PHARMACY PRACTICE
Sairaj kumbhar
2marks answers
UNIT – 1
1 Enlist the various paramedical services in hospital
Various paramedical services in a hospital may include:
- Nursing
- Physiotherapy
- Radiography
- Laboratory technology
- Medical imaging technology
- Occupational therapy
- Speech therapy
- Dietetics
2 Define hospital according to WHO
Hospital, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is a medical facility where
patients are given specialized medical treatment and nursing care.
3 Purpose of medical records in a hospital
The purpose of medical records in a hospital is to:
- Document a patient’s medical history
- Track the progress of a patient’s treatment
- Provide a basis for planning patient care
- Serve as a legal document for the care provided
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4 Define hospital Pharmacy
Hospital Pharmacy is a specialized field of pharmacy that deals with the procurement,
storage, compounding, dispensing, and distribution of medications used in a hospital.
5 Staff requirement for hospital Pharmacy
Staff requirements for a hospital pharmacy may include pharmacists, pharmacy
technicians, and support staff like clerks and assistants, depending on the size and
needs of the hospital.
6 Give two examples for type B ADR
Examples of type B adverse drug reactions (ADRs) include:
- Allergic reactions
- Drug-induced liver injury
7 Enlist any four functions of hospital
Functions of a hospital may include:
- Providing medical treatment
- Conducting surgeries
- Offering diagnostic services
- Providing emergency care
8 Define hospital
Hospital is a healthcare institution that provides medical and surgical treatment and
nursing care for sick or injured people.
9 Naranjo scale of ADR assessment
Naranjo scale is a method used for assessing the probability that an adverse drug
reaction is due to the medication, based on a series of questions and scoring criteria.
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10. Draw the typical layout of hospital Pharmacy
UNIT - 2
1. What do you mean by term “In-Patient”
“In-Patient” refers to a patient who is admitted to a hospital or other healthcare facility
and stays overnight or for an extended period for medical treatment.
2. Enlist types of free floor stock system
Types of free floor stock systems include:
- Automatic Replenishment System
- Floor Exchange System
3. Drug basket system
Drug basket system is a method of drug distribution in which individual doses of
medication are prepared and delivered to nursing units in a basket or cart.
4. What is the minimum qualification required to start a community pharmacy?
The minimum qualification required to start a community pharmacy varies by country,
but it typically includes a degree in pharmacy (e.g., Pharm.D., B.Pharm, or equivalent)
and a valid pharmacy license.
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5. List any four drugs for TDM monitoring
Drugs commonly monitored through Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) include:
- Digoxin
- Warfarin
- Lithium
- Gentamicin
6. Advantages of Unit dose dispensing system
Advantages of Unit Dose Dispensing System include:
- Reduced medication errors
- Improved inventory control
- Simplified medication administration
- Enhanced patient safety
7. Individual prescription system
Individual prescription system is a method of drug distribution in which each patient’s
medications are dispensed and labeled individually for a specific administration time.
8. Define medication adherence
Medication adherence refers to the extent to which a person’s behavior (e.g., taking
medications, following a diet) corresponds with agreed recommendations from a
healthcare provider.
9. What is medication non-adherence
Medication non-adherence occurs when a patient does not follow the agreed-upon
recommendations for taking medications, such as missing doses, taking incorrect
doses, or stopping medication prematurely.
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10. Role of a community Pharmacist in women healthcare
The role of a community pharmacist in women’s healthcare may include:
- Providing advice on contraception
- Counseling on hormone replacement therapy
- Dispensing medications for women’s health issues
- Providing information on menopause management
11. Write any two functions of a community pharmacist
Functions of a community pharmacist may include:
- Dispensing prescription medications
- Providing medication counseling and advice
- Monitoring for drug interactions and adverse effects
- Promoting health and wellness through education and outreach
UNIT – 3
1 Enlist the barriers in Patient Counselling
Barriers in patient counseling may include:
- Language barriers
- Limited health literacy
- Cultural differences
- Lack of privacy
- Time constraints
2 Define automatic stop order for dangerous drugs
An automatic stop order for dangerous drugs is a policy or protocol in healthcare
settings that requires the automatic discontinuation or review of certain medications
after a specified period to reduce the risk of adverse effects or dependency.
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3 Give the composition of P&T committee
The composition of a Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) Committee typically includes
pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals.
4 What is medication error
Medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate
medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare
professional, patient, or consumer.
5 Sources of drug information services
Sources of drug information services include:
- Pharmacopeias
- Textbooks
- Journals
- Online databases
- Drug information centers
6 Define PIC
PIC stands for Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) Committee.
7 Differentiate between generic and brand name
Generic drugs are medications that have the same active ingredient as brand-name
drugs but are usually cheaper. Brand name refers to the name given by the
pharmaceutical company to a medication.
8 Enlist various patient counselling aids
Various patient counseling aids include:
- Leaflets or brochures
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- Visual aids like charts or diagrams
- Pill organizers
- Medication calendars or logs
- Instructional videos
9 Members of P &T committee
Members of a P&T committee typically include pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and
other healthcare professionals involved in medication use.
10 Importance of patient counselling
Patient counseling is important because it:
- Improves medication adherence
- Enhances patient understanding of their treatment
- Reduces medication errors
- Helps patients manage side effects and improve outcomes
11 Define prescribed medication order
A prescribed medication order is a directive from a prescriber to a pharmacist regarding
the medication, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy for a patient.
12 Patient counselling points for TB patients
Patient counseling points for TB patients may include:
- Importance of medication adherence
- Proper use of inhalers or devices
- Recognition of and response to side effects
- Importance of follow-up appointments
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13 Importance of poison information centre
Poison information centers are important for providing immediate, expert advice in
cases of poisoning, helping to prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and reduce
morbidity and mortality.
14 What is internal and external training program in a hospital
Internal training programs in a hospital are programs designed for the hospital staff,
while external training programs are programs conducted by external trainers or
organizations for hospital staff.
15 Give some examples of tertiary sources for drug information
Examples of tertiary sources for drug information include:
- Drug information handbooks
- Drug databases
- Clinical decision support tools
16 Enlist the qualities of a patient counsellor
Qualities of a patient counselor may include:
- Empathy
- Good communication skills
- Patience
- Knowledge of medications and diseases
- Cultural sensitivity
17 Write the parts of a prescription
Parts of a prescription include:
- Patient information (name, age, address)
- Date of prescription
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- Name of medication
- Dosage form and strength
- Directions for use
- Prescriber information (name, signature, and DEA number, if applicable)
18 What is Prescribed medication order
A prescribed medication order is a directive from a prescriber to a pharmacist regarding
the medication, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy for a patient.
19 Define patient counselling
Patient counseling is the process where a healthcare professional provides information
to a patient about their medications, including how to take them, potential side effects,
and other relevant information to ensure safe and effective use.
20 What are communication skills
Communication skills are the abilities to convey and receive messages effectively, both
verbally and non-verbally, in various situations and contexts.
21 Write the members of P& T committee
Members of a Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) Committee typically include
pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals involved in
medication use.
22 What is mean by drug information services
Drug information services refer to services that provide accurate, unbiased, and up-to-
date information about medications to healthcare professionals, patients, and the
public.
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23 What are the benefits of Patient counselling
Benefits of patient counseling include:
- Improved medication adherence
- Better patient understanding of their treatment
- Fewer medication errors
- Enhanced patient satisfaction and outcomes
24 Differentiate between generic and brand name
Generic drugs are medications that have the same active ingredient as brand-name
drugs but are usually cheaper. Brand name refers to the name given by the
pharmaceutical company to a medication.
25 Write the various patient counselling aids
Various patient counseling aids include:
- Leaflets or brochures
- Visual aids like charts or diagrams
- Pill organizers
- Medication calendars or logs
- Instructional videos
26 Define drug information bulletin
A drug information bulletin is a publication that provides healthcare professionals with
current and authoritative information on drugs, including updates on new medications,
dosage guidelines, and drug interactions.
27 Give two examples of primary sources for drug information
Examples of primary sources for drug information include:
- Original research articles in scientific journals
- Package inserts or prescribing information provided by drug manufacturers
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UNIT – 4
1 What is the need of poison information centre in a hospital?
The need for a poison information center in a hospital includes providing immediate,
expert advice in cases of poisoning, helping to prevent unnecessary hospitalizations,
reducing morbidity and mortality, and promoting public health and safety.
2 Importance of medication history
Medication history is important because it helps healthcare providers:
- Identify potential drug interactions
- Avoid prescribing medications that a patient is allergic to
- Understand a patient’s previous treatment outcomes
- Determine if a patient is adhering to their medication regimen
3 Define Pharmacist intervention
Pharmacist intervention refers to any action taken by a pharmacist to improve a patient’s
therapeutic outcome. This can include providing education, adjusting medication doses,
or recommending alternative therapies.
4 Define clinical Pharmacy
Clinical pharmacy is a branch of pharmacy that involves the provision of patient care to
optimize the use of medications and promote health, wellness, and disease prevention.
5 Define budget
A budget is a financial plan that outlines expected expenses and revenues over a specific
period, typically a fiscal year. It helps organizations allocate resources effectively and
track financial performance.
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6 What is ward round participation
Ward round participation involves healthcare professionals, including pharmacists,
visiting patients in hospital wards to review their progress, discuss treatment plans, and
address any issues or concerns.
7 Define clinical review
Clinical review refers to the process of evaluating a patient’s medical history, current
medications, and treatment plan to ensure safe and effective therapy.
8 Give examples for OTC analgesics
Examples of over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics include:
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
- Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
- Aspirin
- Naproxen (Aleve)
9 What is an administration error?
An administration error occurs when a medication is given to a patient incorrectly, such
as the wrong dose, wrong route, or wrong time.
10 Define Drug therapy monitoring
Drug therapy monitoring involves the regular assessment of a patient’s response to
medication therapy, including monitoring for efficacy and safety.
11 Define Pharmaceutical care
Pharmaceutical care is a patient-centered, outcomes-oriented pharmacy practice that
involves the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite
outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.
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12 What are the risks associate with OTC drugs
Risks associated with OTC drugs include:
- Potential interactions with other medications
- Adverse effects, especially if used incorrectly or for extended periods
- Masking symptoms of underlying conditions
- Risk of overdose if taken inappropriately
13 Importance of medication history review
Importance of medication history review includes:
- Identifying potential drug interactions
- Avoiding medication errors
- Tailoring treatment plans to individual patient needs
- Improving patient outcomes and safety
14 Write the importance of medication history review
Medication history review is important because it helps healthcare providers:
- Identify potential drug interactions
- Avoid prescribing medications that a patient is allergic to
- Understand a patient’s previous treatment outcomes
- Determine if a patient is adhering to their medication regimen
15 Significance of Pharmacist intervention
Pharmacist intervention is significant because it can:
- Improve patient outcomes
- Reduce medication errors
- Enhance medication adherence
- Provide cost-effective therapy
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16 Give four examples of OTC drugs
Examples of OTC drugs include:
- Antacids (e.g., Tums, Rolaids)
- Cough and cold medications (e.g., Sudafed, Robitussin)
- Allergy medications (e.g., Claritin, Benadryl)
- Pain relievers (e.g., Tylenol, Advil)
UNIT – 5
1 Give the normal range of a. Hb, b. clotting time
Normal range:
- Hb (Hemoglobin): 13.5 to 17.5 grams per deciliter (g/dL) for males, 12.0 to 15.5 g/dL for
females
- Clotting time: 5 to 15 minutes
2 Enlist the types of inventory control
Types of inventory control include:
- ABC analysis
- VED analysis
- HML analysis
- FSN analysis
3 Give the normal range of : RBC, ESR
Normal range:
- RBC (Red Blood Cells): 4.5 to 6.0 million cells per microliter (cells/µL) for males, 4.0 to
5.5 million cells/µL for females
- ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate): 0 to 22 millimeters per hour (mm/h) for males,
0 to 29 mm/h for females
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4 What do you mean by Investigational drugs?
Investigational drugs are pharmaceutical substances that are under investigation in
clinical trials but have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities for general use in
the population.
5 Enlist the factors affecting Inventory Control
Factors affecting inventory control include demand variability, lead time variability,
ordering costs, carrying costs, and stockout costs.
6 Write the formula to calculate EOQ
The formula to calculate Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is:
7 Write the normal values of BUN, Creatinine
Normal values:
- BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen): 7 to 20 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
- Creatinine: 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL for males, 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for females
8 What is investigational new drug
Investigational new drug (IND) is a drug that is under investigation in a clinical trial but
has not yet been approved by regulatory authorities for general use in the population.
9 Write the normal values of a. PCV, b. MCV
Normal values:
- PCV (Packed Cell Volume): 40% to 50% for males, 36% to 46% for females
- MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume): 80 to 100 femtoliters (fL)
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10 Write the significance of ESR values
ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) values can indicate the presence of inflammation
or infection in the body. Elevated ESR values may suggest conditions like arthritis,
infection, or certain cancers.
11 Write the disadvantages of VED analysis
Disadvantages of VED analysis include:
- Ignores the value of items
- Ignores the demand rate of items
- Assumes uniformity in item costs
12 Significance of presence of protein and glucose in urine
Presence of protein and glucose in urine can indicate underlying health conditions.
Proteinuria (presence of protein) may indicate kidney damage, while glucosuria
(presence of glucose) may indicate diabetes.
13 Role of pharmacist in investigational drug use
The role of a pharmacist in investigational drug use includes:
- Ensuring proper storage and handling of investigational drugs
- Providing information to healthcare providers and patients about investigational drugs
- Monitoring and documenting the use of investigational drugs in clinical trials
14 Write the objectives of inventory control
Objectives of inventory control include:
- Ensuring the availability of medications
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- Minimizing carrying costs
- Minimizing stockout costs
- Optimizing ordering quantities
15 Write the significance of urine culture test
Urine culture test is significant for identifying the presence of bacteria in the urine, which
helps in the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections (UTIs).
16 Define procurement and stocking of drugs
Procurement and stocking of drugs refer to the processes of acquiring medications from
suppliers and storing them in the pharmacy or drug store for future use.
17 Define Re-order quantity level
Re-order quantity level is the inventory level at which a new order is placed to replenish
stock.
18 What is an investigational drug?
An investigational drug is a pharmaceutical substance that is under investigation in
clinical trials but has not yet been approved by regulatory authorities for general use in
the population.
19 Normal values of a. potassium, b. sodium
Normal values:
- Potassium: 3.5 to 5.0 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
- Sodium: 135 to 145 mEq/L
20 Write the methods used for analysis of drug expenditure
Methods used for analysis of drug expenditure include ABC analysis, VED analysis, and
HML analysis.
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21 Normal values of a. Platelets, b. WBC
Normal values:
- Platelets: 150,000 to 450,000 per microliter (µL)
- WBC (White Blood Cells): 4,500 to 11,000 per µL
22 Write the Various phases of clinical trials
Various phases of clinical trials include:
- Phase 1: Safety and dosage
- Phase 2: Efficacy and side effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale efficacy
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance
23 Define purchase order
A purchase order is a document issued by a buyer to a seller, indicating types, quantities,
and agreed prices for products or services.
24 Define drug store
A drug store is a facility where medications and other healthcare products are stored,
dispensed, and sold.
25 Write the significance of platelets and ESR
Platelets are important for blood clotting, and ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
values can indicate the presence of inflammation or infection in the body.
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