Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android,
iOS and iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables,
and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel forms part
of the Microsoft 365 suite of software.

Features

Basic operation
Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[7] using a grid of cells arranged in
numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic
operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and financial
needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very
limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies
on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).[8] A
PivotTable is a tool for data analysis. It does this by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable
fields. It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a
wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of
mathematical physics,[9][10] and then reporting
the results back to the spreadsheet. It also
has a variety of interactive features allowing Microsoft Excel
user interfaces that can completely hide the
spreadsheet from the user, so the
spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called
application, or decision support system (DSS),
via a custom-designed user interface, for
example, a stock analyzer,[11] or in general, as
a design tool that asks the user questions and
provides answers and reports.[12][13] In a more
elaborate realization, an Excel application can
automatically poll external databases and
measuring instruments using an update A simple bar graph
[14]
schedule, analyze the results, make a Word
report or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail being created in
these presentations on a regular basis to a list
of participants. Excel was not designed to be Excel, running on
used as a database.

Microsoft allows for a number of optional

Windows 11
command-line switches to control the manner
in which Excel starts.[15] Developer(s) Microso

Initial release Novem

Functions 1987

Excel 2016 has 484 functions.[16] Of these,

Stable release 2312
360 existed prior to Excel 2010. Microsoft
classifies these functions into 14 categories.
17126
Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be
called from VBA as methods of the object
"WorksheetFunction"[17] and 44 have the same
names as VBA functions.[18] / Janu
With the introduction of LAMBDA, Excel 2024[
became Turing complete.[19]

Written in C++
(back-
Macro end)[2]
programming
Operating system Mi
W
VBA programming
Type Spreadsheet

License Trialware[3]

Website microsoft
.com/en-
Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft
Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in
us
the Name Manager. The function sq is introduced
using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel.
/microsoft-
365/excel
(http://mic
rosoft.co
 m/en-us/
microsoft-
365/exce
l)
Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named
column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and
writes it into the named column variable y.

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows
spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques.
Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a
window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user
can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data
organization in VBA[20] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported
back to the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release
would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version,
Mac Excel 2011,[21] although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects, impacting some high
level developer tools.[22]

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.[23] The Macro
Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These
actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked
to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in
the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The
VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions
and screen prompt by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be
recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users
can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets
being loaded or changed.
Macro Recorded code may not be compatible
with Excel versions. Some code that is used in
Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003. Microsoft Excel for
Making a Macro that changes the cell colors
and making changes to other aspects of cells Mac
may not be backward compatible.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet

through the Excel Object Model,[24] a
vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects,
and a set of supplied functions or methods
that enable reading and writing to the Excel for Mac
spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for
example, through custom toolbars or (version 16.67),
command bars and message boxes). User-
created VBA subroutines execute these
running on macOS
actions and operate like macros generated
using the macro recorder, but are more
Big Sur 11.5.2
flexible and efficient.

Developer(s) Microso
History
From its first version Excel supported end-
Initial release Septem
user programming of macros (automation of
repetitive tasks) and user-defined functions
1985
(extension of Excel's built-in function library).
In early versions of Excel, these programs Stable release 16.70
were written in a macro language whose
statements had formula syntax and resided in 23021
the cells of special-purpose macro sheets
(stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) /
XLM was the default macro language for
Excel through Excel 4.0.[25] Beginning with
version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by
default but with version 5.0 XLM recording
was still allowed as an option. After version
5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions Febru
2023[4
of Excel, including Excel 2021, are capable of
running an XLM macro, though Microsoft
discourages their use.[26]

Written in C++
(back-
Python end),
programming Objective-
In 2023 Microsoft announced Excel would C
(API/UI)[2]
support the Python programming language
[27][28]
directly. As of January 2024, Python in
Excel is available in the Microsoft 365 Insider
Program.[27]
Operating system ma

Type Spreadsheet
Charts License Proprietary
commercial
software

Website products
.office
Graph made using Microsoft Excel

.com
Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms
generated from specified groups of cells. It /mac (htt
also supports Pivot Charts that allow for a
chart to be linked directly to a Pivot table. This p://produ
allows the chart to be refreshed with the Pivot
Table. The generated graphic component can cts.offic
either be embedded within the current sheet
or added as a separate object. e.com/m
These displays are dynamically updated if the ac)
content of cells changes. For example,
suppose that the important design
requirements are displayed visually; then, in
response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design
change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.

Add-ins
Additional features are available using add-ins. Several are provided with Excel, including:

Analysis ToolPak: Provides data

analysis tools for statistical and
engineering analysis (includes analysis
of variance and regression analysis)
 Analysis ToolPak
Microsoft Excel for
VBA: VBA
Android
functions for
Analysis ToolPak
Euro Currency
Tools: Conversion
and formatting for Excel for Android

euro currency running on Android

13
Solver Add-In:
Developer(s) Microso
Tools for
Corpora
optimization and
Stable release 16.0.1
equation solving
/ May
Data storage Operating system An
and Pie
lat
communicati Type Spreadsheet

on License Proprietary
commercial
software
Number of rows
and columns Website products
.office
Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in
the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = .com/en-
16 384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could
handle 64K (216 = 65 536) rows and 256 us/excel
columns (28 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0
onwards, including the current Version 16.x,
(https://p
can handle over 1M (220 = 1 048 576) rows,
and 16 384 (214, labeled as column 'XFD')
roducts.o
columns.[29]

ffice.co
m/en-us/
File formats excel)
Up until the 2007 version, Microsoft Excel
used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary
format.[30] Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format
that followed after a previous XML-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first
introduced in Excel 2002.[31]
Although supporting and encouraging the use
of new XML-based formats as replacements,
Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible Microsoft Excel for
with the traditional, binary formats. In
addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can iOS and iPadOS
read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy
formats. Support for some older file formats Developer(s) Microso
was removed in Excel 2007.[32] The file
formats were mainly from DOS-based Corpora
programs.

Stable release 2.73 /

Binary
May 1
OpenOffice.org has created documentation of
the Excel format. Two epochs of the format 2023[
exist: the 97-2003 OLE format, and the older
stream format.[33] Microsoft has made the
Operating system iO
Excel binary format specification available to
freely download.[34]
or
XML Spreadsheet iPa

The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in

15
Excel 2002[31] is a simple, XML based format
missing some more advanced features like
lat
storage of VBA macros. Though the intended
file extension for this format is .xml, the Type Spreadsheet
program also correctly handles XML files with
.xls extension. This feature is widely used by
third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query
License Proprietary
Browser) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities
without implementing binary file format. The
commercial
following example will be correctly opened by
Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or
Book1.xls: software

Website products
<?xml .office
version="1.0" .com/en-
?> us/excel
<Workbook
(https://p
xmlns="urn:sc
roducts.o
hemas-
microsoft- ffice.co
com:office:sp m/en-us/
readsheet" excel)

xmlns:o="urn:
schemas-microsoft-
com:office:office"
xmlns:x="urn:schemas-
microsoft-com:office:excel"
xmlns:ss="urn:schemas-
microsoft-
com:office:spreadsheet"
xmlns:html="h Excel Spreadsheet
ttp://www.w3. Filename .xls,
org/TR/REC- extension (.xlsx,
html40"> .xlsm,
<Worksheet .xlsb -
ss:Name="Shee Excel
t1"> 2007)
<Table Internet applic
ss:ExpandedCo media type excel
lumnCount="2"
Uniform Type com
ss:ExpandedRo Identifier (UTI)
wCount="2"
Developed by Micro
x:FullColumns
="1" Type Spreadsheet
x:FullRows="1 of
format
">
<Row>
<Cell><Data
ss:Type="String">Name</Data
></Cell>
 <Cell><Data
ss:Type="String">Example</D
ata></Cell>
</Row>
<Row>
<Cell><Data
ss:Type="String">Value</Dat
a></Cell>
<Cell><Data
ss:Type="Number">123</Data>
</Cell>
</Row>
</Table>
</Worksheet>
</Workbook>

Current file extensions

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite,
introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML)
specification.
Excel 2007 formats

Format Extension Description

The default Excel 2007 and later workbook format. In reality, a ZIP
compressed archive with a directory structure of XML text
Excel
.xlsx documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former
Workbook
binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for
security reasons. Saving as .xlsx offers file size reduction over .xls[35]

Excel Macro-
enabled .xlsm As Excel Workbook, but with macro support.
Workbook

As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary

form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents
Excel Binary more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large
.xlsb
Workbook documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds
of columns. This format is very useful for shrinking large Excel files
as is often the case when doing data analysis.

Excel Macro-
A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with
enabled .xltm
macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format.
Template

Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro

Excel Add-in .xlam
support because of the file purpose.
Old file extensions
Format Extension Description

Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and

Spreadsheet .xls
macros

Add-in
.xla Adds custom functionality; written in VBA
(VBA)

The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are
Toolbar .xlb
stored.

A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that

Chart .xlc only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS.
XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel.

Dialog .xld Used in older versions of Excel.

Archive .xlk A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet

Adds custom functionality; written in C++/C, Fortran, etc. and

Add-in (DLL) .xll
compiled into a special dynamic-link library

Macro .xlm A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel.

A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft

Template .xlt
Excel.

A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for

Module .xlv
Microsoft Excel

Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is

Library .DLL
used to access the Windows API

Workspace .xlw Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks

Using other Windows applications
Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can
communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common is Dynamic
Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send
data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as
"the protocol from hell".[36] As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others
for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to
important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

OLE Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows application to control another to enable it
to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses
another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a PowerPoint presentation may be
embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.[37][38][39][40]

Using external data

Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for
example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files
themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

Excel can accept data in real-time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to
communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as
Power Plus Pro).

DDE: "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the

message passing mechanism in
Windows to allow data to flow between
Excel and other applications. Although it
is easy for users to create such links,
programming such links reliably is so
difficult that Microsoft, the creators of
the system, officially refer to it as "the
protocol from hell".[36] In spite of its
many issues DDE remains the most
common way for data to reach traders
in financial markets.
Network DDE Extended the protocol to
allow spreadsheets on different
computers to exchange data. Starting
with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer
supports the facility.[41]
 Real Time Data: RTD although in many
ways technically superior to DDE, has
been slow to gain acceptance, since it
requires non-trivial programming skills,
and when first released was neither
adequately documented nor supported
by the major data vendors.[42][43]
Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.[44][45][46]

Export and migration of spreadsheets

Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and
environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web
using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI
opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files.

Password protection
Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:
 Password to open a document[47]
Password to modify a document[48]
Password to unprotect the worksheet
Password to protect workbook
Password to protect the sharing
workbook[49]
All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of the
Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used
primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not
encrypted, and data sources from a set password are saved in a document's header. Password
to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard
password "VelvetSweatshop", but since it is known to the public, it actually does not add any
extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from
gaining access to a document is the password to open a document. The cryptographic strength
of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to
create the document.

In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, the password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that
can be instantly cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can
also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services that use rainbow
tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition,
password-cracking programs can brute-force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of
thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document but also find
the original password.

In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm
that is available in the system (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file
cannot be decrypted, and thus the password to open cannot be removed, though the brute-force
attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the
default. Therefore, users who do not change the default settings lack reliable protection of their
documents.

The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key
of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1
reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel
2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a
100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.

Other platforms

Excel for mobile

Excel Mobile is a spreadsheet program that can edit XLSX files. It can edit and format text in
cells, calculate formulas, search within the spreadsheet, sort rows and columns, freeze panes,
filter the columns, add comments, and create charts. It cannot add columns or rows except at
the edge of the document, rearrange columns or rows, delete rows or columns, or add
spreadsheet tabs.[50][51][52][53][54][55] The 2007 version has the ability to use a full-screen mode to
deal with limited screen resolution, as well as split panes to view different parts of a worksheet
at one time.[53] Protection settings, zoom settings, autofilter settings, certain chart formatting,
hidden sheets, and other features are not supported on Excel Mobile, and will be modified upon
opening and saving a workbook.[54] In 2015, Excel Mobile became available for Windows 10 and
Windows 10 Mobile on Windows Store.[56][57]
Excel for the web
Excel for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft Excel available as part of Office on
the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Excel for the web can display most of the features available in the desktop versions of Excel,
although it may not be able to insert or edit them. Certain data connections are not accessible
on Excel for the web, including with charts that may use these external connections. Excel for
the web also cannot display legacy features, such as Excel 4.0 macros or Excel 5.0 dialog
sheets. There are also small differences between how some of the Excel functions work.[58]

Microsoft Excel Viewer

Microsoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for Microsoft Windows for viewing and printing
spreadsheet documents created by Excel.[59] Microsoft retired the viewer in April 2018 with the
last security update released in February 2019 for Excel Viewer 2007 (SP3).[60][61]

The first version released by Microsoft was Excel 97 Viewer.[62][63] Excel 97 Viewer was
supported in Windows CE for Handheld PCs.[64] In October 2004, Microsoft released Excel
Viewer 2003.[65] In September 2007, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3
(SP3).[66] In January 2008, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 (featuring a non-collapsible
Ribbon interface).[67] In April 2009, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2
(SP2).[68] In October 2011, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3).[69]

Microsoft advises to view and print Excel files for free to use the Excel Mobile application for
Windows 10 and for Windows 7 and Windows 8 to upload the file to OneDrive and use Excel for
the web with a Microsoft account to open them in a browser.[60][70]
Quirks
In addition to issues with spreadsheets in general, other problems specific to Excel include
numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and
more.

Numeric precision

Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always
accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line.

Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon
user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so,
for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed
values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur,
especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made
based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as
equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.

In the figure, the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal
representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the
second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In
the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line
has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed
value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in
the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is
because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays.

Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.[71] Excel's
implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to
accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but
that can be worse. See the main article for details.

Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions

may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for
sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.[72][73]

As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of
VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.[74]

Statistical functions
The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,[75][76][77][78][79] as
mishandling situations when data is missing, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling
of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when
some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has
announced that some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.[80]

Excel MOD function error

Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will
return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.[81]
Fictional leap day in the year 1900
Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year, even though e.g. 2100
is correctly treated as a non-leap year.[82][83] The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3 (deliberately
implemented to save computer memory), and was also purposely implemented in Excel, for the
purpose of bug compatibility.[84] This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file
format.[85]

Thus a (not necessarily whole) number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a date and time
are the (real) number of days after December 30, 1899, 0:00, a non-negative number less than 60
is the number of days after December 31, 1899, 0:00, and numbers with whole part 60 represent
the fictional day.

Date range
Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900–9999, except that December 31, 1899, can be
entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900.

Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the
day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction.[86]

Conversion problems
If text is entered that happens to be in a form that Excel interprets as a date, the text can be
unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text
happens to be in the form of a floating-point notation of a number. In these cases the original
exact text cannot be recovered from the result. Formatting the cell as TEXT before entering
ambiguous text prevents Excel from converting it.

This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of DNA, for example in
bioinformatics. As first reported in 2004,[87] genetic scientists found that Excel automatically
and incorrectly converts certain gene names into dates. A follow-up study in 2016 found many
peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been affected and that "Of the selected journals, the
proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene
name errors is 19.6 %."[88] Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes
them depending on what it thinks they are. For example, MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-
CH-type finger 1) gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and SEPT2 (Septin 2) is converted
into September 2 (2-Sep) etc.[89] While some secondary news sources[90] reported this as a fault
with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers
misusing Excel.[88][91]

In August 2020 the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) published new guidelines in
the journal Nature regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with "symbols that affect data
handling and retrieval." So far 27 genes have been renamed, including changing MARCH1 to
MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in order to avoid accidental conversion of the gene names
into dates.[92]

In October 2023, Microsoft fixed the long-standing issue.[93]

Errors with large strings

The following functions return incorrect results when passed a string longer than 255
characters:[94]

type() incorrectly returns 16,

meaning "Error value"
 IsText() , when called as a method
of the VBA object
WorksheetFunction (i.e.,
WorksheetFunction.IsText() in
VBA), incorrectly returns "false".

Filenames
Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the
following error:

A document with the name '%s' is

already open. You cannot open two
documents with the same name, even if
the documents are in different folders.
To open the second document, either
close the document that is currently
open, or rename one of the
documents.[95]
The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell
='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33 , and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is
no way to tell which one the user means.[96]

Versions

Early history
Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan
became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3.
Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the
first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) on November
19, 1987.[97][98] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s, Excel had
started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve its position as a leading PC software
developer. This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future
in developing GUI software. Microsoft maintained its advantage with regular new releases, every
two years or so.

Microsoft Windows
Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only
available on the Apple Macintosh.
Excel 2.0 (1987)
The first Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. It was announced
on October 6, 1987, and released on November 19.[99] This included a run-time version of
Windows.[100]

BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards.
The magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user
interface as good as or better than the original.

Excel 3.0 (1990)

Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new
features.[100]

Excel 4.0 (1992)

Introduced auto-fill.[101]

Also, an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1
through 3, representing Lotus 1-2-3, which is then crushed by an Excel logo.[102]

Excel 5.0 (1993)

With version 5.0, Excel included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language
based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-
defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA includes a fully featured integrated
development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user
actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and
in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not
creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use
of basic object-oriented programming techniques.
The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This
caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft
belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to
enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted
certificate.

Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", a
Doom-like minigame, although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such
undocumented features from their products.[103]

5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT 3.51
(x86/Alpha/PowerPC)

Excel 95 (v7.0)

Microsoft Excel 95

Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the first major version after Excel
5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major
version number.

Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.

Excel 95 contained a hidden Doom-like mini-game called "The Hall of Tortured Souls", a series of
rooms featuring the names and faces of the developers as an Easter egg.[104]
Excel 97 (v8.0)
Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper
clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It
introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels.

This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter egg.

Excel 2000 (v9.0)

Microsoft Excel 2000

Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard
where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited
appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.

A small 3-D game called "Dev Hunter" (inspired by Spy Hunter) was included as an Easter
egg.[105][106]

Excel 2002 (v10.0)

Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.

Excel 2003 (v11.0)

Included in Office 2003. Minor enhancements.
Excel 2007 (v12.0)

Microsoft Excel 2007

Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to
other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was
different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported
fairly good acceptance by users except for highly experienced users and users of word
processing applications with a classical WIMP interface, but was less convinced in terms of
efficiency and organization.[107] However, an online survey reported that a majority of
respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more
negative" than intermediate users, and users reporting a self-estimated reduction in productivity.

Added functionality included Tables,[108] and the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams.
Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and
much-improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of
arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.

Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm
for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.[109]

Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To
illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (220) and the columns was 16,384 (214; the far-
right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This
version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however,
VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they
were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration.
Excel 2010 (v14.0)

Microsoft Excel 2010 running on

Windows 7

Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was
skipped.

Minor enhancements and 64-bit support,[110] including the following:

Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for

commonly used functions
Improved pivot tables
More conditional formatting options
Additional image editing capabilities
In-cell charts called sparklines
Ability to preview before pasting
 Office 2010 backstage feature for
document-related tasks
Ability to customize the Ribbon
Many new formulas, most highly
specialized to improve accuracy[111]

Excel 2013 (v15.0)

Included in Office 2013, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

Improved Multi-threading and Memory

Contention
FlashFill[112]
Power View[113]
Power Pivot[114]
Timeline Slicer
Windows App
 Inquire[115]
50 new functions[116]

Excel 2016 (v16.0)

Included in Office 2016, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

Power Query integration

Read-only mode for Excel
Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and
Slicers in Excel
New Chart Types
Quick data linking in Visio
Excel forecasting functions
Support for multiselection of Slicer
items using touch
 Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill
Down
Excel data cards[117]

Excel 2019, Excel 2021, Office 365 and

subsequent (v16.0)
Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions. Instead, features are introduced
automatically over time using Windows Update. The version number remains 16.0. Thereafter
only the approximate dates when features appear can now be given.

Dynamic Arrays. These are essentially

Array Formulas but they "Spill"
automatically into neighboring cells and
do not need the ctrl-shift-enter to create
them. Further, dynamic arrays are the
default format, with new "@" and "#"
operators to provide compatibility with
previous versions. This is perhaps the
 biggest structural change since 2007,
and is in response to a similar feature in
Google Sheets. Dynamic arrays started
appearing in pre-releases about 2018,
and as of March 2020 are available in
published versions of Office 365
provided a user selected "Office
Insiders".

Apple Macintosh

Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011

1985 Excel 1.0

1988 Excel 1.5
1989 Excel 2.2
1990 Excel 3.0
1992 Excel 4.0
1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.x—Final
Motorola 680x0 version[118] and first
PowerPC version)
1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)
2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)
2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)
2010 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)
2015 Excel 15.0 (part of Office 2016—
Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac
version much closer to parity with its
 Windows cousin, harmonizing many of
the reporting and high-level developer
functions, while bringing the ribbon and
styling into line with its PC
counterpart.)[119]

OS/2

1989 Excel 2.2

1990 Excel 2.3
1991 Excel 3.0

Summary
Old version, not Older version, still Current stable
Legend:
maintained maintained version
Microsoft Excel for Windows release history

Year Name Version Comments

Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh

1987 Excel 2 2.0
version. Supported macros (later known as Excel 4 macros).

1990 Excel 3 3.0 Added 3D graphing capabilities

1992 Excel 4 4.0 Introduced auto-fill feature

Included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and various object-

1993 Excel 5 5.0
oriented options

Renumbered for contemporary Word version. Both programs

1995 Excel 95 7.0
were packaged in Microsoft Office by this time.

1997 Excel 97 8.0

Excel
2000 9.0 Part of Microsoft Office 2000
2000

Excel
2002 10.0
2002

Excel Released only 1 year later to correspond better with the rest of
2003 11.0
2003 Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, etc.).

Excel
2007 12.0
2007

Excel Due to superstitions surrounding the number 13, Excel 13 was

2010 14.0
2010 skipped in version counting.

Excel Introduced 50 more mathematical functions (available as pre-

2013 15.0
2013 packaged commands, rather than typing the formula manually).

Excel
2016 16.0 Part of Microsoft Office 2016
2016
Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history

Year Name Version Comments

Initial version of Excel. Supported macros (later known as Excel 4

1985 Excel 1 1.0
macros).

1988 Excel 1.5 1.5

1989 Excel 2 2.2

1990 Excel 3 3.0

1992 Excel 4 4.0

1993 Excel 5 5.0 Only available on PowerPC-based Macs. First PowerPC version.

Excel 6 and Excel 7 were skipped to correspond with the rest of

1998 Excel 98 8.0
Microsoft Office at the time.

Excel
2000 9.0
2000

Excel
2001 10.0
2001

Excel
2004 11.0
2004

Excel
2008 12.0
2008

Excel As with the Windows version, version 13 was skipped for

2011 14.0
2011 superstitious reasons.

As with the rest of Microsoft Office, so it is for Excel: Future

Excel release dates for the Macintosh version are intended to
2016 16.0
2016 correspond better to those for the Windows version, from 2016
onward.
Microsoft Excel for OS/2 release history

Year Name Version Comments

Excel
1989 2.2 Numbered in between Windows versions at the time
2.2

Excel
1990 2.3
2.3

Last OS/2 version. Discontinued subseries of Microsoft Excel,

1991 Excel 3 3.0
which is otherwise still an actively developed program.

Impact
Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the
essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program
displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with
relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly
expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released
a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in
1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0.[120] Unlike
Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS version of Excel.

Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets
(fonts, character attributes, and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell re-
computation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous
spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user
command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and expand the selection box to
automatically copy a cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies
intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced
extensive graphing capabilities.
Security
Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly
exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an
appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can gain control of the victim's computer.[121]
UK's GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.[122][123]

Games
Besides the easter eggs, numerous games have been created or recreated in Excel, such as
Tetris, 2048, Scrabble, Yahtzee, Angry Birds, Pac-Man, Civilization, Monopoly, Battleship, Blackjack,
Space Invaders, and others.[124][125][126][127][128]

In 2020, Excel became an esport with the advent of the Financial Modeling World Cup.[129]

See also

Comparison of spreadsheet software

Spreadmart
Financial Modeling World Cup, online
esport financial modelling competition
 using Excel

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30209212421/https://www.contextures.co
m/excelgames.html) from the original on
February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 16,
2023.
129. "Microsoft Excel esports is real and it
already has an international tournament" (h
ttps://www.oneesports.gg/gaming/microso
ft-excel-esports-real-tournament/) . ONE
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References

Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob; Green, John

(2009). Professional Excel Development:
The Definitive Guide to Developing
Applications Using Microsoft Excel and
VBA (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=VnegO0pMYlIC) (2nd ed.). Boston:
Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-50879-
9.
Dodge, Mark; Stinson, Craig (2007).
Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Inside Out.
Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press.
ISBN 978-0-7356-2321-7.
Billo, E. Joseph (2011). Excel for
Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide
(3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley &
Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-38123-6.
Gordon, Andy (January 25, 2021).
"LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet
function" (https://www.microsoft.com/e
 n-us/research/blog/lambda-the-ultimata
e-excel-worksheet-function/) .
microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved
April 23, 2021.

External links

Microsoft Excel (http Wikime

dia
s://www.microsoft.co
Commo
m/microsoft-365/exce ns has
media
l) – official site
related
to
Microso
ft Excel.
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/ind Wikibo
ex.php? oks has
a book
on the
title=Microsoft_Excel&oldid=12 topic
20971792" of:
Excel

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