4.

CHEMICAL BONDING
AND MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE

Chemistry Smart Booklet

Theory + NCERT MCQs +Topicwise Practice
MCQs+ NEET PYQs
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 CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Introduction:
Structure and Bonding is the heart of chemistry. Chemical bond is very important to
explain the properties and structure of compound. The important aspect of each type
of force is its relative strength, how rapidly it decreases with increasing distance and
whether it is directional in nature or not.

Chemical Bond:
It is the force of attraction between two atoms which hold them together in a
compound or molecule. Nature loves stability and bond formation is associated with
stability. Every element has a tendency to occupy inert electronic configuration
which is considered as very stable. Noble gas electronic configuration can be
achieved by

1. Transference of electrons
2. Mutual sharing of electrons
3. Donation of lone pair of electrons

Types of Bond
In order to explain the formation of a chemical bond in terms of electrons, Lewis
postulated that atoms achieve stable octet when they are linked by a chemical bond.
On the basis of this chemical bonds are following type:
1. Ionic bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Co-ordinate bond
4. Metallic bond
5. Hydrogen bond
6. van der Waal’s bond

Lewis Dot Structures

Valence Electrons: In the formation of a molecule only the outer shell electrons take
part in chemical bond combination and they are known as valence electrons. In Lewis
symbols, an element is shown with symbol and valence electrons.

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Octet Rule
It is proposed by Kossel and Lewis and according to this, "Every atom has a tendency
to attain Noble gas electronic configuration or to have 8 valence electrons". This is
known as law of octet rule or if it has two valence electrons then this is known as law
of duplet. According to Lewis, only those compounds will be stable which follow octet
rule.

Formal Charge
Formal charge on an atom is the difference between the number of valence electrons
is an isolated atom and the number of electrons assigned to that atom in a Lewis
structure. It is expressed as:

Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is formed by complete transference of one or more electrons from the
valence shell of one atom to the valence shell of another atom. In this way both the
atoms acquire stable electronic configurations of noble gases. The atom which loses
electron becomes a positive ion and the atom which gains electron becomes negative
ion.

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Note: Electrovalency is the number of electrons lost or gained during the formation
of an ionic bond or electrovalent bond.

Characteristics of Ionic Compounds:

1. They are hard, brittle and crystalline.
2. They have high melting and boiling points.
3. They are polar in nature.
4. The linkage between oppositely charged ions is non rigid and non directional.
5. They are soluble in polar solvents such as water and insoluble in non polar
solvents such as CCl4, Benzene, ether etc.
6. They are good conductors of electricity in fused state and in solution due to
mobility of the ions. They are bad conductors of electricity in solid state
because ions are unable to move.

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Covalent Bond
A force which binds atoms of same or different elements by mutual sharing of
electrons is called a covalent bond. If the combining atoms are same the covalent
molecule is known as homoatomic. If they are different, they are known as
heteroatomic molecule.

Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

Valence bond theory was introduced by Heitler and London (1927) and developed by
Pauling and others. It is based on the concept of atomic orbitals and the electronic
configuration of the atoms. Let two hydrogen atoms A and B having their nuclei NA
and NB and electrons present in them are eA and eB. As these two atoms come closer
new attractive and repulsive forces begin to operate.

1. The nucleus of one atom is attracted towards its own electron and the electron
of the other and vice versa.
2. Repulsive forces arise between the electrons of two atoms and nuclei of two
atoms. Attractive forces tend to bring the two atoms closer whereas repulsive
forces tend to push them apart.

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Orbital overlap concept
If we refer to the minimum energy state in the formation of hydrogen molecule the
two H-atoms are enough near so as to allow their atomic orbitals to undergo partial
interpenetration. This partial interpenetration of atomic orbitals is called
overlapping of atomic orbitals. The overlap between the atomic orbitals can be
positive, negative or zero depending upon the characteristics of the orbitals
participating to overlap.

Types of overlapping
The covalent bonds can be classified into two different categories depending upon
the type of overlapping. These are:

Sigma (σ) bond: This type of covalent bond is formed by the axial overlapping of
half-filled atomic orbitals. The atomic orbitals overlap along the internuclear axis and
involve end to end or head on overlap. There can be three type of axial overlap
among s and p-orbitals as discussed below:

i. s-s overlap: In this case, there is overlap of two half-filled s-orbitals along the
internuclear axis as shown below.

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 ii. s-p overlapping: It involves the overlapping of half filled s-orbitals of one atom
with the half filled p-orbitals of the other atom. The bond thus formed is called s-
p sigma bond.

iii. p-p overlapping: It involves the co-axial overlapping between half filled p-orbitals
of one atom with half filled p-orbitals of the other atom. The bond as formed is
called p-p sigma bond.

pi (π) bond: This type of covalent bond is formed when the atomic orbitals overlap
in such a way that their axis remain parallel to each other and perpendicular to the
internuclear axis. The orbitals formed due to sidewise overlapping consists of two
saucer type charged clouds above and below the plane of the participating atoms.
The electrons involved in the π bond formation are called pi-electrons.

Hybridisation: Hybridisation is the process of intermixing of the orbitals of slightly

different energies so as to redistribute their energies, resulting in the formation of
new set of orbitals of equivalent energies and shape. The atomic orbitals combine to
form new set of equivalent orbitals known as hybrid orbitals.

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Salient Features of Hybridisation:
i. The number of hybrid orbitals is equal to the number of the atomic orbitals that
get hybridised.
ii. The hybridised orbitals are always equivalent in energy and shape.
iii. The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming stable bonds than the pure
atomic orbitals.
iv. The type of hybridisation indicates the geometry of the molecules.

Important conditions for hybridisation:

i. The orbitals present in the valence shell of the atom are hybridised.
ii. The orbitals taking part in hybridisation must have only a small difference of
energies.
iii. Promotion of electron is not essential condition prior to hybridisation.
iv. It is not necessary that only half filled orbitals participate in hybridisation.

Types of hybridisation
There are many different types of hybridisation depending upon the type of orbitals
involved in mixing such as sp3, sp2, sp, sp3d, sp3d2 etc.

i. sp-hybridisation: In this hybridisation one s and one p orbitals hybridise to

produce two equivalent hybrid orbitals, known as sp hybrid orbitals. The two sp-
hybrid orbitals are oriented in a straight line making an angle of 180° and
therefore the molecule possesses linear geometry. Each of hybrid orbitals has
50% s-character and 50% p-character.

Example of molecules having sp-hybridisation are BeF2, BeCl2, BeH2 etc.

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ii. sp2-hybridisation: In this hybridisation one s and one 2p orbitals hybridise to
produce three equivalent hybrid orbitals, known as sp2 hybrid orbitals. sp2 hybrid
orbitals are larger in size than sp-hybrid orbitals but slightly smaller than that of
sp3 hybrid orbitals. Each sp2 hybrid orbitals has 1/3 (or 33.33%) s-character and
2/3 (or 66.7%) p-character. Example, BF3, BCl3, BH3 etc.

iii. sp3d-hybridisation: This type of hybridisation involves mixing of one s, three p

and one d-orbitals to form five sp3d hybridised orbitals which adopt trigonal
bipyramidal.

Formation of PCl5: The ground state electronic configuration of phosphorus is 1s 2

2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3. Under the conditions of bond formation the 3s-electrons get
unpaired and one of the electron is promoted to vacant 3dz 2 orbital. The ground
state and excited state configurations of phosphorus are shown below:

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iv. sp3d2-hybridisation: In this type of hybridisation one s, three p and two d-
orbitals undergo intermixing to form six identical sp3d2 hybrid orbitals. These six
orbitals are directed towards the corners of an octahedron and lie in space at
an angle of 90° to one another.
The ground state outer configuration of 16S is 3s2 3p4. In the excited state the
electron pairs in 3s and 3px orbitals get unpaired and one out of each pair is
promoted to vacant 3dz2 and 3dx2-y2 orbitals. The ground state and excited
state configuration of 16S are given as follows:

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Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
Sidgwick and Powell in 1940, proposed a simple theory based on repulsive
character of electron pairs in the valence shell of the atoms. It was further
developed by Nyholm and Gillespie (1957). Main Postulates are the following:
i. The exact shape of molecule depends upon the number of electron pairs (bonded
or non bonded) around the central atoms.
ii. The electron pairs have a tendency to repel each other since they exist around
the central atom and the electron clouds are negatively charged.
iii. Electron pairs try to take such position which can minimize the rupulsion
between them.
iv. The valence shell is taken as a sphere with the electron pairs placed at maximum
distance.
v. A multiple bond is treated as if it is a single electron pair and the electron pairs
which constitute the bond as single pairs.

Bond Parameters:
i. Bond Angle: It is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs and is
denoted by λ. It is defined as the angle between the orbitals containing bonding
electron pairs around the central atom in a molecule/complex ion. Bond angle is
expressed in degree which can be experimentally determined by spectroscopic
methods.

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 ii. Bond Length: Bond length is defined as the equilibrium distance between the
nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule.

iii. Lattice Enthalpy: The Lattice Enthalpy of an ionic solid is defined as the energy
required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous
constituent ions. For example, the lattice enthalpy of NaCl is 788 kJ mol –1.

iv. Bond Order: Bond order is defined as half of the difference between the number
of electrons present in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. The bond
order may be a whole number, a fraction or even zero. It may also be positive or
negative.
𝟏
Bond order (B.O.) = [𝐍𝐛 − 𝐍𝐚]
𝟐

v. Bond Enthalpy: It is defined as the amount of energy required to break one mole
of bonds of a particular type between two atoms in a gaseous state. The unit of
bond enthalpy is kJ mol–1. For example, the H – H bond enthalpy in hydrogen
molecule is 435.8 kJ mol–1.

Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)

Molecular orbital (MO) theory was developed by F. Hund and R.S. Mulliken in 1932.
According to MOT, a molecule is considered to be quite different from the
constituent atoms. All the electrons belonging to the atoms constituting a molecule

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 are considered to be moving along the entire molecule under the influence of all the
nuclei. Thus, a molecule is supposed to have orbitals of varying energy levels, in
same way as an atom. These orbitals are called molecular orbitals.

Energy Level Diagram for Molecular Orbitals:

Resonance
When light of a suitable frequency is allowed to incident on a metal, ejection of
electrons take place. This phenomenon is known as photo electric effect.
When a compound has same molecular formula but different structural formulas
and structures differ with respect to electrons only. These structures are known as
resonating structures or canonical structures. None of these structures can explain
all the properties of that compound. This phenomenon is known as resonance.

Hydrogen Bonding
When highly electronegative elements like nitrogen, oxygen, flourine are attached to
hydrogen to form covalent bond, the electrons of the covalent bond are shifted
towards the more electronegative atom. Thus, partial positive charge develops on
hydrogen atom which forms a bond with the other electronegative atom. This bond
is known as hydrogen bond and it is weaker than the covalent bond.

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Types of Hydrogen Bonding:
i. There are two types of hydrogen bonding: It is a type of hydrogen bonding
between two similar or dissimilar molecules. Example : H – F, HF and water, NH3,
NH3 and water, alcohol, alcohol and water etc.

ii. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding: It is a type of hydrogen bonding within the

molecule. Example : Salicylaldehyde, O-nitrophenol etc.

Applications of Hydrogen Bonding

i. State: Hydrogen bonding may affect the state of a compound. For example, H 2O
is liquid at room temperature whereas H2S is gas. It is due to presence of
intermolecular hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules, which is not present
in H2S molecules.
ii. Solubility: Only those covalent molecules are soluble in water which have
tendency to form intermolecular hydrogen bonding with water molecules.
iii. Boiling point: Intermolecular hydrogen bonding increases the boiling point of
compound. For example, NH3 has higher boiling point than PH3. This is because,
there is intermolecular hydrogen bonding in NH3 but not in PH3.
iv. Density of ice is lower than water: In ice, hydrogen bonding gives rise to a cage
like structure of H–O–H molecules, in which each H–O–H molecule is linked
tetrahedrally to four other H–O–H molecule. In this structure, some vacant
spaces are formed, which decrease the density of ice.

Metallic Bonding
The force that binds a metal atom to a number of electrons within its sphere of
influence is known as metallic bond.

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This model could easily explain the following properties of metals:
i. High electrical conductivity
ii. High thermal conductivity
iii. Bright metallic lustre
iv. Malleability
v. Ductility
vi. Tensile strength
vii. Elasticity

Summary

1. Chemical Bond: The force of attraction which holds various chemical entities in
different species.
2. Electrovalent Bond : The attractive force between the oppositely charged ions
which comes into existence by the transference of electrons.
3. Electrovalency: The number of electrons which an atom loses or gains while
forming ionic or electrovalent bond.
4. Covalent Bond: The bond comes into existence by the mutual sharing of
electrons by the atoms participating in bonding.
5. Valence Bond Approach of Covalent Bond: The bond is formed by the
overlapping of halffilled atomic orbitals having electrons with opposite spins.
6. Covalency: The number of half-filled atomic orbitals which an atom provides for
participation in overlapping at the time of bonding.
7. Dative Bond or Co-ordinate Bond: The bond is formed by sharing of electrons
in which the shared pair of electrons is contributed by one of the atom called
donor while the other atom is called acceptor.
8. Hybridisation: The process of mixing or merging of orbitals (of slightly different
energies) of an atom to form another set of orbitals with equivalent shape and
energy.
9. Geometry of the Molecule: The definite relative arrangement of the bonded
atoms in a molecule.
10. Regular and Irregular Geometry: The molecule is said to possess regular
geometry if the repulsive interactions among the electron pair around the
central atom are of equal magnitude. If the repulsive interactions among the
electron pairs are unequal, the geometry is referred to as irregular.
11. Electronegativity: The power of an atom to attract bonding pair of electrons
towards itself.

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12. Dipole Moment (μ): A vector quantity defined by the product of charge
developed on any of the atom and distance between the atoms; creating a
dipole.
13. Polar and Non-Polar Molecules: The molecules with dipole moment (μ) > 0 are
called polar molecules while those with μ = 0 are non-polar molecules.
14. Dipole-Dipole Interactions: The attractive interactions among the opposite
ends of polar molecules in liquid and solid state.
15. Hydrogen Bond: The electrostatic force of attraction between covalently
bonded H-atom of one molecule and the electronegative atom (F or N or O) of
the other molecule.
16. Resonance: When a molecule is represented by more than one electronic
arrangement none of which is able to explain the observed characteristics of the
molecule, then the actual structure is intermediate of various electronic
arrangements and is known as resonance hybrid. The various electronic
arrangements are called resonating structures or canonical structure.
17. Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT): According to this theory, in molecules the
electrons are present in new orbitals called molecular orbitals. Molecular
orbitals are not associated with a particular atom but belong to nuclei of all the
atoms constituting the molecule.
18. LCAO Method: This is an approximate method, according to which the
molecular orbitals are obtained by linear combination of atomic orbitals.

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 NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS
04. CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
(1.) Which of the following statements is correct regarding strength of sigma and pi bond [Page:
117]
(a.) Overlapping in sigma bond takes place (b.) Overlapping in pi bond takes place in
in small extent. large extent.
(c.) Overlapping in sigma bond takes place (d.) None of these
in large extent.

(2.) Some statements regarding dipole moment are given below. Identify the correct statements.
[Page: 108]
(I) Dipole moment is usually expressed in Debye unit.
(II) It is a scalar quantity.
(III) It is the product of the magnitude of the charge and the distance between the centres of
positive and negative charge.
(a.) I and II (b.) II and III
(c.) I and III (d.) I, II and III

(3.) If the electronic configuration of an element is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 2 4s 2 , the four electrons

involved in chemical bond formation will be [NCERT Exemplar, Page: 105]
(a.) 3p 6 (b.) 3p 6 , 4s 2
(c.) 3p 6 ,3d 2 (d.) 3d 2 , 4s 2

(4.) Polarity in a molecule and hence the dipole moment depends primarily on electronegativity
of the constituent atoms and shape of a molecule. Which of the following has the highest dipole
moment) [NCERT Exemplar, HOT, Page: 105]
(a.) CO 2 (b.) HI
(c.) H 2O (d.) SO 2

(5.) Match the xenon compound in column I with its structure in column II and assign the correct
code. [NEET‐2019, HOT, Page: 120]
Column I Column II
( P ) XeF4 ( i ) Pyramidal
( Q ) XeF6 ( ii ) Square planar
( R ) XeOF4 ( iii ) Distorted octahedral
(S) XeO3 ( iv ) Square pyramidal
(a.) P‐(i), Q‐(ii), R‐(iii), S‐(iv) (b.) P‐(ii), Q‐ (iii), R‐ (iv), S‐(i)
(c.) P‐ (ii), O‐‐ (iii), R‐(i), S‐ (iv) (d.) P‐ (iii), Q‐ (iv), R‐(i), S‐ (ii)

(6.) The sum of lone pair of electrons present in the molecule of NH 3 and NF3 is/are [Page: 104]
(a.) one (b.) two

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 (c.) three (d.) zero.

(7.) What is bond order of He 2 and O 2 respectively . [Page: l26]

(a.) 2 and 0 (b.) 2 and 2
(c.) 1 and 2 (d.) 0 and 2

(8.) Select the pair of molecules which has tetrahedral molecular geometry. [Page: 111]
(a.) PCl5 and SF6 (b.) CH4 and NH4+
(c.) SP4 and BrF5 (d.) ClP3 and H 2O

(9.) The bond angles of NH 3 ,CH 4 and H 2O molecules are [Page: 110]
(a.) 109.5o ,107 o and 104.5o respectively. (b.) 107 o ,109.5o and 104.5o respectively.
(c.) 104.5o ,107 o and 109.5o respectively. (d.) 109.5o ,104.5o and 107o respectively.

(10.) Some statements regarding formal charge are given below. Identify the correct statement(s).
[Page: 100]
(I) Formal charges do not indicate real charge separation within the molecule.
(II) Formal charges help in the selection of the lowest energy structure from a number of possible
Lewis structures for a given species.
(III) In polyatomic ions, it is feasible to assign a formal charge on each atom.
(a.) I only (b.) II and III
(c.) I and III (d.) I, II and III

(11.) What is the factor responsible for the zero overlap? [Page: ll7]
(a.) Out of phase due to different orientation (b.) Out of phase due to same orientation
direction of approach. direction of approach.
(c.) In phase due to different orientation (d.) In phase due to same orientation
direction of approach. direction of approach.

(12.) Select the pair of molecule which has the same type of hybridisation. [Page: 118]
(a.) BCl3 and C 2 H 6 (b.) C 2 H 2 and BeCl2
(c.) C2 H 4 and CH 4 (d.) NH 3 and C2H 2

(13.) Which of the following statements is not correct from the viewpoint of molecular orbital
theory. [NCERT Exemplar, Page: 126]
(a.) Be 2 is not a stable (b.) He 2 is not stable but He+2 is expected to exist.
molecule.
(c.) Bond strength of N 2 is (d.) The order of energies of molecular orbitals in N 2
maximum among the molecules is
homonuclear diatomic  2s   *2s   2p z  ( 2p x =  2p y )  ( *2p x =  *2p y )   *2p z
molecules belonging to
the second period.

(14.) Identify the molecule which has one lone pair of electrons, tetrahedral geometry and trigonal
pyramidal shape. [Page: i i3]

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 (a.) SP4 (b.) BrP5
(c.) PCl5 (d.) NH 3
(15.) Select the correct statement. [Page: 99]
(a.) In NF3 and CO32 , nitrogen and fluorine (b.) In NF3 and CO32 , nitrogen and carbon
are the central atoms whereas carbon are the central atoms whereas fluorine
and oxygen occupy the terminal and oxygen occupy the terminal
positions. positions.
(c.) In NP3 and CO32 , fluorine and oxygen (d.) In NF3 and CO32 , nitrogen and oxygen
are the central atoms whereas nitrogen are the central atoms whereas fluorine
and carbon occupy the terminal and carbon occupy the terminal
positions. positions.

(16.) The direction of the C‐H bond cannot be ascertained because [Page: 116]
(a.) the 2s orbital of carbon and the ls orbital (b.) the ls orbital of carbon and the 2s orbital
of H are spherically symmetrical and of H are spherically symmetrical and
they can overlap in any direction. they can overlap in any direction.
(c.) the ls orbital of carbon and the ls orbital (d.) the 2s orbital of carbon and the 2s orbital
of H are spherically symmetrical and of H are spherically symmetrical and
they can overlap in any direction. they can overlap in any direction.

(17.) Which of the following will be the strongest bond ? [Page: 103]
(a.) O−H (b.) N−H
(c.) O − Cl (d.) F−O

(18.) Some statements regarding octet theory are given below. Identify the correct
statement(s).[Page: 99]
(I) This theory does not account for the shape of molecules.
(II) It does not explain the relative stability of the molecules.
(III) This theory is totally silent about the energy of a molecule.
(a.) II only (b.) I and III
(c.) II and III (d.) I, II and III

(19.) In sp hybridisation [page: 118]

(a.) 50% s − character and 50% %p − (b.) 25% s − character and 75% p − character
character
(c.) 75% s − character and 25% p − character (d.) 40% s − character and 60% p − character

(20.) Assertion: O 2 molecule is paramagnetic while H 2 molecule is diamagnetic in nature.

Reason: Bond order of O 2 molecular is two while bond order of H 2 molecule is one. [page:
l26]
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.
(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(21.) Some molecules are given below: [Page: 111] SO 2 , NH 3 , H 2O,SP4 ,ClP3 , BrP5 , XeF4

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How many of them have two lone pair of electrons?
(a.) Two (b.) Three
(c.) Four (d.) Five

(22.) As per VSEPR theory, the pairs of electrons tend to occupy such position in space that [page:
109]
(a.) minimise repulsion and thus maximise (b.) maximise repulsion and thus maximise
distance between them. distance between them.
(c.) minimise repulsion and thus minimise (d.) maximise repulsion and thus minimise
distance between them. distance between them.

(23.) The molecular orbitals are filled in accordance with the [Page: 122]
(a.) aufbau principle. (b.) Pauli’s exclusion principle.
(c.) Hund’s rule. (d.) All of these.

(24.) N a and N b denoted for number of electrons present in antibonding and number of electrons
present in bonding, then select correct option for stable molecule. [page: l25]
(a.) Nb  Na (b.) Na = Nb
(c.) Na  Nb (d.) None of these

(25.) Assertion: In NH3 , N is sp3 hybridised but bond angle is 107o.

Reason: Shape of NH 3 molecule is trigonal pyramidal. [Page: 110]
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is nor the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.
(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(26.) What is the bond angle in the molecule of BeCl 2 [Page: 119]
(a.) 60o (b.) 90o
(c.) 120o (d.) 180o

(27.) Overlapping of atomic orbitals depends upon [Page: 114]

(a.) the sign (phase) of orbital wave function (b.) direction of orientation of amplitude of
in space. orbital wave function in space.
(c.) both a and b. (d.) none of these.

(28.) How many lone pairs of electrons are present in SF4 molecule [Page: 112]
(a.) One (b.) Two
(c.) Three (d.) Four

(29.) Which of the following pairs of molecules has expanded octet) [Page: 10l]
(a.) SP6 , H 2O (b.) H 2SO 4 , Li Cl
(c.) PF5 and SF6 (d.) CO 2 and PF5

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(30.) Select the correct order of increasing bond length of C = C , C − C , C − O and C − H . [Page: 103]
(a.) C−O  C−H  C−C  C = C (b.) C−C  C = C  C−O  C−H
(c.) C − H  C = C, C − O  C − C (d.) C−H  C−O  C−C  C = C

(31.) Net dipole moment (l) of water molecule ( H 2O ) is 1.85 D. Its values in Cm is equal to [Page:
108]
(a.) 1.35 10−30 Cm (b.) 8. 33 10−30 Cm
(c.) 6.17 10−30 Cm (d.) 5. 2110−30 Cm

(32.) Which of the following molecules/ions is diamagnetic in nature. [Page: l26]

(a.) O22 (b.) O2
(c.) O2 (d.) O+2

(33.) Valence bond theory is based on the knowledge of the following: [page: 113]
(I) Atomic orbitals
(II) Electronic configurations of elements
(III) The overlapping criteria of atomic orbitals
(IV) Principles of variation and superposition
Select the correct option.
(a.) II and III are correct. (b.) III and IV are correct.
(c.) I and III are correct. (d.) I, II, III and IV are correct.

(34.) Nyholm and Gillespie refined the VSEPR model by explaining that [Page: 109]
(a.) the lone pair electrons in a molecule (b.) the lone pair of electrons in a molecule
occupy more space as compared to the occupy less space as compared to the
bonding pairs of electrons. bonding pairs of electrons.
(c.) the lone pair and bond pair in a (d.) None of these.
molecule occupy the same space.

(35.) Which of the following pairs of species has identical bond order ? [Page: 105]
(a.) N 2 and O 2 (b.) P2 and N 2
(c.) N 2 and HCl (d.) N 2 and CO

(36.) Dipole moment defined as the [Page: 107]

(a.) product of the magnitude of the charge (b.) product of the magnitude of the charge
and the distance between the centres of and the distance between the centres of
positive and positive charge. negative and negative charge.
(c.) product of the magnitude of the charge (d.) product of the magnitude of the
and the distance between the centres of resistance and the distance between the
positive and negative charge. neutral nuclei.

(37.) Assertion: Dipole moment of NH 3 is greater than that of NP3 .

Reason: Nitrogen is more electronegative than fluorine. [Page: 108]
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

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 (c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(38.) Some statements regarding bond angle are given be10w. Identify the correct statement(s).
[Page: 104]
(I) Bond angle is the angle between the orbitals containing bonding electron pairs around the
central atom in a molecule/complex ion.
(II) Bond angle is expressed in degrees which can be experimentally determined by
spectroscopic methods.
(III) Bond angle helps in determining the shape of the molecule/complex ion.
(IV) Bond angle gives some idea regarding the distribution of orbitals around the central atom
in a molecule/complex ion.
(a.) III only (b.) I, II and IV
(c.) I, II, III and IV (d.) I and III

(39.) The types of hybrid orbitals of nitrogen in NO+2 , NO3 and NH4+ respectively are expected to be
[NCERT Exemplar, Page: 120]
(a.) sp,sp 3and sp 2 (b.) sp,sp 2 and sp3
(c.) sp 2 ,sp and sp3 (d.) sp 2 ,sp3 and sp

(40.) Two statements for polarity of bonds are given below: [Page: 105]
(I) The existence of a 100% ionic or covalent bond represents an ideal situation.
(II) In reality no bond or a compound is either completely covalent or ionic.
The given statements I and II are true or false
(a.) FF (b.) TT
(c.) TF (d.) FT

(41.) According to VSEPR Theory, the shape of a molecule depends upon the number of valence
shell electron pairs [page: l09]
(a.) bonded electron pair only. (b.) non‐bonded electron pair only.
(c.) bonded or non‐bonded electron pair. (d.) neither bonded nor non‐bonded electron
pair.

(42.) Two statements regarding SP4 molecule are given below. Identify the correct statements with
respect to more stable structure. [Page: 113]
(I) If lone pair of electrons present at axial position then molecule is more stable.
(II) If lone pair of electrons present at equatorial position then molecule is less stable.
(a.) Only I (b.) Only II
(c.) Both I and II (d.) Neither I nor II

(43.) What is the bond order of H 2 molecule [Page: l25]

(a.) One (b.) Two
(c.) Three (d.) Zero

(44.) Ionic bonds will be formed more easily [Page: 102]

(a.) between elements with comparatively (b.) between elements with comparatively
low ionisation enthalpies and elements high ionisation enthalpies and elements

23
 with comparatively high negative value with comparatively low negative value
of electron gain enthalpy. of electron gain enthalpy.
(c.) between two elements which consist of (d.) between two elements which consist of
low ionisation enthalpy and electron high ionisation enthalpy and electron
gain enthalpy. gain enthalpy.

(45.) Assertion: SF4 molecule has see‐saw shape.

Reason: Two lone pair of electrons are present in SF4 molecules. [Page: 113]
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is nor the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.
(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(46.) Which molecule/ion out of the following does not contain unpaired electrons [Page: l26]
(a.) N+2 (b.) O2
(c.) O22− (d.) B2

(47.) What is the hybridisation of a molecule which has square planar shape [Page: 120]
(a.) dsp 2 (b.) sp 3d
(c.) sp3d 2 (d.) sp3

(48.) The dipole moment of HP may be represented as: [Page: 108]

This arrow symbolises the direction of the shift of

(a.) proton density in the molecule. (b.) electron density in the molecule.
(c.) neutron density in the molecule. (d.) proton and neutron densities in the
molecule.

(49.) Some conditions for the combination of atomic orbitals are given below: [Page: 122]
(I) The combining atomic orbitals must have the same or nearly the same energy.
(II) The combining atomic orbitals must have the same symmetry about the molecular axis.
(III) The combining atomic orbitals must overlap to the maximum extent.
Select the correct statement(s).
(a.) Only I (b.) Only III
(c.) I and III (d.) I, II and III

(50.) Bond length is defined as the equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms in
a molecule and it is measured by [Page: 103]
(a.) spectroscopic technique. (b.) X‐ray diffraction technique.
(c.) electron‐diffraction technique. (d.) all of these.

24
 TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS
TOPIC 1: Electrovalent, Covalent and Coordinate Bonding
1. Which of the following combination will form an electrovalent bond ?
1) P and Cl 2) NH3 and BF3 3) H and Ca 4) H and S
2. Which has a giant covalent structure?
1) PbO2 2) SiO2 3) NaCl 4) AlCl3
3. Which one of the following contains a co-ordinate covalent bond ?
1) H2O 2) HCl 3) BaCl2 4) N2 H 5+
4. The number of dative bonds in sulphuric acid molecule is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
5. Which of the following statements is not true about covalent compounds?
1) They may exhibit space isomerism 2) They have low melting and boiling points
3) They show ionic reactions 4) They show molecular reactions
6. Indicate the nature of bonding in CCl4 and CaH2
1) Covalent in CCl4 and electrovalent in CaH2 2) Electrovalent in both CCl4 and CaH2
3) Covalent in both CCl4 and CaH2 4) Electrovalent in CCl4 and covalent in CaH2
7. Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends upon
1) charge on the ion and size of the ion 2) packing of ions only
3) size of the ion only 4) charge on the ion only
8. Among the following which compound will show the highest lattice energy ?
1) KF 2) NaF 3) CsF 4) RbF
9. The compound that has the highest ionic character associated with the X—Cl bond is:
1) PCl5 2) BCl3 3) CCl4 4) SiCl4
10. Which combination of atoms can form a polar covalent bond?
1) H and H 2) H and F 3) N and N 4) Na and F
11. Which of the following pairs will form the most stable ionic bond ?
1) Na and Cl 2) Mg and F 3) Li and F 4) Na and F
12. In which of the following species central atom is NOT surrounded by exactly 8 valence electrons?
1) BF4− 2) NCl3 3) PCl +4 4) SF4
13. Which of the following does not apply to metallic bond ?
1) Overlapping valence orbitals 2) Mobile valency electrons
3) Delocalized electrons 4) Highly directed bonds.
14. Which set contains only covalently bonded molecules?
1) BCl3, SiCl4, PCl3 2) NH4 Br, N2H4, HBr 3) I2, H2S, NaI 4) Al, O3, As4
15. Amongst LiCl, RbCl, BeCl2 and MgCl2 the compounds with the greatest and the least ionic character,
respectively are:
1) LiCl and RbCl 2) RbCl and BeCl2 3) MgCl2 and BeCl2 4) RbCl and MgCl2
16. In ionic solids how crystal structure get stabilized
1) By the energy released in the formation of crystal lattice.
2) By achieving octet of electrons around the ionic species in gaseous state.
3) By electron gain enthalpy and the ionization enthalpy.
4) None of these
17. Which of the following statement is correct?
1) FeCl2 is more covalent than FeCl3. 2) FeCl3 is more covalent than FeCl2.
3) Both FeCl2 and FeCl3 are equally covalent. 4) FeCl2 and FeCl3 do not have any covalent character.

TOPIC 2: Octet Rule, Resonance, Dipole Moment and Bond Polarity

18. A pair of compounds which has odd electrons in the group NO, CO, ClO2, N2O5, SO2 and O3 are
1) NO and ClO2 2) CO and SO2 3) ClO2 and CO 4) SO2 and O3
19. Which of the following molecule(s) obey the octet rule?

25
 (i) [BF4]-, (ii) [AlCl4]-, (iii) SO2, (iv) CCl4
1) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) 2) (ii), (iii), (iv) 3) (i), (iii), (iv) 4) (i), (ii), (iv)
20. In the cyanide ion, the formal negative charge is on
1) C 2) N 3) Both C and N 4) resonate between C and N

21. Among the following, the species having the smallest bond order is
1) NO − 2) NO + 3) O 2 4) NO
22. The bond length of C = O bond in CO is 1.20 Å and in CO2 it is 1.34 Å. Then C = O bond length in
CO32− will be
1) 1.50 Å 2) 1.34 Å 3) 1.29 Å 4) 0.95 Å
AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 53
23. Which one of the following pairs of molecules will have permanent dipole moments for both members ?
1) NO2 and CO2 2) NO2 and O33) SiF4 and CO2 4) SiF4 and NO2
24. Which of the following structure represents structure of O3 more accurately?

1) I and III only 2) II and III only 3) I and II only 4) All

25. Which of the following salt shows maximum covalent character?
1) AlCl3 2) MgCl2 3) CsCl 4) LaCl3
26. Pauling’s electronegativity values for elements are useful in predicting :
1) polarity of bonds in molecules 2) ionic and covalent nature of bonds
3) coordination number 4) both 1) and 2)
27. The molecule which has zero dipole moment is
1) CH3Cl 2) NF3 3) BF3 4) ClO2
28. Which bond angle q would result in the maximum dipole moment for the triatomic molecule YXY
1) q = 90° 2) q = 120° 3) q = 150° 4) q = 180°
29. Polarisibility of halide ions increases in the order
1) F− , I− , Br − , Cl − 2) Cl − , Br − , I− , F− 3) I− , Br − , Cl − , F− 4) F− , Cl − , Br − , I−
30. If one assumes linear structure instead of bent structure for water, then which one of the following
properties cannot be explained?
1) The formation of intermolecular hydrogen bond in water.
2) The high boiling point of water.
3) Solubility of polar compounds in water.
4) Ability of water to form coordinate covalent bond.
TOPIC 3: VSEPR Theory, VBT Theory and Hybridization
31. The angle between the overlapping of one s-orbital and one p-orbital is
1) 180° 2) 120° 3) 109°28' 4) 120° 60'
32. Equilateral shape has
1) sp hybridisation 2) sp2 hybridisation 3) sp3 hybridisation 4) None of these
33. Which one of the following has the shortest carbon-carbon bond length ?
1) Benzene 2) Ethene 3) Ethyne 4) Ethane
34. Which of the following is the correct increasing order of lone pair of electrons on the central atom?
1) IF7 < IF5 < CIF3 < XeF2 2) IF7 < XeF2 < CIF2 < IF5
3) IF7 < CIF3 < XeF2 < IF5 4) IF7 < XeF2 < IF5 < CIF3

26
35. In which one of the following molecules the central atom is said to adopt sp2 hybridization?
1) BeF2 2) BF3 3) C2H2 4) NH3
36. Which of the following two are isostructural?
1) NH3, BF3 2) PCl5, ICl5 3) XeF2 , IF2− 4) CO3−2 ,SO32−

37. The decreasing values of bond angles from NH3 (106º) to SbH3 (101º) down group-15 of the periodic
table is due to
1) decreasing bp-bp repulsion 2) decreasing electronegativity
3) increasing bp-bp repulsion 4) increasing lp-bp repulsion
38. The shape of ClO3– ion according to Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory will be
1) planar triangular 2) pyramidal 3) tetrahedral 4) square planar
39. Which of the following molecules has trigonal planar geometry?
1) BF3 2) NH3 3) PCl3 4) IF3
40. Linear combination of two hybridized orbitals belonging to two atoms and each having one electron
leads to a
1) sigma bond 2) double bond 3) co-ordinate covalent bond 4) pi bond.
41. Which of the following statements is not correct for sigma and pi-bonds formed between two carbon
atoms?
1) Sigma-bond determines the direction between carbon atoms but a pi-bond has no primary effect in
this regard
2) Sigma-bond is stronger than a pi-bond
3) Bond energies of sigma- and pi-bonds are of the order of 264 kJ/mol and 347 kJ/mol, respectively
4) Free rotation of atoms about a sigma-bond is allowed but not in case of a pi-bond
42. How many s and p bonds are present in toluene?
1) 3 + 8 2) 3 + 10 3) 3 + 15 4) 6 + 3
43. The number of lone pair and bond pair of electrons on the sulphur atom in sulphur dioxide molecule are
respectively
1) 1 and 3 2) 4 and 1 3) 3 and 1 4) 1 and 2
44. How many sigma bonds are in a molecule of diethyl ether, C 2 H 5OC 2 H 5
1) 14 2) 12 3) 8 4) 16
45. Which of the following statements is not correct?
1) Hybridisation is the mixing of atomic orbitals prior to their combining into molecular orbitals
2) sp2 hybrid orbitals are formed from two p-atomic orbitals and one s-orbital
3) d2sp3 hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular octahedron
4) dsp3 hybrid orbitals are all at 90° to one another

46. Which of the following species has a linear shape ?

1) SO2 2) NO +2 3) CH4 4) NO −2
47. Using VSEPR theory, predict the species which has square pyramidal shape
1) SnCl2 2) CCl4 3) SO3 4) BrF5
48. Amongst the following, the molecule/ion that is linear is :
1) SO2 2) CO2 3) ClO −2 4) NO −2
49. Which of the following structure is most stable ?

Choose the correct option.

1) Only I 2) Only II 3) Only III 4) All three have same stability
50. The true statements from the following are
1. PH5 and BiCl5 do not exist 2. p − d bond is present in SO2
3. Electrons travel with the speed of light 4. SeF4 and CH4 have same shape

27
 5. I3+ has bent geometry
1) 1, 3 2) 1, 2, 5 3) 1, 3, 5 4) 1, 2, 4
51. The hybrid state of S in SO3 is similar to that of
1) C in C2H2 2) C in C2H4 3) C in CH4 4) C in CO2
52. Allyl cyanide molecule contains
1) 9 sigma bonds, 4 pi bonds and no lone pair 2) 9 sigma bonds, 3 pi bonds and one lone pair
3) 8 sigma bonds, 5 pi bonds and one lone pair 4) 8 sigma bonds, 3 pi bonds and two lone pairs
!
53. All bond angles are exactly equal to 109° 28 in :
1) methyl chloride 2) iodoform 3) chloroform 4) carbon tetrachloride
54. Which has the least bond angle
1) NH3 2) BeF2 3) H2O 4) CH4
−
55. The shape of IF6 is :
1) Trigonally distorted octahedron 2) Pyramidal
3) Octahedral 4) Square antiprism
56. Which of the following statements is not correct?
1) Double bond is shorter than a single bond 2) Sigma bond is weaker than a p (pi) bond
3) Double bond is stronger than a single bond 4) Covalent bond is stronger than hydrogen bond
57. In which of the following pair both the species have sp3 hybridization?
1) H2 S , BF3 2) SiF4, BeH2 3) NF3, H2O 4) NF3, BF3
58. Which of the following represents zero overlap of atomic orbitals.

(d) All of these

59. The structure of the noble gas compound XeF4 is :
1) square planar 2) distorted tetrahedral 3) tetrahedral 4) octahedral
60. Which of the following pairs of species have identical shapes?
1) NO +2 and NO −2 2) PCl5 and BrF5 3) XeF4 and ICI −4 4) TeCl 4 and XeO 4
− 3− 2− − 2− 3−
61. Amongst NO , AsO ,CO ,ClO ,SO
3 3 3 3 3 and BO , the non-planar species are
3
2− 2− 3−
1) CO ,SO , BO
3 3 3
3−
2) AsO ,ClO3− ,SO32−
3 3) NO3− ,CO32− , BO33− 4) SO32− , NO3− , BO33−
62. What is the shape of the IBr2− ion?
1) Linear 2) Bent shape with bond angle of about 90°
3) Bent shape with bond angle of about 109° 4) Bent shape with bond angle of about 120°
63. According to VSEPR theory, in which species do all the atoms lie in the same plane?
1. CH3+ 2. CH3−
1) 1 only 2) 2 only 3) both 1 and 2 4) neither 1 nor 2
2
64. Which bonds are formed by a carbon atom with sp -hybridisation?
1) 4  -bonds 2) 2  -bonds and 2  -bonds 3) 1  -bonds and 3  -bonds 4) 4  -bonds
65. SF2, SF4 and SF6 have the hybridisation at sulphur atom respectively as :
1) sp2, sp3, sp2d2 2) sp3, sp3, sp3d2 3) sp3, sp3d, sp3d2 4) sp3, spd2, d2sp3
66. The strength of bonds formed by s–s, p–p and s–p overlap is in the order of
1) s–p > s–s > p–p 2) p–p > s–s > s–p 3) s–s > p–p > s–p 4) s–s > s–p > p–p
TOPIC 4: MOT and Hydrogen Bonding
67. The bond order in N +2 is

28
 1) 1.5 2) 3.0 3) 2.5 4) 2.0
+
68. The molecular electronic configuration of H 2 ion is?
1) ( 1s ) (
2) ( 1s ) *1s ) (
3) ( 1s ) *1s ) 4) ( 1s )
2 2 2 2 1 3

69. In the change of NO + to NO, the electron is added to

1)  - orbital 2)  – orbital 3)  * - orbital 4)  * - orbital
70. The correct statement with regard to H2+ and H2- is
1) Both H2+ and H2- do not exist 2) H −2 is more stable than H +2
3) H +2 is more stable than H −2 4) Both H +2 and H −2 are equally stable
71. If Nx is the number of bonding orbitals of an atom and Ny is the number of antibonding orbitals, then the
molecule/atom will be stable if
1) Nx > Ny 2) Nx = Ny 3) Nx < Ny 4) Nx  Ny
72. In an anti-bonding molecular orbital, electron density is minimum
1) around one atom of the molecule 2) between the two nuclei of the molecule
3) at the region away from the nuclei of the molecule 4) at no place
73. When two atomic orbitals combine, they form
1) one molecular orbital 2) two molecular orbital
3) three molecular orbital 4) four molecular orbital
74. Of the following hydrides which one has the lowest boiling point?
1) AsH3 2) SbH3 3) PH3 4) NH3
75. Which one of the following is the correct order of interactions?
1) covalent < hydrogen bonding < van der Waals < dipoledipole
2) van der Waals < hydrogen bonding < dipole-dipole < covalent
3) van der Waals < dipole-dipole < hydrogen bonding < covalent
4) dipole-dipole < van der Waals < hydrogen bonding < covalent
76. An ether is more volatile than an alcohol having the same molecular formula. This is due to
1) alcohols having resonance structures 2) intermolecular hydrogen bonding in ethers
3) intermolecular hydrogen bonding in alcohols 4) dipolar character of ethers
77. Paramagnetism is exhibited by molecules
1) not attracted into a magnetic field 2) containing only paired electrons
3) carrying a positive charge 4) containing unpaired electrons
78. Hydrogen bonding is maximum in :
1) C2H5OH 2) CH3OCH3 3) (CH3)2 C = O 4) CH3CHO
79. What is the dominant intermolecular force or bond that must be overcome in converting liquid CH 3OH
to a gas?
1) Dipole-dipole interaction 2) Covalent bonds
3) London dispersion force 4) Hydrogen bonding
− −2
80. In O 2 , O 2 and O 2 molecular species, the total number of antibonding electrons respectively are
1) 7, 6, 8 2) 1, 0, 2 3) 6, 6, 6 4) 8, 6, 8

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

1. In the structure of ClF3, the number of lone pair of electrons on central atom ‘Cl’ is [2018]
1) One 2) Two 3) Three 4) Four
2. Which of the following molecules represents the order of hybridisation sp2, sp2, sp, sp from left to right
atoms? [2018]
1) HC  C − C  CH 2) CH 2 = CH − C  CH 3) CH 3 − CH = CH − CH 3 4) CH 2 = CH − CH = CH 2
3. Consider the following species : [2018]
+ −
CN , CN , NO and CN Which one of these will have the highest bond order?
1) NO 2) CN − 3) CN 4) CN +

29
4. The species, having bond angles of 120° is : [2017]
1) CIF3 2) NCl3 3) BCl3 4) PH3
5. Which of the following pairs of species have the same bond order ? [2017]
+ − −
1) O 2 , NO 2) CN , CO 3) N 2 , O 2 4) CO, NO
6. Consider the molecules CH4, NH3 and H2O. Which of the given statements is false? [2016]
1) The H–C–H bond angle in CH4, the H–N–H bond angle in NH3, and the H–O–H bond angle in H2O
are all greater than 90°
2) The H–O–H bond angle in H2O is larger than the H– C–H bond angle in CH4.
3) The H–O–H bond angle in H2O is smaller than the H–N–H bond angle in NH3.
4) The H–C–H bond angle in CH4 is larger than the H–N–H bond angle in NH3.
7. Predict the correct order among the following :- [2016]
1) lone pair- lone pair > lone pair - bond pair > bond pair - bond pair
2) lone pair - lone pair > bond pair - bond pair > lone pair - bond pair
3) bond pair - bond pair > lone pair - bond pair > lone pair - lone pair
4) lone pair - bond pair > bond pair - bond pair > lone pair - lone pair
8. Decreasing order of stability of O 2 , O −2 , O +2 and O 22− is : [2015]
1) O +2  O 2  O 2−  O 22− 2) O 22−  O −2  O 2  O 2+
3) O 2  O 2+  O 22−  O 2− 4) O −2  O 22−  O +2  O 2
9. The correct bond order in the following species is: [2015]
1) O 22+  O 2−  O 2+ 2) O +2  O −2  O 22+ 3) O −2  O +2  O 22+ 4) O 22+  O 2+  O 2−
10. Which of the following pairs of ions are isoelectronic and isostructural? [2015]
1) ClO3− ,CO32− 2) SO32− , NO3− 3) ClO3− ,SO32− 4) CO32− ,SO32−
11. Maximum bond angle at nitrogen is present in which of the following? [2015]
1) NO −2 2) NO +2 3) NO3− 4) NO 2
12. Which of the following species contains equal number of  and  − bonds [2015]
1) XeO 4 2) ( CN )2 3) CH 2 ( CN )2 4) HCO3−

13. Which of the following molecules has the maximum dipole moment? [2014]
1) CO 2 2) CH 4 3) NH 3 4) NF3
14. Which one of the following species has planar triangular shape? [2014]
− − −
1) N3 2) NO3 3) NO 2 4) CO 2
15. The number of sigma (s) and pi (p) bonds in pent- 2-en-4-yne is :- (2019)
(1) 10  bonds and 3  bonds (2) 8  bonds and 5  bonds
(3) 11  bonds and 2  bonds (4) 13  bonds and no  bond
16. Which of the following diatomic molecular species has only  bonds according to Molecular Orbital
Theory? (2019)
(1) O2 (2) N2 (3) C2 (4) Be2
17. Which of the following is paramagnetic? (2019-ODISSA)
(1) N2 (2) H2 (3) Li2 (4) O2
18. Which of the following is the correct order of dipole moment ? (2019-ODISSA)
(1) NH3 < BF3 < NF3 < H2O (2) BF3 < NF3 < NH3 < H2O
(3) BF3 < NH3 < NF3 < H2O (4) H2O < NF3 < NH3 < BF3
19. The number of hydrogen bonded water molecule(s) associated with CuSO4. 5H2O is (2019-ODISSA)
(1) 3 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 5
20. Among the compounds shown below which one revealed a linear structure? (2020-COVID)
(1) NO2 (2) HOCl (3) O3 (4) N2O
21. The potential energy (y) curve for H2formation as a function of internuclear distance (x) of the H atoms
is shown below. (2020-COVID)

30
 The bond energy of H2 is :
(1) ( b − a ) (2)
(c − a ) (3)
(b − a) (4) ( c − a )
2 2
22. Identify a molecule which does not exist? (NEET-2020)

1) O2 2) He2 3) Li2 4) C2

23. Match List-I with List-II. [NEET-2021]

List I List II
a) PCl5 i) Square pyramidal
b) SF6 ii) Trigonal planar
c) BrF5 iii) Octahedral
d) BF3 iv) Trigonal bipyramidal
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
1) 1) –(i), 2)-(iii), 3)-(iv), 4)-(i) 2) 1) –(iii), 2)-(i), 3)-(iv), 4)-(ii)
3) 1) –(iv), 2)-(iii), 3)-(ii), 4)-(i) 4) 1) –(iv), 2)-(iii), 3)-(i), 4)-(ii)
BF3 is planar and electron deficient compound. Hybridization and number of electrons around the
24.
central atom, respectively are: [NEET-2021]
3 2 2 3
1. sp and 6 2. sp and 6 3. sp and 8 4. sp and 4
25. From the following pairs of ions which one is not an iso- electronic pair? [NEET-2021]
+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 2+
1) Na , Mg 2) Mn , Fe 3) Fe , Mn 2−
4) O , F −
26. Which of the following molecules is non-polar in nature? [NEET-2021]
1) CH 2O 2) SbCl5 3) NO2 4) POCl3

27. Amongst the following which one will have maximum ‘lone pair-lone pair’ electron repulsions?
[NEET-2022]
1) CIF3 2) IF5 3) SF4 4) XeF2
28. Match List – I with List – II [NEET-2022]
List – I List – II
(Hydrides) (Nature)
a)MgH2 i)Electron precise
b)GeH4 ii)Electron deficient
c) B2H6 iii) Electron rich
d) HF iv) Ionic
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i),(c)-(ii),(d)-(iii)
2) (a)-(iii),(b)-(i),(c)-(ii),(d)-(iv)
3) (a)-(i),(b)-(ii),(c)-(iv),(d)-(iii)
4) (a)-(ii),(b)-(iii),(c)-(iv),(d)-(i)

31
 NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS – ANSWERS
(1.) c (2.) c (3.) d (4.) c (5.) b
(6.) b (7.) d (8.) b (9.) b (10.) d
(11.) a (12.) b (13.) d (14.) d (15.) b
(16.) a (17.) a (18.) d (19.) a (20.) b
(21.) b (22.) a (23.) d (24.) c (25.) b
(26.) d (27.) c (28.) a (29.) c (30.) c
(31.) c (32.) a (33.) d (34.) a (35.) d
(36.) c (37.) c (38.) c (39.) b (40.) b
(41.) c (42.) d (43.) a (44.) a (45.) c
(46.) c (47.) a (48.) b (49.) d (50.) d

TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS – ANSWERS

1) 3 2) 3 3) 4 4) 3 5) 3 6) 1 7) 1 8) 2 9) 4 10) 2
11) 2 12) 4 13) 4 14) 1 15) 2 16) 1 17) 2 18) 1 19) 4 20) 2
21) 2 22) 3 23) 2 24) 3 25) 1 26) 4 27) 3 28) 1 29) 4 30) 3
31) 1 32) 2 33) 3 34) 1 35) 2 36) 3 37) 1 38) 2 39) 1 40) 1
41) 3 42) 3 43) 4 44) 1 45) 4 46) 2 47) 4 48) 2 49) 1 50) 2
51) 2 52) 2 53) 4 54) 3 55) 1 56) 2 57) 3 58) 3 59) 1 60) 3
61) 2 62) 1 63) 1 64) 3 65) 3 66) 4 67) 3 68) 3 69) 4 70) 3
71) 1 72) 2 73) 2 74) 3 75) 3 76) 3 77) 4 78) 1 79) 4 80) 1

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS-ANSWERS

1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 3 5) 2 6) 2 7) 1 8) 1 9) 3 10) 3
11) 2 12) 1 13) 3 14) 2 15) 1 16) 3 17) 4 18) 2 19) 2 20) 4
21) 1 22) 2 23) 4 24) 2 25) 3 26) 2 27) 4 28) 1

NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS – SOLUTIONS

(1.) (c) Basically the strength of a bond depends upon the extent of overlapping. In case of sigma bond, the
overlapping of orbitals takes place to a larger extent. Hence, it is stronger as compared to the pi bond
where the extent of overlapping occurs to a smaller extent.
(2.) (c) Dipole moment is a vector quantity and by convention it is depicted by the small arrow with tail on
the negative centre and head pointing towards the positive centre.
(3.) (d) Electrons from outermost shells ns and (n‐1)d take part in bond formation for transition elements.
Assertion‐Reason Type Questions
(4.) (c) H 2O has highest dipole moment.
(5.) (b) XeP4 − sp3d 2 − l.p. = 2, square planar
XeF6 − sp3d3 − l.p. = 1, distorted octahedral
XeOF4 − sp3d 2 − l.p. = 1, square pyramidal
XeO3 − sp3 − l.p. = 1, pyramidal
(6.) (b) Both the molecules, NH 3 and NF3 , have pyramidal shape with a lone pair of electrons.
Therefore, the sum of lone pair of electrons present in the molecule of NH 3 and NF3 is two.
(7.) (d) Electronic configuration of He2 : ( σ1s ) ( σ*1s )
2 2

32
 1
Bond order of He2 is ( 2 − 2) = 0
2
While bond order of O 2 is two.
(8.) (b) CH 4 and NH +4 both have tetrahedral molecular geometry.
(9.) (b) The bond angles of NH 3 ,CH 4 and H 2O molecules are l07 o ,l09.5o and 104.5o respectively.
(10.) (d) All the given statements regarding formal charge are correct.
(11.) (a) Zero overlap due to the out of phase for different orientation direction of approach.
(12.) (b) Molecule C 2 H 2 and BeCl 2 both have sp hybridisarion.
(13.) (d) The correct order of energies of molecular orbitals in N 2 molecule is
 2s   *2s  ( 2p x =  2p y )   2p z  ( *2p x =  *2p y )   *2p z
(14.) (d) Ammonia (NH3) has one lone pair of electrons, tetrahedral molecular geometry and trigonal pyramidal
shape.
(15.) (b) In general, the least electronegative atom occupies the central position in the molecule/ion. For
example, in the NF3 and CO32− , nitrogen and carbon are the central atoms whereas fluorine and oxygen
occupy the terminal positions.
(16.) (a) The direction of the C - H bond cannot be ascertained because the 2s orbital of carbon and the ls orbital
of H are spherically symmetrical and they can overlap in any direction.
(17.) (a) O‐H will be the strongest bond.
(18.) (d) All the given statements regarding octet theory are correct.
(19.) (a) In sp hybridisation, 50 %s − character and 50 % p‐character.
(20.) (b) Both assertion and reason are true statements.
(21.) (b) Among the given molecules, H 2O,ClP3 , and XeF4 have two lone pair of electrons. SO 2 , NH 3 ,SF4 and
BrF5 have one lone pair of electron.
(22.) (a) As per postulates of VSEPR theory, the pairs of electrons tend to occupy such positions in space that
minimise repulsion and thus maximise distance between them.
(23.) (d) The molecular orbitals like atomic orbitals are filled in accordance with the aufbau principle obeying
the Pauli’s exclusion principle and the Hund’s rule.
(24.) (c) A positive bond order, i.e. N b  N a , means a stable molecule while a negative, i.e. N b  N a , or zero
(i.e., N b = N a ) bond order means an unstable molecule.
(25.) (b) Both assertion and reason are true statement.
(26.) (d) BeCl 2 has sp‐hybridisarion, the two sp‐hybrid orbitals are oriented in opposite direction forming an
angle of 180o.
(27.) (c) Overlapping of atomic orbitals depends upon the sign (phase) and direction of orientation of amplitude
of orbital wave function in space.
(28.) (a) One lone pair of electron is present in SF4 molecule.

(29.) (c) PF5 and SF6 have expanded octet

33
(30.) (c) Correct order of increasing bond length is
C − H  C = C  C − O  C − C.
(31.) (c) Given, net dipole moment,  = 1.85D
Net dipole moment, ;  = 1.85  3.33564 1030 Cm = 6.17 1030 Cm.
(32.) (a) O22− ion , all the electrons are present in pair form, therefore they are diamagnetic in nature.
(33.) (d) A discussion of the valence bond theory is based on the knowledge of atomic orbitals, electronic
configurations of elements, the overlap criteria of atomic orbitals, the hybridisation of atomic orbitals and
the principles of variation and superposition.
(34.) (a) Nyholm and Gillespie refined the VSEPR model by explaining that the lone pairs are localised on the
central atom, each bonded pair is shared between two atoms. As a result, the lone pair electrons in a
molecule occupy more space as compared to the bonding pairs of electrons.
(35.) (d) Isoelectronic molecules and ions have identical bond orders, for example, F2 and O22− have bond order
1. N 2 , CO and NO + have bond order 3.
(36.) (c) As a result of polarisation, the molecule possesses the dipole moment which can be defined as the
product of the magnitude of the charge and the distance between the centres of positive and negative
`
charge. It is usually designated by a Greek letter ’ . Mathematically, it is expressed as follows:
Dipole moment (  ) = Charge (Q)  Distance of separation (r).
(37.) (c) Fluorine is more electronegative than nitrogen.
(38.) (c) All the given statements regarding bond angle of molecule/complexion are correct.
(39.) (b) NO+2 : sp hybridisation
NO3− : sp2 hybridisation
NH+4 : sp3 hybridisation
(40.) (b) Both the given statements regarding polarity of bonds are true.
(41.) (c) The shape of a molecule depends upon the number of valence shell electron pairs (bonded or non‐
bonded) around the central atom.
(42.) (d) In SF4 molecule, of lone pair of electrons present at axial position then molecule is less stable and if
lone pair of electrons present at equatorial position then molecule is more stable.
(43.) (a) Electronic Configuration of H 2 : ( σ1s )
2

The bond order of H 2 molecule can be calculated as

N − Na 2 − 0
Bond order = b = =1
2 2
(44.) (a) Ionic bonds will be formed more easily between elements with comparatively low ionisation enthalpies
and elements with comparatively high negative value of electron gain enthalpy.
(45.) (c) One lone pair of electron present in SF4 molecule.
(46.) (c) Among the given molecules/ions O22 does not contain unpaired electrons.
(47.) (a) The hybridisation of a molecule which has square planar shape is dsp 2 .
••
(48.) (b) H − F : This arrow symbolises the direction of the shift of electron density in the molecule.
••

(49.) (d) All the given conditions are correct for the combination of atomic orbitals.

34
(50.) (d) Bond lengths are measured by spectroscopic, X‐ray diffraction and electron‐diffraction techniques.

TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS – SOLUTIONS

1. (3) Higher the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms, more will be electrovalent
character of the
bond. Among given choices, calcium and hydrogen have maximum difference in their electro
negativities.
2. 3)
3. 4)

4. 3) 5. 3) 6. 1)
7. (1) The value of lattice energy depends on the charges present on the two ions and the distance between
them.
8. (2) For compounds containing cations of same charge, lattice energy increases as the size of the cation
decreases. Thus, NaF has highest lattice energy. The size of cations is in the order:Na+< K+ < Rb+ < Cs+
9. (4) In SiCl4 difference between electronegativity of Si (1.8) and chlorine (3.0) is higher than in other
given compounds.
10. (2) Hydrogen fluoride has a large value of dipole moment. This is due to very high electronegativity of
the fluorine as a result it pulls electrons strongly.
11. (2) The stability of the ionic bond depends upon the lattice energy which is expected to be more
between Mg and F due to +2 charge on Mg atom.
12. (4) In SF4 molecules central S-atom is surrounded by 10valence electrons and it is hypervalent
compound.
13. (4) In metallic bonds, each ion is surrounded by equal number of oppositely charged electrons, hence
have equal electrostatic attraction from all sides and hence do not have directional characteristics.
14. (1) The set of compounds BCl3, SiCl4, PCl3 are predominatly covalent compounds. NH4Br and NaI
ionic compounds and Al contains metallic lattice.
15. (2) According to Fajan’s rule smaller, highly charged cation has greatest covalent character while large
cation with smaller charge has greatest ionic character.
16. (1) In ionic solids, the sum of the electron gain enthalpy and the ionization enthalpy may be positive but
still the crystal structure gets stabilized due to the energy released in the formation of the crystal lattice.
17. (2) According to Fajan's rule, higher charge on the ions, more covalent is the compound.
18. (1)
19. 4)

20. 2) In CN- ion, formal negative charge is on nitrogen atom due to lone pair of electrons.
21. 2)

Higher the bond order lower is the bond length.

Hence NO+ will have smallest bond.
22. 3)In CO32− , due to resonance, C = O bond length is in between triple and double bond, i.e. in between
1.2 and 1.34. Thus, answer is 1.29 Å.
23. (2) Both NO2 and O3 have angular shape and hence will have net dipole moment.
24. (3) I and II structure shown above constitute the cannonical structure. III structure represents the
structure of O3 more accurately. This is also called resonance hybrid.

35
25. (1) According to Fajan’s rule, as the charge on the cation increases, and size decreases, its tendency to
polarise the anion increases. This brings more and more covalent nature to electrovalent compounds.
Hence AlCl3 shows maximum covalent character.
26. (4)
27. (3) The dipole moment of symmetrical molecules is zero.

Triangular planar (symmetrical molecule)

28. (1) The dipole moment of two dipoles inclined at an angle
 is given by the equation  = X 2 + Y 2 + 2XY cos  , cos 900 = 0 . Since the angle increases from 90° to
180°, the value of cos  becomes more and more – ve and hence resultant dipole moment decreases.
Thus, dipole moment is maximum when  = 90°.

29. (4) In case of anions having same charge, as the size of anion increases, polarisibility of anion also
increases.
30. (3) If the structure of water is linear, then μ = 0, hence it will be non-polar and thus the solubility of
polar compound in water cannot be explained.
31. 1)

The overlap between s- and p-orbitals occurs along internuclear axis and hence the angle is 180°.
32. 2) Equilateral or triangular planar shape involves sp2 hybridization.
33. (3) The bond length decreases in the order sp3 > sp2 > sp. Because of the triple bond, the carbon-carbon
bond is shortest.
34. (1) The number of lone pairs of electrons on central atom in various given species are
Species Number of lone pairs on central atom

Thus the correct increasing order is

35. 2) BF3 involves sp2 -hybridization.
36. (3) In XeF2 and -
IF2 both XeF2 and IF2
– are sp3d hybridized
and have trigonal bipyramidal (linear) shape due to presence of 3 lp of electrons.
37. (1) The bond angle decreases on moving down the group due to decrease in bond pair-bond pair
repulsion.
NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 BiH3
107º 94º 92º 91º 90º
This can also be explained by the fact that as the size of central atom increases and its electronegativity
decreases. Thus distance between bond pairs of electron increases and bp-bp repulsion decreases. As
a result bond angle decreases from NH3 to BiH3.
38. (2) Hybridisation is sp3 and shape pyramidal.
39. (1) BF3 is sp2 hybridised. So, it is trigonal planar. NH3, and PCl3 have sp3 hybridisation, hence have
trigonal pyramidal shape. IF3, has sp3d hydridisation and has T-shape.
40. (1) Linear combination of two hybridized orbitals leads to the formation of sigma bond.
41. (3) As sigma bond is stronger than the  (pi) bond, so it must be having higher bond energy than  (pi)
bond.

36
42. (3) 15  + 3 
43. (4)

44. (1) Number of  -bonds = 14

45. (4) 46. (2)
47. (4) BrF5 has square pyramidal geometry.
48. (2) Molecule or ion having sp hybridisation and no lone pair of electrons is linear. CO2 H = 1/2 (4 + 0
+ 0 – 0) = 2 sp (linear shape)
49. (1)
50. (2) SeF4 has distorted tetrahedral geometry while CH4 has tetrahedral geometry.
51. 2)

52. 2) Allyl cyanide is :

It contains 9 sigma bonds, 3 pi bonds and 1 lone pair of electrons.

53. (4) The bond angle will be exactly 109°.28’ when the central atom is sp3 hybridised and all bonds have
same atom. CCl4 has all identical bonds (C – Cl) and central carbon is sp3 hybridised. So, it has bond
angle exactly 109°.28’.
54. (3) H2O, NH3 and CH4 all are sp3 hybridized but due to two lp – lp repulsions, bond angle in H2O
(104.5°) is lower than in NH3 (107°) which has one lp and CH4 (109° 28’) which has no lp. BeF2 on
the other hand, has sp hybridization and hence has a bond angle of 180°.
55. (1) The structure of IF6 – is distorted octahedral This is due to presence of a “weak” lone pair.

56. (2)
57. (3) Applying VSEPR theory, both NF3 and H2O are sp3 hybridized.
58. (3) 59. (1) 60. (3) 61. (2)
62. 1)

63. 1)

37
64. 3) By sp2-hybridisation. Hybridisation orbital = 33 − bonds  Unhybridised orbital = 11 − bond 
65. 3) Hybridisation :

66. 4)The strength of a bond depends upon the extent of overlapping. s-s and s-p overlapping results in the
formation of  bond but extent of overlapping along internuclear axis is more in case of s-s overlapping
than in s-p. p-p overlapping may result in  bond if overlapping takes place along internuclear axis or
may result in  –bond if sideways overlapping takes place. In any case the extent of overlapping is
lesser in p – p than that of the other two, s-s and s-p. Hence the correct order is s - s > s - p > p – p
67. 3) N +2 = 7 + 7 − 1 = 13 electrons Configuration is 1s 2 ,  *1s 2 , 2s 2 ,  *2s 2 , 2p 2x = 2p 2y , 2p1z
nb − na 1 1
Bond order = = ( 9 − 4 ) =  5 = 2.5
2 2 2
68. 3) 69. 4)

70. ( )
3) H +2 : 1s1 ; B.O =
1
2
(1 − 0 ) =
1
2
H −2 : ( 1s 2 )(  *1s1 ) ; B.O = ( 2 − 1) =
1 1
2 2
Even though the bond order of H 2 and H −2 are equal but H +2 is more stable than H −2 as in the latter, an
+

electron is present in the antibonding (  *1s ) orbital of higher energy.

71. 1) 72. 2)
73. 2) One bonding M.O. and one anti-bonding M.O.
74. 3) NH3 undergoes H-bonding and hence has the highest b.p. Among the remaining hydrides i.e. PH3,
AsH3 and SbH3 as we move from PH3 to BiH3, the molecular mass increases. As a result the van der
waal’s forces of attraction increases and the boiling point increases regularly from PH3 to BiH3.
75. 3)
76. 3) In ether, there is no H-bonding while alcohols have intermolecular H-bonding.
77. 4) Molecules having unpaired electrons show paramagnetism.
78. 1) Hydrogen bonding is possible only in compounds having hydrogen attached with F, O or N.

79. (4) Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding in methanol, it exist as associated molecule.

38
80. (1) Molecular orbital electronic configuration of these species are :

Hence number of antibonding electrons are 7, 6 and 8 respectively.

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS-EXPLANATIONS

1. 2) The structure of CIF3 is

The number of lone pair of electrons on central Cl is 2.

sp2 sp 2 sp sp
2) CH 2 = CH − C  CH
2)NO : ( 1s ) (  *1s ) ( 2s ) (  * 2s ) ( 2p z ) ( 2px ) = ( 2p y ) (  *2px ) = ( * 2p y )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0
3.
10 − 5
B.O = = 2.5
2

4. 3) BCl3 is trigonal planar and hence the bond angle is 120°.

5. 2) CN- and CO have same no. of electrons and have same bond order equal to 3.
6. 2)

39
. Note: The geometry of H2O should have been tetrahedral if there are all bond pairs. But due to presence
of two lone pairs the shape is distorted tetrahedral. Hence bond angle reduced to 104.5° from 109.5°.
7. 1) According to VSEPR theory order of repulsion in between lp – lp, lp – bp and bp – bp is as under
lp – lp > lp – bp > bp – bp
8. 1) According to molecular orbital theory as bond order decreases stability of the molecule decreases
1
Bond order = ( N b − N a )
2
1
Bond order for O+2 = (10 − 5 ) = 2.5
2
1
Bond order for O2 = (10 − 6 ) = 2
2
1
Bond order for O−2 = (10 − 7 ) = 1.5
2
1
Bond order for O22 = (10 − 8 ) = 1.0
2
hence the correct order is
O +2  O 2  O 2−  O 22−
9. 3) O +2 ion - Total number of electrons (16 – 1) = 15. Electronic configuration

Electronic configuration

40
10. 3) ClO3− and SO3−2 both have same number of electrons (42) and central atom in each being sp3
hybridised.
Both are having one lone pair on central atom hence they are pyramidal.
11. 2) NO +2 has sp hybridisation so it is linear with bond angle = 180°.
12. 1)

13. 3)

1 6
14. 2) NO3− = ( 5 + 0 + 1 − 0 ) = = 3 = sp2 NO −2 (nitrite ion) also has sp2 hybridization and gives a trigonal
2 2
planner geometry but because there are only two outer atoms, the molecular geometry is bent with
1200 bond angles.
15. 1)

Number of sigma bonds = 10

Number of  -bonds = 3
16. 3) According to M.O.T. electronic configuration of C2 molecule is –
1s2  1s 2  2s 2   2s 2  2 p2x = 2 p2y
so, C2 molecule contain only '  ' bond

17. 4)
18.

19. 2)

41
20. 4)
21. (1) As per the given curve bond energy is the amountof energy is released during the bond formation is
i.e. = Final – Initial
= b−a
22. 2)He2 molecule does not exist

M.O configuration =  12 gs1s 2

1 1
B.O = ( N6 − Na ) = ( 2 − 2)
2 2
Bond order = O

23. 4) PCl5 → ( AB5 ) → Trigonal bipyramidal

SF6 → ( AB6 ) → Octahedral

BrF5 → ( AB5 E ) → Square pyramidal

BF3 → ( AB3 ) → Trigonal planar

24. 2) BF3 hybridization- SP 2

No of electrons -6
25. 3)
26. 2)

27. XeF2 has 3 loneparis so, it has maximum lone-pair –lone pair repulsions
28. MgH2 – Ionic
GeH4 – Electron precise
B2H6 – Electron deficient
HF – Electron rich

42