PROJECT REPORT ON IT SKILLS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

MBA

BATCH: 2022-2024

Submitted To Submitted By

Puja Shree Agarwal Ankeeta Kumari

HIERANK BUSINESS SCHOOL

A-42, Institutional Area, Block A,
Industrial Area, Sector 62, Noida
Uttar Pradesh 201307

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 DATE …………………….

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms.…ANKEETA KUMARI…. is a bonafide student of MBA 1 st year
of this institute for the session (2022-2024) has prepared project report on IT-SKILL for the
partial fulfillment of Masters of Business Administration (MBA) affiliated to Dr. APJ Abdul
Kalam Technical University, Lucknow.

I wish him/her all the best for his/her endeavours.

Dr. Rajni Singh

(Dean Academics, MBA)

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 DECLARATION

I am Ankeeta Kumari Daughter of Shri Pramod Kumar pursuing Masters of Business

Administration (MBA) 1st Year from Hierank Business School, Sector 62, and Session 2022-24.
I hereby, declare that the work presented in this project entitled “IT SKILLS LAB”, submitted
to the department of Management, HIERANK BUSINESS SCHOOL, Noida, for the award of
the MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION degree from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
Technical University (AKTU) (Formerly UPTU), Lucknow is our original work.

Signature in full………………………………..
ANKEETA KUMARI
(MBA I Sem.)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and

thanks to my supervisor CS Puja Shree Agarwal.

I am thankful; to all those staff members of the department who help me

directly and indirectly in completing this work.

Last but not the least, I am thankful to the management members and
director of HIERANK BUSINESS SCHOOL, NOIDA (UP) who permitted
and supported me for completing this research work.

ANKEETA KUMARI
(M
BA I Sem.)

CONTE

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 Table of Content:

Sr. No. Topic Name Page No.

1 Computer- Overview 6
2 Functionalities of a Computer 6
3 Advantages of Computer 6-8
4 Disadvantages of Computer 8
5 Computer - Applications 9-13
6 Computer- Software 14-17
7 Computer- Hardware 18-24
8 MS Word 25-28
9 MS Power-Point 29-33
10 MS Excel 34-41
11 Bibliography 42
NT

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 Computer - Overview

Today’s world is an information-rich world and it has become a necessity for

everyone to know about computers. A computer is an electronic data
processing device, which accepts and stores data input, processes the data
input, and generates the output in a required format.

Functionalities of a Computer

If we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the
following five functions −

Step 1 − Takes data as input.

Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as

required.

Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful information.

Step 4 − Generates the output.

Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps.

Advantages of Computers

Following are certain advantages of computers.

1. High Speed
• Computer is a very fast device.
• It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.

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 • The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even
the picosecond.
• It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared
to man who will spend many months to perform the same task.

2. Accuracy
• In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
• The calculations are 100% error free.
• Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the
input is correct.

3. Storage Capability
• Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
• A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
• It can store large amount of data.
• It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.

4. Diligence
• Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness,
and lack of concentration.
• It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
• It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy.

5. Versatility
• A computer is a very versatile machine.
• A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
• This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various
fields.
• At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and
the very next moment it may be playing a card game.

6. Reliability

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 • A computer is a reliable machine.
• Modern electronic components have long lives.
• Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.

7. Automation
• Computer is an automatic machine.

• Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically. Once

the computer receives a program i.e., the program is stored in the
computer memory, then the program and instruction can control the
program execution without human interaction.

8. Reduction in Paper Work and Cost

• The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to
reduction in paper work and results in speeding up the process.
• As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the
problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.
• Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high, it
substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.

Disadvantages of Computers

Following are certain disadvantages of computers.

1. No I.Q.
• A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.
• Each instruction has to be given to the computer.
• A computer cannot take any decision on its own.

2. Dependency

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 • It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully dependent on
humans.

3. Environment
• The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and
suitable.

4. No Feeling
• Computers have no feelings or emotions.
• It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and
knowledge unlike humans.

Computer - Applications

1. Business
A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy,
reliability, or versatility which has made it an integrated part in all
business organizations.

Computer is used in business organizations for −

• Payroll calculations

• Budgeting

• Sales analysis

• Financial forecasting

• Managing employee database

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 • Maintenance of stocks, etc.

2. Banking
Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers.

Banks provide the following facilities −

• Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance,

making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and
trustee records.

• ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even

easier for customers to deal with banks.

3. Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of
computers. Insurance companies, finance houses, and stock broking
firms are widely using computers for their concerns.

Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with

information showing −

• Procedure to continue with policies

• Starting date of the policies

• Next due installment of a policy

• Maturity date

• Interests due

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 • Survival benefits

• Bonus

4. Education
The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education
system.

• The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE

(Computer Based Education).
• CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.
• Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of
computer students.
• There are a number of methods in which educational institutions can
use a computer to educate the students.
• It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and
analysis is carried out on this basis.

5. Marketing
In marketing, uses of the computer are following −

• Advertising − With computers, advertising professionals create art and

graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the
goal of selling more products.

• Home Shopping − Home shopping has been made possible through

the use of computerized catalogues that provide access to product
information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the
customers.

6. Healthcare

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 Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and
dispensaries. They are being used in hospitals to keep the record of
patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing
different diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also
done by computerized machines.

Following are some major fields of health care in which computers are used.

• Diagnostic System − Computers are used to collect data and identify

the cause of illness.

• Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done and the reports are
prepared by computer.

• Patient Monitoring System − These are used to check the patient's

signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.

• Pharma Information System − Computer is used to check drug

labels, expiry dates, harmful side effects, etc.

• Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

7. Engineering Design
Computers are widely used for engineering purpose.

One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides
creation and modification of images. Some of the fields are −

• Structural Engineering −Requires stress and strain analysis for

design of ships, buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc.

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 • Industrial Engineering − Computers deal with design,
implementation, and improvement of integrated systems of people,
materials, and equipment.

• Architectural Engineering − Computers help in planning towns,

designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using
both 2D and 3D drawings.

8. Military

Computers are largely used in defense. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons,

etc. Military also employs computerized control systems. Some military
areas where a computer has been used are −

• Missile Control

• Military Communication

• Military Operation and Planning

• Smart Weapons

9. Communication
Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or
speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the
person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category are −

• E-mail

• Chatting

• Usenet

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 • FTP

• Telnet

• Video-conferencing

10. Government

Computers play an important role in government services. Some major

fields in this category are −

• Budgets

• Sales tax department

• Income tax department

• Computation of male/female ratio

• Computerization of voters lists

• Computerization of PAN card

• Weather forecasting

SOFTWARE

Software, or program, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as

opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes
application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to

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perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which
enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and
with other software or custom software made to user specifications.

Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is

software. The storage devices and display devices are hardware.

The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and adjectives. For
example, you can say: "The problem lies in the software," meaning that there
is a problem with the program or data, not with the computer itself. You can
also say: "It's a software problem."

The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing

because they are so integrally linked. Clearly, when you purchase a program,
you are buying software. But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk
(hardware) on which the software is recorded.

Software is often divided into two categories:

 Systems software : Includes the operating system and all the

utilities that enable the computer to function.

 Applications software : Includes programs that do real work for

users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and database
management systems fall under the category of applications software.

Software license

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A Software license comprises the permissions, rights and restrictions
imposed on software (whether a component or a free-standing program). Use
of software without a license could constitute infringement of the owner's
exclusive rights under copyright or, occasionally, patent law and allow the
owner to sue the infringer.

Under a software license, the licensee is permitted to use the licensed

software in compliance with the specific terms of the license. If there is a
breach of the license, depending on the license it may result in termination of
the license, and potentially the right of the owner to sue.

A software vendor may offer a software license unilaterally (without giving

the licensee the opportunity to negotiate for more favorable terms) such as in
a shrink wrap contract, or even as part of a software license agreement with
another party. Virtually all mass produced proprietary software is sold under
some form or fashion of software license agreement. One off, or custom
software is often licensed under terms of which are specifically negotiated
between the licensee and licensor.

In addition to granting rights and imposing restrictions on use of the

software, software licenses typically contain provisions which allocate
liability and responsibility between the parties. In enterprise and commercial
software transactions these terms (such as limitations of liability, warranties
and warranty disclaimers, and indemnity if the software infringes intellectual
property rights of others) are often negotiated by attorneys specialized in
software licensing. The legal field has seen the growth of this specialized
practice area due to unique legal issues with software licenses, and the desire
of software companies to protect assets which, if licensed improperly, could
diminish their value.

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Software product characteristics

1. Successful software...
2. Provides the required functionality
3. Is usable by real (i.e. naive) users
4. Is predictable, reliable and dependable
5. Functions efficiently
6. Has a "life-time" (measured in years)
7. Provides an appropriate user interface¤
8. Is accompanied by complete documentation
9. May have different configurations

What the software consumer wants:

1. Cheap to buy
2. Easy to learn
3. Easy to use
4. Solves the problem
5. Reliable
6. Powerful
7. Fast
8. Flexible
9. Available

What the software producer wants:

1. Cheap to produce
2. Well-defined behavior
3. Easy to "sell"
4. Easy to maintain
5. Reliable

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 6. Easy to use
7. Flexible
8. Available (quick to produce)

Growth for Indian IT Services and IT Enabled Services Industry

The Indian IT software and services sector is on track to achieve its long
term target aspiration of US$ 77 billion (excluding e-commerce transactions
of $10 billion). According to the Nasscom-McKinsey Study 2002, by 2008
the industry would employ 4 million people, account for 7 percent of India's
GDP and 30 percent of India's foreign exchange inflows." Despite the
depressed economic conditions and a marked slowdown in the growth rate of
the industry, the long term potential of the industry is robust. Since the
historical growth rate of the software industry has been higher than that
required to achieve the vision of the 1999 report, the CAGR required
between 2002 and 2008 would be 34%.

Despite the challenges facing the sector, we are optimistic about the long
term potential of this industry. We believe four powerful forces will continue
to drive it. For one, a large mass of untapped potential blockbuster customers
are set to take off. Furthermore, India has achieved the familiarity and
experience with offshoring and this is dramatically increasing the breadth of
service lines. Significant under-penetrated segments exist at both country and
industry levels and there is pressure on global majors to move a significant
portion of their work to India. Despite the challenges facing the sector, we
are optimistic about the long term potential of this industry. We believe four
powerful forces will continue to drive it. For one, a large mass of untapped
potential blockbuster customers are set to take off. Furthermore, India has
achieved the familiarity and experience with offshoring and this is
dramatically increasing the breadth of service lines. Significant under-

18
penetrated segments exist at both country and industry levels and there is
pressure on global majors to move a significant portion of their work to
India.

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 HARDWARE

What is Hardware?

Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components.

Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs,
are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely
break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.

Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you, who have a
desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of
the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook
computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case
the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit.

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 Figure 1

The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral
device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk
drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and
CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit,
as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's
there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored
on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the
computer where you can store information!).

Figure 2

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The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral
device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk
drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and
CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit,
as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's
there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored
on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the
computer where you can store information).

Random Access Memory (RAM)

There's too much "stuff" on your computer's hard disk to use it all at the
same time. During the average session sitting at the computer, you'll
probably use only a small amount of all that's available. The stuff you're
working with at any given moment is stored in random access memory (often
abbreviated RAM, and often called simply "memory"). The advantage using
RAM to store whatever you're working on at the moment is that RAM is
very fast. Much faster than any disk. For you, "fast" translates to less time
waiting and more time being productive.

So if RAM is so fast, why not put everything in it? Why have hard disks at
all? The answer to that lies in the fact that RAM is volatile. As soon as the
computer is shut off, whether intentionally or by an accidental power outage,
everything in RAM disappears, just as quickly as a light bulb goes out when
the plug is pulled. So you don't want to rely on RAM to hold everything. A
disk, on the other hand, holds its information whether the power is on or off.

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The Hard Disk

All of the information that's "in your computer", so to speak, is stored on

your computer's hard disk. You never see that actual hard disk because it's
sealed inside a special housing and needs to stay that way. Unlike RAM,
which is volatile, the hard disk can hold information forever -- with or
without electricity. Most modern hard disks have tens of billions of bytes of
storage space on them. Which, in English, means that you can create, save,
and download files for months or years without using up all the storage space
it provides?

In the unlikely event that you do manage to fill up your hard disk, Windows
will start showing a little message on the screen that reads "You are running
low on disk space" well in advance of any problems. In fact, if that message
appears, it won't until you're down to about 800 MB of free space. And 800
MB of empty space is equal to about 600 blank floppy disks. That's still
plenty of room.

The Mouse

Obviously you know how to use your mouse, since you must have used it to
get here. But let’s take a look at the facts and buzzwords anyway. Your
mouse probably has at least two buttons on it. The button on the left is called
the primary mouse button; the button on the right is called the secondary
mouse button or just the right mouse button. I'll just refer to them as the left
and right mouse buttons. Many mice have a small wheel between the two
mouse buttons, as illustrated in figure.

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 Figure 3

The idea is to rest your hand comfortably on the mouse, with your index
finger touching (but not pressing on) the left mouse button. Then, as you
move the mouse, the mouse pointer (the little arrow on the screen) moves in
the same direction. When moving the mouse, try to keep the buttons aimed
toward the monitor -- don't "twist" the mouse as that just makes it all the
harder to control the position of the mouse pointer.

If you find yourself reaching too far to get the mouse pointer where you want
it to be on the screen, just pick up the mouse, move it to where it's
comfortable to hold it, and place it back down on the mouse pad or desk. The
buzzwords that describe how you use the mouse are as follows:

 Point: To point to an item means to move the mouse pointer so that

it's touching the item.
 Click: Point to the item, then tap (press and release) the left mouse
button.

 Double-click: Point to the item, and tap the left mouse button twice in
rapid succession - click-click as fast as you can.

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  Right-click: Point to the item, then tap the mouse button on the right.

 Drag: Point to an item, then hold down the left mouse button as you
move the mouse. To drop the item, release the left mouse button.

 Right-drag: Point to an item, then hold down the right mouse button
as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the right mouse
button.

The Keyboard

Like the mouse, the keyboard is a means of interacting with your computer.
You really only need to use the keyboard when you're typing text. Most of
the keys on the keyboard are laid out like the keys on a typewriter. But there
are some special keys like Esc (Escape), Ctrl (Control), and Alt (Alternate).
There are also some keys across the top of the keyboard labeled F1, F2, F3,
and so forth. Those are called the function keys, and the exact role they play
depends on which program you happen to be using at the moment.

Most keyboards also have a numeric keypad with the keys laid out like the
keys on a typical adding machine. If you're accustomed to using an adding
machine, you might want to use the numeric keypad, rather than the numbers
across the top of the keyboard, to type numbers. It doesn't really matter
which keys you use. The numeric keypad is just there as a convenience to
people who are accustomed to adding machines.

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 Figure 4

Most keyboards also contain a set of navigation keys. You can use the
navigation keys to move around through text on the screen. The navigation
keys won't move the mouse pointer. Only the mouse moves the mouse
pointer.

On smaller keyboards where space is limited, such as on a notebook

computer, the navigation keys and numeric keypad might be one in the same.
There will be a Num Lock key on the keypad. When the Num Lock key is
"on", the numeric keypad keys type numbers. When the Num Lock key is
"off", the navigation keys come into play. The Num Lock key acts as a
toggle. Which is to say, when you tap it, it switches to the opposite state. For
example, if Num Lock is on, tapping that key turns it off. If Num Lock is off,
tapping that key turns Num Lock on.

Combination Keystrokes (Shortcut keys)

Those mysterious Ctrl and Alt keys are often used in combination with other
keys to perform some task. We often refer to these combination keystrokes

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as shortcut keys, because they provide an alternative to using the mouse to
select menu options in programs. Shortcut keys are always expressed as:

key1+key2

Where the idea is to hold down key1, tap key2, then release key1. For
example, to press Ctrl+Esc hold down the Ctrl key (usually with your
pinkie), tap the Esc key, then release the Ctrl key. To press Alt+F you hold
down the Alt key, tap the letter F, and then release the Alt key.

MS-WORD

STARTING MS- WORD

Before creating or opening a document in MS-WORD, first you will have to

load MS- WORD in memory. This can be done either by clicking at the
shortcut of MS-WORD on the desktop, if available or by choosing
MICROSOFT WORD application from programs menu pad starts menu.

These are the Basic component of MS- WORD:

1. Title Bar: It is a horizontal bar that is located at the top of the screen.
It displays the name of the application and the active document.

2. Menu Bar: It is a horizontal bar that is located below the title bar, its
lists the word menu options.

3. Formatting Bar: It is the toolbar consists of tools frequently used

commands and utilities.

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 4. Standard Toolbar: it is horizontal bar that appear below menu bar. It
contains shortcut command buttons.

5. Ruler Bar: It allows format the vertical alignment of text in a

document.

6. Status Bar: It is located below the drawing toolbars. It displays

information which includes page numbers, the columns and lines
numbers on which your cursor is present at any given point of a time.
7. Scroll Bar: It is used to view different areas of the active window.
8.

The Workspace is the area in a document window wherein you enter the text
of your document.

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All these components are shown in:

DROP CAP:

D
rop cap is a stylized first character of paragraph that generally
has a very big size to grasp the attention of the reader. You must
have seen in magazines that the first character from the starting
of the articles is bigger size. This is called Drop Cap.

To apply Drop Cap to your paragraph click the cursor in the paragraph and
choose. Drop Cap option from format menu.

COLUMNS AND TABLES:

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Sometimes you need to put your text in multiple columns as in newspapers.
This can be done by the creating newspaper columns in the document. The
text flow within newspaper columns and related things

TABLE

Column

A table is arrangement of text in form of columns and rows. A table can be

useful for enhancing your documents. Table consists of vertical and
horizontal rows. The intersection of the columns and rows is called a cell.

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 MS POWERPOINT

MS-Office with any of the GUI Operating system have to be installed to

open PowerPoint application. The following steps are required to be carried
out for opening MS-PowerPoint.

To open a new presentation using tab key select blank presentation option
and press enter. To open a presentation which you have created already
select the third option open an existing presentation and press enter. Auto
content wizard is used to create presentation using wizard. A wizard is a step
by step process which collects information from the user by asking questions
and completes a process or task. Auto content wizard has many inbuilt
presentation models in variety of topics. You can choose a particular topic
and put your information in it using wizard.

INSERTING DIFFERENT OBJECTS IN POWERPOINT

New slide, inserting slide number.

NEW SLIDE

To insert a new slide do either one of the following:

1) Select the last placeholder of the currently active slide using tab key
and press ctrl+enter to insert new slide
2) Press ctrl+m to insert a new slide
3) Open insert menu by alt+I keys, select new slide using down arrow
and press enter to insert.

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INSERTING SLIDE NUMBER

Slide number option is present inside insert menu. Activating this will
open header and footer dialog box. In the slide tab you will find a slide
number check box. Press spacebar to check it. This will insert slide
number in your presentation. During slide show the slides will get
displayed in ascending order.

Date/time, symbol, comments

INSERTING DATE/TIME

Opening date and time option present inside the insert menu will again
open the header and footer dialog box. We have already discussed how
to insert date/time through this box in header and footer section.

INSERTING SYMBOLS

Symbols are the special signs which are not available in keyboard and it
cannot be entered through keyboard or mouse. Under this option such symbols
are present which cannot be entered through keyboard or mouse. It has many
categories like mathematical operators, currency symbols, letter like symbols
etc.

For inserting symbols open insert menu by alt+I option. Select symbols option
using down arrow and press enter. This will open symbols box. Select any
symbol using down arrow and press enter to insert it. If you want to choose
particular category press tab till jaws says subset combo box and press down
arrow to select a category.

COMMENTS

A comment is a note or annotation that can be added to a word or sentence to

give more knowledge about a particular topic.

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Steps to insert a comment
1. Select the slide you want to add comments to.
2. On the Insert menu, select comment option using down-arrow, type
your comments, and then press esc to come outside the comment box.

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4.3Inserting picture, table, chart and hyperlink.

INSERTING PICTURE

Picture can be inserted in a slide by an object called clipart present inside the
insert menu. PowerPoint provides separate layout for inserting picture. That is
it contains slides which provides separate placeholder named clipart for
inserting picture. We have already discussed how to insert picture in such
slides. But if you want to insert picture in a slide which does not contain
separate placeholder for picture, then you can insert it through clipart option
present inside the insert menu. To do that first open the slide in which picture
has to be inserted, open insert menu by alt+I keys and go to picture option
using down-arrow and press enter on the clipart option. This will open the
clipart dialog box which contains categories of pictures. You can select any
picture using arrow key and press enter to insert it.

INSERTING TABLE

Tables are structures arranged in rows and columns which can be used to
arrange data in more organized manner. Table option is present inside insert
menu. Like inserting pictures you can insert tables in two ways, first is
through the slide having separate placeholder for table, and second is through
the slides which do not have separate placeholder for table.

Steps to insert table

 For inserting table through first option select the table placeholder
using tab key and press enter.
 For inserting through second option go to insert menu and press enter
on table option.
 Both the option will open the table dialog box which contains two
columns, one for specifying no of rows and other for specifying no of
columns you want in the table

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  Press enter on ok button

This will insert table in your slide

INSERTING CHART

Chart is a graphical representation of data. In PowerPoint chart option is

present inside the inset menu. Activating this will insert chart in your slide
along with datasheet. A datasheet is a table included with a chart that
provides sample information showing where to type your own row and
column labels and data. In the datasheet you can specify your data for x-axis
and y-axis. Also you can insert chart through the slide which provide
separate placeholder for chart. You can do it by pressing enter on chart
placeholder which will open the chart and datasheet.

HYPERLINK

In Microsoft PowerPoint, a hyperlink is a connection from a slide to another

slide, a custom show, a Web page, or a file. The hyperlink itself can be text
or an object such as a picture, graph, shape, or WordArt. An action button is
a ready-made button that you can insert into your presentation and define
hyperlinks for. If the link is to another slide, the destination slide is displayed
in the PowerPoint presentation. If the link is to a Web page, network
location, or different type of file, the destination page or file is displayed in
the appropriate application or in a Web browser. In PowerPoint, hyperlinks
become active when you run your presentation, not when you are creating it.
Use action buttons when you want to include buttons with commonly
understood symbols for going to the next, previous, first, and last slides.
PowerPoint also has action buttons for playing movies or sounds.

Steps to insert hyperlink

 Go to insert menu and press enter on hyperlink option or use ctrl+m

keys to open the insert hyperlink dialog box.
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  In the text to display box type the hypertext that is the text to which
the address of the destination files has to be attached.

 In the look in box select the full path of the destination file

 Press enter on ok button.

FORMATTING A PRESENTATION

Formatting and adding special effects

Microsoft PowerPoint offers the option of making a presentation attractive to

hold the attention of the audience. The two main things which can be made
attractive to the presentation are the slide and the text to the slide. To make
the slide more attractive the following options are present.

 The background color can be made different

 The background can be made t o have a pattern

 The slide can have attractive title headings

 You can apply nice looking borders to the slides.

 Different slide design and layouts are available to make the

presentation more attractive.

Now we will discuss about the different options through which we can do the
above formatting. All the following options are present inside the format
menu which can be opened by alt+o keys.

Font: this option is used to change the font, style, size, color and effects of
the text present in your slide. This works same way as the font dialog box of
ms-word. You can access the above options of the font dialog box using the
tab key and using down arrows you can select the different options.

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 MS- EXCEL

Microsoft Excel (or Excel) is an application that allows us to do calculations

with numbers and present reports that often contain numbers. Though Excel
is an application for working with numbers we can also prepare text in Excel.
Excel is referred to as a spreadsheet application.

With Excel we can:

 Organize and store data

 Do simple and complex calculations
 Analyze data to understand it
 Format and present reports

Formatting data Cell formatting

The icons on the Home ribbon provide you with a variety of formatting
options. To apply any of these, just select the cell or cells that you want to
format, and then click the desired icon. Commonly used formatting attributes
include:

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The Format Painter allows you to copy formatting attributes from one
cell to a range of cells.
1. Select the cell whose formatting attributes you want to copy.
2. Click on the Format Painter icon.
3. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to have the same
formatting attributes. The cell values will remain as before, but their
format will change.

Formatting rows and columns

Any of the cell formatting options above can easily be applied to all
the cells contained in one or more rows or columns. Simply select the
rows or columns by clicking on the row or column labels, and then
click on the formatting icons that you want to apply.

You may also want to adjust the width of a column:

 To manually adjust the width, click and drag the boundary

between two column headings.

 To automatically adjust the width, select the required

columns, and then in the Cell group on the Home ribbon,
select Format, Cell Size, Auto fit Column Width

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  To specify an exact column width, select the columns,
and then in the Cell group on the Home ribbon, select
Format, Cell Size, Column Width, and type the value
you want

To adjust the height of a row:

 To manually adjust the height, click and drag

the boundary between two row labels. To
automatically adjust the height, select the
required rows, and then in the Cell group on
the Home ribbon, select Format, Cell Size,
Auto fit Row Height.

 To set a row or rows to a specific height, select

the rows, and then in the Cell group on the
Home ribbon, select Format, Cell Size, Row
Height, and type the value that you want.

Hiding rows and columns

If your spreadsheet contains sensitive data that you don’t want

displayed on the screen or included in printouts, then you can hide
the corresponding rows or columns. The cell values can still be used
for calculations, but will be hidden from view.

The easiest way to hide or unhide a row or column is to select the

row or column heading, right-click to view the pop-up menu, and
then select Hide or Unhide.

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 Alternatively, you can click the Format icon on the Home ribbon, and
select the Hide & Unhide option.

Formulas

Formulas are the key to Excel’s amazing power and versatility! By using a
formula, you can find the answer to virtually any calculation you can think
of! In this section I’m going to explain how to construct a formula, and give
you some guidelines to ensure that your formulas work correctly.

Creating a formula

Rule number one: a formula always starts with an equals sign (“=”). This
lets Excel know that it’s going to have to work something out.

In the body of the formula, you’re going to tell Excel what you want it to
calculate. You can use all the standard math’s operations, like addition and
multiplication, and you can include numbers, cell references, or built in
functions (which are covered in the next section of this manual).

For example, suppose you have a retail business. You buy stock at cost
price, and add a 25% markup to calculate your selling price. VAT must be
added to that at 14%. You give a 5% discount to long-standing customers
who pay their accounts promptly. Let’s look at how formulas can make the
calculations simple for you:

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  In column A, the Stock Item labels have just been typed in.

 In column B, the Cost Price values have just been typed in.

 In column C, I’ve used a formula. Cell C2 contains “=B2 * 25%”.

This works out 25% of the value in cell B2 (cost price), and displays
the result in cell C2 (markup).

 In column D, I’ve used a formula. Cell D2 contains “=B2 + C2”. This

adds the values in cells B2 (cost price) and C2 (markup), and displays
the result in cell D2 (retail price).

 In column E, I’ve used a formula. Cell E2 contains “=D2 * 14%”.

This works out 14% of the value in cell D2 (retail price), and displays
the result in cell E2 (VAT).

 In column F, I’ve used a formula. Perhaps by now you can work it

out for yourself? Cell F2 contains “=D2 + E2”. This adds the values
in cells D2 (retail price) and E2 (VAT), and displays the result in cell
F2 (selling price).

 In column G, I’ve used a formula. Cell G2 contains “=F2 * 95%”.

This works out 95% of the value in cell F2 (selling price), and
displays the result in cell G2 (discounted price).

And the great thing about using formulas in Excel, is that you can copy them
just as you do values. So once you’ve entered all the formulas in row 2 and

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checked that they are correct, you just need to

1. Select the cells in row 2 that contain your formulas (cells C2 to G2).

2. 2. Move the cursor over the fill handle in the bottom right corner of
the selected cells. It will change shape to a black cross.

3. 3. Hold down the mouse button and drag the selected cells over rows
3 to 5. The values in cells C3 to G5 are automatically calculated for
you! How cool is that

How formulas are evaluated

Now let’s look at some of the rules for creating formulas:

The operators that you need to know are

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

^ Exponentiation (“to the power of”) & to join two text strings together

These operations are evaluated in a particular order of precedence by Excel:

 Operations inside brackets are calculated first

 Exponentiation is calculated second.
 Multiplication and division are calculated third.
 Addition and subtraction are calculated fourth.
 When you have several items at the same level of precedence, they
are calculated from left to right.

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 Let’s look at some examples:

= 10 + 5 * 3 – 7 (result: 10 + 15 – 7 = 18)

= (10 + 5) * 3 – 7 (result: 15 * 3 – 7 = 38)

= (10 + 5) * (3 – 7) (result: 15 * -4 = -60)

If you’re not sure how a formula will be evaluated - use brackets!

Functions
Excel provides a wide range of built-in functions that can be included in
your formulas to save you the effort of having to specify detailed
calculations step-by-step. Each function is referred to by a specific name,
which acts as a kind of shorthand for the underlying calculation. Because a
function is used inside a formula, you’ll still need to start off with an equals
sign to show Excel that a calculation is required. Using AutoSum
Because addition is the most frequently used Excel function, a shortcut has
been provided to quickly add a set of numbers:

1. Select the cell where you want the total to appear.

2. Click on the Sum button on the Home ribbon
3. Check that the correct set of numbers has been selected (indicated by a
dotted line). If not, then drag to select a different set of numbers.
4. Press [ENTER] and the total will be calculated.

Basic functions

Some of the most commonly used functions include:

SUM () to calculate the total of a set of numbers

AVERAGE () to calculate the average of a set of numbers

MAX () to calculate the maximum value within a set of numbers

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MIN () to calculate the minimum value within a set of numbers

ROUND () to round a set a values to a specified number of decimal

places

TODAY () to show the current date

IF () to calculate a result depending on one or more conditions

So how do you use a function?

A function makes use of values or cell references, just like a simple

formula does. The numbers or cell references that it needs for its
calculations are placed in brackets after the name of the function.

To give a simple illustration:

Several popular functions are available to you directly from the Home
ribbon.

1. Select the cell where you want the result of the calculation to be
displayed.

2. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Sum button.

3. Click on the function that you want.

4. Confirm the range of cells that the function should use in its
calculation. (Excel will try to guess this for you. If you don’t like what it
shows inside the dotted line, then click and drag to make your own
selection.)

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5. Press [ENTER]. The result of the calculation will be shown in the
active cell.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.computerworld.com
2. www.computerhope.com

3. https://www.edugfcglobal.com

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