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DOI: 10.1590/2317-4889201920180039 Brazilian Journal of Geology DE
SDE 1946

Geochemistry, metamorphic evolution and tectonic

significance of metabasites from Caçapava do Sul,
southern Brazil
Victor Bicalho1* , Marcus Vinicius Dorneles Remus1 , Rafael Rizzardo1 , Norberto Dani1

Abstract
This paper proposes the generation and closure of a proto-ocean and formation of an island arc in the Neoproterozoic Passo Feio Metamorphic
Complex (PFMC), Caçapava do Sul region, southern Brazil. The PFMC, São Gabriel Terrane, consists of a Neoproterozoic supracrustal metavol-
cano-sedimentary sequence intruded by the Caçapava Granite. The study uses petrography, whole-rock geochemistry and mineral chemistry
to identify the geochemical affinity and tectonic environment of the amphibolites contained in PFMC, the basalts and pillow lavas of Arroio
Mudador Formation and dikes intruded in nearby volcanogenic rocks of Hilário Formation. The applied methods allow the metamorphic facies
classification of p­ rehnite-pumpellyite for the basalts and pillow lavas, greenschist for the dikes and lower amphibolite for the amphibolites. The
discriminant diagrams indicate from tholeiitic to alkaline affinities for the Hilário Formation dikes. The basalts, pillow lavas and amphibolites
have basaltic to basaltic-andesite composition and predominant tholeiitic affinity, interpreted as derived of the same protolith. The geotectonic
diagrams mostly indicate volcanic arc basalts. The proposed evolution model starts with a proto-ocean opening through the Bossoroca Arc rifting
around 760Ma, where an island arc is formed (PFMC rocks), precipitation of carbonates and marls, subsequent closure, two metamorphism
events and the Caçapava Granite intrusion around 562 Ma.
KEYWORDS: Metabasites; Passo Feio Complex; geochemistry; petrography; metamorphic evolution.

INTRODUCTION neoproterozoic metavolcano-sedimentary sequence intruded

Metabasites are rocks that register with relative precision the by Caçapava Granite about 562 Ma (Remus et al. 2000).
conditions of metamorphism of metamorphic belts, which occur An important part of this sequence is composed of metabasic
in the most diversified geotectonic environments of the planet rocks, whose nature and origin are investigated in this paper.
from the Archaean to the Phanerozoic. The chemical composition The mafic ortho-derived rocks of the Passo Feio Complex
of the major and trace elements of the metabasites, combined do not have a clear origin in terms of the protolith formation
with the magmatic pyroxene composition of the protolith and and tectonic environment, so new studies to determine their
the field petrotectonic association, allows for the identification origin and evolution are required, which may help in under-
of the geochemical affinity — magmatic series — and the possi- standing the evolution of the São Gabriel Terrane as a whole.
ble geotectonic environments of their formation (Leterrier et al. Several studies were conducted in the supracrustal sequence
1982, Morris 1988, Floyd et al. 2000, Maniesi & Oliveira 2000, related to the Passo Feio unit (Ribeiro et al. 1966, Ribeiro 1970,
Xu et al. 2008, Faleiros et al. 2011). This paper focuses on the Macedo et al. 1978, Bitencourt & Hartmann 1984a), yet no one
metabasites related to the Passo Feio Metamorphic Complex, agrees on the origin of this sequence. Several authors proposed
São Gabriel Terrane, located in the Caçapava do Sul region in different geotectonic environments for its origin and evolution:
southern Brazil. This metamorphic complex is composed of a Jost (1966), Szubert et al. (1977) and Fragoso Cesar (1991)
classify it as ophiolites (oceanic lithosphere nappes tectonically
imbricated in the continental areas). Otherwise, Jost & Hartmann
Supplementary material
(1984), Bitencourt & Hartmann (1984a, 1984b), Remus et al.
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the
online version: Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Table 2, (1993), Remus et al. (1999) and Hartmann & Remus (2000)
Supplementary Table 3, Supplementary Table 4, Supplementary Table 5, classify it as greenstone belts, referring to the granite-gneiss
Supplementary Table 6, Supplementary Table 7, Supplementary Table 8 rocks as granite-greenstone terranes of the ­Pre-Cambrian age.
and Supplementary Figure 1.
This paper consists of a petrologic study of the metaba-
1
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. sites using petrography, whole-rock chemical composition and
E-mails: [email protected], [email protected],
mineral chemistry by microprobe. It is intended to classify and
[email protected], [email protected]
identify the geochemical affinity and tectonic environment
*Corresponding author.
of the generation of amphibolites in the metavolcano-sedi-
© 2019 The autors. This is an open access article distributed under mentary sequence of the Passo Feio Metamorphic Complex
the terms of the Creative Commons license. and its comparison with basalts and pillow lavas of the Arroio

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Mudador Formation. Intermediate, basic and ultrabasic dikes in addition to a metavolcano-sedimentary sequence (Fig. 1)
intruded in volcanogenic rocks in the Hilário Formation are (Jost & Hartmann 1984, Babinski et al. 1996, Remus et al. 2000,
also studied in this paper to investigate a possibility of a cor- Saalmann et al. 2005, Hartmann et al. 2007, Saalmann et al. 2010).
relation with the previously cited rocks. The study of epidote, The Passo Feio Metamorphic Complex (PFMC) consists
chlorite, plagioclase and pyroxene and the compositional zon- of metapelites, amphibolites, amphibole schists, metagab-
ing of the amphibole allows for the evaluation and proposal of bros and acid to intermediate metavolcanoclastic associa-
a metamorphic evolution for these metabasic rocks. Bringing tions, with occurrences of magnesian schists, marble lenses
all this information together enables the proposal of an evo- and tholeiitic basalts with pillow lava structures (Fig. 2).
lution and geotectonic environment formation model of the The PFMC has a neoproterozoic age and was derived from
Passo Feio Complex metabasites and associated rocks, involv- several continental sources, as shown through the evidence
ing the opening and closing of a proto-ocean and volcanic arc of zircon xenocrysts with archaean, paleoproterozoic and
generation, ending with a continental collision and Caçapava neoproterozoic ages (Remus et al. 2000, Lopes et al. 2015).
Granite intrusion. The first metamorphism (M1) in the Complex occurred
around 700 Ma, with a second event (M2) contemporane-
ous to the Caçapava Granite intrusion, dated at 562 ± 8 Ma
GEOLOGICAL SETTING (Remus et al. 2000). Yet, Soliani Jr. (1986) indicates M1 with
The Sul-Riograndense Shield (SRS), found in the south- an age of 660 to 590 Ma (K-Ar method) related to the tem-
ern part of the Mantiqueira Province (Almeida 1977), consists perature of the essential mineral closure of intruded diorites
of an assemblage of rocks formed from the Archaean to the and basalts, indicating a crystallization age younger than that
Neoproterozoic, in which the largest accretion occurred in the age, but there is no consensus of the M1 age.
Transamazonian and the Brasiliano orogenic cycles. The SRS The metasedimentary rocks consist mainly of an ­areno-pelitic
was formed through the agglutination of microcontinents and carbonated sequence, probably deposited through turbidity
oceanic island arcs on an old continent, currently the Rio de la currents (Remus et al. 1991). The mafic ortho-derived rocks
Plata Craton (Chemale Jr. 2000, Hartmann et al. 2007). The São have a volcanogenic origin, and tholeiitic and alkaline geo-
Gabriel block or terrane, located in the western part of the SRS, is chemical affinity suggests a distensive environment in a con-
composed of juvenile calc-alkaline gneisses and metagranitoids, tinental rift (Hartmann & Remus 2000).

A B

Figure 1. (A) Geologic map of southern part of Mantiqueira Province, showing the Dom Feliciano belt (within the Sul-Riograndense shield)
in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil and highlighting the São Gabriel Terrane; (B) geologic map of the São Gabriel Terrane, showing
the study area in Caçapava do Sul region. Modified from Arena et al. 2017, with data from Chemale Jr. et al. (1995), Rapela et al. (2007),
Hartmann et al. (2007), Laux et al. (2012) and Camozzato et al. (2014).

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The northern and western section of the Passo Feio Complex The regional metamorphism varies from greenschist to
are composed of metapelites, amphibolites, basic and magne- amphibolite facies, preserved by the metamorphic gradient of
sian schists and metasandstones interleaved with mafic to ultra- the chlorite and staurolite zone (Ribeiro et al. 1966, Ribeiro
mafic metamorphized rocks, while the south of the Caçapava 1970, Remus et al. 2000, Saalmann et al. 2006). Bitencourt
Granite is made up of garnet-staurolite schists, slates, phyl- (1983) described two regional metamorphic events (M1
lites and chlorite-epidote schists. In the southern area of the and M2) in these rocks. The first one (M1) reaches amphib-
PFMC, there are basalts of the Arroio Mudador Formation, olite facies, and the second (M2) is retrogressive (greenschist
formed in subaqueous environments and shown through the facies), evidenced by partial substitution of staurolite and/or
presence of pillow lavas with a paragenesis that includes preh- garnet to chlorite in pelitic schists and dolomite substitution
nite and pumpellyite, indicating a low-grade metamorphism to serpentine or talc in marbles. These events were followed
(Macedo et al. 1978, Toniolo et al. 2007, Chaves et al. 2010). by two deformation phases.

Figure 2. Map of the study area showing the sample locations, highlighting the most relevant samples.

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The Passo Feio Complex metamorphites are arranged in prehnite-filled vesicles. The veins are filled with chlorite, epidote
an antiformal structure dipping northwest, with its axis show- and white mica. Stratigraphically, they were found in the same
ing a low rake sometimes to the northeast or southwest. At the region (south section of the Passo Feio Complex, individualized
core of the antiformal structure is the granitic body. The folded in the Arroio Mudador Formation), but they were macroscop-
metamorphic surface of the PFMC tends to outline the granitic ically differentiated mainly by pillow lava structures, in which
body, acquiring approximately a north-south direction near basalts have a massive structure without apparent rapid cooling
the east and west borders, and an east-west direction on the textures. Macedo et al. (1978) described metabasite outcrops
north and south borders (Bitencourt 1983). in the study region with a pillow lava structure with the same
field aspects and textural and mineralogic characteristics of those
analyzed in this paper.
RESULTS The intermediate to mafic dikes located north of the Caçapava
Granite have epidote ± kaersutite ± actinolite ± augite ± diopside
Petrography ± quartz ± chlorite + plagioclase ± sericite ± opaques, with a great
The analyzed samples were classified into four different mineralogical variation in the described samples. The dikes are
lithology groups based on field description, outcrop, hand fine to medium-grained, with an aphanitic holocrystalline matrix
samples (macroscopic) and microscopic characteristic eval- and with anhedral to subhedral minerals. Some pyroxene grains
uations: basalts, pillow lavas, amphibolites and intermediate show compositional zoning, identified by a violet-purple color
to mafic dikes. The petrographic analysis was conducted with of anomalous interference in crossed polarizers and a pinkish
the Leica DM4500 P LED microscope model with an attached color in natural polarized light — due to Ti presence (Deer et al.
camera (LEICA DFC495 model) through natural light, crossed 1992), observed in microprobe analysis. Pyroxene and amphibole
polarizers and reflected light in order to make the description, cumulates are also found. The plagioclase is, for the most part,
mineralogical and textural characterization, in addition to substituted by sericite, with rare primary fragments preserved.
taking the utilized photos. The modal count of representative Two different amphiboles are identified. One is brown-colored,
samples of each lithology is compiled in Table 1. interpreted as primary igneous; though sometimes a substitution
The basalt and pillow lava are composed of the same min- of anomalous interference color pyroxenes occurs, and it has kaer-
eralogy (augite + chlorite + epidote + prehnite + pumpelly- sutite characteristics. The other is a light green color, interpreted
ite + white mica + plagioclase + quartz + opaque minerals as having a metamorphic origin. It is frequently found in the bor-
(titanite, ilmenite and chalcopyrite), with volcanic glass present). ders of the brown amphibole or as individual crystals, classified
The studied samples possess many similarities, like an aphanitic as actinolite. The dikes show a considerable variety in field rela-
hipocrystalline texture, anhedral to subhedral minerals, origi- tions, given the intrusion of more recent dikes in the older ones,
nally empty spaces filled with chlorite and almost a complete with interlobated contacts between the older dikes and straight
substitution of plagioclase by white mica and epidote, with rare contacts in the more recent ones. They differ from other lithol-
fragments preserved. But these lithologies have the following ogies due to their distinct mineralogy and their location in the
unequal characteristics: the basalt is fine to medium-grained with Hilário Formation, north of PFMC (Fig. 2).
green-colored epidotes that have oxidized borders indicating fer- The amphibolites occur in the northern part of the PFMC,
ric composition, while the pillow lava is very fine grained with interpreted as basic bodies, covering the entirety of this region’s
pyroxene having a “branched” growth indicating fast cooling. outcrops. There is a possibility of being large basic metamor-
The pillow lavas have chlorite, epidote (generally colorless) and phosed dikes or sills. However, the contacts of these bodies
were not found due to the lack of outcrops that show such
Table 1. Modal quantification of representative thin sections of the relations or due to their large dimensions.
studied lithologies, with a total of 600 points per sample. The amphibolites are mineralogically composed of actino-
Rock/Mineral (%) Basalt Pillow Dikes Amphibolite lite + hornblende + epidote + plagioclase + titanite + opaques
Augite 38.2 43.8 12.2 - (ilmenite), with an orientation defined by the amphiboles.
Chlorite 20.3 17.8 24.0 - They are fine to coarse-grained, with amphibole-oriented por-
phyroblasts and a matrix composed of epidote, hornblende,
Plagioclase 11.0 9.0 0.0 10.0
plagioclase, ilmenite and titanite. Most of the minerals are
Actinolite - - 26.3 26.5
anhedral, with subordinate subedric minerals. In this lithol-
Hornblende - - - 43.8 ogy all minerals are metamorphic, as igneous minerals are not
Kaersutite - - 30.5 - found. Generally, the amphibole has a light green core color-
Epidote 8.2 11.8 7.0 13.7 ation resembling actinolite and a dark green border coloration
Prehnite 13.1 9.7 - - (interpreted as hornblende). Sometimes, the grain is entirely
Pumpeleite 0.5 0.0 - - composed by hornblende. Titanite is generally found substi-
Sericite 5.7 7.2 - - tuting opaque minerals.
Titanite 2.7 0.7 - 3.7
Mineral chemistry
Opaque Minerals 0.3 0.0 - 2.3
Mineral chemistry analysis was performed using the
Total 100 100 100 100 Cameca SXFive model electronic microprobe of the Laboratório

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de Microssonda Eletrônica da Center of Petrology and color ranging from colorless to light green in the core and chang-
Geochemistry Studies (CPGq), Geosciences Institute (IGEO), ing from light green to dark green in the borders. Not all miner-
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), by als have this distinct core-rim characteristic, as a considerable
wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) using 15 keV quantity of minerals are homogeneous in composition and color.
voltage and 15 nA beam current. The analyzed minerals were
pyroxene, epidote, amphibole, plagioclase and chlorite in a Feldspar
total of 474 points in seven polished thin section samples, in This mineral is found in all studied lithologies as plagioclase,
which there are: MB-4, MB-15 and V41 (amphibolites), P14 observed through the analysis of 58 points (Fig. 4). The basalt,
and V13 (dikes), M13 (basalt) and M16 (pillow lava). Table 2
shows the representative minerals of each studied lithology.
A

Amphibole
No amphiboles were found in the basalts and pillow lavas.
The Leake et al. (1997) classification was used to name the
amphiboles (Fig. 3) in the 115 analyzed points. The amphi-
boles present in the intermediate to mafic dikes are mostly
actinolite and magnesiohornblende, with an occurrence of
magnesiohastingsite, pargasite, and a large quantity of tita-
nium and kaersutite, of which the last three have a huge petro-
graphic and chemical similarity to each other. These minerals
occur mostly as igneous, texturally shown by their anhedral to
B
subhedral shape, generally substituted by actinolite or mag-
nesiohornblende in the borders, but there is also substituting
Ti-rich pyroxenes. Actinolite and magnesiohornblende are
also found in individual crystals.
In the amphibolites, all minerals have a metamorphic origin,
based in textural and mineralogical (paragenesis) aspects. The
amphibolites have compositional zoning. A clear core-rim relation-
ship was observed, wherein the core is composed predominantly
of actinolite or with a minority of magnesiohornblende. The rim
has a ferrohornblende to ferrotschermakite composition with a
Figure 3. Diagram of calcic and sodic-calcic amphibole
variation in the composition, indicating a temperature increase classification according to Leake et al. (1997). The arrows indicate
related to progressive metamorphism (Fig. 3A). This composi- the core to rim relationship. Analyzed samples: MB4, MB15 and
tional zoning is also noticeable petrographically in the pleochroism V41 (amphibolites), V13 and P14 (dikes).

Table 2. Representative samples of analyzed minerals in the electronic microprobe.

Mineral(wt.%) Piroxene Clorite Epidote Feldspar Amphibole

Rock Basalt Pillow Dikes Basalt Pillow Dikes Basalt Pillow Dikes Amphib. Basalt Pillow Dikes Amphib. Dikes Amphib.

SiO2 51.75 50.66 49.04 26.82 27.32 28.72 37.58 37.63 38.14 38.06 65.2 67.01 59.21 63.01 40.65 47.66

TiO2 0.61 0.78 1.25 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.52 0.00 3.37 0.08

Al2O3 3.17 2.8 5.16 18.83 18.66 18.34 21.48 23.01 28.29 24.97 21.28 20.76 22.47 23.42 11.34 7.19

FeO(t) 7.93 11.73 6.65 28.97 25.09 17.57 15.86 13.61 6.02 11.37 0.15 0.31 2.18 0.11 13.66 16.99

MnO 0.2 0.27 0.15 0.29 0.21 0.24 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.16 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.24 0.29

MgO 16.56 14.38 14.75 12.2 15.46 19.37 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.64 0.00 11.85 11.48

CaO 19.86 18.7 22.22 0.1 0.17 0.08 23.04 22.94 22.99 23.47 2.13 2.14 6.04 5.03 11.55 12.09

Na2O 0.21 0.15 0.22 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.39 9.76 8.18 8.89 1.91 0.69

K2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.05 0.05 0.16 0.04 0.52 0.22

Cr2O3 0.11 0.14 0.45 0.00 0.02 0.51 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.02 0.01

V2O3 0.07 0.13 0.07 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.06 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.07 0.06

NiO 0.00 0.00 0.00 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.04 0.01

Y2O3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00

F n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00

Total 100.49 99.75 99.95 87.23 86.93 84.9 98.04 97.41 95.63 98.2 99.26 100.05 99.4 100.52 95.21 96.78

n.a.: not analyzed; amphib.: amphibolite.

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pillow lava and dike plagioclases are igneous, proven by their in the epidote field. The basalt has a more ferric composition
original euhedral tabular habit, but remaining only fragments in the present epidote group minerals, with almost all points
due to the recrystallization to other minerals like epidote, albite analyzed classified as epidote (Fig. 6).
and mica. The composition varies from albite to andesine, but In some analyzed crystals, an Al increase (Fe decrease)
most are oligoclase. from core to rim was clearly observed in the amphibolite, indi-
In the amphibolite there is only metamorphic plagioclase, cating a temperature elevation in the crystallization process.
with a composition ranging from albite to oligoclase. It is not Most analyzed epidotes do not show this relation.
possible to observe a clear core-rim relationship since most
crystals analyzed have homogeneous composition, or hetero- Chlorite
geneous with a random composition. Chlorite is not found in the amphibolite lithology, possi-
bly due to a substitution in the metamorphism. The analysis
Pyroxene totaled 82 points and it was conducted in the basalt, pillow
A total of 120 points of this mineral group were analyzed, lava and dike lithologies.
found in dikes, basalt and pillow lava in considerable quantities. Based on the Zane & Weiss (1998) classification diagram
In the amphibolites, all pyroxene minerals were substituted by (Fig. 7A), the chlorites of the two analyzed dike samples are
amphibole during the metamorphism. They have igneous ori- classified as clinochlore because of their magnesian composi-
gin, varying from augite in basalt and pillow lava to diopside tion. Pillow lava chlorites are also classified as clinochlore, but
(dominant) or augite in the analyzed dike samples — classi- with an intermediate composition, very close to the chamosite
fied after Morimoto (1988) (Fig. 5) — , with a considerable field. Unlike other lithologies, basalt chlorite has a predominance
amount of Ti (1.5 to 1.8% TiO2) and Cr (0.4 to 0.7% Cr2O3), of Fe, classified as chamosite. The Fe-Mg ratio is similar to the
confirming the anomalous birefringence origin observed in the whole-rock analysis. A small dispersion (variation in the analysis
petrographic analysis. An observed core-rim relationship is an of the composition of the same sample) is observed, which may
increase of Ti, Cr and Al and a Si decrease in these minerals. indicate a simultaneous chlorite crystallization in each lithology.
No significant variation is found in the mineral core-rim relation,
Epidote group as the minerals were found with a homogeneous composition.
The epidote occurs in all lithologies, with 99 analyzed To obtain the chlorite crystallization temperature, the
points. Using the Franz & Liebscher (2004) classification, Jowett (1991) methodology was applied, which proposes
the amphibolite and dike epidotes were all classified as clino- the following formula: T (ºC) = 319*AlcIV – 69, with AlcIV =
zoisites. The composition of these minerals in the pillow lavas AlIV + 0.1[Fe (Fe+Mg)], with the AlIV and Fe3+ calculated in
are predominantly clinozoisite, with only one sample located a spreadsheet proposed by Tindle (2010). Calculated results
were plotted in the temperature by Si (apfu) (Caritat et al.
1993) (Fig. 7B). The M13 (basalt) and M16 (pillow lava)
A samples generated similar temperatures with the major value
concentration between 280 and 315ºC, which, according to
the Winter (2014) metamorphic facies graph, estimates the
pressure as the average of regional metamorphism — using
B the Brown & Mussett (1993) average continental geotherm — ,

Figure 4. Feldspar classification diagram according to Deer

et al. (1992). Part of the diagram was cut for better visualization.
Analyzed samples: MB4, MB15 and V41 (amphibolites), P14
(dikes), M13 (basalt) and M16 (pillow lava).

Figure 6. Epidote classification diagram according to Franz &

Figure 5. Clinopyroxene classification diagram according to Liebscher (2004). The Cr (tawmanite) field was cut for better
Morimoto (1998). visualization.

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and classified these lithologies in the prehnite-pumpellyite to results to each other. The dikes have from tholeiitic to alkaline
greenschist transition facies, but mostly in prehnite-pumpelly- affinity, which can suggest more than one magmatic pulse.
ite. The V13 (dike) sample generated scattered data with low
sample variety, making it impossible to be consistently inter-
preted. The P14 sample (dike) has temperatures between 280 DISCUSSION
and 332ºC, with a major value concentration between 315 and According to petrographic, mineralogic, whole-rock chem-
332ºC, well-adjusted in the greenschist facies. ical composition and mineral chemistry observations, the
basalt and pillow lava have large similarities and can be inter-
Geochemistry preted as being formed by the same magma, though solidified
The whole-rock chemical analysis was conducted using X-ray in different depths. The pillow lavas are formed in subaqueous
fluorescence in the Laboratory of Rocks Chemical Analysis environment with rapid cooling, and the basalt is formed in
of IGEO, UFRGS, consisting of major and trace elements in a greater depths, given the coarser granulation and absence of
total of six samples, and by LiBO2/LiB4O7 fusion Inductive rapid cooling textures. Some of these occurrences could rep-
Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry method conducted in resent sills. The chlorite geothermometer in these two lithol-
the ACME Labs in a total of 19 samples, which resulted in ogies provided temperatures between 280 and 315ºC in the
a major, trace and rare earth element (REE) analysis (STD transition from prehnite-pumpellyite to lower greenschist
SO-18 standard). Table 3 summarizes the analyzed litholo- facies, predominantly in prehnite-pumpellyite. However, the
gies with selected and representative samples for the different absence of amphibole (actinolite) and their mineral paragen-
groups. The chemical analysis of all samples can be found in esis implies that there was not enough temperature to equili-
the Supplementary Material of the paper. brate in the greenschist facies.
The samples were chemically classified by major and trace ele- The amphibolites register a progressive metamorphism,
ments using the total alkali silica (TAS) (Le Bas et al. 1986) and with amphiboles showing cores composed of actinolite and
Zr/TiO2 - Nb/Y (Winchester & Floyd 1977) diagrams respec- magnesiohornblende and rims with ferrohornblende and fer-
tively (Figs. 8A and 8B). The basalt, pillow lava and amphibolite rotschermakite compositions (Fig. 3) and an increase in the
samples were predominantly classified as basalt to basaltic andes- Al/Fe ratio in some epidote grains. The predominant pres-
ite, with the exception of two samples. It shows a compositional ence of oligoclase and subordinate presence of albite coexist-
similarity between these three studied lithologic groups despite ing with tschermakite indicate lower amphibolite facies next
the mineralogical differences. The intermediate dikes were clas- to the greenschist facies transition.
sified as andesite and the mafic ones as basalt and picrobasalt. According to Grapes & Hoskin (2004), there is a com-
The Zr/TiO2 - Nb/Y diagram uses immobile elements (valid positional relation in low to medium-grade metamorphic
for terranes up to medium grade metamorphism). Two dike rocks, defined by the gradual Fe reduction (substituted by
samples show a transitional composition to alkali basalt, which Al) with the increase of metamorphic grade. This compo-
may indicate an alkaline composition of protolith. sitional variation was observed in the higher percentage
The geochemical affinity of the studied rocks was deter- of Fe in the basalt and pillow lava epidotes in relation to
mined in the Nb/Y - Zr/P2O5 (Floyd & Winchester 1975), amphibolite, which allows the comparison from the com-
TiO2 - Zr/P2O5 (Winchester & Floyd 1976) and P2O5 - Zr positional similarity of these rocks. Dikes should not be
(Winchester & Floyd 1976) discriminant diagrams (Fig. 9). considered in this relation, since the low abundance of
A clear tholeiitic affinity was observed in the basalt, pillow FeO and the high MgO in them directly influence the rel-
lava and amphibolite samples, with a low variation and similar atively rich Al2O3 composition of its epidotes. The Fe and

A B

Figure 7. (A): Chlorite classification diagram by Zane & Weiss (1998); (B) temperature × Si (apfu) diagram of Caritat et al. (1993).

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Al variation observed among the epidotes of the different The compositional relation of Grapes & Hoskin (2004) is
lithologies allows a comparison only between the amphi- observed in the high Al proportion in the epidotes from
bolite, basalt and pillow lava lithologies, due to the similar amphibolites, indicating a higher metamorphic grade in the
composition between these in the whole-rock chemistry. amphibolite than in the basalt and pillow lava. The slightly

Table 3. Whole-rock geochemical data of eight representative samples. The major elements are represented in weight % and the trace elements in ppm.
Rock Basalt Pillow Dikes Amphibolite
Sample M13 M08 M15 M18 V14 V12 MB28 MB15
SiO2 48.31 49.32 48.54 49.93 42.79 57.68 49.26 49.94
TiO2 0.83 1.44 1.22 0.87 1.43 0.77 0.78 1.42
Al2O3 13.85 13.37 15.04 14.27 11.29 16.11 15.96 12.48
FeO(t) 11.18 14.6 12.48 11.36 13.52 8.54 9.05 14.01
MnO 0.18 0.21 0.2 0.17 0.24 0.14 0.14 0.24
MgO 7.34 5.51 7.08 7.86 14.99 5.1 5.57 5.98
CaO 11.52 9.74 8.11 10.46 10.25 4.58 16.89 9.31
Na2O 1.43 0.93 3.14 1.67 0.57 2.93 0.03 2.81
K2O 0.25 0.29 0.92 0.77 0.56 0.9 0.18 0.19
P2O5 0.06 0.1 0.19 0.1 0.22 0.1 0.06 0.12
L.O.I. 4.38 4.3 2.8 2.2 3.59 2.38 2.28 1.56
Total 99.33 99.81 99.72 99.66 99.44 99.23 100.2 98.06
Cs 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.6 n.a. n.a. 0.5 0.1
Rb 9.3 12.9 19.8 22.3 n.d. n.d. 9.4 3.7
Ba 151 293 995 219 114.1 337.3 51 85
Sr 184.8 182.1 263.4 193.7 298.2 422.1 67.6 84.9
Pb n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 6.9 1.9 n.a. n.a.
Co 53,0 50.5 52.5 51.2 92.5 50 54.9 55.8
Ga 17.2 21.4 18.9 16.7 15.8 18.9 23.8 19.4
Cr n.a. n.a. 294.2 444.7 1450.7 169.1 n.a. n.a.
V 284 390 263 265 n.a. n.a. 251 428
Nb 4.8 4.2 9.4 4.8 18 4.2 4.1 1.6
Ta 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 n.a. n.a. 0.2 0.1
Zr 69.8 92.5 123.5 73 66.3 95.8 75.3 66.9
Hf 1.9 3.1 3.2 2.4 n.a. n.a. 2 2.2
Th 2.6 1.2 2.1 2 n.a. n.a. 2 <0.2
U 2.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 n.a. n.a. 0.4 0.1
Y 16.9 25.7 19.8 15.3 24.8 25.3 15.6 31.8
La 8.2 8.1 19.6 10 n.a. n.a. 15 3
Ce 17.2 18.6 40 21.5 n.a. n.a. 29.6 8.4
Pr 2.24 2.71 4.82 2.66 n.a. n.a. 3.51 1.5
Nd 10.5 13.2 18.9 10.7 n.a. n.a. 14.6 7.7
Sm 2.5 3.56 4.14 2.65 n.a. n.a. 3.05 2.97
Eu 0.94 1.25 1.44 0.85 n.a. n.a. 0.94 1.16
Gd 2.87 4.48 4.03 2.95 n.a. n.a. 3.18 4.34
Tb 0.52 0.79 0.67 0.48 n.a. n.a. 0.52 0.83
Dy 3.34 4.54 3.66 2.91 n.a. n.a. 3.03 5.39
Ho 0.66 0.96 0.72 0.6 n.a. n.a. 0.57 1.11
Er 1.79 2.58 2.07 1.72 n.a. n.a. 1.67 3.68
Tm 0.28 0.42 0.28 0.24 n.a. n.a. 0.25 0.55
Yb 1.74 2.42 1.89 1.61 n.a. n.a. 1.55 3.35
Lu 0.24 0.35 0.31 0.23 n.a. n.a. 0.23 0.49
n.a.: not analyzed; n.d.: not detected.

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 Braz. J. Geol. (2019), 49(2): e20180039

higher percentage of Al in the pillow lava compared to the and therefore do not show variations that indicate meta-
basalt does not represent a difference of metamorphic grade, morphic conditions, as their composition is similar to the
proven by the mineralogical similarity and, therefore, par- whole-rock composition (crystallizing in this way because
agenetic. The chlorites do not have compositional zoning, of the proportion of chemical elements it has).

A B

Figure 8. (A) Volcanic rock classification diagram through chemical composition TAS (total alkali silica) (Le Bas et al. 1986); (B) volcanic
rock classification diagram through trace elements Zr/TiO2 - Nb/Y (Winchester & Floyd 1977).

A B

Figure 9. Basalt geochemical affinity classification diagrams. (A) Nb/Y × Zr/P2O5 (Floyd & Winchester 1975); (B) TiO2 × Zr/P2O5
(Winchester & Floyd 1976); (C) Zr-P2O5 wt.% (Winchester & Floyd 1976).

9
 Braz. J. Geol. (2019), 49(2): e20180039

The rock classification diagram by the whole-rock analysis and dikes. In the Le Bas (1962) diagram (Fig. 10D), the basalt,
geochemical affinity discriminant diagrams show a geochemical pillow lava and tholeiitic dike results are consistent with the
similarity among basalt, pillow lava and amphibolite lithologies. previous diagrams showing subalkaline affinity. The V13 (dike)
The three lithologies have a basaltic to basaltic-andesite compo- sample previously classified in the diagrams as alkaline showed
sition and tholeiitic affinity, derived from the same protolith. The subalkaline to peralkaline affinity, presenting consistency. Most
contrasting mineralogical features are due to different metamorphic of the points with alkaline and peralkaline character are in the
grades. The similarity between the classification of Figures 8A and pyroxenes rim, showing an increase of alkalinity as a core-rim
8B diagrams indicates that there was little contamination in the relationship in this sample.
metamorphism, due to the fact that the Zr/TiO2 - Nb/Y diagram The petrographic and mineral chemistry analysis in a
uses immobile elements up to medium grade metamorphism. mafic dike shows a large presence of sodic-calcic amphiboles
The Leterrier et al. (1982) diagrams (Figs. 10A, 10B and (magnesiohastingsite) with petrographic features of kaersut-
10C), utilized in sequence to geochemistry affinity determi- ite. The chemical composition of some analysis of this amphi-
nation of the analyzed rocks through clinopyroxenes show bole can be classified as kaersutite, and others have a similar
with accurate precision the alkaline affinity of the dike sample composition (high Ti content, but not enough to be classi-
V13 and tholeiitic in P14 sample, possibly indicating different fied as kaersutite) (Fig. 3B). The actinolite presence in the
magmas in the same event. The basalt (M13) has transitional observed metamorphic paragenesis, the absence of higher
tholeiitic to calc-alkaline affinity and the pillow lava (M16) has temperature amphiboles and the chlorite geothermometer
tholeiitic character. The basalt (M13) and pillow lava (M16) with 315 to 332ºC temperatures indicate lower greenschist
plot in the non-orogenic field in Figure 10B, while the P14 facies for the dikes.
(dike) sample is plotted in the orogenic field. The P14 points Intermediate to mafic dikes have a geochemical affinity
plot in an unexpected field and, therefore, the classification from tholeiitic to alkaline, probably due to chemical varia-
scheme is not diagnostic of the geotectonic environment for tions of the different magmatic pulses (or alternatively by

A B

C
D

Figure 10. (A), (B) and (C) Discriminant diagrams using clinopyroxenes according to Leterrier et al. (1982) to geochemical affinity and
geotectonic environment classification. The arrows show the subsequent utilization order for correct classification. The continuous
and dashed lines show the areas of greatest frequency from the author’s analyzed samples of each classification field. (D) Geochemical affinity
discriminant diagram after Le Bas (1962).

10
 Braz. J. Geol. (2019), 49(2): e20180039

crustal contamination or assimilation). The alkaline character within-plate tholeiites and VAB to normal type mid-ocean
is indicated by the high amount of Cr, Ti and Al and the clino- ridge basalts (N-MORB) and VAB. Lastly, the Zr-Ti-Y (Pearce
pyroxene and whole-rock geochemical affinity diagrams. The & Cann 1973) (Fig. 11D) diagram shows data predominance
kaersutite is a typical component of alkaline volcanic rock, in the MORB and VAB overlapping field, although some sam-
as an igneous mineral and also replacing titaniferous augites ples were located in the VAB fields.
(Deer et al. 1992), as both are features found in the mafic dike The data obtained and displayed in the discriminant dia-
(sample V13). Therefore, the dikes intruded in the Hilário grams of Figure 11 indicate a formation environment of the
Formation have clear differences from the other lithologies. analyzed rocks in VAB, occurring even in overlapping fields.
However, the available geochronological data for the metab- The points that plot on the within-plate tholeiite field are not
asites do not yet allow a conclusion about whether the met- found in more than one diagram, and the MORB signature
amorphic evolution of these lithologies found in PFMC was rocks can possibly form in the volcanic arc environment pro-
or was not contemporaneous to that of the dikes. posed in this paper.
The utilized geotectonic environment discriminant diagrams According to Xia (2014) and Xia et al. (2008), the arc
produced similar data between themselves. The ­MnO-TiO2-P2O5 basalts and contaminated continental basalts have negative
(Mullen 1983) (Fig. 11A) diagram produced a cluster of points Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies (in relation with primitive mantle),
in the island arc tholeiites (IAT) field. With a similar result, the leading to a misinterpretation about the environment. The Zr
chemical analysis plotted in the Th-Hf-Ta (Wood et al. 1979) concentration in arc basalts is usually below 130 ppm and below
(Fig. 11B) diagram were located in the volcanic arc basalts 3.3 Zr/Y ratio. In continental basalts, these values are above
(VAB) field (IAT are included in this classification), with the 70 ppm of Zr and above 3.4 Zr/Y (regardless of its contami-
advantage of not having overlapped classification fields in this nation). The samples have between 37 and 123 ppm of Zr (76
diagram. The Zr-Nb-Y (Meschede 1986) (Fig. 11C) gener- ppm in average) and 0.7 to 4.95 in Zr/Y ratio (3.7 in average)
ated results in overlapping classification fields, ranging from (Fig. 12A). Uncontaminated and contaminated continental

A B

C D

Figure 11. Geotectonic environment discriminant diagrams. (A) MnO-TiO2-P2O5 (Mullen 1983). (B) Th-Hf-Ta (Wood et al. 1979).
(C) Zr-Nb-Y (Meschede 1986). (D) Zr-Ti-Y (Pearce & Cann 1973).

11
 Braz. J. Geol. (2019), 49(2): e20180039

basalts have similar Nb concentrations (7–49 ppm), but dif- and the volcanic arc ophiolites. Due to a lack of Pb analysis
ferent Nb/La ratios (> 1.0 and < 1.0, respectively), while the of basalt and pillow lava, it was not possible to identify the
modern arc basalt have low Nb (< 1.2 ppm) and Nb/La ratio positive anomaly that occurs according to the authors’ pro-
(< 0.7). The analyzed samples in this paper have 0.8 to 9 ppm posal, but the Pb analysis of one sample of amphibolite agrees
of Nb (4.18 ppm in average) and 0.19 to 0.76 Nb/La ratio with this Pb anomaly.
(0.46 in average), indicating intermediary results between The Th/Yb-Ta/Yb (Pearce 1982) diagram shows an ocean
an arc basalt and contaminated continental basalt (Fig. 12B). island arc formation environment, with a predominance of
These values also show intermediary results between arc calc-alkaline and a subordinance of tholeiitic, which is consis-
basalt and contaminated continental basalts. The Zr-Zr/Y dia- tent with the results obtained in Figure 11 diagrams. However,
gram (Pearce & Norry 1979) shows a cluster of samples next, but the geochemical affinity occurs in a different way, justified by a
outside, of the within plate basalts field and some samples plotted possible transitional character from tholeiitic to calc-alkaline of
in this field. Samples also occur in the overlapping field between the studied lithologies — also observed in the Leterrier et al.
island arc basalts (IAB) and MORB, indicating two different (1982) diagrams. The V-Ti (Shervais 1982) diagram classifies
classifications, but most samples close to the continental basalts. the samples in IAB and MORB (close to the transition line
The two major differences in the classification seen in the between them), also coinciding with the proposed volcanic
previously cited diagram are found also in the primitive mantle arc model. Dilek & Furnes (2011) reclassified this diagram
normalized incompatible trace element spider diagram (after with a large sample variety (Fig. 5B of the cited article), with
Sun & McDonough 1989) (Fig. 12C). The samples showing the samples of this paper matching the volcanic arc ophiolite
a more negative Nb and Ta anomaly are the same plotted in samples occurrence area from the diagram.
the overlapping field between IAB and MORB in Figure 12B, The discriminant diagrams of Figures 11 and 13 produced
which can indicate more than one basalt formation event (con- consistent data to show a correlation with the volcanic arc ophiolite
tinental and arc basalts). The incompatible trace elements model of Dilek & Furnes (2011, 2014) (Fig. 13C). Petrotectonic
above the subduction basalts average also indicates a presence association similarities are also found between the authors’ model
of contaminated continental basalts. and the studied region, given the presence of basalt and pillow
VAB interpretation is also indicated by the results in lava in the Complex and amphibolites with the same origin, but
Figure 13. The spidergram proposed by Dilek & Furnes affected by deformation and rebalanced in a metamorphism
(2011, 2014) shows a similarity between the analyzed rocks grade sufficient for the disappearance of the primary structures.

A B

Figure 12. (A) Zr-Zr/Y classification diagram (after Pearce & Norry 1979); (B) Nb/La diagram; (C) Primitive mantle normalized
incompatible trace element spider diagram (after Sun & McDonough 1989). The light yellow area show the range for subduction zone basalts
with its limits based in the average low-K and high-K basalts (Tatsumi & Eggins 1995). The patterns for oceanic island basalts (OIB) are from
Sun & McDonough (1989).

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 Braz. J. Geol. (2019), 49(2): e20180039

A B

C D

Figure 13. (A) Spider diagram normalized by Dilek & Furnes (2011) provided values; (B) Th/Yb-Ta/Yb (Pearce 1982) diagram; (C) volcanic
arc ophiolites model by Dilek & Furnes (2011), related to the rocks of the studied region; (D) V-Ti (Shervais 1982) diagram; the dashed field
represents the frequency area of volcanic arc type ophiolite samples reclassified by Dilek & Furnes (2011).

A B

C D

Figure 14. Simplified tectonic evolution model of the Passo Feio Metamorphic Complex rocks.

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 Braz. J. Geol. (2019), 49(2): e20180039

Evolution model thrusts (regional metamorphism) in the São Gabriel Terrane

The proposed evolution model is based on the Martinez & in the post-collisional stage of Encantadas Block (Saalmann
Taylor (2006) model, where there is an opening of a proto-ocean et al. 2010). The last event (M2) occurred in 562 Ma caused
through an island arc rifting (Fig. 14). The proposed model starts by the late intrusion of the Caçapava Granite at the end of the
with the Bossoroca Arc rifting, dated between 753 and 767 Ma Brasiliano orogenic cycle, generating the antiformal structure
(Machado et al. 1990, Remus et al. 1999, Gubert et al. 2016). in the PFMC (Fig. 14D).
The beginning of the arc rifting (and the proto-ocean forma-
tion consequently) with formation of continental basalts in this
stage is interpreted as approximately 760 Ma (Fig. 14A). In this CONCLUSIONS
new oceanic crust, a small island arc was formed, which, with The field survey, combined with the petrographic and geo-
a portion of the oceanic crust, formed the metabasic rocks of chemical analysis, suggests that the basalt, pillow lava and amphi-
PFMC, whose arc was supplied with the Rio de la Plata Craton bolite lithologies are all originated from the same protolith, with
subducted oceanic crust fused material, the same source that the mineralogical differences caused by distinct metamorphic
originates the Bossoroca Arc (Fig. 14B). In the newly-formed grades. The metamorphism in the amphibolites is progressive,
arc coast, the deposition of carbonate sediments associated reaching low amphibolite facies, without clear retrogressive
with marls and pelites occurred, which generates marbles and evidence. The pillow lava and basalt were metamorphosed to
pelitic schists, interpreted by the cited authors as deposited in prehnite-pumpellyite facies, with the differences in metamor-
a restricted ocean environment (Goulart et al. 2013), in accor- phic facies explained by a shallow crustal level of these rocks.
dance with the proposed model. Goulart et al. (2013) also The basalts, pillow lavas and amphibolites have a predom-
dated the marbles found in the PFMC through Sr87/Sr86 and inantly tholeiitic affinity, but in some diagrams, they are tran-
stable isotopes, obtaining a carbonate sediment deposition age sitional to calc-alkaline. The dikes show tholeiitic to alkaline
between 770 and 730 Ma, which serves as an indirect dating of affinity, as shown in the discriminant diagrams. The alkaline
approximately 760 to 740 Ma for the crystallization age of the affinity of the dikes is reinforced by the kaersutite presence
studied metabasites, given the lack of an absolute crystallization and Ti, Cr, and Al-rich pyroxenes.
age dating of these rocks (Fig. 14C). From 730 Ma, changes The discriminant chemical composition diagrams suggest
in convection cause the beginning of the proto-ocean closure, a contaminated continental basalt formation, followed by an
with a subduction of part of the newly-formed oceanic crust island arc for the rock formation environment, compatible
under the studied island arc. The total closure of the proto-ocean with the volcanic arc ophiolites from the model of Dilek &
caused the collision between the Bossoroca Arc and the Passo Furnes (2011). The Passo Feio Complex continental basalts
Feio terranes, consequently causing the first metamorphic event are formed in the rifting stage of the Bossoroca Arc, while
(with regional character) in the studied rocks with the age of island arc rocks are formed in a restricted ocean generated
approximately 700 Ma (Remus et al. 1999, 2000), consistent in the interior of Bossoroca Arc, with a deposition of car-
with the approximate age of the amphibolite facies metamor- bonates and marls on its border, metamorphosed after the
phic peak in the São Gabriel Terrane (Saalmann et al. 2010). closure of the ocean and intruded by the Caçapava Granite.
Another possibility of the first metamorphic event (M1) is dated The Hilário Formation dikes do not have any relationship
from 650 to 590 Ma (Soliani Jr. 1986), which was caused by with the PFMC metabasites.

ARTICLE INFORMATION
Manuscript ID: 20180039. Received on: 04/04/2018. Approved on: 01/22/2019.
A. V. B. made the research, wrote the text and the models for the metamorphic evolution, made the figures and tables, the microprobe analysis
and some geochemistry analysis; M. V. D. R. provided orientation, improved the manuscript with corrections and suggestions for figures,
tables and text and wrote some additions for the text; N. D. provided and helped with the X-ray fluorescence and made corrections and
contributions to the text; R. R. contributed with REE and some geochemistry analysis and with knowledge of the studied region.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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