To what extent are quantitative methods ethical?

FOR AGAINSt
- Approved consent..once an individual - Interpretivists believe it is unethical
agreed to fill survey for example this is because it is against humanity..doesn’t
like a consent respect human identity
- Self response questionnaires respect - Experiment treat human like animals and
privacy..anonymity objects
- Objectivity ..true information..ethical - Milgram’s experiment
- Sometimes no direct contact ..so no harm - Rosenthal and Jacobson field
- In case of a survey there is automatic experiment..deception
consent received once a person agrees to - Non-participant observation without
answer consent then there will be invasion of
- Anonymity of participants privacy
-using content analysis has no contact with humans
-official stats..no contact with humans
To what extent are roles in society shaped by rewards and sanctions?

FOR AGAINST
- People fear sanctions - People conform based on choice
- Fear from ostracism - Sociobiologists believe that many roles
- Physical punishment may hurt..for are played by instinct..for eg motherhood
example in case of children - More freedom of choice in modern
- Torture by formal agencies industrial societies
- Religious people may fear God - Socialization can be done without the
- Formal need for rewards and sanctions..for eg,
punishment..imprisonment..paying fines through observation and
imitation..canalization..manipulation
- Seeing other criminals experiencing
rewards and sanctions can make a person
follow the norms

To what extent might the sociological perspectives of researchers shape their research?

FOR AGAINST
- If researcher is positivist he will prefer - Ethics must be considered..for eg..overt
quantitative methods…examples are instead of covert to avoid invasion of
experiments..surveys..structured privacy and deception
interviews..macroapproach…more - Inability to reach targeted sample..for
objectivity and scientific methods..gather example..for eg to use snowball instead
data that can be generalized on everyone of stratified in case a sample frame is not
in the society available
- If researcher is interpretivists ..will prefer - Depends on what sponsors/ funding
microapproach..qualitative methods such organizations want
as unstructured interviews..focus
groups..etc..look for methods that help
achieve verstehen..will focus on details
 about the participant or the group
instead of trying to come with
conclusions

To what extent does bias impact on the validity of field experiments?

FOR AGAINST
- Researcher may focus on results that - In field experiments not only bias can
match with his hypothesis affect validity but other factors such as
- Emotional attachment between lack of control over variable
researcher and participant - Researcher may not have all facilities or
- Researcher may ‘go native’ during supplies or funding to do accurate
research research
- Researcher interpreting data based on his - All studies in sociology get affected by
own values and beliefs bias.. so it can never be avoided
- Participants themselves might be biased - Participants may give false or misleading
to their own beliefs information to researcher
- Validity can be affected by
hawthorne..doesn’t have to be due to
bias

To what extent does nurture explain human behavior?

For Against
- Anne oakly..gender behavior is learned - Sociolbiology
through manipulation..canalization..etc - Talcott parsons..women created for
- Agencies of expressive role while men created for
socialization..media..family..peers..with instrumental role
examples of what they do - Murdock..224 societies
- Margaret mead - Inherited genes
- Feral children -lambroso stating that criminals inherit the
- genes of crime from their parents and that they have
common physical charcteristics
To what extent do subcultures lead to conflict in the society?

FOR AGAINST
- Subculture is a form of deviance - Youth subcultures are Too young and too
- Examples of aggressive weak to cause serious problems
subcultures..rockers - Albert cohen..youth subcultures..phase
- Ethnic subcutlures who might be between childhood and adulthood..not
extremists..terrorism dangerous
- Retreatist subcultures (drug addicts) - Alberth cohen said it can be benefitcial
- Conflict subcultures for young people experiencing status
- Criminal subcultures frustration..it can be a safety valve
- Angela McRobbie>bedroom subcultures
of girls are not dangerous
- Personal freedom
 - May only be in the way they are dressed
so no conflict..not serious

To what extent do the roles of children vary between cultures?

FOR AGAINST
- Middle eastern cultures> children show - All children are immature..dependent to
more respect to adults some extent
- Roles vary according to religion and - All children need to learn and get
ethnic backgrounds educated using various ways
- Some children financially support the - More globalization made more societies
family and work child centered..more awareness about
- Some children taken as soldiers..boko positive parenting
haram in Nigeria - Children don’t have same rights as adults
- Western soceities..children have more - Other factors may determine identity..for
freedom eg gender and ethncitiy..not age

To what extent is the family most important agency of socialization?

FOR AGAINSt
- Family..primary socialization - Abusive parents..will not be
- Internalization of norms and values taken as role models
- Anne Oakley..family does gender Other agencies
socialization…manipulation..canalization..observation -peers..more effective during
and imitation adolescence period..
- Rewards and sanctions used by parents - media
- Parents taken as role models Schools
Religion
Family functions replaced by
institutions like nursery..families
threatened by alternatives
Family is important to some extent..especially during childhood

Why culture diversity may be good for the society? (8)

Accepting others

Sharing new ideas about different cultures

Cultural relativism

No ethnocentrism

Reduces racism

Stuart hall..no more difference in ethnic identities

More cooperation

To what extent is the consensus view more useful than the conflict view of understanding society ?

FOR AGAINST
- Functionalism..prefers consensus - Marxist views…conflict
approach which is based on agreement approach..differences between social
between individuals in the soceity classes..working class need to get more
- Talcott Parson..Biological analogy rights..fight for equality..consensus is
- Consensus is needed to avoid useless..capitalism must be
anomie..emile Durkheim stopped..exploitation of working
- Harmony in the society - Feminism..patriarchy
- More stability..therefore less crimes and
conflict
- Assimilation in multicultural societies
leads to less
terrorism..marginalization..racism
- Maintain status quo
- Functionlists use social facts to explain
human behavior

-explain how values are a social construction?

Socialization…

Values differ from one society to another…examples

Respecting privacy>western soceities

Respection adultsL>tradition and middle eastern soc

Some values are learnt yet they are universal..honesty..integrity..

Feral children ..without social construction they will not know the values of their culture

_explain why ethnicity is an important influence on social identity?

- Some people stick to their ethnicity especially in multicultural societies..

- Style of cloth..ppl in KSA dressed in traditional clothes
- Food eaten
- Traditions..nayar.. having polyandry
- Muslims ..polgyny
- Celebrations and lifestyle
- Values can be shaped by ethnicity..for eg all religions teach honesty..integrity..etc