Linear Algebra and Its Applications
Sixth Edition, Global Edition
Chapter 1
Linear Equations
in Linear Algebra
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Section 1.8: Introduction To Linear
Transformations
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Linear Transformations
• A transformation (or function or mapping) T from 𝑅𝑛 to 𝑅 𝑚
𝑚
is a rule that assigns to each vector x in 𝑅 𝑛 a vector T (x) in 𝑅
𝑛 𝑚
• The set 𝑅 is called domain of T, and 𝑅 is called the codomain of T.
• The notation 𝑇: 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 indicates that the domain of T is 𝑅 𝑛
and the codomain is 𝑅 𝑚
• For x in 𝑅 𝑛 the vector T (x) in 𝑅 𝑚 is called the image of x (under the
action of T ).
• The set of all images T(x) is called the range of T. See the figure on the
next slide.
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Matrix Transformations (1 of 7)
• For each x in 𝑅𝑛 T (x) is computed as Ax, where A is an m n matrix.
• For simplicity, we denote such a matrix transformation by x Ax.
• The domain of T is 𝑅𝑛 when A has n columns and the codomain of T is
𝑅𝑚 when each column of A has m entries.
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Matrix Transformations (2 of 7)
• The range of T is the set of all linear combinations of the columns of A,
because each image T (x) is of the form Ax.
• Example 1: Let
1 − 3 3 3
2
A= 3
5 , u = , b = 2 , c = 2 ,
−1
−1 7 −5 5
and define a transformation 𝑇: 𝑅2 → 𝑅3 by T (x) = Ax,
so that
1 − 3 x1 − 3 x2
T (x) = Ax = 3 5 1 = 3 x1 + 5 x2 .
x
x2
−1 7 − x1 + 7 x2
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Matrix Transformations (3 of 7)
a. Find T(u), the image of u under the transformation T.
b. Find an x in 𝑅2 whose image under T is b.
c. Is there more than one x whose image under T is b?
d. Determine if c is in the range of the transformation T.
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Matrix Transformations (4 of 7)
• Solution:
a. Compute
1 −3 5
2
T (u) = Au = 3 5 = 1 .
−1
−1 7 −9
b. Solve T (x) = b for x. That is, solve Ax = b, or
1 −3 3
3 5 x1 = 2 . ----(1)
x2
−1 7 −5
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Matrix Transformations (5 of 7)
• Row reduce the augmented matrix:
1 −3 3 1 −3 3 1 −3 3 1 0 1.5
3 5 2 0 14 −7 0 1 −.5 0 1 −.5
−1 7 −5 0 4 −2 0 0 0 0 0 0
----(2)
1.5
• Hence x1 = 1.5, x2 = −.5, and x = .
−.5
• The image of this x under T is the given vector b.
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Matrix Transformations (6 of 7)
c. Any x whose image under T is b must satisfy equation (1).
– From (2), it is clear that equation (1) has a unique solution.
– So there is exactly one x whose image is b.
d. The vector c is in the range of T if c is the image of some x in 𝑅2
that is, if c = T (x) for some x.
– This is another way of asking if the system Ax = c
is consistent.
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Matrix Transformations (7 of 7)
– To find the answer, row reduce the augmented matrix.
1 −3 3 1 −3 3 1 −3 3 1 −3 3
3 5 2 0 14 −7 0 1 2 0 1 2
−1 7 5 0 4 8 0 14 −7 0 0 −35
– The third equation, 0 = −35, shows that the system is inconsistent.
– So c is not in the range of T.
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Shear Transformation (1 of 2)
1 3
• Example 2: Let A = . The transformation
0 1
𝑇: 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 defined by T (x) = Ax is called a shear
transformation.
• It can be shown that if T acts on each point in the 2 2
square shown in the figure on the next slide, then the set
of images forms the shaded parallelogram.
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Shear Transformation (2 of 2)
• The key idea is to show that T maps line segments onto
line segments and then to check that the corners of the
square map onto the vertices of the parallelogram.
0
• For instance, the image of the point u = is
2
1 3 0 6
T (u) = = ,
0 1 2 2
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Linear Transformations (1 of 5)
2 1 3 2 8
and the image of is = .
2 0 1 2 2
• T deforms the square as if the top of the square were pushed to the
right while the base is held fixed.
• Definition: A transformation (or mapping) T is linear if:
i. T (u + v ) = T (u) + T ( v) for all u, v in the domain of T;
ii. T (cu) = cT (u) for all scalars c and all u in the domain of T.
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Linear Transformations (2 of 5)
• Linear transformations preserve the operations of vector addition
and scalar multiplication.
• Property (i) says that the result T (u + v ) of first adding u and v in
𝑅𝑛 and then applying T is the same as first applying T to u and v and
then adding T (u) and T (v) in 𝑅𝑚
• These two properties lead to the following useful facts.
• If T is a linear transformation, then
T ( 0) = 0 ----(3)
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Linear Transformations (3 of 5)
and T (cu + dv ) = cT (u) + dT ( v) ----(4)
for all vectors u, v in the domain of T and all scalars c, d.
• Property (3) follows from condition (ii) in the definition, because
T (0) = T (0u) = 0T (u) = 0
• Property (4) requires both (i) and (ii):
T (cu + dv ) = T (cu) + T (dv) = cT (u) + dT ( v)
• If a transformation satisfies (4) for all u, v and c, d, it must be linear.
• (Set c = d = 1 for preservation of addition, and set d = 0 for
preservation of scalar multiplication.)
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Linear Transformations (4 of 5)
• Repeated application of (4) produces a useful generalization:
T (c1 v1 + ... + c p v p ) = c1T ( v1 ) + ... + c pT ( v p ) ----(5)
• In engineering and physics, (5) is referred to as a
superposition principle.
• Think of v1 , , v p as signals that go into a system and T
T ( v1 ) , , T ( v p ) as the responses of that system to the signals.
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Linear Transformations (5 of 5)
• The system satisfies the superposition principle if
whenever an input is expressed as a linear combination of
such signals, the system’s response is the same linear
combination of the responses to the individual signals.
• Given a scalar r, define 𝑇: 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 by T (x) = rx.
• T is called a contraction when 0 r 1
and a dilation when r 1.
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