for managing the connections between * Connection broker : This componet directs them to their assigned end-user devices and virtual desktops. It authenticates users, virtual desktops and manages user sessions. «End-user devices : These are the devices used by end-users to access their virtual desktops. They can be traditional desktops, laptops, tablets or thin clients. Uses of desktop virtualization : Desktop virtualization is used in various scenarios to provide benefits such as improved security, flexibility, manageability and cost savings. Some common uses of desktop virtualization include : Desktop virtualization allows end - users to access their desktop environment and applications remotely, enabling them to work from anywhere using different devices. This is particularly useful for remote workers, telecommuters, or * Remote access employees who require access to their desktop environment while on the go. © Centralized management : Desktop virtualization allows for centralized management of desktop operating systems, applications and user data. IT administrators can deploy updates, patches and software applications to virtual desktops from a central location, simplifying desktop management and reducing maintenance efforts. © Enhanced security : Desktop virtualization can improve security by isolating desktop environments from end - user devices. This helps in preventing malware infections, dat? breaches and unauthorized access to desktop environments. Additionally, virtual desktops can be easily backed up, replicated and restored, enhancing data protection and disaste recovery capabilities. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeVetwtization 2-19 Server and Desktop Virtualization + Legacy application support : Desktop virtualization can be used to run legacy applications that are not compatible wit modem operating systems or hardware. By hosting legacy , organizations can continue to use these applications without the need for expensive hardware upgrades or software rewrites © Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) initiatives tual desktoy Desktop virtualization can support BYOD initiatives by allowing end-users to access their virtual desktops and applications from their own devices. This allows for flexibility in device choice while maintaining central control and security of the desktop environment. Testing and development : Desktop virtualization can be used in testing and development environments {0 create isolated and reproducible desktop environments for software testing, development and debugging. This helps in improving the quality and reliability of software applications. Workforce scalability : Desktop virtualization can enable organizations to quickly provision or de-provision virtual desktops as needed, making it scalable for fluctuating workforce needs, This can be particularly beneficial in scenarios such as seasonal workforce requirements or temporary employee access. In summary, desktop virtualization provides a flexible and centralized approach to managing desktop environments and applications, enabling improved security, manageability and flexibility for end-users and IT administrators alike. Types of Desktop Virtualization There are several types of desktop virtualization, each with its own unique characteristics. The three most popular types of desktop virtualization are Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI, Remote Desktop Services (RDS) and Desktop-as-a-Service (DaaS). Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) : Architecture : In VDI, the desktop operating systems, applications and user data are hosted and _ Tun on Virtual Machines (VMs) on a centralized server. The end - users access their virtual _ desktops remotely over a network using thin or zero - client devices, or even their personal devices, _ through a client software or web browser. The VMs are managed and maintained by the IT team and end-users have a personalized desktop experience with their own settings, applications and data. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeserver and Desktop Vituoley, Virtualization lent devices Lem ZTE LAN/ WAN delivery protocol Virtual Machines running desktop OS oat = Fig. 29.1 Benefits : © Centralized management : VDI allows IT teams to centrally manage and maintain desktop images, applications and user data, making it easier to deploy updates, patches and security measures across all virtual desktops. Flexibility and scalability : VDI provides the flexibility to create and manage multiple desktop images for different user groups, departments, or locations and allows for scalability to accommodate changing business needs. Security : VDI helps to centralize desktop data and applications in the data center, reducing the risk of data loss, theft, or unauthorized access from end-user devices. Increased productivity : VDI enables users to access their virtual desktops from anywhere, on any device, allowing for remote work and increasing productivity by providing a consistent desktop experience across different devices. Remote Desktop Services (RDS) : Architecture : In RDS, the desktop operating systems, applications and user data are hosted and Tun on a centralized server and multiple users share a single server OS session. End-users access their virtual desktops remotely over a network using Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) or other Temote access protocols and each user gets their own session with their own settings, applications and data. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for ‘knowledge2094 Lorver nd Dosis Vitinbipatiens Virtualization 2% — EL Pit torah > sats” haus tenons Benefits : * Cost-effective : RDS allows for efficient utilization of server resources, as multiple users share a single OS session, reducing the hardware and licensing costs compared to individual desktops. * Simplified management : RDS simplifies desktop management as all desktop images, applications and data are hosted and managed on a centralized server, making it easier to deploy updates, patches and security measures. Flexibility : RDS allows for different user groups to share the same server OS session or have their own dedicated sessions, providing flexibility in delivering desktops to different types of users with varying requirements. Access from anywhere : RDS enables remote access to virtual desktops, allowing users to work from anywhere, on any device, increasing productivity and mobility _ Desktop-as-a-Service (DaaS) : Architecture : DaaS is a cloud-based desktop virtualization solution where the desktop SPerating systems, applications and user data are hosted and run on virtual machines in the cloud, managed by a third - party service provider. End-users access their virtual desktops over the _ internet from their end-user devices using a client software or web browser. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeVirtualization Server and Desktop Virtua, ane Cloud infrastructure EE Cloud service provider enncoor Virtual desktops Mobile users Enterprise users Work from home users Fig, 2.9.3 Daas architecture Benefits : Flexibility and scalability : DaaS provides on - demand provisioning of virtual desktops from the cloud, allowing for flexibility and scalability to meet changing business needs without the need for upfront infrastructure investments. Simplified management : DaaS eliminates the need for managing the underlying infrastructure, as it is managed by the service provider, allowing IT teams to focus on managing desktop images, applications and data. Cost-effective : DaaS allows for pay-as-you-go pricing models, where businesses pay only for the virtual desktops they use, reducing upfront costs and providing cost predictability. Mobility : DaaS enables users to access their virtual desktops from anywhere, on any device, providing mobility and flexibility for remote work scenarios, Overall, desktop virtualization provides businesses with benefits such as centralized management, cost savings, flexibility, scalability, increased security and improvel productivity, depending on their specific needs and implementation, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for ‘knowledgeae Bo a5) Server and Desktop Virtualization Virtual Compare VDI, RDS and DaaS Feature vol RDS Daas Desktop OS, apps, data Desktop OS, apps, data Desktop OS, apps, data hosted on virtual hosted on a centralized hosted on virtual Architecture machines on a server, multiple users machines in the cloud, centralized server share a single server OS _ managed by a third- " session party service provider Remote access overa Remote access using Remote access over the 5 Metwork using thin or RDP or other remote _ internet using client pe 7 zero-client devices or. eee eeeraeele software or web browser personal devices IT team manages and maintains desktop IT team manages and Service provider reducing risks of data loss or unauthorized _ access from end-user © devices maintains desktop manages the underlying Management images, apps and data images, apps anddata _ infrastructure, IT team in the data center in the data center manages desktop images, apps and data Multiple desktop Different user groups On-demand images for different can share the same provisioning of virtual Flexibility user groups, server OS session or _ desktops from the cloud departments or have their own locations dedicated sessions Scalable to Scalable to Scalable to meet accommodate changing accommodate changing changing business needs. Scalability business needs user requirements without upfront : ee infrastructure investments Upfront hardware and Reduced hardware and. Pay-as-you-go pricing, ‘ licensing costs licensing costs as reducing upfront costs _ Costs es on i multiple users share —_and providing cost Single server OS session predictability Centralized data and Centralized data and Managed by third - apps in the datacenter, apps in the data center, party service provider, may have additional security measures in place TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledges Server and Desktop Vilualizay, 2-24 Virtualization Allows for aus Allows for remote Se oe from ah | rs nywhere, access from anywhere, 3 oe Mobility. access from any i ibe: on any device on any device onratty, ified Cost savings, simp] Centralized Com'savings, piney fl ‘ rt, management, lexibility management, ae ili bili i ity, | flexibility, scalability, scalability, mobility Overall benefits flexibility, scalability, | ity, 2 , security, increased mobility productivity 4 1. What are the basics of virtual machines ? Explain the concept of virtualization. 2. Describe the different types of virtual machines, including process virtual machines, system virtual machines and hardware virtual machines. 3. Explain the concept of server virtualization and its types, including full virtualization, para-virtualization and hardware - assisted virtualization. 4. Discuss the business cases for server virtualization, including cost savings, improved efficiency, scalability and disaster recovery. 5. What are the uses of virtual server consolidation in the context of server virtualization ? Discuss the benefits and challenges of server consolidation. 6. Describe the factors to consider when selecting a server virtualization platform, including performance, scalability, management features and vendor support. 7. Explain the concept of desktop virtualization and its types, including Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI), Remote Desktop Services (RDS) and Desktop-as-a-Service (Daas). 8 Discuss the benefits of desktop virtualization, including centralized management, cost savings, increased security, mobility and. scalability, 9. Describe the factors to consider when selecting a desktop virtualization solution, including user requirements, infrastructure, cost and support, 10. Discuss the challenges and Potential solutions in implementing server and desktop virtualization, including hardware requirements, licensing, performance and user experience,Vitualzetion 2-25 Server and Desktop Virtualization Bo Two Marks Questions with Answers Q1 Define virtual machine. Ans. : A virtual machine is a software-based representation of a computer system that can run an operating system and applications, j like a physical computer. [seer | foo? [m3 | Lows [owe ws | Q.2 Define hypervisor Ans. : Hype ‘isor : A hypervisor is a software layer that allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical host system. It manages the allocation of hardware resources, such as CPU. memory and storage, to virtual machines. Q.3 What are virtual machines used for 7 Ans. : Virtual machines are used for consolidating hardware resources, increasing flexibility, ‘optimizing resource utilization, enabling easy deployment and migration, facilitating software development and testing and providing safe and isolated environments for various applications and operating systems. Q.4 — Whatis meant by network virtualization ? Ans. : Network virtualization involves abstracting and virtualizing network resources, such as switches, routers and firewalls, to create virtual networks that are independent of the physical | network infrastructure. This allows for greater flexibility, scalability and management of etworking resources and enables the creation of virtual networks with customized nfigurations for different applications or tenants. Q5 List the types of VDI. Ans. : VDI, the desktop operating systems, applications and user data are hosted and run on irtual Machines (VMs) on a centralized server. The three most popular types of desktop virtualization are Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI), Remote Desktop Services (RDS) and Desktop-as-a-Service (DaaS). .6 How virtual machines can be ensure the security purposes ? ‘Ans. : Virtual machines can be used for security purposes such as sandboxing and isolating ‘otentially malicious applications or processes for analysis and for creating secure test Wironments for vulnerability scanning and penetration testing.2-26 Server and Desktop Virt = Wale, virtual machines 7 Jy used in various scenarios, including server consolidation, saster recovery, legacy application support and cloyy vituatization _—— ‘iat the uses of system” irtual machines: widel a7 Ans. development computing 8 Define server consolidation. ver consolidation is the process of consolidating multiple physical servers into a typically using virtualization technologies. With System vi and tes sting environments, Ans. : S + number of more powerful servers, multiple workloads that were running on separate physical servers are known as Virtual Machines (VMs), running smalle server consolidation, a smaller number of virtual servers, also migrated to ‘on a single physical server. Q9__ Define snapshot. | A snapshot is a feature that allows capturing the current state of a virtual Ans. : Snapshot g its memory and disk contents. Snapshots can be used to save and restore the machine, includin state of a virtual machine, making it useful for backup, recovery and testing purposes. Q.10 Discuss about process virtual machines. ‘These virtual machines are designed to run a single application or process in an isolated ‘ronment for specific applications, allowing them to libraries and configurations. Ans. environment. They provide a runtime envi run independently with their own dependencies,UNIT Ill Network Virtualization Syllabus Introduction to Network Virtualization-Advantages- Functions-Tools for Network Virtualization- VLAN-WAN Architecture-WAN Virtualization Contents 3.1 Introduction to Network Virtualization 3.2 Advantages of Network Virtualization 3.3. Functions of Network Virtualization 3.4 Tools for Network Virtualization 3.5 Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) 3.6 WAN Architecture 3.7 WAN Virtualization Two Marks Questions with AnswersNet Vi Virtualization 3-2 work itty, Introduction to Network Virtualization Network virtualization is the process of abstracting network resources and services from y underlying physical network infrastructure, creating virtual networks that can be managed orchestrated in a software-defined manner. It involves creating multiple isolated virtual netwoy, with their own routing, switching, security policies and QoS settings, all running on a share physical network, Network virtualization allows for the creation, configuration and managemen gy virtual networks on-demand, providing flexibility, scalability, and isolation for cloud-baseg applications and services. It is typically achieved using software-defined networking (SDy) technologies that provide a centralized control plane for managing network resources and jx enables efficient utilization of network resources, improved agility and enhanced security in cloug computing environments, Architecture of network virtualization The architecture of network virtualization typically involves several key components that work together to create and manage virtual networks. These components may include : Virtual network user Virtual network user Virtual network operators Virtual network provider Infrastructure provider Infrastructure provider Fig. 3.1.1 Architecture of network virtualization ¢ Hypervisor or virtual switch : The hypervisor or virtual switch is a software-based | component that runs on physical servers or switches and provides the ability to create and” manage virtual networks, It typically abstracts the underlying physical network | infrastructure and enables the creation of Virtual network interfaces, switches and routers i that can be configured and managed in a software-defined manner. Hypervisors or virtual i switches are responsible for forwarding network traffic between Virtual networks, enforcing i network policies and providing connectivity between virtual machines (VMs) or containers Tunning on the same physical host or switch. 4 ae ee