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Opeyemi

Research

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Opeyemi

Research

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nmcxjfqgyt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ALLELOPATIC EFFECT OF Nauclea diderrichii (De. Wild.) Merr. AND Terminia superba Engl.

& Diels ON GERMINATION

AND GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

COMPILED BY

LAWAL NAFISAT KEJI

MATRIC NO: 207905

LEVEL: 400

COURSE TITLE: AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

COURSE CODE: FPP 422

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FOREST PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTS

FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN

LECTURER-IN- CHARGE: DR. O.A ONEFELI

`SUPERVISORS: MR FATOBA, MR KOLAPO

DATE: JUNE 2023.


DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty Allah, the most gracious, the most beneficent through whom all these is possible. Alhamdulillah!!!
ACKNOWLEGMENT

I appreciate Almighty Allah for making all this possible and following through all the process.
I would like to appreciate my lecturers as well as all the coordinators involved. This would not have been possible without your
guidance and the knowledge you impacted in me.
I will never forget to acknowledge and appreciate my parents as well as my siblings for the financial and emotional as well as
physical support that they offered to me throughout the course of this programme.
Finally, to my friends and course mates. You guys are the best!!
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND

The importance of trees in an ecosystem cannot be overemphasized as they provide a wide range of products as well as serves to both
rural and urban people. Agroforestry helps in achieving sustainable agricultural practices. One of the challenges facing Nigeria is the
production of sufficient food and fiber to meet the need of her ever-increasing population (Alao, Shuaib, 2011). Agroforestry is as
outstanding amongst other arrangement to accomplish amazing various advantages during intelligent and deliberate land-use
framework and innovation where trees are intentionally planted with rural yields or with creatures. . Allelopathic associated problems
often result to accumulation of phytotoxin and harmful microbes in soil which gives rise to phytotoxicity and soil thickness.
Chemicals with allelopathic properties are present in many plants and various organs, including leaves and fruits, and they have
potential inhibitory effects on crops. Allelopathic compounds produced by plants are released to the environment by means of
volatilization, leaching, decomposition of residue and root exudation. Allelopathy can also occur in such a way that one plant can
influence another in other ways by reducing light intensity or changing humidity: absorbing limited nutrients, changing soil reaction
and favoring or reducing pathogenic activity. We cannot discuss allelopathy without mentioning interference between plants and then
quantify to the extent possible. Allelopathy is a genetic incidence by which an organism creates one or more biochemical that
manipulate the growth survival, and limitation of other organisms. It alludes to the harmful effect of one plant on an additional yield
during the arrival of distinct synthesis. Allelopathy is available in the typical environment and it happen broadly in the normal local
plant area. It is a significant stage in keeping up with the current harmony between the various plant networks. (Belz.2007).
Nauclea didericii and Terminalia superba are two commonly used tree species in agroforestry systems in West Africa due to their
multiple benefits, including soil improvement, nutrient cycling, and shade provision (Tchoundjeu et.al). However, the allelopathic
effects of these trees species on crop growth and development especially on Zea mays. L is not properly discussed. The growth
parameters of maize will be measured and compared in the presence and absence of the tree species (their leachates prepared). These
parameters include seed germination, plant height, leaf area, and yield. This findings will enlighten farmers on the best practices for
integrating these tree species into their agroforestry systems to maximize crop productivity and sustainability.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
These decline in crop yields in cropping and agroforestry system in recent years has been attributed to allelopathic effects. The
interference could be limited to some interference. The interference may occur when one plant species. Failure to germinate, or
germinate more slowly, some may include seedling showing symptoms of damage from some environmental condition. Some trees
and weed possesses allelopathic properties, which hinder the growth activity on crops

JUSTIFICATION
The agroforestry system is a sustainable land management approach that aims to integrate the cultivation of crops with the cultivation
of trees. It is aimed at promoting ecological benefits, such as enhancing soil fertility, reducing erosion, and improving overall
agricultural productivity. Relating allelopathy to agroforestry of tree species with allelopathic characteristics of tree species such as
Nauclea didericcii, and Terminalia superba, the growth of Zea mays L. may be significantly impacted due to the effect of allelopathy.
Understanding the effects of allelopathy of these tree species on Zea mays. L , cultivation is essential to determine their compatibility
and commercial viability in agroforestry systems.

OBJECTIVES

 To examine and quantify the nature of interference of the leachates gotten from Nauclea diddericii and Terminalia superba
on seed germination as well as seed vigor of Zea mays. L.
 To compare the growth of treatment and that of control.
 To analyze secondary metabolites released by both Nauclea diddericii and Terminalia superba to determine their potential
allelopathic effect on Zea mays. L.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

STUDY AREA

The practical aspect of this research was carried out at the agroforestry site located behind the Statistics department, University of
Ibadan Oyo state and the research lab in the department of Forest Resources Management. The agroforestry sight is with an altitude of
646m above sea level and lies within latitude 70 25’ 58’’ to 70 26’ 42’’ N and longitude 30 53’ 21’’ to 30 54’ 26’’ E. The mean monthly
temperature is 270 C with an annual rainfall of 1400mm.

The vegetation of the study area is a modified tropical rainforest with aquatic macrophytes rich with highly diverse species
comprising of a wide variety of woody trees, shrubs, collection of herbs, palms and climbers which are well represented.
Fig 1. Map showing the agroforestry site, University of Ibadan.

The research laboratory is located at the department of Forest Resource Management.


The experiment occurred in the David Okali wood laboratory, university of Ibadan

Fig 2: Map showing the David Okali wood laboratory.

METHODS OF MATERIALS COLLECTION


PREPARATION OF LEACHATES (LEAF EXTRACT)
Dried leaves samples were gotten under the trees stands in the front of the department of Forest Resources Management. Distilled
water was gotten from leaked air conditioner from a friend’s house. Other Materials used in the preparation of the leachates include:
weighing scale, mes sieve, bottle, muslin clot and grinding machine.
The steps taken in the preparation of the leachates include:

 Grinding the leaves of both Nauclea diddericci and Terminalia superba to a smooth fine powder form, using the grinding
machine.
 After that, the grinded leaves were sieved using mesh sieve to separate crumbs from the powder.
 Weighing 30g each of the grinded leaf powder of each species with the aid of a weighing scale.
 Preparation of the different treatment with the use of distilled water. Four treatment of leachate was done for the experiments.
3%, 6%, and 12% as well as the control experiment was prepared. The 3% experiment involves 30g of fine powder of each
tree species to 240ml of distilled water, while 6% experiment involves 30g of fine powder of each tree species to 480ml of
distilled water, and finally the 12% experiment involves 30g of fine powder of each tree species to 960ml of distilled water.
The control experiment contained only distilled water directly on the maize planted.
The more distilled water used in an experiment, the lower the concentration of the leaf leachates (i.e. 12% has the lowest
concentration, while 3% has the highest concentration.

 Steeping was done for a period of 24 hours, after the 24 hours steeping, the leachate was filtered using muslin cloth and
each concentration was poured inside separate bottles as well as the control sample.

ESTABLISHMENT OF PLOT

The plot where the experiment was carried out is located at the awba dam catchment area in the University of Ibadan. The
establishment was carried out on the 23rd of March 2023. The equipment used in the establishment of the plot include hoe, cutlass,
metre rule, rope/line, spade, boots and rake.
The plot size used for planting is 5m x 10m measured with the aid of metre tape. After measuring, the land was cleared using
cutlass and hoe as well as hand weeding and picking
of dead sticks and leaves. Rake was used in gathering the dead leaves and debris on the land. Four ridges were made within the
plots and each ridge was measured to be 1m x10m with 0.25m space in between each ridge and a height of 60cm per ridge was
also measured. Pegs were used as demarcation for each ridge. Sign post were mounted on the plot after the plot allocation in order
for each person’s work to be recognized and separated from another person’s work. On the sign post each student name and matric
no. was written on it.

Fig 3: A picture of me during plot allocation

THE PRE-PLANTING, PLANTING AND POST-PLANTING OPERATIONS


The grains of maize and poly-pots were supplied by the department and distributed by te supervisors. Two poly-pots were given to
each students and a total of 120 grains of maize were allocated to each students. On each poly-pot, six grains of maize were
planted and covered with top soil. Each poly-pots bore the four treatments of both Nauclea diddericii and Terminalia superba.
Holes were dug along each ridge and two grains each were put in each holes. On each ridge a total of 13 holes were dug. The poly-
pots were placed under shades between the ridges and watered subsequently with 100ml of the required treatment as an irrigation
process. The irrigation process was carried out for seven (7) days. After planting, weeding of the poly-pots as well as the ridges
were done at intervals in order to reduce and control competition with sunlight, space, shades and water.

Fig 4: A picture of the germinated seedling for the leachate treatment; A picture of me clearing the land before planting
operation.

GERMINATION ASSESSMENT AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION


Germination of the planted seeds were monitored and recorded for eleven (11) days, data was also collected by monitoring the
number of seeds that germinated per day. On the 23rd of May, 2023 the seedlings were carefully uprooted from the poly-pots. The
uprooted seedlings were taken to the lab for assessment of the growth parameters. The growth parameters and variables assessed
include;
 GERMINATION COUNT: This was gotten by counting the number of seedlings that survived in the poly-pots per
treatment.
 ROOT LENGTH (cm): Measured with the use of long ruler.
 SHOOT LENGTH (cm): Measured with the use of long ruler.
 SHOOT FRESH WEIGHT (g): with the aid of weighing scale.
 ROOT FRESH WEIGHT (g): with the aid of weighing scale.
 SHOOT AND ROOT DRY WEIGHT: Thus was done after having oven dried the seedling by putting it in a brown
envelope paper.
 MEAN GERMINATION TIME: Which is calculated using this formula:

∑ (nxd)/N where;
n = Number of seeds germinated on each day
d = Number of days from the beginning of the assessment.
N = Number of seeds germinated at the end of the experiment.

 MEAN GERMINATION PERCENTAGE (MGP):

Total seed germinated/ Total seed planted x 100

 SEEDLING VIGOR INDEX (SVI):


DATA ANALYSIS
With the use of excel sheet, the data collected were computed and was used for statistical analysis.
 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the differences among the treatments employed (i.e. 3%, 6%, 12% as
well as control). It was used to determine the best and suitable treatment (P< 0.05) in the study carried out. ANOVA was
carried out with the use of SPSS.

 T-test was used to compare the effect of Nauclea diddericci and Terminalia superba leachates as well as to also compare the
effect of both tree species on Zea mays. It was carried out with the SPSS software.

 Correlation analysis was also done to determine the relationship between seedling vigor index (SVI) and the growth
parameters (i.e. length and weight variables). The SPSS software was used to carry out the correlation analysisTable 1: Effects
of allelopathic potential of Nauclea diddericci on germination parameters of Zea mays. L.
Fig 5: A picture of germinated seedlings on the ridges.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS

This research help investigate the allelopathic effect of Nauclea diddericci and Terminali superba on the growth and development of
common maize (Zea mays.L). The obtained result shows that both Nauclea diddericci and Terminali superba have no significant
effect on the growth and development of Zea mays L.
Below is the results gotten from the research studied:

Table 1: Effect of allelopathic potential of Nauclea diddericci on the seedling growth of maize after 41 days of planting

Treatment Shoot Root Length Shoot Fresh Root Fresh Shoot Dry Root Dry Seedling
(Leachate Length (cm) (cm) ± SE Weight (g) ± Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Vigour Index
Concentratio ± SE SE ± SE ± SE ± SE ± SE
n (%)

0 (Control) 60.459±2.902 21.935±1.23 13.391±1.90 2.291±0.317 1.589±0.164 0.549±0.112 52.082±8.655a


a
5a 3a b ab ab

3% Leachate 46.313±4.604 25.375±5.95 7.345±1.754a 4.773±1.840 1.276±0.192 1.524±0.945 52.931±10.08


b
4a a b a
4a

6% Leachate 54.31±2.023ab 17.89±2.785a 9.467±0.950a 1.274±0.278 1.337±0.035 0.352±0.023 42.693±8.517a


b b b

12% 58.618±5.186 22.282±3.69 13.387±3.67 3.164±0.952 2.326±0.511 0.806±0.226 71.877±20.33


ab
Leachate 0a 6a ab a ab
1a

p-value 0.104ns 0.469ns 0.316ns 0.042* 0.073ns 0.121ns 0.53ns


(<0.05)

Table 2: Effect of allelopathic potential of Terminalia superba on the seedling growth of maize after 41 days of planting
Treatment Shoot Length Root Length Shoot Fresh Root Fresh Shoot Dry Root Dry Seedling
(Leachate (cm) ± SE (cm) ± SE Weight (g) ± SE Weight (g) ± Weight (g) ± Weight (g) ± Vigour Index
Concentratio SE SE SE ± SE
n (%)
0 (Control) 55.207 ± 3.740a 22.519 ± 13.701 ± 2.908a 2.55 ± 0.537b 1.664 ± 0.734 ± 0.206a 38.681 ±
2.074a 0.244a 5.790a
3% Leachate 58.78 ± 3.432a 25.01 ± 4.426a 12.601 ± 2.305a 2.585 ± 2.578 ± 1.019 ± 0.414a 62.716 ±
0.831b 0.385a 15.610a
6% Leachate 61.422 ± 6.164a 22.711 ± 15.026 ± 2.985a 1.819 ± 1.982 ± 0.384 ± 0.073a 40.304 ±
3.055a 0.178b 0.314a 9.614a
12% Leachate 60.813 ± 9.707a 28.288 ± 18.51 ± 6.158a 6.544 ± 1.812 ± 1.448 ± 0.628a 39.271 ±
3.454a 2.433a 0.0.507a 6.676a
p-value 0.799ns 0.601ns 0.801ns 0.026* 0.269ns 0.273ns 0.257ns
(<0.05)
Treatment (Leachate Mean Germination Days of First Mean Germination Number of leaves
Concentration (%) Time (MGT) and Seed Percentage (%) ± SE ± SE Table 3: Effect of
SE Germination ± allelopathic potential
SE of Nauclea diddericci
on the germination
0 (Control) 5.072 ± 0.233a 3.76 ± 0.118a 95.753 ± 1.329a 6.25 ± 0.303a parameters of Zea
mays L.
3% Leachate 4.95 ± 0.417a 3.88 ± 0.125a 89.605 ± 5.394ab 6.96 ± 0.389a

6% Leachate 4.81 ± 0.326a 3.8 ± 0.200a 88.926 ± 3.210ab 6.42 ± 0.225a

12% Leachate 4.564 ± 0.291a 4.09 ± 0.163a 82.597 ± 4.278b 6.04 ± 0.287a

p-value (<0.05) 0.654ns 0.46ns 0.007* 0.489ns


Table 4: Effect of allelopathic potential of Terminalia superba on the germination parameters of Zea mays L.
Treatment (Leachate Mean Germination Days of First Seed Mean Germination Number of
Concentration (%) Time (MGT) ± SE Germination ± SE Percentage (%) ± leaves ± SE
SE
0 (Control) 5.3 ± 0.207a 3.852 ± 0.166a 98.913 ± 5.701a 6.267 ± 0.299a
3% Leachate 4.93 ± 0.331a 3.9 ± 0.233a 86.43 ± 4.022a 6.02 ± 0.351a
6% Leachate 5.078 ± 0.260a 3.889 ± 0.200a 83.329 ± 8.334a 6.444 ± 0.405a
12% Leachate 5.3 ± 0.346a 3.875 ± 0.227a 91.413 ± 4.569a 6.638 ± 0.638a
p-value (<0.05) 0.7ns 0.998ns 0.311ns 0.83ns

Table 5: T-test analysis comparing the allelopatic effect of Nauclea diddericii and Terminalia superba on the germination parameters
Mean Germination of Zea mays L.
Time (MGT) and Days of First Seed Mean Germination
Species SE Germination ± SE Percentage (%) ± SE Number of leaves ± SE
Nauclea diderichii 4.194 ± 0.151 3.84 ± 0.077 91.233 ± 1.505 6.34 ± 0.175
Terminalia superba 5.194± 0.136 3.87 ± 0.103 90.3 ± 1.936 6.31 ± 0.197
T -1.377 -0.201 0.383 0.123
Df 110 110 110 110
p-value (<0.05) 0.171 0.841 0.702 0.902
Table 6: T-test analysis comparing the allelopatic effect of Nauclea diddericii and Terminalia superba on the seedling growth of Zea
mays L.

Species Shoot Length Root Length Shoot Fresh Root Fresh Shoot Dry Root Dry Seedling
(cm) ± SE (cm) ± SE Weight (g) ± Weight (g) ± SE Weight (g) ± Weight (g) ± Vigour Index
SE SE SE ± SE
Nauclea 57.098 ±1.961 21.778 ± 11.88 ± 2.623 ± 0.365 1.642± 0.365 0.698 ± 0.149 54.335 ± 6.110
diderichii 1.311 1.229
Terminalia 57.735 ± 23.867 ± 14.431± 3.026± 1.809 1.909± 0.170 0.834 ± 0.160 43.489 ± 4.547
superba 2.595 1.490 1.809
T -0.198 -1.056 -1.181 -0.657 -1.237 -0.623 1.408
Df 110 110 110 110 110 110 110
p-value <0.05 0.844 0.293 0.24 0.513 0.219 0.535 0.162

CORRELATION ANALYSIS

SL RL SFW RFW SDW RDW SVI


SVI 0.205533 0.195736 0.267757 0.249328 0.571308 0.468109 1
DISCUSSION
T-test Analysis

T-test analysis involves determining whether a result is statically significant or not.

According t

Table 5 & 6 represent the analysis of leachates Nauclea diderrichi and Terminalia superba.

According to table 5 , the result is not statically significant since they are greater than the given p value(,0.05).

The p value represents 5% significance, any result greater than is proven as non significant.

ANOVA
This analysis was used to determine the effects of the leachates on the maize seedlings. Whether they inhibited or positively affected it or not.

According to table 1&3 the results of the usage of various concentration of Nauclea diderrichi shows the data inhibiting the growth rate
of maize at varying concentrations.

While in table 2&4 of Terminalia superba it is noticed the leachate as a positive relation or effect on the maize seedling parameters such
as shoot length etc.

Correlation Analysis

In the study from the data got from correlation analysis which was carried out with Svi being our coefficient r against other seedling
parameters. And with the result gotten, it can be proved that among all parameters SDW has a higher relationship with the efficient since the
coefficient of SDW is still closer to one compared to the others within the result.

CONCLUSION

With the above analysis, we can prove that the leachates have different effects on the maize seedling. With Nauclea diderrichi showing signs of
inhibition of growth of seedling parameters. While Terminalia superba showed a positive effect against the seedlings. It can therefore be
recommenedas a test mixture for maize seedlings .

Root fresh weight showedpositive morphological features for allelophatic assessment.


While Shoot dry weight showed positive correlation among all parameters.

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