Master Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy

in the Federal Republic of Nigeria

PV Systems Manual

October 2006

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Preamble
In response to the request of the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (hereinafter
referred to as “Nigeria”), the Government of Japan decided to conduct Master Plan Study for
Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Hereinafter referred to as “Study”)
in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations in force in Japan and entrusted the Study to
the Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter referred to as “JICA”), the official agency
responsible for the implementation of the technical cooperation programs in the Government of
Japan.

JICA sent the Master Plan Study Team (hereinafter referred to as “Team”) to Nigeria and conduct
the Study in close cooperation with the authorities concerned in Nigeria. The Study includes a
Pilot Project (hereinafter referred to as “Project”) using Photovoltaic (PV) systems, which is
implemented in one (1) village each in Jigawa State, Ondo State, and Imo State.

The scope of the Project in Jigawa state includes the procurement, installation, and maintenance
of the PV systems consisting of one (1) Battery Charging Station (BCS) including twenty (20)
electrified households, one (1) Public Facility, forty (40) Solar Home Systems (SHSs), and ten
(10) Street Lightings.

Meanwhile, the PV systems consist of one (1) Public Facility including one (1) PV vaccine
refrigerator, sixty (60) SHSs, and ten (10) Street Lightings in Ondo state; the PV systems consist
of one (1) Public Facility, eighty (80) SHSs, and ten Street Lightings (10) in Imo State,

The installation of the PV systems is completed late in June 2006, and the Project will be
monitored up to February 2007 to evaluate the sustainability of PV systems in Nigeria.

The manual is specially prepared to instruct the concept and maintenance of PV systems of the
Project and consists of three chapters: for users, for maintenance staff, and for engineers. The
contents are as follows:

¾ For Users

The chapter starts with the components of PV systems and illustrates what the users should
do and should not do to keep the PV systems in good condition.

¾ For Maintenance Staff

The chapter describes what the maintenance staff should do as a routine work. It also
contains how to deal with the troubles of the PV systems.

¾ For Engineers

The chapter starts with the general description of PV generation. For future reference, it also
describes PV systems design.
PV Systems Manual

For Users
 Maser Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
PV Systems Manual for Users

1.1 Components of PV Systems

JICA provides two kinds of PV systems for independent house use―Solar Home System (SHS)
and Battery Charging Station (BCS). The SHS consists of the following components:

• PV Module: Getting the sunlight, the PV module generates electricity,

• Storage Battery: The electricity generated by the PV module during the daytime charges
the storage battery. At night, the battery discharges and supplies
electricity. JICA provides a sealed type battery which is maintenance-free,
• Charge Controller: The charge controller controls the charge/discharge of the battery and
has a function to prevent the battery from over-discharge,
• Circuit Breaker: In case of short circuit, the circuit breaker automatically cuts off the circuit,
• Switch: The switch is used to turn on and off the lightings,
• Outlet: The outlet is used for DC appliances such as a radio, black and white
television set, etc, and
• Lighting: The lighting, Compact Fluorescent Lump (CFL), is specially designed
for DC use and is more efficient than an ordinary AC bulb.

Meanwhile, the BCS consists of the same components as the SHS except that the PV modules
are not installed independently but aggregated at the station as a PV array. The Users of the BCS
are required to take their batteries to the station every 4 or 5 days and charge them. Additionally,
the battery is flooded type which is required to fill distilled water regularly.

Fig. 1-1 shows the configuration of PV systems.

PV module Lighting
Battery Charger

Switch PV array

Outlet

Charge User A
Controller
Storage
Circuit Battery
Breaker Station

User A User B

User B

(a) SHS (b) BCS

Fig. 1-1 Configuration of PV Systems

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1.2 Feature of PV Systems

Table 1-1 illustrates the feature of PV systems.

Table 1-1 Feature of PV Systems

Reliable Simple
You can use electricity whenever you need When you need electricity, you just turn on
power. the switch or plug in an appliance.

Ecologically Friendly Having Limitations

During the generation, the PV systems do not You can not use the PV systems all day long.
produce any harmful substance. In addition, AC appliances are not applicable.

12

9 3
No AC
6 Appliance
Not all
day long

1.3 Concept of PV Systems

The output of the PV module totally depends on the weather. The more sunshine the PV module
receives, the more electricity you can use. Meanwhile, the storage battery provides electricity at
night. Even though you can not get any sunshine for a few days during the rainy season, the
battery sustains the system and supplies you with electricity. However, the charge controller
automatically disconnects the load when the battery voltage becomes too low to sustain the
system.

Fig. 1-2 illustrates the concept of PV systems.

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PV Battery Load The PV module

Energy generates electricity, and
Generated surplus energy is stored
Consumed in the battery.
Energy

Energy Stored Surplus

Energy
Stored
Loss
1st Day

PV Battery Load In case of rain, the PV

Energy module does not
Generated generate electricity at all,
Consumed however, the battery
Stored Energy
Energy
Surplus
supplies electricity.
Energy
Stored Loss
2nd Day

PV Battery Load When the battery runs

Energy out of the energy stored,
Generated Stored Consumed the charge controller
Energy Energy
automatically
disconnects the load.
Energy
Stored Loss
3rd Day

• Stop using electricity for a day, and

• Wait till the battery voltage
recovers and the charge controller
automatically reconnect the load.

Fig. 1-2 Concept of PV Systems

1.4 Plan of Energy Consumption

Generally, the northern part of Nigeria shows the better solar irradiation conditions, in other words,
you can use the PV systems longer in the north if the systems are identical. However, the hour of
use depends on the load you use. So you need to make a plan of energy consumption
considering the load you use.

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Table 1-2 shows the daily limits of energy consumption which are calculated based on the solar
irradiation conditions and specification of PV systems. As you see, high solar irradiation in Jigawa
state allow you to consume energy most. For the purpose of using the PV system for as long a
time as possible, you shall use energy within the limitation.

Table 1-2 Limit of Energy Consumption at SHS

Jigawa Ondo Imo

Minimum Average solar
5.34 3.50 3.73
irradiation [kW/m2-day]
Capacity of PV module [W] 60 60 62
Lighting [W] 15 x 2 15 x 2 11 x 2
Limit of energy consumption
120 85 90
[Wh/day]

Table 1-3 shows a quick reference matrix of energy consumption. First you select a nominal input
of the load you use in the column of Watt, and then you find out energy consumption in Watt-hour
in the same row depending on the time of use.

Table 1-3 Quick Reference Matrix of Energy Consumption in Watt-hour

Time
10 min 20 min 30 min 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour 5 hour
Watt
1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
2 0.3 0.7 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
5 0.8 1.7 2.5 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
9 1.5 3.0 4.5 9.0 18.0 27.0 36.0 45.0
10 1.7 3.3 5.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
11 1.8 3.7 5.5 11.0 22.0 33.0 44.0 55.0
15 2.5 5.0 7.5 15.0 30.0 45.0 60.0 75.0
20 3.3 6.7 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

The following calculation shows an example of plan of energy consumption. In case of Jigawa, an
nominal input of the two sets of lighting is 30 Watt. If you use them for 3.5 hours, the energy
consumption yields 105 Watt-hour. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of radio for 3.0 hours is
15 Watt-hour, and we derive an accumulated energy consumption of 120 Watt-hour which meets
the requirement of limit in Table 1-2.

Jigawa) Light 30 Watt x 3.5 hour = 105.0 Wh

Radio 5 Watt x 3.0 hour = 15.0 Wh
Total 120.0 Wh

1.5 Points of Remember

In order to keep the PV systems in good condition, you should do and should not to do as
illustrated in Table 1-4.

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Table 1-4 Points of Remember

Should remove obstacles from the PV Should keep the PV module surface clean.
module to get as much sunshine as possible.

SHS SHS

Should not hang the laundry on the cable Should keep the battery in the battery box
to dry. and lock it.

SHS SHS/BCS

Should not put the battery sideways and Should not connect the load to the battery
leave any object on the battery box. terminal directly and connect the batteries in
parallel.

SHS/BCS SHS/BCS

Should take the battery to the station every Should use a proper tool and be careful not
4 or 5 days and recharge it. to cause short circuit.

BCS BCS Turn off the switch before

connect/disconnect the cable

Take the batter to the station and recharge it

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 PV Systems Manual

For Maintenance Staff

 Maser Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
PV Systems Manual for Maintenance Staff

2.1 Components of PV Systems

JICA provides four kinds of PV systems―Battery Charging Station (BCS), Public Facility, Solar
Home System (SHS), and Street Lighting. The components of the above PV systems are similar
and have the following functions:

• PV Module/Array: Getting the sunlight, the PV module generates electricity,

• Storage Battery: The electricity generated by the PV module during the daytime
charges the storage battery. At night, the battery discharges and
supplies electricity. JICA provides sealed type batteries for SHSs
and flooded type batteries for BCS households,
• Battery Charger: The charger is used to charge the storage batteries at BCS,
• Charge Controller: The charge controller controls the charge/discharge of the battery
and has a function to prevent the battery from over-discharge,
• Circuit Breaker: In case of short circuit, the circuit breaker automatically cuts off the circuit,
• Switch: The switch is used to turn on and off the lightings,
• Outlet: The outlet is used for DC appliances such as a radio, black and
white television set, etc,
• Lighting: The lighting, Compact Fluorescent Lump (CFL), is specially designed
for DC use and is more efficient than an ordinary AC bulb, and
• PV Vaccine Refrigerator: The refrigerator is certified by the World Health Organization (WHO)
and is specially designed for the purpose of preserving vaccines.

All the PV systems of the Project are operated at DC 12 V. Therefore, the Users are required to
be careful when they choose the components of the system.

Fig. 2-1 illustrates the configuration of PV systems.

PV module Lighting

Battery Charger

Switch
PV array
Outlet

Charge
Controller
Storage
Circuit Battery
Breaker

Station User User

(a) BCS (c) SHS
Lighting

PV Vaccine
Refrigerator Battery
(for Ondo state) Box

(b) Public Facility (d) Street Lighting

Fig. 2-1 Configuration of PV Systems

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Table 2-1 to 3 illustrates the specification of the components in each state respectively.

Table 2-1 Specification of the Components in Jigawa State

Item Specification
a. BCS
i) Station
PV Module Polycrystal 60 W x 18 units
Charge Controller 12 V, 6 A x 1 unit
Battery Charger 12 V, 20 A x 5 units
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 200 Ah x 1 unit
Lighting 12 V, 15 W Fluorescent Lamp x 2 units
ii) Household（per household）
Charge Controller 12 V, 6 A x 1 unit
Storage Battery Flooded type for trickle use, 88 Ah x 1 unit
Lighting 12 V, 15 W Fluorescent Lamp x 2 units
b. Public Facility
PV Module Polycrystal 60 W x 6 units
Charge Controller 12 V, 20 A x 1 unit
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 200 Ah x 2 units
Lighting 12 V, 15 W Fluorescent Lamp x 12 units
c. SHS（per household）
PV Module Polycrystal 60 W x 1 unit
Charge Controller 12 V, 6 A x 1 unit
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 65 Ah x 1 unit
Lighting 12 V, 15 W Fluorescent Lamp x 2 units
d. Street Lighting（per light）
PV Module Polycrystal 60 W x 1 unit
Charge Controller 12 V, 10 A x 1 unit, timer function
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 65 Ah x 1 unit
Lighting 12 V, 18 W Sodium Lump x 1 unit

Table 2-2 Specification of the Components in Ondo State

Item Specification
a. Public Facility
i) Lighting
PV Module Polycrystal 60 W x 6 units
Charge Controller 12 V, 20 A x 1 unit
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 200 Ah x 2 units
Lighting 12 V, 15 W Fluorescent Lamp x 10 units
ii) PV Vaccine Refrigerator
PV Vaccine Refrigerator 38.7 liter x 1 unit
PV Module Polycrystal 60 W x 4 units
Charge Controller 12 V, 15 A x 1 unit
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 200 Ah x 1 unit, 100 Ah x 1 unit
b. SHS（per household）
PV Module Polycrystal 60 W x 1 unit
Charge Controller 12 V, 6 A x 1 unit
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 65 Ah x 1 unit
Lighting 12 V, 15 W Fluorescent Lamp x 2 units
c. Street Lighting（per light）
PV Module Polycrystal 60 W x 1 unit
Charge Controller 12 V, 10 A x 1 unit, timer function
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 65 Ah x 1 unit
Lighting 12 V, 18 W Sodium Lump x 1 unit

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Table 2-3 Specification of the Components in Imo State

Item Specification
a. Public Facility
PV Module Polycrystal 62 W x 8 units
Charge Controller 12 V, 30 A x 1 unit
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 105 Ah x 4 units
Lighting 12 V, 11 W CFL x 12 units
b. SHS（per household）
PV Module Polycrystal 62 W x 1 unit
Charge Controller 12 V, 6 A x 1 unit
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 60 Ah x 1 unit
Lighting 12 V, 11 W CFL x 2 units
c. Street Lighting（per light）
PV Module Polycrystal 62 W x 1 unit
Charge Controller 12 V, 10 A x 1 unit, timer function
Storage Battery Sealed type for cycle use, 60 Ah x 1 unit
Lighting 12 V, 20 W CFL x 1 unit

2.2 Maintenance Works

Generally, the PV systems do not need complicated maintenance works except filling distilled
water in the flooded type batteries. You are required to check out the systems regularly and keep
them in good condition.

The Points of remember are illustrated in the Table 2-4.

Table 2-4 Points of Remember

Should use proper tools during the Should turn off the breaker and switch and
maintenance work. check the voltage before the work.

Check the Turn off

voltage

V Plug off

Should use components which are designed Should fasten the screws if they are loose
for DC 12 V use. and clean the inside of the boxes.

12 V Charge Controller

6V 24 V

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Should remove obstacles from the PV Should keep the PV arrays surface clean
arrays. (Clean them up twice a month)

Clean up the surface

twice a month

Should connect the cable in the order of the Should disconnect the cable in the opposite
terminal number when you replace the charge order of the terminal number when you
controller. replace the charge controller.

4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5
+ - + - + - + - + - + -

Turn off the switch/breaker and then Turn off the switch/breaker and then
connect the cables in the order of disconnect the cables in the order of
1Î2Î3Î4Î5Î6 6Î5Î4Î3Î2Î1

Should be careful not to cause short circuit. Should confirm that the green light is on
when the sunshine is present.

Charge Controller
Charging

4 3 2 1 6 5
+ - + - + -

Should connect the jumper when a sealed Should remove the jumper when a flooded
type battery is used. type battery is used.

4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5
+ - + - + - + - + - + -

With the jumper, the charging voltage Without the jumper, the charging voltage
becomes 14.1 V for a sealed type battery. becomes 14.4 V for a flooded type battery.

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Should confirm the level of electrolyte if a Should replace the used batteries with the
flooded type battery is used and fill distilled new ones at once.
water up to the upper level.

Do not use
New New
Upper Level
well water.
Lower Level
Use only
distilled water. Used New

2.3 Trouble Shooting

Most troubles can be checked at the terminals of the charge controller. In case that the User
experiences a blackout, you shall check the system as follows:

a. Load Disconnection

• Check the indicator on the charge controller. If the red light is on, the charge controller has
disconnected the load automatically because the battery voltage is too low to sustain the system.
• Make the User stop using electricity for a day and wait till the battery voltage recovers.
• When the battery voltage exceeds 12.6 V, the charge controller automatically reconnects the load.

b. Fault of Charge Controller

• Check the indicator on the charge controller. The green light is on during the daytime when
the sunshine is present.
• Confirm that the breaker and switches are turned on.
• After turn off the breaker and switches, check all the wirings and their polarities. In addition,
check all the terminal screws whether they are fastened tightly.
• Turn on the breaker and measure the voltage of each terminal.
• If the PV voltage―the voltage between the terminal 3 and 4―is close to the open voltage of
the PV module and battery voltage―the voltage between the terminal 1 and 2―is low, the
charge controller may be damaged. Î Replace the charge controller.
• If the battery voltage is too high, reconnect the cable on the PV terminals. The green light
shall be off. If not, the charge controller may be damaged. Î Replace the charge controller.

c. Deterioration of Storage Battery

• The storage battery gradually deteriorates as the charge/discharge cycle goes by. Although
the life cycle depends on how to use the battery, the expected lifetimes are approximately 5
or 6 years for a cycle use battery―a battery for PV generation application―and 1 or 2 years
for a trickle use battery―a automobile battery, respectively
• If the load is disconnected quite often even though the User saves electricity, the battery will
be replaced.

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PV Systems Manual

For Engineers
 Maser Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
PV Systems Manual for Engineers

3.1 Photovoltaic Power Generation

(1) Introduction

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation using solar energy which is clean and inexhaustible has great
potential for supplying energy. Additionally, the generation will contribute to preventing global
warming since it does not emit any carbon-dioxide.

PV systems consist of PV modules, inverters, batteries, and other components. To get needed
voltage and current for a particular application, PV modules are connected in series and parallel
to compose an array. The system is categorized either grid-connected system or stand-alone
system. As is shown in Fig. 3-1, the grid-connected system can provide the load with electricity by
both the PV module and grid. The system is used for a large system with capacity of a few
kilowatts, and the surplus energy generated by the PV module will be sold to the utility company.
Meanwhile, the stand-alone system is generally used in rural and remote areas where no
distribution line exists. In order to provide power when the PV module generates no electricity, the
system is equipped with the battery.

Grid
PV PV
Diode Inverter Diode CC CC: Charge Controller

AC Load DC Load
Inverter
AC Load
Battery
Grid-connected System Stand-alone System

Fig. 3-1 Configuration of PV Systems

(2) Key Components of PV Systems

PV Module―A PV cell is a semiconductor device which converts light energy into electric
energy by photovoltaic effect. Exposing the PV cell to light shown in Fig. 3-2, electron holes and
electrons are generated around the p-n junction and transfer to p-type and n-type semiconductor
respectively. Those electric charges cause an electric potential between the semiconductors. PV
cells are categorized into three types: silicon semiconductor, compound semiconductor, and
others. Among them, silicon semiconductor PV cells are only commercially available and
categorized into crystalline and amorphous according to the materials. Table 3-1 shows their
properties.

Current

P-N
Junction

- - N - -

+ + P + +

Fig. 3-2 Conceptual Diagram of Photovoltaic Effect

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Table 3-1 Properties of Silicon Semiconductor PV Cells

Type
Monocrystal Polycrystal Amorphous
Item
Conversion Efficiency 14 - 15% 11 - 13% 6 - 9%
High production Cost reduction
Advantage Widely used
volume available
Disadvantage High cost High cost Likely deteriorate

A PV module consists of tens of PV cells in series to get proper voltage for electrical appliances.
As is shown in Fig. 3-3, PV cells are enclosed with Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA), and the
semiconductors are connected with ribbon wirings. Furthermore, the cells filled with EVA resin
are sandwiched between a front cover (reinforced-glass made) and back cover (film made), and
rimmed with an aluminum frame.

Front Cover PV Cell Wiring

Aluminum Sealing Filling Back

Frame Material Material Cover

Fig. 3-3 Configuration of PV Module

The Fig. 3-4 shows a nameplate of PV module with capacity of 165 watt. The electrical
characteristics is tested under the Standard Test Condition (STC) in accordance with IEC 60904-
1―irradiance of 1000 W/m2 with IEC 60904-3 reference solar spectral irradiance distribution, air
mass (AM) 1.5 spectrum and cell temperature of 25 degrees. In addition, AM is defined as the
ratio between the path length of perpendicular incidence and that of direct incidence as shown in
Fig. 3-5. The electrical characteristics―Maximum power, open circuit voltage, short circuit current,
maximum power voltage, and maximum power current―is greatly influenced by the condition of
irradiance and cell temperature. As is shown in Fig. 3-6, the current I is maintained virtually
constant against the voltage V until V gets at the maximum power voltage Vpm. In other words, PV
modules function as constant current sources.

AM = 1/ sinθ
Atmospheric
boundary

AM
1

θ
Ground

Fig. 3-4 Nameplate of PV Module Fig. 3-5 Definition of Air Mass

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I
Voc
Isc

Voc

Pm
Isc
P

Voc and Isc – irradiance characteristics I and P – V characteristics Pm, Voc, and Isc – cell temperature characteristics

Fig. 3-6 Electrical Characteristics of PV Module

Storage Battery―For PV system applications, lead batteries are widely used because they
have a large capacity and are moderate-priced. Lead batteries are roughly classified into cycle
and trickle use. A PV system repeats the cycles of charging electricity generated by the PV
modules in the daytime and discharging it in the night. In general, batteries used for automobiles
and Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) are float-charged at a constant voltage, and they are not
appropriate for deep discharge―i.e. Depth of Discharge (DOD) * is large―and the repeating of
charge and discharge. Consequently, in the event that batteries for trickle use are applied to the
PV systems, there is possibility that the lifetimes of the batteries remarkably fall. Fig. 3-7 indicates
the examples of battery discharge characteristics for trickle use with the depth of discharges as a
parameter.
* Ratio of the amount of electric discharge against rated capacity
120
Discharge Capacity [%]

100

80
50% 30%
60
DOD = 100%
40

20

0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Number of Discharge [cycle]

Fig. 3-7 Battery Discharge Characteristics

Fig. 3-8 shows a configuration of vented type battery. The negative and positive electrodes
consist of expanded lead alloy filled with pasty lead powder. The active material for positive
electrode is lead dioxide, while spongiform lead is used for the negative electrode. The separator
prevents the electrodes from short circuit, and the glass mat is used to hold active materials on
the electrodes.

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Terminal Vent Plug

Lid
Upper Level

Lower Level Case

Strap
Negative Separator
Electrode
Glass Mat
Positive Electrode
Saddle

Fig. 3-8 Configuration of Vented Type Battery

Dilute sulfuric acid is used for the electrolyte. The chemical equation of the charge and discharge
is expressed as follows:

PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb Î discharge Î Pb SO4 + 2H2O + Pb SO4

(1)
PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb Í charge Í Pb SO4 + 2H2O + Pb SO4

The specific gravity of electrolyte indicates the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery. Using a
hydrometer, the specific gravity can be measured as shown in Fig. 3-9. Using the following
equation, the measured value can be converted to the standard value at 20℃.

SG20 = SGt + 0.0007 (t-20) (2)

Where, SG20 : Specific Gravity at 20 ℃ , SGt : Specific Gravity at t ℃ , t : Electrolyte

Temperature―using ambient temperature in practice. Finally, the converted value indicates the
SOC of the battery as shown in Table 3-2. Note that the SG20 varies depending on the battery
and electrolyte.

1.270 1.120

Float

Fig. 3-9 Measuring Method of Specific Gravity

Table 3-2 Example of Specific Gravity-State of Charge Characteristics at 20℃

Specific Gravity State of Charge [%]

1.280 100
1.240 75
1.200 50
1.160 25
1.120 0

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Fig 3-10 shows a Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) battery―i.e. sealed type batteries. The
VRLA battery contains small amount of electrolyte. Since the battery is sealed, it can be laid
down. Fig. 3-11 shows the principal of the sealing means. Oxygen gas which is generated in the
negative electrode at late stage of charge is absorbed by the spongiform lead of the electrode,
and the gas is consumed inside the battery.

Charger Charger

Positive Negative Positive Negative

Electrode Electrode Electrode Electrode

Early Stage of Charge Late Stage of Charge

Fig. 3-10 VRLA Battery Fig. 3-11 Sealing Means of VRLA Battery

The capacity of a battery is a product of discharge current and time―Ampere-hour. When a

battery is discharged at a constant current I for discharge time of t hours until the voltage V
descends to the discharge termination voltage, the value of current is defined as an hour rate and
expressed as (1/ t) C discharge. The hour rate capacities vary in accordance with the discharging
currents. As shown in Fig. 3-12, the more discharge current becomes, the lower the discharge
termination voltage turns out.

13

12
0.2 C
Voltage [V]

11
0.65 C 10.2V
10

9 9.3V
1C
8 8.4V
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Discharge Time [hour]

Fig. 3-12 Discharge Characteristics of Lead Acid Battery

Charge Controller and Inverter―A charge controller is used to control the battery charging
by monitoring the battery voltage. Most controllers use Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) control
and automatically connect and disconnect the battery and load by semiconductor switches.

Fig. 3-13 Charge Controller

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An Inverter is used to supply AC load with electricity. There are two types of inverters―one is
sinewave type and the other is pseudo sinewave type as shown in Fig. 3-14. The sinewave type
inverter supply the identical power frequency as the grid and can be used for any electrical
appliances. Meanwhile, the pseudo sinewave type can not be used for the loads which operate
depending on the wave form such as inverter type fluorescent lumps.
v v

t t

Sinewave Type Pseudo Sinewave Type

Fig. 3-14 Conceptual Diagram of Inver

Others―A fuse is used in main circuit of the PV system for preventing electrical appliances from
the damage caused by short circuit. Especially, the fuse shall be connected between the battery
and charge controller since the battery is easily broken by its short circuit current.
A Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) is used to switch on and off the circuit. In case of fault, it
breaks the fault current after the certain time period in inversely relation to the percentage of fault
current.

Max.
Tirp Time [sec]

Min.

Percentage of Fault Current [%]

Fig. 3-15 Fuse for Low Voltage Circuit Fig. 3-16 Operating Characteristics of MCCB

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3.2 PV Systems Design

(1) Introduction

Meteorological conditions greatly affect energy outputs of PV systems; however, the detailed data
nearby project sites are often not available. In addition, since the installation conditions also have
an effect on the energy outputs, the prediction of the energy is hard and difficult. In practice, a PV
systems design is carried out by reference to the design of similar systems. Fig. 3-17 shows the
flow chart of PV systems design

Study on Prerequisite Conditions Electrical Design Layout Design

• Monthly Average Solar Irradiation Step 1 • Layout of Equipment―Installation

[kWh/m2-day] • Load [W] and Hour of Use [h] Configuration, Cabling and etc.
• Ambient Temperature [℃] • Daily Consumed Ampere-hour [Ah] • Selection of Cables
• System Voltage [V] • Daily Required Ampere-hour [Ah]
• Running Days of No Solar Step 2
Radiation [day] • Selection of PV Modules
• Depth of Discharge [%] • Capacity of Battery [Ah]
• Other Conditions―Longitude, • Selection of Charge Controller
Latitude, Humidity, and Rainfall • Selection of Inverter

Fig. 3-17 Flow Chart of PV Systems Design

(2) Design Parameters

Direction and Tilt angle of PV modules―Since the earth rotates with axial inclination of
23.45 degree, solar irradiances on the ground have seasonal and location variations. Fig. 3-18
illustrates the orbit of the sun in the northern hemisphere. In midsummer, the sun orbits the
highest path, while it takes the lowest path in midwinter. Fig. 3-19 shows the solar irradiance
variation observed at Hamamatsu city, Japan, with latitude of 34.5 degree. The four curves
represent the solar irradiance northward (N), southward (S), eastward (E), and westward (W). As
is shown the figure, the southward irradiance becomes the highest. Thus the PV module shall
face south to get the maximum solar irradiation. Additionally, the PV module shall be installed
considering that no obstacle will shade the modules in midwinter.

Midsummer At tilt angle of 30 degree S

Solar Irradiance [kW/m2]

Equinoxes E W
Midwinter

W N

S N

E
Source: NEDO Time

Fig. 3-18 Orbit of the Sun Fig. 3-19 Solar Irradiance Variation

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 Maser Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
PV Systems Manual for Engineers

According to the study in Japan, the optimum tilt angle which provides the maximum annual solar
irradiation is slightly smaller than the latitude of the location. In addition, the PV module shall be
set up at the tilt angle between 10 and 15 degrees at least to prevent rain water from remaining
on the difference in level between their front cover and aluminum frame. Consequently, 15
degrees is recommended as the tilt angle in Nigeria because the country is located between the
latitudes of 4 and 14 degree.

Solar Irradiation―Once you obtain the monthly average solar irradiation nearby the site, you
have to determine the design value among the data. Being on the safe side, the minimum solar
irradiation is recommended to use as the design value.

Ambient Temperature―Since the output of PV modules is greatly affected by the cell

temperature, you have to carefully take ambient temperature into consideration. Typically, the
output of PV modules will decrease approximately by 20% if the temperature rises by 50
degrees. If any average temperature over 45 degrees is expected at the site, you shall take it
for the design value. Otherwise, assume 45 degrees as the design ambient temperature.

System Voltage―For the purpose of reducing the loss caused by the circuit current, the higher
system voltage is preferable; however, most commercially available PV system products are
designed for 12 V or 24 V use according to the rated voltage of batteries. For Solar Home Systems
(SHSs) application, 12 V is suitable as the system voltage because rated power of SHSs is
generally in the rage of 100 W. For the lager systems, 24 V or more is recommended as long as the
products are available.

Running Days of No Solar Radiation and Depth of Discharge―The batteries supply

the loads with electricity while the PV modules do not generate. The required capacity of the
batteries is subjected to the running days of no solar radiation and DOD. Typically, 3 days are
expected for no solar radiation, while DOD is assumed 50% as the design value.

(3) Design Methods

Study on Prerequisite Conditions―Firstly, determine the following design values:

• Monthly average solar irradiation SIA [kW/m2-day]―the minimum value of monthly average
solar irradiations is recommend to use for the design,
• Ambient temperature T [degree]―45 degrees as long as the higher temperature is not
expected,
• System voltage Vs [V]―12 V or 24 V,
• Running days of no solar radiation DNSR [day]―3 days, and
• Depth of discharge DOD [%]―50%

And then, collect the other information such as the longitude, latitude, humidity, and rainfall. The
information does not directly affects the electrical design of the PV systems; however, you have
to confirm whether the rainfall which contributes to the self-cleaning of PV modules is expected or
not at the site.

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 Maser Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
PV Systems Manual for Engineers

Electrical Design
¾ Daily Consumed Ampere-hour

Assume the loads and their hour of use. For AC loads, you have to take a conversion efficiency of
inverter into consideration and assume it to be 90%. Dividing the loads by the system voltage,
you derive the daily consumed ampere-hour AHC from the quotient.
¾ Daily Required Ampere-hour

Find out the daily required ampere-hour AHR considering the following correction coefficients:

• Correction coefficient of contamination KD

• Correction coefficient of temperature KT
• Correction coefficient of battery circuit KB, and
B

• Other correction coefficient KO

KD represents the decrease of PV module outputs caused by the dust on their surface. According
to the result of five-point observations in Japan, we assume KD to be 0.98.

KT represents the decrease of PV module outputs caused by the cell temperature rise. Define KT
as follows:

KT = 1 + α (T + ΔT - 25) (3)

Where, α[degree-1] : Coefficient of temperature, T [degree] : Ambient temperature, and ΔT

[degree] : Temperature rise of PV modules. Assume PV modules outputs decrease by 20% when
the temperature rises by 50 degrees and derive α to be - 0.4%/degree. ΔT varies according to
the installation configuration of PV modules and is in the range of 18 to 25 degrees. Being on the
safe side, assume that ΔT is 25 degrees. When T is 45 degrees, the KT yields 0.82.

KB represents the loss caused by charging and is generally to be 0.80 for lead acid batteries. KO
B

represents the other losses caused by wiring and charge controllers. Assume that it is 0.90.

Define the product of the above coefficients as the design coefficient as follows:

K = KD・KT・KB・KOB (4)

When T is 45 degrees, K yields 0.58. Dividing the AHC by K, and derive the AHR.
¾ Selection of PV Module

Determine the number of PV modules needed for the system. The PV output current IPV is given
by:

IPV = AHR / HSR = AHR / (SIA / 1000) (5)

Where, AHR [Ah/day] : Daily required ampere-hour, SIA [kWh/m2-day] : Average monthly solar
irradiation, and HSR [hour/day] : Hours of solar radiation―1000 W/m2 represents the ideal solar
irradiance on the ground.

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 Maser Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
PV Systems Manual for Engineers

Meanwhile, the PV output voltage VPV is given by:

VPV = VS・KC + ΔVD + ΔVL (6)

Where, VS [V] : System voltage, KC : Coefficient of full-charging, ΔVD [V]: Voltage drop of diode,
and ΔVL : Voltage drop of wiring. KC is generally to be 1.24 for lead acid batteries. ΔVD is
typically to be 0.7 V, whileΔVL is determined according to the users’ criteria. Referring to
standard electrical characteristics of PV modules, you will decide the number and connection of
PV modules so as to the PV array output meets the above requirement.
¾ Selection of Battery

The capacity of battery CB is give by:

B

CB = AHC・DNSR / (KL・DOD /100)

B (7)

Where, AHC [Ah/day] : Daily consumed ampere-hour, DNSR [day] : Running days of No solar
radiation, DOD [%] : Depth of discharge, and KL: Coefficient of wiring and controller loss. Assume
that KL is 0.9.
¾ Selection of Charge Controller

Considering the charge controllers which are commercially available, decide the number of
charge controllers NC first, and then determine the rated input current of IIC and output current IOC
as follows:

IIC = IPV / NC (8)

IOC = PM / (VS・NC) (9)

Where, IPV [A] : PV output current , PM [W] : Maximum Load input, VS [V] : System voltage.
Confirm that the rated currents of the charge controller meet the above requirement.
¾ Selection of Inverter

Determine the rated output current of IOI and input current III as follows:

IOI = PAC / VAC (10)

III = IOI・VAC / (VS・η) (11)

Where, PAC [W] : AC load input, VAC [V] : AC load voltage, VS [V] : System voltage, and η :
conversion efficiency of inverter. We will select the inverters among commercially available
product which meet the above requirement. The inverter shall be directly connected to the battery.

According to the type of the AC load, the higher power is required to start up the loads. For
example, a color television consumes as 5 times higher power as the rated power when it stars,
and a refrigerator needs as 10 times higher power as the rated power when its compressor starts.
To determine the rated output of inverters, the above conditions have to be considered. A
maximum load input PmI is given by

3 - 10
 Maser Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
PV Systems Manual for Engineers

PmI = Cm・PAC (12)

Where, Cm : Multiple number between maximum load input and rated load input. The output
power of the inverter shall meet the above requirement.
¾ Layout Design

Table 3-3 shows rated current associated with voltage drops for PVC cables regulated in Nigeria.
In the regulation, total voltage drops between the consumer’s terminals and any points in the
installation shall not exceed 2.5% of the nominal voltage. Using the table, you will easily find out
the voltage drops which are caused by the current.

Table 3-3 Rated Current associated with Voltage drops for PVC cables

Conductor Enclosed in cable conduit Unenclosed

Cross- Number /
Rated current Voltage drop Rated current Voltage drop
sectional diameter
[A] [mV/A・m] [A] [mV/A・m]
area [mm2] of wires
1.0 1/1.13 11 40 13 40
1.5 1/1.38 13 27 27
7/0.50 30 16 30
2.5 1/1.78
7/0.67 18 16 23 16
4 7/0.85 24 10 30 10
6 7/1.04 31 6.8 38 6.8
10 7/1.35 42 4.0 51 4.0
16 7/1.70 56 2.6 63 2.6
25 7/2.14 73 1.6 89 1.6
35 19/1.53 90 1.2 109 1.2
Source: 1996 Electricity Act. Electrical Installation Regulations, Nigeria

(4) Design Example

Table 3-4 shows an example of PV system design. In this example, the stand-alone system
having both DC and AC loads is designed.

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Maser Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
PV Systems Manual for Engineers

Table 3-4 Example of PV system Design

3 - 12
Maser Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
PV Systems Manual for Engineers

3 - 13
The Federal Republic of Nigeria
Master Plan Study for Utlization of Solar Energy

Log Book
on the
Operation and Maintenance
of
the Pilot Project for Solar PV System

Village: Garkon Alli

Local Government Area: Kiyawa
State: Jigawa

Project Funded by

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

 Log Book on the Operation and Maintenance
of
the Pilot Project for Solar PV System

Village: Garkon Alli Local Government Area: Kiyawa State: Jigawa Type of Solar PV System(Tick as appropriate):
䋱)䇭Solar Home System
Name of Lessee: _____________________________________________ ID: ________________________ 䋲)䇭Battery Charging System

Note: "0" denotes sample writing.

Payment Record on Maintenance Works
Date of Action Payment Made Security
Date of Charge Solar
No. Date Amount(N) Received by Lamp Wiring Switch Battery Description Taken and Its Result for Repairing
Breakdown Controller Panels
Contents Works
Assistance asked to the
Broken during the After 5 days, State Gov. Wiring: 500 Naira, Solar panel was stolen on
0 2007/1/1 850 䋨㪪㫀㪾㫅㪸㫋㫌㫉㪼㪀 - x x - - - State Government for
renovation of the house sent engineer Lamp: 400Naira April/xx/20xx
repairing

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec
Conditions of the Households and Life Stype that Affect the Use of Solay PV System, Complaints and Comments:

Recorded by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Monthly Record of SHS Year:䌟䌟䌟䌟䌟䌟
Village: Garkon Alli Local Government Area: Kiyawa State: Jigawa

No. of Payment Area of Repairing Works No. of Maintenance Works

Total Amount No. of Responses Security of the Solar PV System

Charge Solar No. of
No. Made Not Made of Payment Lamp Wiring Switch Battery made by the State
Controller Panels Works
(N) Government
0 56 4 1590 - 2 1 - - 3 3 No vanadalism this month.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Recorded by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Revenue䋺䇭Year____________________ Village: Garkon Alli Local Government Area: Kiyawa State: Jigawa

Revenue Spending

Total Amount Total Cumulative Balance to Date

Total Amount Spent for Remuneration Description
No. Made Not Made Collected this Amount to date (N)
Maintenance Works (N) (N)
month (N) (N)

0 56 4 36,400 36,400 1,590 10,000 10,000

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Recorded by: Reviewed by:

Monthly Record of BCS: Month____________________, 2006 Village: Garkon Alli Local Government Area: Kiyawa State: Jigawa

Individual Battery Charging Works Maintenance Works of Battery Charging Station

BCS Total No.
House Conditions Descriptions
of Battery Extra
No. Serial No. of Battery Date. of Chargin Charge Solar
Charging Payment Wiring Switch Battery
of Battery (water, Charging g Plug Controller Panels
of the (N) *
etc.)
Month
Sample Jan/5, 15, Getting
(No.) Good 3 - - - - - -
Writing 25 loose
BCS 01
BCS 02
BCS 03
BCS 04
BCS 05
BCS 06
BCS 07
BCS 08
BCS 09
BCS 10
BCS 11
BCS 12
BCS 13
BCS 14
BCS 15
BCS 16
BCS 17
BCS 18
BCS 19
BCS 20
Note: * - Payment imposed on excessive charging.

Recorded by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Data Sheet for Charging Record

BCS Charging Record Month ၼၼၼၼၼ

No. Date / Voltage Record 1 Record 2 Record 3 Record 4 Record 5 Record 6 Record 7 Record 8 Remarks
1 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
2 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
3 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
4 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
5 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
6 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
7 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
8 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
9 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
10 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
11 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
12 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
13 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
14 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
15 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
16 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
17 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
18 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
19 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
20 Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /
Before Charging / / / / / / / /
After Charging / / / / / / / /

Example of filling out the data sheet

No. Date / Voltage Record 1 Record 2 Record 3 Record 4 Record 5 Record 6 Record 7 Record 8 Remarks
1 Before Charging 1 / 12.0 V 6 / 12.5 V 10 / 12.0 V 17 / 11.8 V 22 / 12.0 V 27 / 12.5 V / / Filling the battery with
After Charging 2 / 14.5 V 7 / 14.0 V 12 / 14.5 V 18 / 14.5 V 23 / 14.0 V 28 / 14.5 V / / distilled water on 22nd.
Data Sheet for Charging Record

BCS No. ၼၼၼၼၼ Month ၼၼၼၼၼ

Weather 1. Sunny , 2. Cloudy , 3. Rainy , 4. Occasionally rainy , 5. Occasionally Cloudy

Load 1. Lighting 1 , 2. Lighting 2 , 3. Radio , 4. Others (Indicate it in the remarks)

Energy Consumption Record

Date Weather Record 1 Record 2 Record 3 Record 4 Record 5 Remarks

Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Example of filling out the data sheet

Energy Consumption Record

Date Weather Record 1 Record 2 Record 3 Record 4 Record 5 Remarks

Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To

1 1 3 10:00 12:00 1 19:00 21:00 2 19:00 22:00

2 4 4 12:00 14:00 1 15:00 16:00 1 19:00 23:00 B/W TV, 30W

Data Sheet for Charging Record

Public Facility Month ၼၼၼၼၼ

Weather 1. Sunny , 2. Cloudy , 3. Rainy , 4. Occasionally rainy , 5. Occasionally Cloudy

Load 1. Lighting 1 x4 , 2. Lighting 2 x 4 , 3. Lighting 3 x 4 , 4. Radio , 5. Others (Indicate it in the remarks)

Energy Consumption Record

Date Weather Record 1 Record 2 Record 3 Record 4 Record 5 Remarks

Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Example of filling out the data sheet

Energy Consumption Record

Date Weather Record 1 Record 2 Record 3 Record 4 Record 5 Remarks

Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To

1 1 1 19:00 21:00 2 19:00 21:00 3 19:00 21:00

2 4 4 12:00 14:00 5 15:00 17:00 1 19:00 21:00 B/W TV, 30W

Data Sheet for Charging Record

SHS No. ၼၼၼၼၼ Month ၼၼၼၼၼ

Weather 1. Sunny , 2. Cloudy , 3. Rainy , 4. Occasionally rainy , 5. Occasionally Cloudy

Load 1. Lighting 1 , 2. Lighting 2 , 3. Radio , 4. Others (Indicate it in the remarks)

Energy Consumption Record

Date Weather Record 1 Record 2 Record 3 Record 4 Record 5 Remarks

Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Example of filling out the data sheet

Energy Consumption Record

Date Weather Record 1 Record 2 Record 3 Record 4 Record 5 Remarks

Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To Load From To

1 1 3 10:00 12:00 1 19:00 21:00 2 19:00 22:00

2 4 4 12:00 14:00 1 15:00 16:00 1 19:00 23:00 B/W TV, 30W

Data Sheet for Charging Record

Spare Parts and Lending Goods

No. Item Specification Unit Remaining Quantities Remarks

Initial Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1. Spare Parts for BCS

1.1 Battery Charger 12 V, 20 A pcs 1

1.2 Charge Controller 12 V, 6 A pcs 1

1.3 Storage Battery 88 Ah, vented type, trickle use pcs 2

1.4 Circuit Breaker Bipolar, 30 A pcs 1

1.5 ditto Bipolar, 20 A pcs 1

1.6 ditto Bipolar, 10 A pcs 2

1.7 Lighting 12 V, 15 W, fluorescent lamp pcs 22

1.8 Switch Bipolar, DC 12 V pcs 10

1.9 Outlet DC 12V pcs 5

1.10 Distilled Water 20 liter pcs 1

2. Spare Parts for Public Facility

2.1 Charge Controller 12 V, 20 A pcs 1

2.2 Circuit Breaker Bipolar, 20 A pcs 1

2.3 Lighting 12 V, 15 W, fluorescent lamp pcs 6

2.4 Switch Bipolar, DC 12 V pcs 1

2.5 Outlet DC 12V pcs 1

3. Spare Parts for SHS

3.1 Charge Controller 12 V, 6 A pcs 2

3.2 Circuit Breaker Bipolar, 10 A pcs 2

3.3 Lighting 12 V, 15 W, fluorescent lamp pcs 40

3.4 Switch Bipolar, DC 12 V pcs 20

3.5 Outlet DC 12V pcs 10

4. Spare Parts for Street Lighting

4.1 Charge Controller 12 V, 10 A pcs 2

4.2 Circuit Breaker Bipolar, 10 A pcs 2

4.3 Lighting 12 V, 18 W, Sodium lamp pcs 5

5. Lending Goods

5.1 Radio 12V, 5W with DC plug pcs 4

5.2 Digital Multimeter Portable pcs 1

5.3 Maintenance Tool Driver, wrench, etc. lot 1

Example of filling out the inventory

No. Item Specification Unit Remaining Quantities Remarks

Initial Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1. Spare Parts for BCS

1.7 Lighting 12 V, 15 W, fluorescent lamp pcs 22 22 20 19 15 10 20 19 18 18 17 Purchase 10 sets of FL in Aug.

5. Lending Goods

5.1 Radio 12V, 5W with DC plug pcs 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Master Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria

Questionnaire about the Pilot Project State: Jigawa/Ondo/Imo, User: SHS/BCS No. _____

1. Attribute
a. Name: b. Age: c. Number of family members: Male , Female
d. Occupation: □ Employed worker □ self-employed worker □ Farmer □ Others ( )
e. Yearly income f. Number of rooms
2. General
2.1 Are you satisfied with the PV systems? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Yes, very much □ Yes, moderately □ No, not much □ No, not at all
2.2 What is the reason of the above answer? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Expensive tariff □ Reasonable tariff □ Reliable/Easy to use □ Environmentally friendly
2.3 Do you understand how to use the PV systems? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Yes, very well □ Yes, moderately □ No, not well □ No, not at all
2.4 Do you understand that the PV systems have the limitations? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Yes, very well □ Yes, moderately □ No, not well □ No, not at all
2.5 Who use the PV systems often? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Husband □ Wife □ Children □ Visitors
2.6 From a husband point of view, what did the PV systems improve? Mark the number in order.
( ) Household work ( ) Child care ( ) Reading/ Studying ( ) Security
( ) Income ( ) Saving expenses ( ) Information ( ) Having fun
2.7 From a housewife point of view, what did the PV systems improve? Mark the number in order.
( ) Household work ( ) Child care ( ) Reading/ Studying ( ) Security
( ) Income ( ) Saving expenses ( ) Information ( ) Having fun
2.8 Did you start any business after you started using the PV systems? Tick one (1) choice.
□ house industry □ Sewing □ None □ Others ( )
2.9 How much did you spend for energy (kerosene, battery, etc. ) before you started using the PV systems?
Write the monthly amount.
2.10 How much do you spend for energy (kerosene, battery, etc. ) now? Write the monthly amount.
2.11 If possible, how may lighting points do you need? Write the number.
2.12 Which system do you like best? Tick one (1) choice.
□ 55 W SHS for two (2) sets of lamps and one (1) radio at the rate of N500/month.
□ 110 W SHS for four (4) sets of lamps, one (1) radio, and one (1) TV set at the rate of N750/month.
□ 165 W SHS for six (6) sets of lamps, one (1) refrigerator, and one (1) TV set at the rate of N1,000/month.
□ BCS for two (2) sets of lamps and one (1) radio at the rate of N50/charge.
2.13 If possible, which appliances do you want to use? Mark the number in order.
( ) Fan ( ) TV set ( ) Refrigerator ( ) Lighting ( ) Others ( )
2.14 Do you own a generator? Tick (1) one choice and write the output.
□ Yes. Output: W □ No
2.15 What appliances do you own? Tick as many as you own.
□ Radio □ Fan □ TV set □ Lighting □ Others ( )
3. Public Facility/Street Lighting
3.1 What do you think Public Facility/Street Lighting? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Beneficial □ Not beneficial □Others ( )
3.2 If possible, how long do you want to use Street Lighting? Tick one (1) choice.
□ 4 hours □ 6 hours □ 8 hours □ 10 hours □ 12 hours
3.3 Are you willing to pay tariffs for Public Facility/Street Lighting? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Yes, very much □ Yes, moderately □ No, not much □ No, not at all
3.4 What is the reason of the above answer? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Beneficial □ Not beneficial □ L.G. shall pay for them □Others ( )

1
Master Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria

Questionnaire about the Pilot Project State: Jigawa/Ondo/Imo, User: SHS/BCS No. _____

4. SHS *SHS users only

4.1 What do you think the monthly tariff of SHS? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Inexpensive □ Reasonable □ Expensive
4.2 Considering the charging fee at BCS, which do you prefer, SHS or BCS? Tick one (1) choice.
□ SHS □ BCS
4.3 What is the reason of the above answer? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Expensive tariff □ Reasonable tariff □ Reluctant to carry the battery □Others ( )
5. BCS *BCS users in Jigawa state only
5.1 What do you think the charging fee at BCS? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Inexpensive □ Reasonable □ Expensive
5.2 Considering the monthly charge of SHS, which do you prefer, SHS or BCS? Tick one (1) choice.
□ SHS □ BCS
5.3 What is the reason of the above answer? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Expensive tariff □ Reasonable tariff □ Reluctant to carry the battery □Others ( )
6. Village Committee
6.1 Does the committee manage the Pilot Project? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Yes, very well □ Yes, moderately □ No, not well □ No, not at all
6.2 Does the maintenance staff maintain the PV system properly? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Yes, very well □ Yes, moderately □ No, not well □ No, not at all
7. Local Government and State Government
7.1 Do you think the L.G./S.G. contribute to the Pilot Project enough? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Yes, very much □ Yes, moderately □ No, not much □ No, not at all
7.2 What do you expect the L.G./S.G. to do? Tick one (1) choice.
□ Financial support □ Technical support □Others ( )
8. Comments on the Pilot Project, if any

Thank you for your cooperation.

Signature:

2
Master Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Result of Questionnaire about the Pilot Project
1. Attribute

Table 1-1 Number of answers

State Number of Number of Ratio of Remarks
objectives answers respondents
Jigawa 58 58 100% Excluding 2 systems for schools
Ondo 51 46 90% Excluding 9 systems for schools, church, etc.
Imo 80 68 85%
Total 189 172 91%

Jigawa 4 13 18 9 4 4 5 Jigawa 14 14 14 13

Ondo 12 29 3 20 Ondo 0 3 26 14

Imo 3 31 22 7 3 02 Imo 6 8 35 9

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
=< 4 5-9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 <= Employed Self-employed Farmer Others

Fig. 1-1 Number of family members Fig. 1-2 Occupation

Jigawa 0 9 19 9 4 7 5 5 Jigawa 13 29 8 1 7

Ondo 2 12 17 6 101 6 Ondo 36 10 0

Imo 40 19 5 0 Imo 9 37 12 10 0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
< 10.000 10,000 - 50,000 50,000 - 100,000 10,000 - 150,000
150,000 - 200,000 200,000 - 250,000 250,000 - 3000,00 300,000 < =< 4 5-9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 <=

Fig. 1-3 Yearly income (Naira) Fig. 1-4 Number of rooms

2. General

Jigawa 48 10 0 Jigawa 22 16 13 2

Ondo 42 10 Ondo 36 2 5 0

Imo 53 11 30 Imo 56 7 4 1

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Yes, very much Yes, moderately No, not much No, not at all Reliable/Easy Reasonable Environmental Expensive

Fig. 2-1 Degree of satisfaction Fig. 2-2 Reason of the degree of satisfaction
“Are you satisfied with the PV systems?” “What is the reason of the above answer?”

1
Master Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Result of Questionnaire about the Pilot Project

Jigawa 27 26 20 Jigawa 41 16 0

Ondo 44 10 Ondo 44 0

Imo 43 7 18 1 Imo 31 10 28 0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Yes, very well Yes, moderately No, not well No, not at all Yes, very well Yes, moderately No, not well No, not at all

Fig. 2-3 How to use the PV systems Fig. 2-4 Limitation of the PV systems
“Do you understand how to use the PV systems?” “Do you understand that the PV systems have the limitations?”

Jigawa 55 30 Jigawa 13 4 37 1

Ondo 11 24 4 5 Ondo 11 0 31 4

Imo 13 41 13 1 Imo 29 9 31 0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Wife Husband Children Visitors House industry Sewing None Others

Fig. 2-5 Frequent user of the PV systems Fig. 2-6 Business using the PV systems
“Who use the PV systems often?” “Did you start any business after you started using the PV systems?”

Jigawa Jigawa

Ondo Ondo

Imo Imo

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Household work Child care Reading/Studying Security Household work Child care Reading/Studying Security
Income Saving expenses Information Having fun Income Saving expenses Information Having fun

Fig.2-7 Improvement of living as a husband Fig.2-8 Improvement of living as a housewife

“From a husband point of view, what did the PV systems improve?” “From a housewife point of view, what did the PV systems improve?”

Table 2-1 Reduction of energy expense Table 2-2 Number of owners of generator
State Average Average State Number of owners
reduction in Naira reduction ratio
Jigawa 388 64% Jigawa 2 out of 58
Ondo 458 58% Ondo 2 out of 46
Imo 204 45% Imo 9 out of 68
Average 359 57% Total 13 out of 172
“How much did you spend for energy (kerosene, battery, etc. ) before you “Do you own a generator?”
started using the PV systems? How much do you spend for energy now?”

2
Master Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Result of Questionnaire about the Pilot Project

Jigawa 11 11 33 3
Description of PV systems
• 55 W SHS for two (2) sets of lamps and one (1) radio at the
rate of N500/month.
• 110 W SHS for four (4) sets of lamps, one (1) radio, and one
Ondo 23 11 8 2 (1) TV set at the rate of N750/month.
• 165 W SHS for six (6) sets of lamps, one (1) refrigerator, and
one (1) TV set at the rate of N1,000/month.
• BCS for two (2) sets of lamps and one (1) radio at the rate of
Imo 6 29 32 0
N50/charge.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

55 W SH 110 W SH 165 W SH BCS

Fig. 2-9 Preferred PV systems

“Which system do you like best?”

Jigawa Jigawa 37 9 9 46 3

Ondo Ondo 26 3 11 24 0

Imo Imo 45 30 45 25 13

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Fan TV set Refrigerator Lighting Others Radio Fan TV set Lighting Others

Fig. 2-10 Preferred electrical appliances Fig. 2-11 Owned electrical appliances
“If possible, which appliances do you want to use?” “What appliances do you own?”

Table 2-3 Number of needful lighting points

State Number of lighting points
Jigawa 7
Ondo 3
Imo 7
Average 6
“If possible, how may lighting points do you need?“

3. Public Facility/Street Lighting

Jigawa 57 0 Jigawa 0 58

Ondo 46 0 Ondo 16 5 1 2 22

Imo 66 10 Imo 9 5 29 1 25

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Beneficial Not beneficial Others 4 hours 6 hours 8 hours 10 hours 12 hours

Fig. 3-1 Benefit of Public Facility/Street Lighting Fig. 3-2 Hour of use of Street Lighting
“What do you think Public Facility/Street Lighting?” “If possible, how long do you want to use Street Lighting?”

3
Master Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Result of Questionnaire about the Pilot Project

Jigawa 4 10 7 34 Jigawa 5 0 53 0

Ondo 22 8 5 11 Ondo 28 0 17 0

Imo 42 11 7 0 Imo 41 0 21 5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Yes, very much Yes, moderately No, not much No, not at all Beneficial Not beneficial L.G. shall pay Others

Fig. 3-3 Willing to pay for Public Facility/Street Lighting Fig. 3-4 Reason of the willingness to pay
“Are you willing to pay tariffs for Public Facility/Street Lighting?” “What is the reason of the above answer?”

4. SHS and BCS

Jigawa 15 9 15

Ondo 11 34 0 Jigawa 7 11 1

Imo 5 60 4

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Inexpensive Reasonable Expensive Inexpensive Reasonable Expensive

Fig. 4-1 Monthly tariff of SHS Fig. 4-2 Charging fee at BCS
“What do you think the monthly tariff of SHS?” “What do you think the charging fee at BCS”

Jigawa Jigawa
37 0 0 15 22 0
(SHS) (SHS)

Jigawa Jigawa 0
11 9 4 10 0
(BCS) (BCS)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
SHS BCS Expensive Reasonable Reluctant to carry Others

Fig. 4-3 Choice between SHS and BCS Fig. 4-4 Reason of the choice
“Considering the charging fee at BCS, “What is the reason of the above answer?”
which do you prefer, SHS or BCS?”

Table 4-1 Tariff of charges （Naira）

State Monthly tariff of Charging fee at
SHS BCS
Jigawa 400 30
Ondo 250 ―
Imo 350 ―

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Master Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Result of Questionnaire about the Pilot Project
5. Village Committee

Jigawa 47 10 01 Jigawa 53 30

Ondo 44 101 Ondo 37 7 02

Imo 58 8 01 Imo 60 8 0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Yes, very well Yes, moderately No, not well No, not at all Yes, very well Yes, moderately No, not well No, not at all

Fig. 5-1 Evaluation of the committee Fig. 5-2 Evaluation of the maintenance staff
“Does the committee manage the Pilot Project?” “Does the maintenance staff maintain the PV system properly?”

6. Local Government and State Government

Jigawa 41 15 20 Jigawa 21 18 0

Ondo 24 20 11 Ondo 46 0

Imo 40 11 10 4 Imo 53 4 1

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Yes, very much Yes, moderately No, not much No, not at all Financial Technical Others

Fig. 6-1 Evaluation of the L.G./S.G. Fig. 6-2 Expectation from the L.G./S.G.
“Do you think the L.G./S.G. contribute to the Pilot Project enough?” “What do you expect the L.G./S.G. to do?”

Note)
1) All numbers in the figures show the number of answers which are categorized by the alternatives.

2) In Fig. 1-3, most of the respondents in Imo state answered that their yearly income are below N50,000.
However, the result of socio-economic survey shows that their average income are approximately
N200,000. Therefore, the respondents do not figure out their income correctly.

3) In Fig. 2-6, not all respondents who answered that they stared business sell products to the others. As a
result of the interviews, some respondents started house industry for their private use.

4) In Fig. 2-7, 8, and 10, the answers are weighted based on the priorities since the questionnaires are
multiple choices.