WEEK 7-9

TOPIC:
ASSUMPTIONS OF ART:
A. ART AS UNIVERSAL
B. ART AS CULTURAL
C. ART IS NOT NATURE
D. ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE
E. ART AS EXPRESSION
ART AS FORM OF CREATION

ASSUMPTIONS OF ART
OVERVIEW
Many people find art as a key to the meaning of their lives. Art for them is the source of
meanings. Theories of art are very important topic to be discussed in this module. In this topic,
at least five out of the many theories of art would be studied and imbedded in the minds of the
students. These theories are art as imitation, as expression of emotion, as form, as what the
artworld say it is and the end of art.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the discussion, the students are expected to:
1. Describe fully and enumerate the five theories of art
2. Identify and differentiate the Five Theories.
3. Explain the significance and uniqueness of each theory

COURSE MATERIALS
1. The discussion of the five theories of art is based on Manuel Velasquez’s book called
Philosophy: A Text with the Readings. The students are advisedto read Chapter 9: Art
and Meaning, pages 665-697.
2. The students must also watch the following movies/documentaries:
a. The Russian Ark- A Russian film without editing
b. The Buried- a Hollywood film with only one character
*note: With these two films, the students can analyze and apply the
theories of art.
c. A BBC documentary ‘What is Beauty’ – this documentary filmexplains the rules
of proportionality being applied in the human face and tackles the theories of art
as well.

ASSESSMENTS
1. Clearly differentiate the five theories of art.
a. What are the assumptions of each theory?
b. What are the criticisms on each theory?
c. What are their commonalities?
 2. Give at least one or two examples of each theory of arts being applied in the
nine major kinds of arts namely:
a. Sculpture f. Photography
b. Painting g. Film
c. Architecture h. Music
d. Literature i. Dance
e. Theatre

ASSUMPTIONS OF ART: FUNCTIONALISM, ACTION THEORY

AND INSTITUTIONAL THEORY
OVERVIEW
This topic focuses on the assumptions of art in the vantage point of the theories of
Functionalism, Action Theory, and Institutional theory.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this discussion, the students are expected to:
✓ To determine the relation between the study of art and study of philosophy
✓ To explain functionalism, action theory and institutional theory of Art
✓ To evaluate artworks based on functionalism, action theory and institutional theory of art
✓ To apply the theories to the analysis of art
✓ To write an analysis on the given topics

COURSE MATERIAL
FUNCTIONALISM THEORY OF ART
Functionalism asserts that the value of artworks is determined by and therefore reducible to
their practical function or purpose.

In "pure art," artworks such as paintings, poems, plays and partitas are produced with the sole
purpose of providing aesthetic experiences. In architecture and industrial design, objects are
created with the intention to satisfy not only aesthetic criteria but also, primarily, criteria of utility
and practical function. This combination gives rise to the crucial issue of how the two types of
value relate to each other. Is practical function independent of aesthetics or are they in some
way connected?

This was a central issue in the functionalist movement in architecture and design, one of the
most influential artistic and cultural movements of the early twentieth century. The term
'functionalism' is ambiguous, not least since the functionalist movement contained diverse and
partly contradictory artistic and social tendencies

Functionalism is as old as the functionalist perspective of the Ancient Greeks. In the

Symposium (Xenophon). Critoboulus asserts that one can distinguish a beautiful project based
on its specific function.
CRITOBOULUS: I know, at any rate, that a shield is
beautiful, as well as a sword and a spear.

SOCRATES: And how is it that, although none of

these is similar to the other, they are all beautiful?

CRITOBOULUS: If, by Zeus, they've all been

wrought with a view to the tasks for which we
acquire them, or if they've been well adapted by
nature with a view to the things we need, then these
are beautiful.

Functionalist’s movements famous assertion is that was art’s form follows function, whose one
of the advocates was the American Architect Louis Sullivan.

He made an analogy with the forms and function, which all of us can find in nature. The form of
the eagle’s wing has been determined by its function, and the same apples to other objects in
nature. Form ever follows function.

In an artwork, functionalism believes that the function itself is more important than the
appearance, what makes the art beautiful is its use or function.

THE REDUCTION THESIS

The most far-reaching variant of functionalism can be
called the "reduction thesis." It consists in the claim
that there is nothing to aesthetics (beauty) in addition
to what follows from function. This has also been
called "austere functionalism;" it implies that aesthetic
considerations are altogether unnecessary, since
aesthetics will be automatically taken care of if
function is dealt with adequately

FUNCTIONS OF ART

PERSONAL FUNCTION
Created artworks that serve’s its purpose based on
the artist’s perspective or the one who perceive the
artwork itself.
The personal functions of art vary from one person to
another, artist to artist etc. some create artworks that
gives them pleasure, as a therapy while others want
to express their thought through their arts.

For example:
Music is a means of an artist to express his feelings and ideas. We cannot deny that some
artforms serve as means of expression for us.
SOCIAL FUNCTION
We can consider that the art has a social function if it addresses aspects of collective life as
opposed to one person’s viewpoint or experience. Viewers can often relate in some ways to
social art and are sometimes even influenced by it.
Art also depicts the socio-political conditions and issues of times. Art is always related to every
aspect of social life.

Credits : https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-01-14/group-exposes-social-woes-and-promotes-philippine-
culturethrough-
streetart#:~:text=Ang%20Gerilya%20dedicated%20this%20artwork%20in%20support%20of%20the%20cam
paign
MONETARY VALUE OF ART
One of the important issues concerning art and the artists themselves is the monetary / material
value of artworks. We cannot deny the fact that our artists need to sell their artworks to support
their needs. They must also be compensated because being an artist requires mastery, it is also
a noble profession, like any other professions. But the question now are, what or who dictates
the price of an artwork and what makes an art more or less expensive?

Watch this!
Why Makes Art so Expensive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGIuBJLd37I

INSTITUTIONAL THEORY OF ART

The property that all works of art have in common is
their existence within the institutional context of the
“artworld”

The art world is defined as an informal institution

which embodies and encompasses the various
formal and informal institutions within particular
“artworld systems,” each of which fosters and
supports the production and appreciation of a
particular kind of art.
Throughout several centuries stretching back to the era of philosophers such as Plato,
stakeholders in the art world have struggled to find a true definition of art. In the eighteenth
century, a cluster of disciplines, including sculpture, painting, architecture, music and poetry,
were classified as belonging to the umbrella category of fine ‘arts’

Understanding Institutional Theory https://www.herald.co.zw/understanding-institutional-theory/

ACTION PAINTING
Action painting, sometimes called Abstract Expressionism, evolved
in the 1940s and 1950s, during a time of unrest following World War
II. There was much anxiety about the potential impact of the Cold
War, and the possible spread of Communism worldwide. The action
painting movement reflected this turmoil of the time. It was also
known as 'gestural painting', because it involved the vigorous,
sweeping application of paint to the canvas. This style was more
about the physical act of painting, and showing the emotion of the
artist, rather than accurately depicting realistic scenes and
recognizable forms. When looking at an action painting, your eyes
tend to constantly move back and forth across its surface, as you
take in the expressive and unconventional effects the artist has
created.
Source:
Action Painting Defined. https://study.com/academy/lesson/action-painting-definition-
characteristics.html

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM / PAINTING

Abstract painting conveys its subject without the use of such identifiable objects and is more
open to your own interpretations.

Watch this!
Action Painting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVtt-klbpCk
HAROLD ROSENBERG
✓ American writer, educator, and art critic.
✓ Rosenberg coined the term Action Painting in 1952, known as abstract expressionism.

The canvas began to appear as an arena in which to act…. What was to go on the
canvas is not a picture but an event.”

ART OF PAINTING
The process of putting, dripping, pouring and splashing paints on the canvas.
INSTITUTIONAL THEORY OF ART
This “artworld” determines whether a thing is a work
of art. The institutions that support and analyze the
works of art are museums, universities / academies,
galleries and critics. There are certain conventions
that defines what art is.
Source: GMA Network

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandcul
ture/571952/ admission-to-national-museum-now-permanently-
free-to-all/story/

CRITICISM ON INSTITUTIONAL THEORY

Catherine Lord, a professor and art critic, argues that:
✓ If a work of art is defined as institutional, then the practice of making works of art is essentially
conservative.
✓ If the institution is conservative, then the institutional definition precludes creativity. .
✓ If a work of art is defined as institutional, then the institutional definition precludes creativity.
✓ The making of a work of art involves freedom, creativity, originality and spontaneity.
✓ A work of art is not to be defined as institutions, universities / academies, galleries and critics.
There are certain conventions that defines what art is.
Peggy Zeglin Brand. Lord, Lewis and the institutional Theory of Art. The Journal of
Aesthetics and Art Criticism Vol. 40, no. 3 (1993).

George Dickie defines “institution” as an established, continuing, traditional practice perhaps

complete with a unique history. The particular institution of art encompasses bundle of systems,
comprised of persons with learned roles and patterns of behaviour.

Although the definition he proposes is comprised of necessary and sufficient conditions, he

holds that his definition does not preclude the actual creative activity of artists. Rather it allows
for the constant expansion of the boundaries of art by its very looseness, its informal character
does not preclude experimentation in which subsystems become new artforms, and
subsequently, almost anything is allowed to become an art

Catherine Lord’s contention that institution is essentially conservative, self-perpetuating, and at

times punitive, leads her conclude that the practice of creating works of art, as an institution, is
similarly constituted.
Watch this!
The Institutional theory (Art World) - Extract from "What is Art“
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOOvIHVOIcU

Question:
Is this a work of Art or not?

ASSESSMENT
LET’S DO THE ACTIVITIES
Share your insights on the following topic:
✓ Functionalism theory of Art
✓ What do you think makes an artwork less or more expensive?
✓ Abstract Expressionism
✓ Institutional Theory of Art:
Is art only confined through the institution or convention of the society

Show your talent!

Do / create an action painting. Use watercolor and an Oslo paper.